41010 19496 1 PB English Affixation

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Exploring Affixation in EnglishNneka Umera-Okeke

Abstract:

One of the keys to mastering English spellings ismastering the processes of word formation. The mode ofword formation can influence the spelling. The study of themeaningful parts of a word is known as morphology. Linguistshave identified many ways in which English form its wordswhich include borrowing from Latin and Greeks, clipping,suppletion, affixation, conversion, acronym, blends,compounding and so on. The scope of this study is to lookinto affixation as a process of word formation; see themeanings of some of those few letters added at the beginning

or end of words, look into the changes words undergo whenaffixes are added to them. Apart from mastering of spellings,readers of this paper will learn to identify grammaticalcategories of words by mere looking at the words andidentifying the affixes added to them.

Introduction:Most English words are made up of the base word

known as root which contains the heart of the meaning of theword. To expand such words, appendages (affixes) are addedat either the beginning or at the end of the word. It is the

process of attaching these affixes that is referred to asaffixation. The affix added at the beginning of the root isknown as prefix while that at the end of a word is suffix. Theroot is central to the building of new words. For instance,advantage, help, forgive, measure are the core words (roots)



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in disadvantageous, unhelpful, unforgivable andimmeasurable respectively. They can be analysed as:

Prefix Root Word Suffix New WordDis- advantage ous disadvantageous

Un- help ful unhelpfulUn- forgive able unforgivableIm- measure able immeasurable

Despite the fact that prefixes and suffixes are just acombination of two, three or four letters, they have meaningin English. They are therefore morphemes. A morpheme isthe smallest meaningful unit of a word. They change themeaning of the root word. In the above examples, dis-, un-, and im- depict negative. The different approaches toidentifying morphemes and the relationships betweenmorphemes and words are reflections of the different trendsin linguistics during the twentieth century, but most linguistsare in agreement on the type of phenomena morphology isconcerned with.

Prefixes and suffixes added to words change themeanings of such words. This study will start with theexamination of the meanings of some English prefixes andsuffixes.Meanings of Some Commonly Used Prefixes:

Prefix Meaning Word Examples

Bi-Co-

de-ex-im-ab-

Two; twice; doubleTogether with

away from, down undoingoutin or intoaway from

Biannual, bilingualCo-author, coexist, coeducation

deportextend, ex-presidentimmobile, impossibleabsent



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ad-ambi-ante-anti-auto-contra-

inter-

intra-hyper

pre-semi-sub-

trans-un-super-

comdis-

il-in-in-ir-mis-multi-non-ob-

out-pro-post

re-

sub-trans-self-

to, towardbothbefore; in front ofagainst, opposite; opposed toself; of or by yourselfopposite; against

among; between

inside; withinmore than normal

beforehalf, partlyunder; below, less than

over, acrossnotabove, over, extremely

withnot; the opposite of

notin, onnotwrongnotmore than one; manyagainstfor, forward

greater, better, further, longerback, againafter

under

acrossacrossof, to or by yourself

adverbambivalentantenatalantisocialautobiography, automaticcontradict, contra-flow

interface, interaction,international

intravenous, intra-departmentalhypertension, hypercritical

prevent, precondition, preheatsemicircle, semi-finalsubtopic, subway, substandard

trans-Sahara, transportuncleansuperhuman, superimpose,

super structurecombinedisadvantage, disappoint,

dishonestillogicalinput, inhumanirrefutablemisprintmultinational, multi-colourednonsense, non-Christianobtuse

outnumber, outgrow, outliveproceedpostgraduate, postwar

repeat, regain

subcommitteetranscribeself-control, self-taught

Note that un-, il-, in-, ir-, non-, mis-, dis- de -mean “not” or “opposite of” in English. The choice of one is governed byphonological conditions:



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Im- is placed before bilabial sounds /p, b, m/ as in:balance imbalance possible impossiblepatient impatient pure impuremortal immortal movable immovablemodest immodest potent impotent

practical impractical mature immatureperfect imperfect

In- is used before alveolar and velar sounds /d, k, s/ and thelabio-dental fricative /v/visible invisible definite indefinitesincere insincere competent incompetentdirect indirect convenience inconveniencedecision indecision credible incredibledependent independent curable incurabledefensible indefensible describable indescribableconsistent inconsistent conspicuous inconspicuouscoherent incoherent credulous incredulous

