w · BapJw tIcfØns‚ XoctZitaJebn¬ hkn°p∂ a’ysØmgnemfnIƒ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´ Hcp P\ kaqlamWv. kmaqlnIambpw hnZym`ymk ]cambpw Ht´sd ]cnanXnIƒ Ah¿ t\cnSp∂p≠v. Cu taJebnse

$Page 1: w · BapJw tIcfØns‚ XoctZitaJebn¬ hkn°p∂ a’ysØmgnemfnIƒ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´ Hcp P\ kaqlamWv. kmaqlnIambpw hnZym`ymk ]cambpw Ht´sd ]cnanXnIƒ Ah¿ t\cnSp∂p≠v. Cu taJebnse$
tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn

Ip-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨

Ah-ÿm-]-T\w

kwÿm\ hnZym-̀ ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)

tIcfw 2019

]T-\-k-anXn AwK-ßƒ

tUm. Fw.F kp[o¿

(Fao-c-‰kv s{]m -̂k¿: Km‘n{Kw dqd¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq-́ v, Xan-gv\mSv)

tUm. tKmIp¬Zm-k≥]n-ff kn.

(ap≥ Icn-°pew ta[m-hn, Fkv.-kn.-C.B¿.-Sn. tIc-fw)

tUm.ARvPp sF.

(Akn. s{]m -̂k¿, sF.F.-F-kv.-C. Xr»q¿)

{io. Sn.Un. them-bp-[≥.

(tPm.U-b-d-IvS¿, (dn´.) ̂ nj-dokv Un∏m¿´p-sa‚v)

tUm. sP._n. cmP≥

(Atkm-kn-tb‰v s{]m -̂k-¿. Ine, Xriq¿)

{io. cXv\mI-c≥

({]n≥kn-∏mƒ (dn´.) Ub‰v Xncp-h-√)

{io.]n.-B¿. cma-N-{μ≥

(ko\n-b¿ eIvN-d¿(dn´), Ub-‰v, Be-∏pg)

{io. Fw. Xºm≥

(ko\n-b¿ eIvN¿ (dn´.) Ub‰v tImgn-t°m-Sv)

{io.A_vZpƒ dô°v

(ko\n-b¿ eIvN-d¿, Ub-‰v, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw)

{io. sI.sI. cmL-h≥

(dn´. F®v.-Fw. Pn.F¬.-]n.-Fkv sXcp-h-Øv)

{ioa-Xn. Nn{X.-Fkv

(sP.B¿.-F-̂ v., Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. tIc-fw)

A°m-Z-an°v tImUn-t\-‰¿

tUm._n. {ioPnXv

(dnk¿®v Hmô-k¿. Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. tIc-fw)

BapJw

tIcfØns‚ XoctZitaJebn¬ hkn°p∂ a’ysØmgnemfnIƒ

]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´ Hcp P\ kaqlamWv. kmaqlnIambpw hnZym`ymk ]cambpw

Ht´sd ]cnanXnIƒ Ah¿ t\cnSp∂p≠v. Cu taJebnse IpńIfpsS

hnZym`ymk]camb \nehnse Ahÿ F¥msW∂v Is≠Øn KpWta∑bp≈ ]T\w

Dd∏m°p∂Xn\p th≠nbp≈ Hcp Ahÿm]T\w Fkv.kn.Cu.B¿.Sn Gs‰SpØv

\SØnbncn°bmWv. c£mI¿Øm°ƒ, A[ym]I¿, hnZym¿∞nIƒ, kvIqƒ

A[nImcnIƒ XpSßnbhcn¬ \n∂v IrXyambn hnhcw tiJcn®v \SØnb Cu

]T\w a’ysØmgnemfn taJebnse IpńIfpsS hnZym-̀ ymkw KpWta∑bp≈Xm°n

am‰p∂Xn\v Ahkcsamcp°pw F∂v {]Xo-£n-°p-∂p.

kmaqlnI]hpw, A°mZanIhpw, BtcmKy]chpw, ÿm]\]chpamb Ht´sd

]cnanXnIƒ Cu IpńIƒ t\cnSp∂ps≠∂v ]T\w kpNn∏n°p∂p. ]T\ØneqsS

cq]s∏SpØnb Is≠ØepIƒ A\pkcn®p≈ \n¿t±ißƒ Cu hn`mKØn\v

Gsd KpWw sNøpw. s]mXphnZym`ymk kwc£W b⁄-hp-ambn _‘s∏´v

]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´ Cu kaqlØn\pw KpWta∑bp≈ hnZym`ymkw

Dd∏phcpØm≥ hnhn[ hn`mKßfpsS Iq´mb ]cn{iaw AXy¥mt]£nXamWv.

