WORK ENVIRONMENTEMPLOYEE SAFETY AND HEALTH

TEAM8ARUN PRABHUGOWTHAMIHARI SALMANSARAVANANVAISHNAVVI S.S

WHAT IS WORK ENVIRONMENT

• Work environment means the milieus around

a person. It is the social and professional environment in which a person is supposed to interact with a number of people.

•It is not important that an office would always be called your work place. It can be your home environment where you use to work for all the time where you are supposed to interact with your family members

WORK ENVIRONMENT

• A comfortable work environment should concentrate in terms of ambience, recreational facilities, climate control, cleanliness and fixtures.

• The interiors have been specially designed to ensure a healthy work environment — both psychologically and physiologically.

• The colors should be bright and attractive to create a positive impact on the employees.

WORK ENVIRONMENT

people who are happy within their working environment will work far more effectively and happily than those who are uncomfortable.

certain aspects have to be considered for the employees to work more effectively.

Noise

• Noise leads to increased levels of stress. Noise is normally caused by loud machines and so when buying any new plant or machinery remember to check the noise emission levels.

• The remedies are usually quite simple i.e. providing your employees with hearing protection, rotating the staff who work close to noisy machinery to decrease their exposure times, and clearly marking any 'high noise' areas to warn people of the risk.

Ventilation

• Fresh air is one of the most important elements of a working environment for several reasons:

• respiration • the removal of excess heat • the dilution of various airborne impurities

(dust, fumes, tobacco smoke, body odour)

• Adequate ventilation can be provided by simply allowing windows to be opened.

Temperature

• The minimum temperature for sedentary work is 16 degrees Celsius (about 60 degrees Farenheit)

• work involving physical effort the minimum should be 13 degree celsius (about 55 degrees Farenheit).

• Where extreme temperatures apply i.e. work involving furnaces or freezing compartments, employees should be provided with the correct clothing and extra work pauses to allow recovery.

Lighting

• The various reasons why lighting is important in the workplace are:

• to illuminate potential hazards • to prevent eye strain • There are various other considerations

such as, there should be no glare, and there should be no sudden contrast in levels of lighting.

• All light fittings should be kept clean and ideally the ceiling should be light coloured to reflect the light.

Stress

• Stress is becoming a more and more important issue in the world of work it can be caused by many factors

• the nature of work• the pace of working • payment systems • repetition and monotony • shift work• the behavior of other employees• Although different employees will react

differently to different situations so it is difficult to prevent stress occurring.

SAFETY AND HEALTH

SAFETY

Safety in simple terms means freedom from the occurrence or risk of injury or loss.

Protection of a persons physical health

Industrial safety or employee safety refers to the protection of workers from the danger of industrial accidents.

NEED FOR HEALTH AND SAFETY• Promote and maintain the highest

degree of physical, social and mental well being of workers.

• Improve productivity and quality of work.

• Reduce accidents, injuries, absenteeism and labor turnover.

• Protect workers against any health hazards arising out of work or conditions in which it is carried on.

HEALTH AND SAFETY RESPONSIBILITYHR UNIT MANAGERCo-ordinates health and safety programs

Monitors heath and safety of employees daily

Develops safety reporting system

Train employee to be safety conscious

Offers accident investigation expertise

Investigates accidents

Provides technical expertise on accident prevention

Observe health and safety behavior of employees

Trains managers to recognize and handle difficult employee situation

Follow safety provisions and security procedures and recommend changes as needed

TYPES OF ACCIDENT

NEED FOR SAFETY

COST SAVING INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY MORAL & LEGAL GROUNDS

COST SAVING

Two types of cost are incurred by the management when an accident occurs*Direct cost(compensation payable if the accident is fatal).*Medical expenses for treating the patient if the accident is non-fatal.

Indirect cost are three to four times higher than the Direct cost.

INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY

Safety plants are efficient plants. Safety promotes productivity. Employees in safe plants can devote

more time on improving the quality and quantity of their output and spend less time worrying about their safety and well being.

MORAL

Safety is important on humane grounds too.

Managers must undertake accident prevention measures.

An employee is both a “Worker” in the factory and “Bread winner” for his family.

Monetary compensations are given to employees who meet accidents but…………

IS MONETARY COMPENSATION A SUBSTITUTE

FOR THE PERSON?????