Ir- is used before rregular irregular relevant irrelevantresistible irresistible responsible irresponsibleresolute irresolute reparable irreparable

Il- is used before llogical illogical legitimate illegitimate

legal illegal literate illiterate

Un- de-necessary unnecessary compose decomposefair unfair increase decreasefortunate unfortunate formation deformation



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just unjust hydration dehydrationinteresting uninteresting merit demerithappy unhappytidy untidy

Dis- non-band disband commissioned non-commissionedcourage discourage returnable non-returnablehonour dishonour static non-staticillusion disillusion stick non-stickplease displease ferrous non-ferrous

Meanings of Some Commonly Used SuffixesSuffixes Meaning Words-able

-age

-al-ance-ary-cy-er

-ful-ist-less-ly-ment-ness-ous-tion-dom

Capable of being; that can ormust beState, act, or process of, result of

Belonging to, process or state of Act of, state ofPlace for; connected withState of beingOne who is; a person or thingthatHaving the qualities of; full ofOne whose profession isLacking, withoutIn the manner ofthe action or result ofState of; the quality ofthe nature of or having quality of

Act ofthe condition or state of

taxable, changeable, comfortable

postage, bondage, mileage

magical, verbal, betrayaldominance, ignorancebudgetary, planetarydemocracy, conspiracyteacher, singer, lover

sorrowful, forgetful, handfuldentist, chemist, specialistsleeveless, selfless, tirelesshappily, stupidlydevelopment, bombardmentblindness, goodness, drynesspoisonous, gloriouseducation, cooperationfreedom, kingdom, martyrdom

Suffixes are important in determining the meanings ofwords in English. They are either inflections added at the endof a word or they change the grammatical class of words theyare attached to.Inflectional Suffix/Morpheme:



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Inflection is a major category of morphology. Whensuffixes are added to words to realize morphemes such aspresent, past, present participle, plural, they are said to beinflectional. They do not change the nature of the verb towhich they are added. For instance:

Play plays playing playedLocate locates locating locatedSing sings singing sang

The suffixes –s, -ing, -ed did not change the word class of theverbs. Bloomfield (1933) referred to inflection as the outerlayer of the morphology of word forms. This is becauseinflections are added when all derivational and compositionalprocesses are already complete. This means that one can addinflection on a root and a stem. Let us take for example theword “disinfectants”, the plural inflection –s is added to thestem “disinfectant”. The root of the word is “infect”. Theprefix dis- shows negation or opposite of while the newlyderived word is “disinfectant”. Inflections such as tense,number, person, etc. will be added to ready-made stems. Bystem we mean the forms to which inflections may be added,but which may already have derivational affixes. Otherexamples are:

Root Derived Word Inflections

/stempaint repaint repaints, repainted, repaintingcomputer computerize computerized, computerizingindustry industrial, industrialization

industrialize industrializations



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Inflectional categories such as tense, voice and numberplay important role in syntax and are called morphosyntacticcategories, since they affect both the words around them andthe words within which they occur. They are very productiveand are semantically more regular than the derivational ones;

meaning will remain constant across a wide distributionalrange.

Derivational Suffixes:Derivation is the opposite of inflection. It consists of

adding an affix or affixes to the root or stem of the word.When this is done, new words are derived. Within derivation,the distinction is often made between class-maintaining andclass-changing processes. Class-changing produces a newword in different word class. (E.g. gentle (adj))gentleness (noun) gently (adverb)); while class –maintaining produces a new word but does not change theclass.

Class-Maintaining Derivational Suffixes:Examples of class-maintaining suffixes are –age, -ful, -

ry, -cy, -hood, -ship, -ate, -ure, -ic, -ster, -dom, -ism, -ee, - eer. They are used to convert noun to another noun thatmean something different. Examples are:acre acreage spoon spoonfulbroker brokerage hand handful

front frontage cup cupfuluse usage mouth mouthfulassembly assemblage house houseful

weapon weaponry lunatic lunacyburglar burglary magistrate magistracycitizen citizenry president presidency