Cu ]T\w AXn\v IqSpX¬ Du¿Pw \¬Ipsa∂v {]Xo-£n-°-s´.

tUm.sP.-{]-kmZv

UbdIvS¿, Fkv.kn.C.B¿.Sn

Xncph\¥]pcw

kw{Klw

A[ymbw 1 : ]T-\-Øns‚ {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\yhpw 7

A[ymbw 2 : ]T\ taJe 12

A[ymbw 3 : coXn imkv{Xw 17

A[ymbw 4 : ZØ-ß-fpsS hni-I-e\w 21

A[ymbw 5 : Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fpw \n¿t±-i-ß-fpw 84

A\p-_‘w

1. Ipń-Iƒ°p≈ A`n-apJ tNmZym-hen

2. A[ym-]-I¿°p≈ A`n-apJ tNmZym-hen

3. c£n-Xm-°ƒ°p≈ A`napJ tNmZym-hen

4. ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ tNmZym-hen

5. aqey\n¿W-tbm-]m-[n-Iƒ ˛ F¬.-]n. hn`mKw

6. aqey\n¿W-tbm-]m-[n-Iƒ ˛ bq.]n hn`mKw

7. aqey-\n¿W-tbm-]m-[n-Iƒ ˛ sslkvIqƒ hn`mKw

8. aqey-\n¿W-tbm-]m-[n-Iƒ ˛ lb¿ sk°-≠dn /

hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-Cu. hn`mKw

9, k¿shbv°p sXc-s™-SpØ hnZym-e-b-ßƒ ˛ Pn√m Xncn-®p≈ ]ńI

D≈-S°w

]ń-I-Iƒ

]ńI 3.1 hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS kmºnƒ

3.2 A[ym-]-I-cpsS kmºnƒ

3.3 c£n-Xm-°-fpsS kmºnƒ

]ńI 4.1 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ipń-Iƒ kmaq-lnIw

4.2 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ipń-Iƒ kmap-lnIw {Km^v

4.3 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ipń-Iƒ ˛ kmwkvIm-cnIw

4.4 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ipń-Iƒ ˛ kmwkvIm-cnIw {Km^v

4.5 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ipń-Iƒ ˛ kmº-ØnIw

4.6 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ipń-Iƒ ˛ kmº-ØnIw {Km^v

4.7 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ipń-Iƒ ˛ BtcmKyw

4.8 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ipń-Iƒ ˛ BtcmKyw {Km^v

4.9 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ipń-Iƒ ˛ Iem-Im-bnIw

4.10 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ipń-Iƒ ˛ Iem-Im-bnIw {Km^v

4.11 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ipń-Iƒ ˛ hnZym-`ymkw

4.12 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ipń-Iƒ ˛ hnZym-`ymkw {Km^v

4.13 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ipń-Iƒ ˛ ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ

4.14 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ipń-Iƒ ˛ ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ {Km^v

4.15 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ipń-Iƒ ˛ k{º-Zmbw

4.16 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ipń-Iƒ ˛ k{ºm-Zmbw {Km^v

]ńI 4.17 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ kmap-lnIw

4.18 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ kmap-lnIw {Km^v

4.19 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ hnZym-`ymkw

4.20 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ hnZym-`ymkw {Km^v

4.21 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ BtcmKyw

4.22 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ BtcmKyw {Km^v

4.23 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ ÿm]\ kwhn-[m\w

4.24 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ ÿm]\ kwhn-[m\w {Km^v

4.25 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ ]T-\-k-{º-Zmbw

4.26 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ ]T-\-k-{º-Zmbw {Km^v

]ńI 4.27 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ kmaq-ln-I-hÿ

4.28 Ahÿm ]T\w˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ kmaq-ln-I-hÿ {Km^v

4.29 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ kmº-Øn-I-hÿ

4.30 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ kmº-Øn-I-hÿ {Km^v

4.31 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ kmwkv°m-cnIw

4.32 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ kmwkv°m-cnIw {Km^v

4.33 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ ImbnIw

4.34 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ ImbnIw {Km^v

4.35 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ BtcmKyw

4.36 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ BtcmKyw {Km^v

4.37 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ

4.38 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ {Km^v

]ńI 4.39 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ ˛ ùXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ßƒ

