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WORD-FORMATION
1 Affixation = adding an affix either before or after a word.
1.1 Prefixation
= adding a prefix before the element to which it is added
PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE PRIJEVOD ORIGIN
a(n)- without,
lacking
anaerobic anaeroban Gr a- = without + Gr aer = air → without air
atrophy atrofija Gr a- = without + Gr trophe = nourishment →
without nourishment = without growth
ab- away from abduction abdukcija,
odmicanje
L ab = away from + L ducere = to lead→
lead away from
ad- toward adduction adukcija,
primicanje
L ad = toward(s) + L ducere = to lead →
lead toward(s)
adipo- fat, lard adipocyte adipocit, masna
stanica
Gr lipos = fat, grease + Gr kytos = a hollow
(šupljina) = masna stanica
ambi- both ambidextrous
ambidekster, koji
je jednako spretan
s obje ruke
L ambi = both + L dexter = on the right-hand
side → right-handed on both sides equally
skilful with both hands
ante- before;
in front of anteflexion
antefleksija,
savijanje prema
naprijed;
svinutost prema
naprijed
L ante- = before ≈ forwards + L flectere = to
bend → bend forwards
anti-
against,
opposite of,
opposed to
anti-
inflammatory protuupalni
Gr anti- = against + L inflammare = to set on
fire → against being set on fire
bi- two bilateral
bilateralan,
obostran,
koji je s obje
strane ili se na
njih odnosi
L bi- = two + L lateralis = belonging to the
side > L latus = side → having two sides
bio- life biomechanics biomehanika
Gr bios = life + Gr mēkhanḗ = machine, tool
→ 'living machines' the study of forces on
the living body
circum- around circumference opseg; periferija
L circum = oko, okolo, doslovno u krugu + Gr
“periphereia “periphery, the line round a
circular body,” literally a carrying round” (Harper, D. (2017). Online etymology dictionary. Retrieved 26 March 2017 from http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=circumference)
com- /
con-
with,
together,
in
association
complex kompleksan,
složen
L com- = with, together + L plectere = to
weave, to twine, to braid → to
weave/twine/braid together
concentric
koncentričan,
koji ima
zajedničko
središte
L com- = with, together + L centrum = centre
→ having a common centre
counter- in opposition
to
counter-
attack
protunavala,
protunapad
L contra = opposite to, contrary to
cutaneo- skin cutaneous kožni, koji se
odnosi na kožu
L cutis = skin
di- two dioxide dioksid
Gr di- = two + Fr oxygène (coined in 1777 by Antoine-
Laurent Lavoisier) < Gr oxys = sharp, acid (At that time
oxygen was believed to be essential in the formation of acids. Nowadays
it is known that this is not so.) → two oxygen atoms
an oxide containing two oxygen atoms
dia-1
completely,
thoroughly,
entirely
diagnosis
dijagnoza,
„prepoznavanje
bolesti
razlikovanjem
jedne bolesti od
druge“ (Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža
(2016). Hrvatska enciklopedija. Mrežno
izdanje. Retrieved 26 March 2017 from
http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.a
spx?ID=15085)
Gr dia = completely, thoroughly + Gr gnosis
= knowledge → complete knowledge / Gr
dia- = apart + Gr gignoskein = to learn →
learn by discerning / learn thoroughly
dia-2
across,
through
diameter
promjer
Gr dia- = across, through + Gr metron =
measure → measure through something
diagonal
dijagonala;
dijagonalan
Gr dia- = across, through + Gr gonia = angle
→ across/through something from one angle
to another
dis-1
lack of
disability
nemogućnost,
invaliditet
L dis- = lack of + L abilitas → lack of ability
dis-2
doing the
opposite of disallow
poništiti
dis-3 away dissolve
rastopiti
L dis- = away + L solvere = to loosen
dorsi- back dorsiflexion
dorsifleksija,
savijanje
unatrag/prema
natrag
L dorsum = back + L flectere = bend, curve
→ bend backwards/towards the back
“flexion in a dorsal direction; especially : flexion of the foot
in an upward direction” (Merriam-Webster, Inc. (2017). Retrieved 26
March 2017 from https://www.merriam-
webster.com/medical/dorsiflexion)