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knave knavery tenant tenancymachine machinery truant truancychaplain chaplaincy

boy boyhood friend friendship

child childhood head headshipgirl girlhood judge judgeshipman manhood owner ownershippriest priesthood scholar scholarshipwoman womanhood trustee trusteeship

forfeit forfeiture young youngsterportrait portraiture song songstercandidate candidature trick tricksternuncio nunciature prank pranksterimpostor imposture rhyme rhymesternomen nomenclature pun punsterelectors electorate

triumvirs triumvirate duke dukedomemir emirate earl earldomopium opiate king kingdom

official officialdomgrant grantee cannibal cannibalismlegacy legatee journal journalismmortgage mortgagee pauper pauperism

devotion devotee critic criticismchariot charioteermusket musketeerpamphlet pamphleteer



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Class-Changing Derivational Suffixes:Under the suffixes that can change word from one

grammatical class to another, we have basically four groups.The presence of the suffixes signal the grammatical class ofthe words in which they appear. They are:

• Noun Suffixes• Verb suffixes

• Adjective Suffixes

• Adverb Suffixes

Noun Suffixes:

Suffix Meaning Example-dom state of being freedom-hood state of being manhood-ness state of being dimness-ice act of being cowardice-ation act of being flirtation-ion act of being intercession-sion act of scansion-tion state of being corruption-ment act of argument-ship state of being friendship-ance act of continuance-ence act of precedence-ancy state of being currency

-ism act of baptism-ery quality of bravery-eer one who auctioneer-ist one who believes in fascist-or one who debtor-er one who worker



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Verb Suffixes:Suffix Meaning Example-ate to make perpetuate-en to make soften-fy to make dignify

-ize, ise to make sterilize

Adjective Suffixes:Suffix Meaning Example-ful ful of hateful-ish resembling foolish-ate to make affectionate-ic, ical resembling angelic-ive having prospective-ous full of zealous-ulent full of fraudulent-less without fatherless-able, ible capable of peaceable-ed having spirited-ly resembling womanly-like resembling childlike

Adverb Suffixes:Suffix Meaning Example-ly to make more quickly-ward in the direction of afterward

Derivation of Words from One Grammatical Class to Another

Now let us look at how the addition of these suffixesmentioned above can change words from one grammaticalcategory to another:



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1. Conversion of Verb to NounTo derive nouns from verbs, the noun forming

suffixes are added to the verb and new words are formed.Some examples are:

i. -ment

amend amendment defile defilementdetach detachment incite incitement

embellish embellishment argue argumentresent resentment abridge abridgementacknowledge acknowledgement

ii. –ion/-tioncollect collection resolve resolutionobstruct obstruction adopt adoptionrepress repression adapt adaptationaccumulate accumulation absorb absorptiondevote devotion contend contentiondestroy destruction pretend pretensionrecognize recognition intend intention

Verbs that end in –ate drop e and replace with –ionillustrate illustration meditate meditationdemonstrate demonstration pollinate pollinationenumerate enumeration stagnate stagnation

iii. -ationThe suffix –ation is added to some verbs ending in –ise.

The final e is dropped before the addition of –ation.Examples are:

authorize authorization improvise improvisationcivilize civilization polarize polarization

Others are:afforest afforestation derive derivationcrown coronation divine divination



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deprive deprivation fix fixationinhale inhalation

Still on –ation, if the verb ends in ke, the ke is replaced by cbefore the suffix

convoke convocation evoke evocation

invoke invocation provoke provocationrevoke revocation

Verbs that end in –ain or –aim will drop the i to take –ationdeclaim declamation exclaim exclamationexplain explanation proclaim proclamationabstain abstentionentertain entertainmentmaintain maintenance with different suffixessustain sustenance

iv -icationSome verbs ending in -ify drop the y and replace it with

-icationbeatify beatification gasify gasificationsanctify sanctification solidify solidification

Exceptions:liquefy liquefaction (not *liquidification)putrefy (not *putrify) putrefactioncrucify crucifixion

v. -ition-ition is attached to verbs ending in –ish. The sh is

dropped and replaced by –ition

abolish abolition admonish admonitiondemolish demolition

Other –ish ending words take different suffixes. Examplesare:

banish banishment embellish embellishmentfurnish furniture/furnishing

-ition can also be attached to verbs ending in –it



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exhibit exhibition fruit fruitioninhibit inhibition prohibit prohibition

Some –it ending words take –ssion (to be discussed later)

vi -ution

Verbs ending in –olve have the ve replaced by –utionabsolve absolution devolve devolutionevolve evolution resolve resolutionrevolve revolution

vii. -sion-sion is applied to some words ending in -ise with the e

droppedexcise excision revise revisionsupervise supervision

Some words ending in –de drop this ending to take –sion toform noun. Examples are:

collide collision conclude conclusiondecide decision divide divisionevade evasion extrude extrusioninvade invasion persuade persuasionprovide provision