4.40 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ ˛ ùXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ßƒ {Km^v

4.41 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ ˛ A°m-Z-anIw

4.42 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ ˛ A°m-Z-anIw {Km^v

4.43 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ ˛ sF.Sn km[y-X-Iƒ

4.44 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ ˛ sF.Sn km[y-X-Iƒ {Km^v

4.45 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ ˛ kmap-lnIw

4.46 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ ˛ kmaq-lnIw {Km^v

]ńI 4.47 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ {]oss{]-adn ˛ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw

4.48 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ {]oss{]-adn ˛ {]I-S\w

4.49 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ F¬.]n ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\

4.50 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ F¬.]n ]cnk-c-]-T\w

4.51 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ F¬.-]n. ae-bmfw ˛ `mjWw

4.52 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ F¬.]n KWnXw ˛ kwJym-t_m[w

4.53 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ bp.]n ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\

4.54 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ bp.]n. ae-bmfw ˛ N¿® kwhmZw

4.55 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ bp.]n. KWnXw

4.56 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ bp.]n. Cw•ojv ˛ hmb\

4.57 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ bp.]n. Cw•ojv ˛ `mjWw

4.58 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ sslkvIqƒ ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ `mjWw

4.59 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ sslkvIqƒ ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\

4.60 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ sslkvIqƒ ˛ Cw•ojv ˛ `mjWw

4.61 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ sslkvIqƒ -˛ Cw•ojv ˛ hmb\

4.62 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ sslkvIqƒ ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ N¿® kwhmZw

4.63 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ lb¿ sk°-≠dn ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\

4.64 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ lb¿ sk°-≠dn ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ `mjWw

4.65 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ lb¿ sk°-≠dn ˛ Cw•ojv ˛ hmb\

4.66 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ lb¿ sk°-≠dn ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ N¿® kwhmZw

4.67 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ lb¿ sk°-≠dn ˛ Cw•ojv ˛ `mjWw

]ńI 4.68 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-C. ˛ Cw•ojv --˛ hmb\

4.69 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-C. ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ `mjWw

4.70 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-C. ˛ Cw•ojv ˛ `mjWw

4.71 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-C. ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\

4.72 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-C. ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ N¿®/kwhmZw

7tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn


Ah-ÿm-]-T\w

s]mXp-hn -Zym -`ymk kwc£W b⁄-Øns‚ `mK-ambn KpWta∑bp≈ ]T\w

km¿h{XnIam°p∂Xn\p th≠nbp≈ {iaßƒ \S∂p hcnIbmWv. hnZym`ymk]cambn

AhKW\ A\p`hn°p∂ Ht´sd hn`mKßƒ \ΩpsS \mńep≠v. h\taJebn¬

Pohn°p∂ BZnhmknIƒ, ImgvN ]cnanXnbpw tIgvhn ]cnanXnbpw D≈h¿,

Xoc{]tZitaJebn¬ A[nhkn°p∂h¿, tNcn {]tZ -i-ß-fn¬ Ignbp∂h¿

F∂nhscms° CØcØn¬ ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´hcmbn IW°m°s∏Sp∂p. Ch¿°pw

KpWta∑bp≈ hnZym-`ymkw {]Zm\w sNøp∂Xn\p≈ \S]SnIƒ kzoIcn®ph-cn-I-bmWv.

a’y-_-‘\w {][m\ D]-Po-h\ am¿§-ambn kzoI-cn® Xoc-tZ-i-ta-J-e-bnse P\-k-aq-

lsØ°pdn®v BgØn¬ ]Tn®v AhcpsS IpńIƒ°v KpWta∑bp≈ hnZym`ymkw

km[yam°p∂Xn\p≈ ]cn{iaßƒ AXy¥mt]£nXamWv. kmaqlnI kmº-ØnI ]mcn-

ÿn-XnI ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bn¬s∏-Sp∂ IS-temc taJ-e-bnse Ipń-Iƒ°v hnZym-`ymk

e£y-ßƒ F{X-tØmfw t\Sm≥ km[n-®n-´ps≠∂pw Ah-cpsS ]T\ {]iv\ßƒ F¥m-

sW∂v Is≠-Øm\pw Hcp ]T\w \SØp∂Xv Cu {]iv\sØ ka{Kambn

a\ nem°p∂Xn\pw {]Xnhn[nIƒ \n¿t±in°p∂Xn\pw Ahkcsamcp°pw.

