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1750 – 1914 Overview
Periodization Question: Why 1750
–1914?
The Most Important The Most Important ThemesThemesIndustrializationGrowing Globalization of Capital
and LaborImperialismSpread of New Ideologies and
Reform MovementsDominance of the West, on sea &
land
Changes in Global Changes in Global Commerce, Communication Commerce, Communication and Technologyand TechnologyModes of Transportation/
communication◦Impact of railroad, steam, telegraph◦Suez Canal, Panama Canal
Suez CanalSuez Canal
Suez canal opened in 1869
Changes in Global Changes in Global Commerce, Communication Commerce, Communication and Technologyand TechnologyIndustrial Revolution
◦ Origins of I.R. – where, whatand when◦ Rationale of capitalism – Adam Smith◦ Impact of I.R. on time, family, work, labor◦ Relationship of nations during I.R. ◦ Intellectual responses to I.R. – Marxism,
socialism
Fatcat
Miner
Power loom
MilltownStreetchildren
GlobalizationGlobalizationFull emergence after 1850sHow did it differ from earlier proto-
globalization?◦Volume of goods exchanged◦ Impact of exports and imports on local
economies ◦Transnational political agreements◦New levels of cultural globalization◦Caused significant regional environmental
impacts Ex. Rubber industry in Brazil led to deforestation
Demographic and Demographic and Environmental ChangesEnvironmental ChangesMigration – Immigration
◦ Why?◦ Where?
Demographic and Demographic and Environmental ChangesEnvironmental ChangesEnd of Atlantic Slave TradeNew Birthrate PatternsDisease prevention and eradicationFood Supply
Changes in Social and Changes in Social and Gender StructureGender StructureIndustrial RevolutionCommercial developmentsTension between work patterns
and ideas about genderEmancipation of Serfs and Slaves
Changes in Social and Changes in Social and Gender StructureGender StructureWomen’s emancipation
movements
Political Revolutions and Political Revolutions and Independence MovementsIndependence MovementsLatin American Independence
MovementsWhy?
Simon Bolivar
Political Revolutions and Political Revolutions and Independence MovementsIndependence MovementsRevolutions
◦Why Revolution now? ◦Where?
United States (1776) France (1789) Haiti (1803) Mexico (1910) China (1911)
Political Revolutions and Political Revolutions and Independence MovementsIndependence MovementsHaitian Revolution
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Political Revolutions and Political Revolutions and Independence MovementsIndependence MovementsMexican Revolution
Political Revolutions and Political Revolutions and Independence MovementsIndependence MovementsChinese Revolution
Dr. Sun Yat Sen
Manchus
New Political IdeasNew Political IdeasRise of NationalismGrowth of Nation-states/ empires
New Political IdeasNew Political IdeasMovements of Political Reform
◦Jacobins in France◦Taiping Rebellion in China
New Political IdeasNew Political IdeasRise of Democracy and its
limitations ◦Reform◦Women◦Racism◦Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer
Rise of Western Rise of Western DominanceDominancePatterns of ExpansionImperialism and Colonialism
◦African continent, much of Asia, and Oceania Ethiopia and Siam Hawaii and New Zealand
Rise of Western Rise of Western DominanceDominanceScramble for Africa
Rise of Western Rise of Western DominanceDominanceEconomic, Political, Social, Cultural, &
Artistic
Rise of Western Rise of Western DominanceDominanceCultural and Political Reactions to
western dominance (reform, resistance, rebellion, racism, nationalism)◦ Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji
Restoration◦ Russia– Reforms and Rebellions◦ Siam and Ethiopia--defensive
modernization◦ China--Boxer Rebellion
Impact of Changing European Ideologies on Colonial Administrations
Rise of Western Rise of Western DominanceDominance
◦Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji Restoration
Rise of Western Rise of Western DominanceDominance
◦China—Boxer Rebellion
ComparisonsComparisonsIndustrial revolution in western Europe
and Japan (causes and early phases)Revolutions (American, French,
Haitian, Latin American and Chinese)Reaction to foreign domination in
Ottoman empire, China, India and Japan.
Ottomans- 19Ottomans- 19thth century century
Young Turk Revolutionaries
The Last Sultans
ComparisonsComparisonsNationalism
Forms of intervention in 19th century Latin America and Africa
Roles and conditions of upper/ middle versus working/ peasant class women in western Europe
European women 19European women 19thth centurycentury
British family in India
Queen Victoria’s family
Russian peasant family
ContinuitiesContinuitiesTraditional commerce, markets
cont’d, new commercial innovations like department stores only controlled 5% of retail commerce
Reactions to Western economic and military pressure were heavily influenced by local traditions
Societies compensated for disruptions by appealing to traditional themes as a source of stability◦Ex. Thanksgiving in the US or the
importance of the Emperor in Japan