1750 - 1914
The Machine Age
Big Ideas - 1
Industrialization created a truly independent world search for raw materials & markets for
finished goods led to imperialism
Population increased people migrated to cities to work in factories free labor more desirable in market economy
Serfs & slaves eventually gained freedom
Big Ideas - 2
Women worked in factories paid less than men led to rise of women’s movement
Working class emerged & eventually forced changes in the political system unions fought for better working conditions political changes followed
voting rights were extended
Big Ideas - 3
Western culture was exported through colonialism, while Asian & African culture influence artistic movements
Enlightenment ideals of freedom led to drives for independence and greater democracy political revolution forced government to
extend rights to lower classes
Major Revolutionsinspired by the Enlightenment
1776 - British colonies in North America revolted over tax & non representation result: no legal or political equality
except for wealthy white men
France 1789 - 1815
Desire to replace the social structure causes: war debt, tax burden CLASS WAR ensued
Napoleon rose to power in nationalistic wave established a merit based society rewrote French laws censorship
Other Revolts
HAITI Slaves & gens de couleur fought for
independence from France & won White nations refused recognition leading to
isolation and poverty
LATIN AMERICA Creoles seized power Society remained stratified & continued
largely as under colonial rule
Nationalism led to Unification of Italy & Germany
Italy Unified under liberal regime of Sardinia’s
king Austria & Bourbon cadet royals expelled
Germany Prussian militarism forced it
defeated France/Austria
Caused upset in balance of powermajor rival to British military/economy
Industrialization:Before After
Rural/ agricultural society
Family farms
Asian based mfg
Rural based population
Capitalist/ urban economy
Wage earners
Factory based mfg
Urban population
Why England & not China?
British investment capital
Stable government & available workers
Raw materials close at hand/England & Wales
Raw materials were in Manchuria
Population centers were in central & south China
Satisfied with status quo
Effects of Industrialization - 1
Changed gender roles men’s status increased with higher wages
Traditional family structure changed extended v. nuclear women & children were cheap labor
sources Middle class women did not work outside
the home
Effects of Industrialization - 2
Dependency Theory
Most profits of cash crop economies went abroad no industrialization there
Underdevelopment in Asia/Africa/Latin America part of a process cheap raw materials were required by wealthy
industrial nations they supplied the goods/ purchased finished
products Plantation social systems remained firmly in place
Reaction to Industrialization - Socialism
Reaction to appalling conditions for workers, greed of owners, no intervention by government
Suggested economy run by working class Property owned in common Those with money would be overthrown
Ranged from revolutionary to liberal
Imperialism - Legacy
India changed from supplier of textiles to a consumer
Europeans migrated in search of cheap land & opportunity
Asian/Africans migrated as indentured servants to tropical lands
Scientific racism justified poor treatment of colonial peoples
Traditional Empires: Reform & Reaction - 1
Ottomans dependent on
European technology/ cash
Periphery fragmentedEgypt, Balkans
Religious conservatives blocked effective reform
WWI losses led to overthrown of sultan
Russia Vast expansion Military lagged
behind Europe Repressed liberal
movements State sponsored
industrialization poorly managed
led to rebellion/strikes
Traditional Empires: Reform & Reaction - 2
CHINA Reform attempts
opposed by court Xenophobic
leadership Failed to counter
European imperialists Famine, wide-scale
rebellion Revolution slowly
developed; Qings overthrown, 1911
JAPAN 1860s liberal
revolution established constitutional govt
Rapid industrialization & westernization program embraced
reaction to threat by western powers
Emergence as imperial power by 1900
Cultural influences
Art movements romanticism gave way to impressionism
focus on nature inspired by Japan
Middle class grew leading to a new focus on leisure time summer vacations made possible by trains professional sports, daily newspapers,
theatre, bicycle