1.1 ]T-\-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-Xbpw {]m[m-\yhpw.

tIcf hnI-k\ tamU¬ temI-sa-ßpw «mLn-°-s∏-Sp∂ H∂m-Wv. s]mXp P\mtcmKyw,

hnZym-`ym-kw, XpS-ßnb tkh\ taJ-e-Ifnep-≠mb hf¿®bpw Im¿jnI hymh-km-bnI

taJ-e-Ifn-ep-≠mb DW¿hpw tIc-fo-bs‚ PohnX KpW-\n-e-hm-c-sØ, Db¿Øm≥ klm-

b-I-am-bn-́ p-≠v. km¿h{XnI-hn-Zym-̀ ym-kw, ̀ q]-cn-jvI-c-Ww, apX¬ A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{μo-I-cWw

hsc \S∂ kmaq-ly-am-‰-ßƒ \h-tI-cf krjvSn°p Imc-W-`q-X-am-bn-´p≠v F∂p \n w-

ibw ]d-bmw. F∂m¬ KpW-]-c-amb am‰w F√m `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw kwkvIr-Xn-bnepw

Htc-t]m-se-bmtWm {]Xn-^-en-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv, F∂Xv Nn¥-\o-b-am-Wv. Fkv.-kn.- F-kv.Sn

hIp-∏p-I-sf GtIm-]n∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-ß-fnepw

ae-\m-ńse P\-ß-fn¬ samØ-ambpw hnI-k-\-Im-gvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ FØn-°m≥ km[n-®n-´p-≠v.

ôj-dokv hIp-∏ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kPoh-am-sW-¶n¬ IqSnbpw hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏p-

ambn tN¿∂p hnZym-`ymk KpW-ta-∑m-b-⁄-Øn\pw ]pXn-b-]m-X-Iƒ Xpd-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS e`yX°pd-hv, hmb-\ime, ¢_p-Iƒ XpS-ßnb kmwkv°m-

cnI ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS hym]-\-an-√m-bva, c£n-Xm-°-fpsS hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-c-Ønepw Pohn-

Xm-h-t_m-[-Øn-ep-ap≈ ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ, imkv{X⁄m\sØ sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bn-te°v

Dƒt®¿°p-∂-Xn-ep≈ A⁄-X, samØ-Øn¬ PohnX KpW-ta-∑-bn-ep≈ ]nt∂m-°m-hÿ

F∂nh Xoc-tZiw t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-I-fm-Wv.

hnI-k-\-cw-K-Øv BtKmf {]i-kvXn-bn¬ FØn \n¬°p∂ tIc-f-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv XojvW-

amb PohnX{]iv\ßsf A`napJoIcn®psIm≠v AXnPoh\Øns‚ k¶o¿ÆXIfpw

bmX\Ifpw A\p`hn®psIm≠ncn°p∂ Cu hn`mKap≈Xv F∂v \mw ad-∂p-IqSm. 10% apX¬

14% hsc sImgn™vt]m°v C∂pw kvIqƒ hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn-eq-≠v. tIc-f-Øns‚ s]mXp-km-£-

cXm \nc°v 95% Bbncn°ptºmƒ Xoc {]tZiØv CXv 91.3% am{XamWv. s]mXp hnjbßsf

kw_‘n®pw XßfpsS AhImißsf°pdn®pw XnI®pw A⁄cmb IStemcP\XbpsS

s]mXpt_m[sØ DW¿Øn kmaqlnIamb kpÿncXbnte°v Db¿tØ≠Xp≠v.

A[ymbw 1

]T\Øns‚ {]k‡nbpw {]m[m\yhpw



Ah-ÿm-]-T\w

tIcfØns‚ Btfmlcn hcpam\w Db¿∂n´pw a’ysØmgnemfnIfpsS PohnX-

\nehmcØn¬ Imcyamb am‰ßƒ H∂pw kw`hn®nń√ F∂pw ImWmw. a’ysØmgnemfn-

IfpsS D∂-a-\-Øn-\mbn cq]oIrXamb a’ysÛn\pw hnZym`ymk]camb apt∂‰Øn\v

t\XrXzw \¬Im≥ km[n°p∂n√. k¿°mcn¬ \n∂pw e`n°p∂ B\pIqeyßfpw

klmbßfpw ê{]Zambn hn\ntbmKn°m≥ c£nXm°ƒ°pw km[n°p∂n√.