LEGAL

There are laws covering occupational health and safety.

Penalties for non-compliance have become quite severe.

Responsibility extends to the safety and health of the surrounding community too.

SAFETY PROGRAMME

Safety program deals with the prevention of accidents and with minimizing the resulting loss and damage to person and property.

Five basic principles must govern the

safety program of an organization, they are

FIVE PRINCIPLES

Industrial accidents result from a multiplicity of factors, but these have to be to their root cause, which are usually faults in the management system like

Poor leadership from the top Inadequate supervision Insufficient attention to the design of safety

into the system and Poor training facilities

FIVE PRINCIPLES

The most important function is to identify potential hazard, provide effective safety facilities and equipment and to take prompt remedial action. This is possible only

Effective system for reporting all accidents causing damage or injury

Adequate accident records and statistics Systematic procedures for carrying out safety

checks,inspections and investigations Methods of ensuring that safety equipments is

maintained and used

FIVE PRINCIPLES

The safety policies of the organisation by the top management and it must be continuously involved in monitoring safety performance.

The management and the supervision must be made fully accountable for safety performance in the working areas they control.

FIVE PRINCIPLES

All employees should be given thorough training in safe methods of work and they should receive continuing education and guidance on eliminating safety hazards and prevention of accidents.

SAFETY PROGRAM PROCESS

STRATEGIC CHOICES

The first step in a safety program is for management to make decisions regarding safety of their workers.

Many of the decisions are based on strategic choices available to the organizations, some of the strategic choices are

Level of protection the organization will provide for employees. Some organizations for financial reasons prefer minimum level of protection ,while others choose maximum.

Managers can decide whether a safety program will be formal or informal. Formal program will have written regulation,informal regulations are enforced through peer pressure.

Managers can also be proactive or reactive in developing procedures. Proactive managers will improve the safety measures prior to the need & reactive managers fix safety problems after they occur.

Managers can decide to use the safety of workers as a marketing tool for the organisation.

SAFETY POLICY The second step in a safety program is

to have a safety policy. Policy specifies the companies goals

and designates the responsibilities and authority for their achievement.

Safety policy must contain a declaration of the organization, the four fundamental points that a policy should contain

The safety of employees and the public is of paramount importance

Safety will take precedence over expedience.

Every effort will be made to involve all managers, supervisors, and employees in the development and implementation of safety procedures.

Safety legislation will be compiled according to the law.

ORGANISATION FOR SAFETY

The third step in a safety program. Companies constitute safety committees

which are composed of employees from across the organization.

The committee take the responsibility of reviewing safety procedures making recommendations for eliminating health hazards, investigating accidents & fielding safety-related complaints from employees.

Many companies employ safety specialist to design and handle the day to day activities of the safety program.

Responsibility of employee safety devolves on the HR department.

PROGRAM EVALUATION

The sixth step in safety program. Several methods exist for gauging

the effectiveness of safety program, broadly they can be classified as

Systematic

organic

ORGANIC MEASURE

Three techniques are used to measure organic safety effectiveness

Safety inspection

Safety audit

comparison

Safety inspection – Inspectors are given specifics to follow. After inspection a report of the finding is made to the management.

Safety audit – It is an in-depth analysis of facilities, management & employee attitude towards safety, managerial effectiveness in maintaining safety.

overall performance in controlling the operations safety is the audits quest, rather than simply determining existing safety oversights.

Comparison – The purpose here is to compare the experience of a plant or industry with that of another which is comparible.

SYSTEMATIC MEASURES

The most common method of quantifying safety performance are

Incidence rate

Severity rate

Frequency rate

Incidence rate :Number of recordable injuries * 1 million / Number of employee exposure hours

Severity rate :hours actually lost due to injuries.Total hours charged * 1 million /Number of employee hours worked

Frequency rate :reflects the number of injuries per million hours worked.Number of disabling injuries * 1 million /Number of employee hours worked

IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY

The fifth step in safety program. For implementing the program must cover

Procedures for reporting accidents, hazards. Instructing workers about safe working

methods and training employees in safety matters.

Good storage facility, adequate space for machinery and plant.

Special rules for work done at height, certain electrical equipment or unguarded machinery.