-sion is also added to verbs ending in it. The t is dropped andreplaced by –sion to form noun.

avert aversion convert conversiondivert diversion invert inversion

revert reversion

viii. Double s suffix -ssionThis occurs with verbs ending in –ee or –ede

accede accession concede concessionproceed procession intercede intercessionsecede secession supersede supersession



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-ssion is also attracted by some verbs ending in –itemit emission omit omissiontransmit transmission remit remission/remittance

ix -ant, -ent -ant -entcelebrate celebrant adhere adherentcoagulate coagulant antecede antecedent

confide confidant correspond correspondentdepend dependant deter deterrentlubricate lubricant precede precedentmigrate migrant preside presidentoccupy occupant receive recipientserve servant study student

x. –ance -enceThese two suffixes are confusing at times. Spellers

sometimes find difficulty in remembering which to use of thetwo.

Verbs with final e drop the e to add –ance. Other verbswithout final e also take –ance.

-ance nouns -ance nouns Verbs with final e Verbs without final etolerate tolerance react reactance

ignore ignorance attend attendancedominate dominance abbey abeyancegrieve grievance clear clearancereassure reassurance maintain maintenanceremonstrate remonstrance perform performance



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-ence nouns -ence nouns Verbs with final e Verbs without final eadhere adherence abhor abhorrencecoincide coincidence absent absencecondole condolence offend offence

confide confidence infer inferenceprecede precedence prominent prominencesubserve subservience obey obedience

The suffixes –ance and –ence can also be used to convertadjectives to nouns.

xi. –ism, -ysisThese suffixes are usually applied to adjectives and

nouns. Sometimes, they are applied to some verbs in theirconversion to nouns:criticise criticismdogmatise dogmatismplagiarise plagiarismThe suffix –ysis is usually found in scientific vocabulary:analyse analysiselectrolyse electrolysis

xii. -alExamples of –al nouns formed from verbs are:

acquit acquittal

arouse arousalavow avowalbetray betrayalrebut rebuttalrehearse rehearsalwithdraw withdrawal

Note that where the verb endswith e, the e is dropped. Where

it ends with t, the t is doubled.



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xiii. -age-age is generally attached to nouns but in some

cases, it is attached to verbs to form nouns:cleave cleavageuse usage

waste wastagepost postage

xiv. –ry, -ery A few verbs are converted to nouns by the suffix –

ry. The two suffixes are usually attached to nouns. Examplesof their attachment to verbs to form nouns are:bake bakery husband husbandrymimic mimicry revel revelrybrew brewery hatch hatcherywater watery launder laundry

xv. -ureThe suffix –ure converts a few verbs to nouns. Verbs

that end in consonants will just take –ure, but those that endin e drop the e before –ure:fail failure erase erasureforfeit forfeiture legislate legislatureproceed procedure pose postureinvest investiture seize seizure-ure is also applied to few adjectives but usually to nouns.

This shall be discussed later.

xvi. -acySome verbs are converted to nouns by the use of –acy:

conspire conspiracyadvocate advocacy

Note that the e ending in the

verb is dropped.



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The suffix is also attached to nouns and adjectives. (to bediscussed later)

xvii. Action Suffixes:These are suffixes which describe the actions or

occupations of people or the uses of things. They include –er,-or, -ant and –ist (or –yst). We also have –ar which is a rareusage. Some examples are:-er -orbetray betrayer act actorteach teacher vend vendorwrite writer convey conveyorcarry carrier sail sailorsend sender decorate decoratorinform informer mediate mediatormagnify magnifiercool coolerspell spellerdefend defender

-ant -ist, -yst -arDepend dependant apologise apologist beg beggar

Aspire aspirant catalyse catalyst lie liarCelebrate celebrant dramatise dramatistInform informant dogmatise dogmatistEnter entrant anaesthetise anesthetist

Inhabit inhabitant pacify pacifistPollute pollutant plagiarise plagiarist

xviii. -ing, -ee, -andThe last batch of verb to noun suffixes are –ing, -ee, -and.

-ing



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The present participle of a verb is sometimes used as a nounending in –ing.