https://www.google.hr/search?q=dorsiflexion+of+the+hand&tbm=isch&imgil=
3phHlTcJNmSZYM%253A%253BfP78EVnp8jcqMM%253Bhttp%25253A%
25252F%25252Fwww.militarydisabilitymadeeasy.com%25252Fthewrist.html
&source=iu&pf=m&fir=3phHlTcJNmSZYM%253A%252CfP78EVnp8jcqM
M%252C_&usg=__hmVBMC479Lj1s5ToSNqzddogCbo%3D&biw=1280&bi
h=644&ved=0ahUKEwjp4eCdwfTSAhVI3iwKHaPLDIwQyjcIIg&ei=ceHXW
KnlBsi8swGjl7PgCA#imgrc=3phHlTcJNmSZYM:&spf=218
dys-
ill, bad;
painful,
difficult,
abnormal
dysfunction
disfunkcija, loš
rad, loša funkcija
ex-
ec-
exo-
ecto
out of/from,
outside,
outside of,
exterior,
external,
outer
exhale
izdahnuti, izdisati
Gr ek- = out + L halare = to breath →
breathe out
eccentric
ekscentričan,
izvan središta,
udaljen od
središta
Gr ek- = out + Gr kentron = center → out of
the centre
exoskeleton
egzoskelet,
vanjski kruti
dijelovi
životinjskoga
tijela
Gr exo- = outside + Gr skeletos = dried up →
dried up on the outside “Hard parts (for
example, hair, teeth, nails, feathers, hooves,
scales) developed from the epidermis in
vertebrates.” (exoskeleton. (n.d.) Farlex Partner Medical
Dictionary. (2012). Retrieved March 25 2017 from http://medical-
dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/exoskeleton)
ectomorph ektomorf
Gr ektos = outside > Gr ek / ex = out + Gr
morphe = form, shape < from: Gr ectoderm =
outermost of the three primary germ layers of
an embryo + morphe = form, shape “An
individual having a lean, slightly muscular
body build in which tissues derived from the
embryonic ectoderm predominate.” (ectomorph.
(n.d.) American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth
Edition. (2011). Retrieved March 25 2017 from
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ectomorph)
Derivatives of ectodermis: nervous system, exocrine glands,
heart, skin, hair, nail, breasts, teeth enamel, etc.
endo- within endomorph endomorf
Gr éndon = within + Gr morphe = form,
shape < from: Gr endoderm = innermost of
the three primary germ layers of an embryo +
morphe = form, shape “An individual
characterized by relative prominence of the
abdomen and other soft body parts developed
from the embryonic endodermal layer.” (endomorph. (n.d.) American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fifth Edition. (2011). Retrieved March 25 2017 from
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/endomorph)
Derivatives of endodermis:
internal organs (gastrointestinal tract, except spleen), renal
and genitourinary system, etc.
ex- former ex-athlete bivši sportaš
“from Latin ex “out of, from within; from
which time, since; according to; in regard to” (Harper, D. (2017). Retrieved 25 March 2017 from
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=ex-)
fore- before, front forearm podlaktica Old English fore = before in time, position +
L armus = shoulder → before a shoulder
hidr(o)- sweat hidrosis
hidroza, znojenje
Gr hidros = sweat
hydro- water hydrolysis
hidroliza,
razgradnja
kemijskih tvari u
reakciji s vodom
Gr hydor = water + Gr lyein = to lossen, to
dissolve → dissolve in water chemical
decomposition by reacting with water
hyper- too much,
higher hypertension
hipertenzija,
prekomjerni tlak
Gr hyper = over, beyond, too much + L
tendere = extend, stretch
hypo- under hypokinesia
hipokinezija,
smanjena
pokretljivost
inter- between intervertebral međukralježnični,
intervertebralni
intra- within intramuscular unutarmišićni,
intramuskularan
iso- equal isometric
izometričan
Gr isos = same + Gr metron = measure
latero- side lateroflexion
laterofleksija,
savijanje /
savijenost u
stranu
meso-
mesocycle mezociklus
Gr mésos = middle + Gr kyklos = circle,
wheel, circular body, cycle of events A
period of sports training between a microcycle
and a macrocycle.
mesomorph mezomorf
Gr meso = middle + Gr morphe = form,
shape < from: Gr mesoderm = middle
embryonic germ layer + morphe = form,
shape “An individual with a robust,
muscular body build caused by the
predominance of structures developed from
the embryonic mesodermal layer.” (mesomorph.
