Morphological Process

• Affixation• => prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix

• Non-affixal derivation/inflection• =>Compounding • => Reduplication• => Alternation• => Suppletion

Infix (Tagalog)

• tulong ‘help’

• => tumulong ‘helped’

• lipad ‘fly’

• => lumipad ‘flew’

• kain ‘eat’

• => kumain ‘ate’

• uwi ‘return’

• => umuwi ‘returned’ ([ʔumuwi])

• gradwet ‘graduate’

• => gumradwet or grumadwet ‘graduated’

• Infix = [-um-] after first consonant

Circumfix (Indonesian)

• Root Derived Form

• baik ‘good’ kebaikan ‘goodness’

• bersih ‘clean’ kebersihan ‘cleanliness’

• cantik ‘beautiful’ kecantikan ‘beauty’

• sulit ‘difficult’ kesulitan ‘difficulty’

• => [kə-] + Adj + [-an]

Total Reduplication

• Indonesian

• omong ‘talk’

• omong-omong ‘chat’

• duduk ‘sit’

• duduk-duduk ‘sit around’

Partial Reduplication

• Tagalog

• tulong ‘help’

• => tutulong ‘will help’

• lipad ‘fly’

• => lilipad ‘will fly’

• kain ‘eat’

• => kakain ‘will eat’

• uwi ‘return’

• => uuwi ‘will return’

• gradwet ‘graduate’

• => gagradwet

• Reduplication = repeat first consonant and vowel

Compounding

• N-N: girlfriend, landlord, fire-fighter

• A-N: blackbird, happy hour

• P-N: overcoat, outhouse, underpass

• N-A: trigger-happy, boy crazy

Characteristics of Compounds

• Stress change

• good friend vs girlfriend

• Meaning change

• black bird vs blackbird

• black board vs blackboard

Alternation

• Singular Plural

• mouse [ɑʊ] mice [ɑɪ]

• goose [u] geese [i]

• woman [ʊ] women [ɪ]

• foot [ʊ] feet [i]

• Noun Verb

• strife [f] strive [v]

• teeth[θ] teethe [ð]

• breath [θ] breathe [ð]

• use [s] use [z]

Arabic Alternation

• Singular Plural

• nafs nufuus ‘soul’

• bank bunuuk ‘bank’

Derivation by Stress

• Verb Noun

• conduct conduct

• insert insert

• reject reject

• convict convict

Derivation by Tone

• Mandarin

• 教 [tçjɑʊ]– level tone => ‘teach’– falling tone => ‘something taught’

• 將 [tçjɑŋ]– level tone => ‘lead’– falling tone => ‘one who leads’

Suppletion

• go went

• be is am are

• goodbetter

• bad worse

Zero Derivations

• Noun Verb

• bike bike

• skate skate

• work work

• winter winter

Morphological Types

• Analytic (isolating)

• => One morpheme per word

• Synthetic

• => Polymorphemic words

Synthetic Types

• Agglutinating

• => Morphemes are easily segmentable.

• => One meaning per form

• Fusional

• => Not easily segmentable

• => Multiple meanings per form

Fusional

• Spanish

• [hablo] ‘I am speaking.’

• [habla] ‘S/he is speaking.’

• [hable] ‘I spoke.’

Polysynthesis

• Onondaga (Iroquoian)

• Pet wa?-ha-htu?ta?

• Pat Past-Agr-lose

• ne? ohwista?

• the money

• “Pat lost the money.”

• Incorporated

• Pet wa?-ha-hwist-ahtu?ta?

• Pat Past-Agr-money-lose

• “Pat lost money.”