His singing and dancing was well appreciated. As a leader, he has a tremendous following. The launching of the project was successful.

I do not understand his comings and goings .-ee

Employ employee Pay payee Vend vendee Address addressee

-andThis is of limited application. An undergraduate about toreceive his degree is a graduand . Somebody about to beordained a priest is an ordinand.

2. Conversion of Verbs to Adjectives:The following suffixes are added to verbs to form

adjectives: -able, -ible, -ous, -ive, -ory, -al, -ant, -ent, -some,-fi. -able

Some verbs ending in consonants take able without anyalteration but if the basic verb end in –ate, this end isdropped and replaced with able:accept acceptable abominate abominablebook bookable appreciate appreciablecomfort comfortable calculate calculablefavour favourable demonstrate demonstrable

honour honourable educate educableIf the basic verb ends in ce the e is retained but if it ends

in y after a consonant, the y is replaced by i. Examples are:enforce enforceable descry descriablepronounce pronounceable pity pitiabletrace traceable rely reliable



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The rule however is not robber-stamped as apply is applicablenot *‘appliable’.

If the basic verb ends in e after a consonant or after s,the e is usually dropped:admire admirable debate debatable

prove provable use usablemove movable/moveableThe adjective for despise is however despicable.

Finally, if the basic verb ends in y after a vowel, the yis retained:essay essay-ableconvey conveyablepay payableplay playable

ii. -ibleThe number of verbs taking –ible as suffix is limited.

It is often more attracted to nouns. When added to verbs thatend in e, the e is dropped, but when the verb ends in t or d,the last letter is dropped replaced with –sible or –ssible.Examples are:collapse collapsible comprehend comprehensibleforce forcible defend defensiblereverse reversible reprehend reprehensibleadmit admissible

omit omissible double spermit permissible

Some exceptions include:controvert controvertibleresist resistibleiii. -ous

No alteration



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The suffix –ous can be added to a few verbs to formadjective:Pretend pretentious Ponder ponderousDisaster disastrous Pity piteousCumber cumbrous/cumbersome

iv. -oryThis suffix can be added to only few verbs to form

adjectives:Declaim declamatoryExclaim exclamatoryExplain explanatoryRetaliate retaliatoryInhibit inhibitory

v. -iveThe suffix –ive can be attached to many verbs to derive

adjective. Words that end in e drop the e before the suffixbut those that end in consonants will simply take the suffix:cumulate cumulative construct constructivecure curative express expressivedecorate decorative instruct instructiveindicate indicative possess possessiverestore restorative prevent preventivespeculate speculative

In some words d is replaced by s and some others take

the suffix –ative:conclude conclusive represent representativedecide decisive affirm affirmativedivide divisive confirm confirmativeexclude exclusive preserve preservativeinclude inclusive conserve conservative

note that the i in ai in these wordsis dropped



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Other examples are:apprehend apprehensivecomprehend comprehensive d is dropped and -sivedefend defensive addedoffend offensive

permit permissive t is dropped and –ssive issubmit submissive addedadmit admissivevi. -al

The adjectives formed with –al derived from verbs are:criticize criticalequivocate equivocalpontificate pontificalThis suffix is commonly used in the conversion of nouns toadjectives.vii. –ant, -ent

As in the formation of nouns from verbs, these suffixescan also be used to form adjectives:defy defiant decay decadentplease pleasant deliquesce deliquescentrepent repentant effervesce effervescent

viii –some, -fulSome adjectives ending in some derived from verbs are:

cumber cumbersome fear fearsomegrue gruesome quarrel quarrelsome

tire tiresomeThe suffix –ful is attached to few verbs. It is more

attached to many nouns to form adjectives. Examples ofplaces where it is added to verbs are:mourn mournfulrevenge vengeful





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Obstinate obstinacyProfligate profligacySupreme supremacyv. -ism

-ism is mostly used for converting nouns to nouns. It,

however, can be added to few adjectives to form nouns: Altruistic altruism American Americanism Archaic archaism Colloquial colloquialismMonetary monetarism Mystic mysticismTrue truism Witty witticism

vi. –ance, -ancy, -ence, -encyThese four suffixes are common in converting adjectives

to nouns. Some examples are:-ant to –ance -ant to –ancyabundant abundance constant constancyattendant attendance expectant expectancydominant dominance hesitant hesitancyelegant elegance infant infancyrelevant relevance vacant vacancy-ent to ence -ent to –ency corpulent corpulence absorbent absorbencyprominent prominence clement clemencyreticent reticence consistent consistencysubsistent subsistence fluent fluency

vii. -escence Adjectives ending in escent form nouns ending in

escence. Examples are: Acquiescent acquiescence Coalescent coalescenceConvalescent convalescence Fluorescent fluorescenceEffervescent effervescence Deliquescent deliquescence