(n.d.) American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth
Edition. (2011). Retrieved March 25 2017 from
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/mesomorph)
Derivatives of mesodermis:
connective tissue, muscle, bone, urogenital system, renal
organs, spleen, circulatory system, etc.
mal- bad,
wrongful, ill malfunction
loše
funkcioniranje,
nepravilnost u
radu
L malus = bad + L fungī = to perform, to
execute
mis- ill, mistaken,
wrong misconduct loše ponašanje
mono- alone, single,
one monovalent
monovalentan, kemija
jednovrijedan
Gr monos = one + L valere = be worth / L
valencia = strength, capacity
multi- many, much multipurpose višenamjenski
non- not non-verbal neverbalan
in- > il- before l
> im- before
bilabials
> ir- before r
not
insufficient
illogical
improper
irrelevant
nedovoljan
nelogičan
neprikladan
irelevantan /
nevažan
pan- all pandemic
pandemičan, koji
zahvaća čitavu
populaciju /
cjelinu čega;
sveopći
Gr pan = all + Gr demos = the people
peri- around perimeter
vanjski rub, obod
Gr peri = around + Gr metron = measure
poly- much, many polystructural
polistrukturalan
post- behind, after,
later
post-
activation nakon aktivacije
quadri- /
quadru- four
quadriceps
kvadriceps,
četveroglavi
mišić
L quattor = four + L caput = head → four
heads
quadruple
sculls četverac na pariće
pre- before pre-season predsezona
re- again; back,
backward re-evaluate ponovno ocijeniti
semi- half semi-finals poluzavršnica
somato- body somatotype somatotip, građa
tijela
Gr soma = body + Gr typos = mark
sub-
under,
below,
beneath
submaximal submaksimalan
super- above,
beyond superposition superpozicija
L super = on top of, above + L ponere = to
place, to put
supra- above, upper supracondylar
suprakondilaran,
koji se nalazi
iznad kondila /
zaobljene zglobne
površine na
zglobnome kraju
kosti
L supra = on the upper side, above
trans- across transversal transverzalan,
poprečan
L trans = across + L vertere = to turn
tri- three triathlon triatlon
L tres = three or Gr treis, trias = three + Gr
athlon = contest → three contests a sport
in which athletes compete in three disciplines
un- not unfair nepravičan
nepošten
uni- one unilateral
unilateralan,
jednostran, koji je
/se odnosi na
jednu stranu
L unus = one + L lateralis = belonging to the
side > L latus = side → being on one side,
affecting one side
Comparison of Greek and Latin words and their Croatian and English equivalents
HRVATSKI ENGLESKI GREEK LATIN
isti, jednak equal, same isos- equi-
lijevo left levo- sinistro-
loš bad dys- mal-
mišić muscle myo- -
mozak brain encephal(o)- cerebr-
okolo, oko around peri- circum-
pola, polu- half hemi- semi-
puno many, much poly- multi-
ravan,
uspravan
straight ortho- rect(i)-
ruka arm brachi- arm-
srednji middle meso- medi-
šaka hand ch(e)ir(o)- manu-
tijelo body soma- corpor-
1.2 Suffixation
= adding a suffix after the element to which it is added
SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE PRIJEVOD ORIGIN
-ase referring to
an enzyme amylase amilaza
L amylum = starch; Gr amylon = starch, fine
meal an enzyme involved in the hydrolysis
of starch
-ation process periodization periodizacija Gr periodos = cycle, period of time + -ation
= process
-gnosis knowledge prognosis prognoza,
predviđanje L pro- = before + Gr gignoskein = to learn
-gram /
-gramme
picture or
record diagram dijagram
Gr dia- = through, between, across, by +
Gr graphein = draw, mark, write
-graph
an instrument
which is used
to
record/draw
something
electrocardio
graph elektrokardiograf
-(i)ac pertaining to,
like cardiac srčani
-itis denoting
inflammation bursitis
bursitis, upala
burse
-meter
an instrument
which is used
to measure /
count
something
speedometer brzinometar
-ous pertaining to strenuous naporan
-pnoea /
-pnea
referring to
breathing,
breath,
respiration