Maintenance of equipment, provision of proper inspection and testing arrangement.

General rules on safe working habits. Arrangement for checking new

machinery and material. Provision of personal protective

equipment, and rules as to its use.

CAUSES FOR ACCIDENTS

The fourth step in safety program process The causes can be classified into

*Human failure*Machine failure

Human failure occurs when employees ignore safety precautions and commits unsafe act.

Machine failure refers to faulty mechanical conditions leading to accidents.

SAFETY MEASURES

Training in safety Physical and mechanical conditions –

safety measures must be kept in mind while planning a layout and constructing a building, ex all machines must be fenced.The safest way to install machines, which would automatically stop working as soon as the workers hand crosses the danger zone.

Role of management & unions – The management must view safety as an integral part of management process.Strong trade unions can force unwilling managers to undertake safety measures.

Safety posters and film shows – National safety council has published a series of slogans

Provide guards – avoid tragedies Overconfidence leads to accidents No grip – no safe

Film shows are more effective than posters because of their “audio-visual impact”.

Safety week and awards – Safety week is from 1st – 7th of every march.Workers are given badges with green triangles printed on them and are asked to wear them while working.Safety awards are presented by the National safety council every year to an accident-free operation industry.

MAJOR ACCIDENTS IN LAST DECADE Bhopal, December 1984:

Methylisocyanate gas leak from the union carbide plant, killed over 4000 & 1000 suffered irreversible health damage.

Delhi, December 1985: Oleum gas leak from the Sairam Foods and Fertilisers plant, affected workers and those living in the neighbourhood.

Rourkela, December 1985: Blast furnace accident in Rourkela steel plant, 18 workers affected.

TEN MOST DANGEROUS JOBSOccupation Fatalities per 100,000

Mining 117.8

Fishers 71.1

Pilots and navigators 69.8

Structural metal workers 58.2

Drivers-sales workers 37.9

Roofers 37

Electrical power installers 32.5

Construction laborers 28

Loggers 27.7

Truck drivers 25

ON THE JOB KILLERS

Type of incident 2002 deathsAircraft accidents 192

Caught in running equipment 110Drowning 60

Electrocution 289Exposure to substances 98

Falls from ladder 126Falls from roof 143

Fires/explosions 165Highway collisions 635Assaults/violence 840

Jackknifed or overturned truck 312Overturned farm/industrial

equipment 164

Struck by falling/flying object 506Struck by vehicle 356

Suicides 199

LEGAL PROVISIONS REGARDING SAFETY The factories act,1948, puts emphasis

on the following safety provisions: Fencing of machinery Work on or near machinery in motion Employment of young persons Self acting machines Casing of new machinery Employment of women, children near

cotton openers

Hoists and lifts Lifting machines, chains and ropes Revolving machinery Pressure plant Floors , stairs and means of access Pits , sumps, openings in floors Excessive weights Protection of eyes Dangerous fumes and gases

Precautions with regard to portable electrical light

Precautions in case of fire Safety of building and machinery Safety officer

HEALTH

A general state of physical, mental and emotional well-being.

Employee’s health should be looked from the following angles

Physical health Mental health Noise control Stress management Alcoholism & Drug abuse Violence in work place

PHYSICAL HEALTH Ill health of employees reduces

productivity. The worker who Is healthy is always

cheerful, confident and is an invaluable asset to the organization.

Many progressive organizations maintain well-equipped dispensaries with full time or part time doctors and full time nurses.

HEALTH SERVICE

Periodical medical check up for all employees.

Training in first aid to all employees. Provision of healthy sanitary facilities. Special examine of eyes, teeth, & ears

when needed. Treatment for minor complaints such as

cold, fever and headache. Adequate ventilation, good lighting, tree

planting & good residential quarters.

MENTAL HEALTH

Mental health of employees are given more importance, due to the following reasons Mental breakdown are common in modern days

because of pressures and tensions. Mental disturbances result in reduced

productivity and lower profits for the organization.

Mental illness takes its toll through Alcoholism High employee turnover Poor human relationship

Mental health service is generally rendered through Psychiatric counseling. Consultation with outside psychiatrists and.

specialist. Educating company personnel about the

importance of mental health.

NOISE CONTROL

Age old problem which is not effectively tackled till now.