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viii. -ietyanxious anxiety dubious dubietypious piety proper proprietysober sobriety various variety

4. Conversion of Nouns to Adjectives:The suffixes for converting nouns to adjectives are: -y,

-ly, -ish, -ous, -ic, -ics, -ical, -ary, -ar, -ful, -less, -al, -ial, -eal,-ate, -ine, -ian, -ean, -ese, -en, -esque, -able, -ible, -ose, -iac.i. –y, -ly

haze hazy beast beastlylace lacy friend friendlysauce saucy king kinglyday daily mother motherlyhour hourly week weekly

ii. -ishbook bookish boy boyishfever feverish fiend fiendish

iii. -ous Apart from using –ous to convert verbs to adjectives

and adjectives to nouns, it can also be used to convert nounsto adjectives. Examples are:peril perilous clamour clamorouspoison poisonous dolour dolorousportent portentous glamour glamorousanomaly anomalous humour humorous

calamity calamitous number numerousglory glorious mischief mischievouspity piteous disaster disastrous

Avarice avaricious adventure adventurousCaprice capricious fibre fibrousMalice malicious pore porousSpace spacious luster lustrous



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iv. –ic, -ics, -icalaesthete aesthetic drama dramaticathlete athletic hero heroictone tonic giant gigantic

economy economic geography geographicharmony harmonic melody melodic

When applied to special studies the suffix –ic is pluralized. Adjectives formed from such nouns drop the s and extend thesuffix to –ical. Examples are:

Acoustic acoustical Economics economicalEthics ethical Mathematics mathematicalPhysics physical Politics political

v. –ary, -ar-ary -arBudget budgetary molecule molecularDiet dietary vehicle vehicularElement elementary nucleus nuclearInflation inflationary line linearUnit unitary spatula spatular

vi. –ful, -lesscare careful art artlessdoubt doubtful care careless

event eventful doubt doubtlessfear fearful fear fearless

joy joyful sin sinlesswonder wonderful taste tastelessbeauty beautiful fancy fanciful

Other adjectives formed from nouns are:



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Incident incidental adamant adamantine Verb verbal alkali alkalineException exceptional crystal crystallineRace racial Christ ChristianSubstance substantial earth earthen

Remedy remedial gold goldenFashion fashionable honour honourable

5. Conversion of Nouns to Verbs:Some nouns can be converted to verbs by the addition

of the following suffixes:-en (or –n), -ify (or fy), -ise (or ize) and –ate

i. –en (or –n) -ify (or –fy)length lengthen beauty beautifystrength strengthen example examplifyheight heighten stupor stupefy

ii. –ise, -atecarbon carbonize carbon carbonateidol idolize hyphen hyphenateliquid liquidize liquid liquidatevapour vapourise action activatemotion motivate

6. Conversion of Adjectives to Verbs: A common suffix for this purpose is –en or the

prefix en- as in:

black blacken dear endearbright brighten large enlargedeep deepen rich enrichloose loosen noble ennobletight tighten white whiten



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Conclusion:This study has shown the important role of

affixation in word formation process in the English language.The list is inexhaustible. Some prefixes and suffixes are onlyinflections added to words to pluralise, change tense or mark

comparative and superlative forms of adjectives. Someothers, as we have seen, are class- changing suffixes. Themastery of these affixes will lead to a good mastery of Englishspellings.

References

Bright, W.(ed.)(1992). International Encyclopedia ofLinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.

Crystal D. (1997) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language.Second Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Frank, Marcella (1980) Writing as Thinking: A Guided process Approach. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Hornby A. S. Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary of CurrentEnglish. 7th Edition. Oxford University Press.

Johnson B.E (1992) Doing It Right: Improving CollegeLearning Skills. Toronto- Canada: Heath and Company.

Metacalfe J. E. and C. Astle (MCMXCV) Correct English.England: Clarion

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41010 19496 1 PB English Affixation