IpńIfpsS hnZym`ymkØn¬ th≠{X {i≤ sNepØm\pw hensbmcp hn`mKØn\pw

Ignbp∂n√.

tIcfØnetßmfantßmfw Xoc{]tZisØ hnebncpØnbm¬ Hmtcm {]tZiØpw

{]mtZinI PmXn, aX hn`mKßfpsS \nb{¥WØnemWv Ch¿ PnhnXw apt∂m´v

\o°p∂sX∂p ImWmw. Ah¿ D≠m°p∂ IS¬ \nbaßfpw A\pjvTm\ßfpw tNmZyw

sNømsX A\pkcn°m≥ \n¿_‘nXcmhp∂p. klIcWkwLßƒ°pw

s]mXpIq´mbvaIƒ°pw th≠{X kzm[o\w XoctZisXmgn¬ taJebn¬ D≠m°n-

sbSp°m≥ km[n®nń√. hn[nhnizmkßfnepw A‘hnizm-kßfnepw s]´pt]mb

hensbmcp P\Xsb IStemctaJebn¬ ImWmw. hnZym`ymk kmwkvImcnI klIcW

Iq´mbvaIfneqsS am{Xta Ahcn¬ ImXemb am‰ßƒ hcpØm≥ km[n°q.

1. 2 \nehnse Ahÿ

2011 se AJn-te¥ym sk≥kkv {]Imcw tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-

fpsS FÆw 33.4 Zi-e-£-am-sW∂v IW-°p-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse P\-kw-Jy-bpsS

aq∂n-sem∂v `mK-am-WnXv. Ch-cn¬ _lq`q-cn-]-£hpw tIc-f-Øns‚ IS¬Øoc-ta-J-e-tbmSp

tN¿∂p≈ 222 a’y-_-‘\ {Kma-ß-fn-emWv Xnßn-∏m¿°p-∂-Xv. Ch-cpsS PohnX {]iv\-

ßƒ, Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymkw XpS-ßn-bh Fßs\-sb∂ At\z-jWw \mfn-Xp-h-scbpw \S-

∂n-́ n-√. Cu ]T\w AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp ka{K At\z-j-W-Øn\v ]mX-sbm-cp°pw.

kwÿm\ kºZv LS-\-bn¬ a’y _‘-\-ta-J-e-bpsS kw`m-h\ 11.58 iX-am-\-amWv

(tIcf \nb-a-k`m k_vI-Ω‰n dnt∏m¿´v ˛ 2015 ˛ '16) ASn-°-Sn-bp-≠m-Ip∂ {]IrXn Zpc¥-

ßƒ, t{SmfnMv \ntcm-[-\w, a≤y-h¿Øn-I-fpsS Nqj-Ww, DXv]m-Z\ amμyw, hne-bn-Snhv

XpS-ßn-h-bpsS ê-ambn `qcn-`mKw a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw IS-_m-[y-X-bn-em-Wv. PohnX

{]mcm-_v-[-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymk Imcy-Øn¬ Imcy-amb {i≤ ]Xn-bp-

∂n√. kzmX{¥yw Inń 70 h¿j-ßƒ Ign-™n´pw \nc-¥cw ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ P\-X-

bmbn C∂pw XpS-cp∂p F∂Xv {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ Imcy-am-Wv. F√m-h¿°pw

hnZym-`ymkw (Education for All), KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZym-`ymkw (Quality Education) F∂o

e£y-ßƒ ssIh-cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ \nc-¥cw ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Cu kaq-l-Ønse

Ipń-I-fpsS ]T\w BÀm-Z-I-c-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, sImgn-™vt]m°v XS-bp-∂-Xn\pw {]tXyI

]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNbvXv \S-∏m-t°-≠-Xp≠v. AXn\v imkv{Xo-b-amb Hcp At\z-

jWw \S-tØ-≠Xv AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.

