1750 - 1914

The Machine Age

Big Ideas - 1

Industrialization created a truly independent world search for raw materials & markets for

finished goods led to imperialism

Population increased people migrated to cities to work in factories free labor more desirable in market economy

Serfs & slaves eventually gained freedom

Big Ideas - 2

Women worked in factories paid less than men led to rise of women’s movement

Working class emerged & eventually forced changes in the political system unions fought for better working conditions political changes followed

voting rights were extended

Big Ideas - 3

Western culture was exported through colonialism, while Asian & African culture influence artistic movements

Enlightenment ideals of freedom led to drives for independence and greater democracy political revolution forced government to

extend rights to lower classes

Major Revolutionsinspired by the Enlightenment

1776 - British colonies in North America revolted over tax & non representation result: no legal or political equality

except for wealthy white men

France 1789 - 1815

Desire to replace the social structure causes: war debt, tax burden CLASS WAR ensued

Napoleon rose to power in nationalistic wave established a merit based society rewrote French laws censorship

Other Revolts

HAITI Slaves & gens de couleur fought for

independence from France & won White nations refused recognition leading to

isolation and poverty

LATIN AMERICA Creoles seized power Society remained stratified & continued

largely as under colonial rule

Nationalism led to Unification of Italy & Germany

Italy Unified under liberal regime of Sardinia’s

king Austria & Bourbon cadet royals expelled

Germany Prussian militarism forced it

defeated France/Austria

Caused upset in balance of powermajor rival to British military/economy

Industrialization:Before After

Rural/ agricultural society

Family farms

Asian based mfg

Rural based population

Capitalist/ urban economy

Wage earners

Factory based mfg

Urban population

Why England & not China?

British investment capital

Stable government & available workers

Raw materials close at hand/England & Wales

Raw materials were in Manchuria

Population centers were in central & south China

Satisfied with status quo

Effects of Industrialization - 1

Changed gender roles men’s status increased with higher wages

Traditional family structure changed extended v. nuclear women & children were cheap labor

sources Middle class women did not work outside

the home

Effects of Industrialization - 2

Dependency Theory

Most profits of cash crop economies went abroad no industrialization there

Underdevelopment in Asia/Africa/Latin America part of a process cheap raw materials were required by wealthy

industrial nations they supplied the goods/ purchased finished

products Plantation social systems remained firmly in place

Reaction to Industrialization - Socialism

Reaction to appalling conditions for workers, greed of owners, no intervention by government

Suggested economy run by working class Property owned in common Those with money would be overthrown

Ranged from revolutionary to liberal

Imperialism - Legacy

India changed from supplier of textiles to a consumer

Europeans migrated in search of cheap land & opportunity

Asian/Africans migrated as indentured servants to tropical lands

Scientific racism justified poor treatment of colonial peoples

Traditional Empires: Reform & Reaction - 1

Ottomans dependent on

European technology/ cash

Periphery fragmentedEgypt, Balkans

Religious conservatives blocked effective reform

WWI losses led to overthrown of sultan

Russia Vast expansion Military lagged

behind Europe Repressed liberal

movements State sponsored

industrialization poorly managed

led to rebellion/strikes

Traditional Empires: Reform & Reaction - 2

CHINA Reform attempts

opposed by court Xenophobic

leadership Failed to counter

European imperialists Famine, wide-scale

rebellion Revolution slowly

developed; Qings overthrown, 1911

JAPAN 1860s liberal

revolution established constitutional govt

Rapid industrialization & westernization program embraced

reaction to threat by western powers

Emergence as imperial power by 1900

Cultural influences

Art movements romanticism gave way to impressionism

focus on nature inspired by Japan

Middle class grew leading to a new focus on leisure time summer vacations made possible by trains professional sports, daily newspapers,

theatre, bicycle