Review: AP World History Exam

1750-1914 Section

Periodization

• Revolutions– Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution

• Industrialization– Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution

• Imperialism• Continuities and Breaks

– Need for raw materials (exploitations)– Coerced labor– Europe Dominating

Changes is Global Commerce, Communication and Technology

• PPMMMR Charts

• Small local industries destroyed by imported manufactured goods (ex. India)

• China and Japan forced open to trade• Truly global trade, world linked but dependent• Spreads from West to non-west (some specialization

that will lead to industrialization like in Canada, Uruguay, South Africa) (profit returns to industrial nations)

• Mohammed Ali but not George Forman or Mike Tyson• International division of labor

Relation between Science and Industry

• Cotton Flow Chart• Steam Engine leads to lower prices• Spinning jenny and flying shuttle lead to

textile factories

Commonalities

• Industrialization begins with textiles• Need for Steam and Iron• Railroads and Canals needed (specifically

the Suez Canal)

Demographic and Environmental Changes

• Imperialistic Settlers• Jews out of Europe• Indentured Servants to America, Ceylon,

Malaya

Slave Trade

• Industrialization hinders the end of Slavery• Atlantic Slave trade ends

– Denmark 1792– US 1807 (continue shipping but not to US)– Britain 1808– Brazil 1830 (smuggles until 1850)

Demographic Changes

• Demographic Transition: Shifting patterns• Mortality rate falls faster than birth rate so

there is a population increase• Demographic stability is achieved when

birth rate also slows• Voluntary birth control• No major outbreaks of disease• By 1900 75% of population live in cities

• Agricultural Revolution: New crops like peanuts (China and Africa) increase population

• Cash crops cause famine

Social and Gender Structure• Urbanization• Commercial Developments: Monopoly, Cartel,

and Trust• Abolition: women and free blacks are the force

behind abolition. Reasons for ending slavery were humanitarian and economic. William Wilberforce, Frederick Douglass

• Brazil liberals want to end slavery on Enlightened ideals. Slavery ends for economic and democratic reasons.

• Carribbean Islands have small slave population, so its ending is not violent socially

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements

• American Revolution– Causes: beneficial neglect…..– Documents: Articles of Confederation….– Effects: women rights……

• French– Causes: social inequality….– Documents: Declaration of Rights of Man….– Effects: Napoleon…..

• Haiti: – Causes: homeland rule…..– Documents: Enlightened writters– Results: successful slave revolt

• Latin America– Causes: Mercantilism…..– Documents: Constitution of Cortez….– Results: few….

Things to think about

• Phases of Revolution• Leaders• Outside forces• Long-term effects• Who benefits• Popular Sovereignty

Early 20th Century Revolutions

• Mexico– Causes: neo-colonialism…– Stages: moderate, radical and counter-

revolutionary…– Outcomes: Constitution of 1917…..

• China– Causes: imperialism and Nationalism– Stages: (Moderate Stage only Here)– Outcomes: corrupt government

Nationalism and Nation-States

• Rise of Nationalism– Napoleon– Congress of Vienna– Greece– Germany– ItlayDevelopment of a Nation State assignment.

Define Nation, State and Nation-State. Nationalism Readings (2)

Limitations

• Women• Slaves• Indigenous populations• Racism• Imerialism• “Eventual Resolution of Problems”

Rise of the West• Economic (industrialization, Mercantilism, Capitalism)

• Political (democracy)• Social (growing middle class, mobility, westernization)

• Expansion; imperialism and colonialism

• Cultural and Artistic (Impressionism)

Monet: Impressionism

Two Tahitian Women with Mango

Paul Gauguin

The Moon and the Earth

Reaction to the West

• Russia (reform: Westernizes)• India (resist: Mugal to Sepoy)• Ottoman (reform: Young Turks)• China (resist: Taiping and Boxer)• Japan (reform: Meiji Restoration)• Imperialism causes Nationalism in

subservient countries

Diverse InterpretationsModernization is positive, it’s better for

everyone so don’t resist. Accept science, accept enlightenment, accept industrialization, a free market. (Western Theory).

Slave Emancipation Reasons: Fear Factor, Humanitarian Factor and Economic Factor.

Women: should they have more rights because of their role in revolutions? Roles more defined. Settler colony more equality

Major Comparisons and Snapshots• Compare Industrial Revolution in Western

Europe and Japan• Comparative Revolutions (see previous)• Reaction to foreign domination in Ottoman,

China, India and Japan (see previous)• Comparative Nationalism• Colonialism vs Neo-colonialism• Upper women vs working class women