]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ hnhn[ßfmb a’y-k-º-Øp-Iƒ tIcf P\-Xbv°v

e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ kp{]-[m\ ]¶v hln-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. cmsht∂m ]I-se-t∂m, ag-sbt∂m

shbn-set∂m C√msX kz¥w PohnXw sIń-∏Sp°p∂-Xn-\mbn A∂w tXSp∂ Ch-cpsS

thZ-\-Iƒ, t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-ßƒ F∂nh ]e-t∏mgpw {i≤n-°-s∏-SmsX t]mIp-∂p. a’y-

sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS a°fpw ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fmbn amdp∂ coXn-bmWv

s]mXpsh I≠p hcp-∂-Xv. Ip™p-ß-fpsS {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw Fß-s\-sb-¶nepw

]q¿Øn-bm°n a’y-sØm-gn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[ sXmgn-ep-I-fpsS _me-]mTßƒ

A`y-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-I-fn-te°v \oßp-∂-Xm-bmWv I≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv. CXn\v Hcp

am‰w AXym-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.



Ah-ÿm-]-T\w

1.3 ]T\Øns‚ {]k‡n

hnZym-`ymkw Ipń-bpsS Ah-Im-i-ambn amdn-b-tXmsS IpńIsf hnZym`ymkw sNøn°Ww

F∂ t_m[w c£nXm°fn¬ {]ISamWv. c£n-Xm-°-fn¬ D≠mb Cu am‰sØ a\- n-

em°n Ah¿°v Bh-iy-amb Ah-t_m[w \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. CXns‚ `mK-ambn ]c-º-cm-

KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ip™p-ßƒ hnZym-̀ ym-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v́ t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-

ßƒ Fs¥-√m-sa∂v Is≠-tØ-≠Xv BXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.

Ipń-I-fpsS ]T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn a’y-sØm-gn-emfn {Kma-ß-fn¬Øs∂ c£-I¿Ør

IqSnt®c-en\v Ah-kcw Hcp-°pI {KmaoW hmb\ ime-Iƒ ÿm]n-°pI Ipń-I-fpsS

Iem-Im-bnI hmk-\-Iƒ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-I, Xoc-tZi BtLm-j-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn

Ipń-I-fpsS Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI F∂n-h-sbms° Ct∏mƒ \S-°p-∂pt≠m?

F{X-am-{X-amWv Ah \S-∂p-h-cp-∂Xv XpS-ßn-b-hbpw ]T-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn At\z-jn-

°m≥ km[n-°pw.

kaq-l-Ønse a‰v Ipń-I-sf-t∏mse Cu taJ-e-bnse anSp-°-cmb Ipń-Iƒ°pw hnP-bn®p

apt∂m-´p-h-cm-\p≈ Ah-kcw Hcp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kvtImf¿jn∏v kwhn-

[m-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw a’c∏co-£-I-sf-°p-dn®pw Ipń-Iƒ°pw, c£-I¿Øm-°ƒ°pw [mc-

W-bpt≠m F∂pw Cu ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øm≥ km[n-°pw.

IS-ens‚ a°-fmbn hf-cp∂ Cu Ip™p-ßƒ°v IS-epw, sh≈hpw F√mw Ifn D]-I-c-W-

ß-fm-Wv. Bb-Xp-sIm≠p Xs∂ \o¥-ep-ambn (swimming) _‘-s∏´ ImbnI C\-ß-fn¬

{]tXyI ]cn-io-e\w \¬In-bm¬ \ΩpsS \mSns‚ bi v Db¿Øm≥ t]m∂ ImbnI

Xmc-ßsf hm¿sØ-Sp-°m≥ km[n-°pw. AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ah-t_m[w c£-I¿Øm-°ƒ°pw

Ipń-Iƒ°pw Dt≠m F∂ Imcyhpw Cu ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øm≥ km[n-°pw.

kap-{ZsØ imkv{Xo-b-ambn a\- n-em-°m-\pw, kap{Z hn`hß-sf-°p-dn®v icn-bmb [mcW

ssIh-cn-°m-\pw, kap-{Z-Po-hn-I-sf-°p-dn®v D]-cn-]-T\hpw Kth-j-Whpw \S-Øm\pw IS-ens‚

a°ƒ°v Xmev]-cy-ap-≠m-Ipw. CXn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-t_m[w c£-I¿Øm-°ƒ°pw Ipń-

Iƒ°pw Dt≠m F∂v Is≠-Øm\pw Cu ]T-\-Øn-eqsS km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

a’y taJ-e-bn¬Øs∂ B[p-\nI a’y-_-‘-\w, a’y hn]-W-\w, a’yw D]-tbmKn-

®p≈ aqey-h¿[nX DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS \n¿amWw F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ D]-cn-]-T\w \SØn