apnea diving ronjenje na dah apnea < Gr a- = not + -pnea = breathing →
no breathing
-trophy development,
nourishment hypertrophy
hipertrofija,
prekomjeran
razvoj/povećanje
2 Compounding = combining two or more bases thus creating a new
word (a noun, a verb, an adjective)
2.1 Noun compounds
ankle weight uteg koji se stavlja na gležanj
assistant referee pomoćni sudac
body composition sastav tijela
calf press machine sprava za nožni potisak
cardiac output minutni volumen srca
fat-burning sagorijevanje masti
goalkeeper vratar
halftime poluvrijeme
hip-loin technique tehnika bočnog bacanja
offensive rebound skok u napadu, napadački skok
playmaker graditelj igre, plejmejker
playoff doigravanje
small hand apparatus ritmička gimnastika rekvizit
swimming pool plivački bazen
2.2. Adjective compounds
fast-twitch brzo trzajući (mišićno vlakno)
goal-oriented orijentiran prema nekom cilju
oxygen-enriched obogaćen kisikom
two-headed dvoglav (mišić)
zigzag /zig-zag cik-cak
2.3 Verb compounds
to bench press napraviti potisak s klupe
to kick off izvesti početni udarac
to run up zaletjeti se
to throw in ubaciti loptu u igru preko
uzdužne crte igrališta
3 Clipping
abdominals → abs
acrobatics,
acrobatic gymnastics → acro
biceps → bis
carbohydrate → carb
champion → champ
examination → exam
gymnasium → gym
hamstrings → hams
influenza → flu
laboratory → lab
latissimus dorsi → lat
mattress → mat
pectorals → pecs
professional → pro
quadriceps → quads
referee → ref
repetition → rep
super giant slalom → Super-G / super-G
triceps → tris
4 Blends = combinations of fragments of two words
nitrogen + oxygen → nitrox (scuba diving)
sports + broadcast → sportscast
team + gymnastics → TeamGym (a form of competition created
by the European Union of Gymnastics)
5 Acronyms = formed from initial letters (or larger parts) of words
5.1 Alphabetisms – pronounced as sequences of letters
1RM one repetition maximum jedna izvedba motoričkoga zadatka
primjenom maksimalne sile
ABC airway, breathing, circulation dišni putovi, disanje, cirkulacija
ACL anterior cruciate ligament prednji križni ligament
ANS autonomic nervous system autonomni živčani sustav
BMI body mass index indeks tjelesne mase
bpm beats per minute otkucaja u minuti
CBC complete blood count kompletna krvna slika
CNS central nervous system središnji živčani sustav
CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation oživljavanje masažom srca i
umjetnim disanjem
DNC did not compete nije se natjecao/natjecala
DNF did not finish nije završio/završila (npr. utrku)
DNQ did not qualify nije se kvalificirao/kvalificirala
DNS did not start nije startao/startala
DST dynamic strength training dinamički trening jakosti
FFM fat-free mass nemasna tjelesna masa
FM fat mass masna masa
GPP general physical preparation opća fizička/tjelesna priprema
HIT high intensity training trening visokim intenzitetom
HR heart rate frekvencija srca
IOC International Olympic Committee Međunarodni olimpijski odbor
KO/k.o. knock out nokaut
LBM lean body mass nemasna tjelesna masa
OR Olympic record olimpijski rekord
PNS peripheral nervous system periferni živčani sustav
rpm revolutions per minute okreta u minuti
THR target heart rate ciljana frekvencija srca
WR world record svjetski rekord
5.2 Acronyms pronounced as words
FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association
laser lightwave* amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation
radar radio detecting and ranging
ROM range of motion
scuba self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
sonar sound, navigation and ranging
*According to some sources laser is an acronym for light
amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; however, the
correct term is lightwave (lightwave amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation)