Worldwideregulationsfor Fusariummycotoxins - Selamat · 2017. 2. 10. · Mycotoxin - regulating countries 31 56 77 99 0 40 80 120 160 1960 1980 2000 2020 year countries Y = 3.112X

Worldwide regulations forFusarium mycotoxins

Hans van Egmond and Marco Jonker, Beijing, 11 December 2006

Research for man and environmentNational Institutefor Public Health

and the Environment

2Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006

Y = 3.112 X - 6130


Mycotoxin - regulating countries

3156

7799

0

40

80

120

160

1960 1980 2000 2020

year

countries

Y = 3.112X - 6130R2 = 0.99SE = 3.29

1981 - 1987 - 1995 - 2003



Translation of oldest food law

“Thou shalt not taint the fat or the bread of thy neighbour, neither shalt thou bewitchthe fat or the bread of thy neighbour”


Swiss food regulation, 13th century

“Fish which cannot be sold, can bedeclared as such, and is allowed tobe sold to foreigners only “




• Introduction• Factors influencing mycotoxin regulations• International inquiries on mycotoxin regulations• Regulations for Fusarium toxins: “Tour-du-monde“• Limits for DON, ZEA, T-2 toxin and fumonisins• European developments• Summary

Outline of presentation





Factors influencing mycotoxin regulations

• Availability of toxicological data


JECFA and EFSA: hazard assessment


JECFA: Fusarium toxin evaluations in food

• JECFA: FAO/WHOJoint Expert Committeeon Food Additives

• Hazard identification and characterization: TDI values

• Fusarium toxins evaluated: - zearalenone (2000) - DON (2001) - T-2 and HT-2 toxins (2001) - fumonisins B1, B2 & B3 (2001)


EFSA: Fusarium toxin evaluations in feed

• Scientific panel : Contaminants in the Food and Feed Chain• W.G. undesirable substances in animal feed - mycotoxins• Tasks: preparing scientific opinions (assessments) on a.o.

ZEA, DON, FUM in feed (all published).• Contents of scientific opinions: introduction, analysis,

legislation, occurrence, intake, effects, kinetics, metabolism, carry-over, human dietary exposure

• Data used in decision-making process of setting guideline limits



• Availability of toxicological data• Availability of survey analytical data


SCOOP: Scientific Cooperation onProblems relating to Food

SCOOP TASK 3.2.10

“COLLECTION OF OCCURRENCE DATA OFFUSARIUM

TOXINS IN FOOD AND ASSESSMENT OF DIETARY

INTAKE BY THE POPULATION OF EU MEMBER STATES”

Final Report



• Availability of toxicological data• Availability of survey analytical data• Availability of methods of sampling and analysis


• Committed to the development and validation of methods of sampling and analysis, and improvementof analytical quality assurance

• “Committee on Natural Toxins and Food Allergens”deals with mycotoxins

• “Official Methods of Analysis ” for Fusarium toxins -DON: 1 TLC method and 1 GC method

- ZEA : 2 TLC methods & 1 ELISA - Fumonisins: 2 LC methods & 1 ELISA


• Standardization of methods for mycotoxin determination• Performance criteria approach, usually based on interlaboratory

validation studies• Most methods also approved by AOAC International• 2 LC methods for FUM in maize & maize-based foods• In progress: methods for DON & ZEA in grain cereals, baby food

and animal feed• To come: methods for FUM in baby food and animal feed• Later to come: review and update performance criteria

TC 275/WG 5“biotoxins”

TC 275/WG 5“biotoxins”


Techniques used in mycotoxin regulatory analysis

TLC

minicolumn

LC

GC

GC/MS ELISA

fluorometry

frequency of techniques



• Availability of toxicological data• Availability of survey analytical data• Availability of methods of sampling and analysis• Consumption data of certain foods


Consumption data influence setting of limits

02468

101214161820

daily maize consumption [g]

limit [mg FUM/kg maize]

TDI curve

100 300 40010

regulatory limit

regulatory limit



• Availability of toxicological data• Availability of survey analytical data• Availability of methods of sampling and analysis• Consumption data of certain foods• Trade contacts with other countries





Worldbank Report 2001

“Global trade and food safety: winners and loosers in a fragmented system” (Wilson and Otsuki, 2001)

- Estimations made on the relationship of aflatoxin B1 regulatory standards and trade flow

- Scenario studies for cereals and nuts predictsignificant losses for exporting countries (Africa) ifstringent standards are adopted


Worldbank Report 2005

“Food Safety and Agricultural Health Standards, Challenges and Opportunities for Developing Country Exports” (Worldbank, 2005)

- Actual experience: much different than projected; e.g. African share of EU market for dried fruit increased!

- Border rejections irritating to exporters, but someproducing countries got an increase of their EU market share




• Sufficiency of food supply


Food shortages in the world


O

O

H OHH

OH

H3C

O

CH2OHCH3

H

H



The mycotoxin regulatory puzzle

TOXICITY

OCCURRENCE

TRADE

ANALYSIS

SAMPLING FOOD SUPPLY


Weighing the various factors: not trivial





Inquiries on mycotoxin regulations

• Worldwide inquiries: 1981, 1987, 1995 & 2003, resulting in various publications

• Inquiry 2003 published as FAO FNP 81 (2004)

• Chinese, French and Spanishtranslations have appeared


International inquiry 2002/2003

• Inquiry 2002/2003: FAO-contracted activity of RIVM• Information: Agricultural Services of Dutch Embassies and

personal contacts in various countries• Details asked a.o. about tolerance limits, legal bases,

responsible authorities, methods of sampling and analysis, handling contaminated lots

Questionnaire February 2002For an Update of

“Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins 1995”FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 64


Results of the 2002/2003 inquiry

• Responses received from approx. 90 countries+ info from previous inquiries

• # of countries with known regulations formycotoxins in food and feed: approx.100 (90 % of world’s inhabitants)

• Significant increase of specific regulations forvarious Fusarium toxins, in particularDON, zearalenone, T-2 toxin and fumonisins





Africa

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

DON ZEA FUM T-2 HT-2 DAS

FOOD

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


FEED

• Regulations for Fusarium toxins scarce

• ZEA regulated in Morocco


• ZEA regulated in Mozambique

%

%


Asia/Oceania

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


FOOD

• DON regulated in 5 countries

• Most detailed regulations: Iran


• Mainly trichothecenes regulated0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


FEED

%

%


Latin America

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


FOOD

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


FEED


• No harmonization yet in MERCOSUR


• Uruguay: various limits for DON

%

%


North America

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


FOOD

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


FEED

• Both countries payattention toFusarium toxins

• Both countries payattention toFusarium toxins

%

%


Europe

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


FOOD

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


FEED

• Limits forDON in 37 countries

• Regulations forZEA and T-2 toxinrapidly increasing

• Current regulationsrelatively scarce

• EU very active in preparing newregulations

%

%






DON in wheat(flour) and other cereals

1

3

28

6

1

2

1

300 µg/kg

700 µg/kg

750 µg/kg

1000 µg/kg

1100 µg/kg

1200 µg/kg

2000 µg/kg

number of countries


Zearalenone in maize and other cereals

1

1

2

5

8

50 µg/kg

60 µg/kg

100 µg/kg

200 µg/kg

1000 µg/kg

number of countries


T-2 toxin in cereals and cereal flours

7

1

100 µg/kg

300 µg/kg number of countries


Fumonisins in maize

4

1

1

1000 µg/kg

2000 µg/kg

3000 µg/kg

number of countries





European mycotoxin developments

• Newer Fusarium regulations

• European Research and Networking Projects

• Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed

• Mandate of European Commission to CEN

• Creation of CRL for mycotoxins


Mycotoxin Fusarium regulatory situation in the EU

• 39 nations with known regulations (99 % of inhabitants of the region)

• EU food limits in force for Fusariumtoxins: DON and (partly) zearalenone. In 2007: fumonisins regulated

• EU food limits discussed for T-2/HT-2 toxins

• EU feed guidance values exist for some Fusarium mycotoxins


European research and networking projects

MONIQAMONIQA

• IP Food Quality & Safety, 2005-2009• New biotech-based methods:

e.g. transcriptomics & sensors• Includes WP on trichothecenes

• NoE Food Quality & Safety, 2007-2011• Focus on harmonization of methods

to monitor food hazards as mycotoxins• Includes evaluation of economic impact

of new regulatory methods


RASFF in the EU

• Quick information-exchange in the EU on risks to human health

• Allows MS to identify potential problems and take measures

• In 2005: 993mycotoxin issues


RASFF 2005: information notifications

rest27%

path. micro-organisms

14%

mycotoxins40%

vet. medicine products

6%components

7% food additives6%


RASFF 2005: alert notifications

path. micro-organisms

27%

vet. medicine products

4%components

19%

food additives10%

mycotoxins9%

rest31%


cereal(s) coffee baby fruits & herbs & milk nuts & products food veg. spices products products

Mycotoxin Notifications [RASFF 2005]

fumonisins

patulin

ochratoxin A

aflatoxins827

1

1

5

2

7

3

2

4

48

12

66

17


cereal(s) coffee baby fruits & herbs & milk nuts & products food veg. spices products products

Mycotoxin Notifications [RASFF 2005]

fumonisins

patulin

ochratoxin A

aflatoxins827

1

1

5

2

7

3

2

4

48

12

66

17


EU mandate addressed to CEN

• Establish standardized mycotoxin methods to enable compliance withEU legislation in a harmonised way

• Methods for DON, zearalenone and fumonisins in various specified foods

• Review performance criteria for methods of analysis of mycotoxins


The CRL on mycotoxins

25 NRLs

1 CRL

>> RFLs

• Provide NRLs with methods

• Coordinate comparative testing

• Organise training courses

• Technical assistance to the Commission

• Collaborate with labs in thirdcountries

EC





Summary

• Various factors influence mycotoxin regulations• Mycotoxin regulations exist in approx. 100 countries and

include various Fusarium toxins• Harmonization takes place, yet regulatory limits remain

substantially different across countries• Harmonized limits not always beneficial for

equal health protection• Several developments in EU• Details of 2002/2003 inquiry published

by FAO in FNP 81

Worldwide regulations forFusarium mycotoxins

Hans van Egmond and Marco Jonker, Beijing, 11 December 2006

Research for man and environmentNational Institutefor Public Health

and the Environment

thank you for your attention!

Documents

Worldwideregulationsfor Fusariummycotoxins - Selamat · 2017. 2. 10. · Mycotoxin - regulating countries 31 56 77 99 0 40 80 120 160 1960 1980 2000 2020 year countries Y = 3.112X