Long exposure to excessive noise impairs the hearing of employees.

“Noise-induced hearing loss” has been included as a notifiable disease under the Factories act 1948. It is also compensable under the Workmen’s compensation act 1923.

NOISE CONTROL METHODS

At the source Enclosures Absorption Ear protection

STRESS

Refers to an individuals reaction to a disturbing factor in the environment.

Stress can manifest itself in both positive and negative ways.

Stress can have a serious consequences for both “Health & Work performance”.

Coping strategies for stress Individual strategies Organizational strategies

ALCOHOLISM & DRUG ABUSE

An alcoholics quality and quantity of work declines sharply.

Organizations adopt three technique to tackle alcoholism Disciplining alcoholics. In house counseling by the HR

department. Use of outside agencies to deal with the

problem of alcoholism.

DRUG ABUSE

As a result of increase use of drugs in the workplace, companies have begun to use some form of drug testing for both “Job applicants & Existing employees”.

The same techniques used to control alcoholism can be used here too.

VIOLENCE IN WORK PLACE

Violent incidents includes*shooting*stabbing*sexual assaults

The following will help companies avoid violence Hiring with caution

Pre hire drug testing Criminal record check Detailed questions about previous

employment

Establish a crisis management team with the authority to decide and act quickly.

Train supervisors and managers in how to recognize aggressive behavior, identifying the warning signs of violence and resolve conflicts.

Orient all employees towards assuring a violence free work environment.

Welfare facilities Provides information about welfare facilities

and the minimum standards prescribed in the workplace Regulations 1992. Access to the workplaceThe route used for people to get to and from any

workplace must be safe and without hazard. LightingAll workplaces must be adequately lit, usually by a

combination of natural and artificial lighting VentilationSuitable and sufficient ventilation must be

provided either by natural or mechanical means.

SpaceThere must be sufficient space for employees

to work safely. As a guide, there should be at least 11 cubic metres per person in each work room.

HeatingA reasonable temperature, normally at least

16°C, must be maintained in all workplaces. The means of heating must be safe.

CleanlinessThe workplace, furniture, fittings and

furnishings, should be kept clean and waste material should not be allowed to accumulate.

Floors and stairsAll floors and stairs must be maintained in a

sound condition, free from holes, etc Requirements for glass doors and

partitionsThe doors and partitions must be marked so that

it is not possible to mistakenly walk into them. Drinking waterA supply of drinking water and suitable cups

must be provided. Rest facilities Facilities must also be provided for pregnant women and nursing mothers.

Toilets and washing facilitiesEvery workplace must have an adequate

number of toilets and wash hand basins

Facilities for woman

Number of People Toilets Washbasins

1 - 5 1 1

6 - 25 2 2

26 - 50 3 3

51 - 75 4 4

76 - 100 5 5

Facilities for men

Number of People Toilets Urinals Washbasins

1 - 15 1 1 1

16 - 30 2 1 2

31 - 45 2 2 2

46 - 60 3 2 3

61 - 75 3 3 3

76 - 90 4 3 4

91 - 100 4 4 4

OSHA :OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION OSHA: occupational safety and health act

was passed by the congress in 1970. It assures safe and healthy working condition

for every working man and woman. The only employers it doesn’t cover are

Self employed person Farms in which only immediate members of the

employers family workingThe act created the “Ocuupational safety and

health administration” within the department of labour.

Osha’s basic purpose is to administer the act and to enforce the safety and health standards that apply to almost all workers in the united states.

The department of labor enforces the standards, and osha has inspectors working in all branches through out the country.

OSHA – GENERAL STANDARD CLAUSE Osha operates under the general

standard clause that each employer

“shall furnish to each of his/her

employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognised hazard that are causing or are likely to cause death or seroius physical harm to his/her employees”

OSHA STANDARDS

To carry out the basic mission, osha has formulated legally enforceable standards.

The standards cover General industry standards Maritime standards Construction standards Other regulations & procedures

Under osha employers with 11 or more employees must maintain records of “occupational illness” & “occupational injuries”

OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS Any abnormal condition or disorder

caused by exposure to environmental factors associated with employment.

This includes Illness caused by inhalation Direct contact with toxic substances Direct contact with harmful agents

OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES

Injuries that result in medical treatment

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