Cu hn`m-K-Øns‚ kmº-Øn-I-amb ̀ {Z-Xbv°v ASn-Ø-d-bn-Sp-∂-Xn\v km[n-°pw. CXn-\p≈

Ah-t_m[w hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eqsS am{Xta km[n-°p-I-bp-≈p.

assd≥ F©n-\n-b-dnwKv anI® sXmgn¬ km[yX {]Zm\w sNøp∂ taJ-e-bm-Wv. CXn-

t\mSv CjvSw IqSm≥ BZyw th≠Xv IS-en-t\m-Sp≈ kulr-Z-am-Wv. AXv G‰hpw IqSp-X-

ep-≈Xv IS-ens‚ a°ƒ°m-Wv. CXns‚ hnhn[ km[y-X-Iƒ jn∏nwKv taJ-e-bn-epw, hnt\mZ

k©mc taJ-e-bnepw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ Adn-bm≥ hnZym-̀ ymkØneqsS

km[n-°pw.

IS¬Øo-c-Øn\v kao-]-ÿ-amb {]tZißfn¬ Ip™p-ßƒ°v ]T\w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-

\p≈ kvIqƒ kuI-cy-ßƒ F{X-tØm-f-ap≠v? Cu kvIqfp-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-ßƒ

Fs¥-√m-amWv? a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ßƒ Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymk Imcy-ß-fn¬

A\p-`-hn-°p∂ {]iv\-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv? Cu {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn®v ]T\w BÀm-Z-I-

cam-°p-∂-Xn\v tIcf kaq-l-Øn\v F¥v Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]n¥pW \¬Im≥ km[n°pw?

AXn-\p≈ Hcp {]h¿Ø\ ]≤Xn Xbm-dm°n \S-∏m-°m-\p≈ am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-ßƒ A[n-

Im-cn-Iƒ°v ka¿∏n-°m≥ Ign-™m¬ Cu ]m¿iz-h¬IrX kaq-l-tØmSv sNøp∂ G‰hpw

henb ssIØm-ßmhpw AXv.



Ah-ÿm-]-T\w

CXn\p klm-bn-°p∂ ]T\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS

Ahÿm ]T\w hfsc {][m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn IS-

ens‚ a°ƒ°pw Db¿∂ PohnX \ne-hmcw ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-Imiw D≠v. AXv

km[y-am-°m≥ Cu ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Ah-kcw ssIh-cp-∂-Xm-Wv.

1.4 ]T\ e£y-ßƒ

]T\Øns‚ kp{][m\ e£yßƒ NphsS sImSp°p∂p.

$ {]IrXn Zpc-¥-ßfpw ]mcn-ÿnXnImLm-X-ßfpw adn-I-S∂v bmYm-ÿn-XnI Nn¥m-[m-

c-Isf AXn-ew-Ln®v KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ PohnX \nc-hm-c-Øn-se-Øm≥ Xoc-tZ-i-a-’y-

sØm-gn-emfn hn`m-KsØ {]m]vX-cm-°pI F∂-XmWv ]c-a-amb e£yw.

$ ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-_-‘\ coXn-Ifpw hn]W\ coXn-Ifpw Ah-ew-_n-°p∂ a’y-

sØm-fn-emfn IpSpw_-ßsf hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ apt∂-‰-Øn-eqsS B[p-\n-I-h¬°-c-

W-Øns‚ ]mX-bn-se-Øn®v kpÿnc hnI-k-\-Øn\p ]m{Xn-`qX-cm-°p-I.

$ aZyw, ab-°-a-cp∂v XpS-ßn-b-hbv°p ASn-a-s∏-Sp∂ kmaq-lym-h-ÿbv°p hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn-

eqsS ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øp-I. k¿thm-]cn ka-Xp-en-X-amb tIcf hnI-k-\-Øn¬ Xoc

{]tZ-isØ F√m hn`mKw P\-ßfpw ]¶m-fn-bm-°m-\p≈ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ Is≠-ØpI.

$ Cu e£yßƒ ssIhcn°p∂Xn\pth≠nbp≈ kv]jvSamb Dt±iyßƒ NphsS

sImSp°p∂p.

1.5 Dt±-iyßƒ

1. ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ hni-Z-amb

Ahÿm ]T\w \SØpI. ]c-ºm-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ipń-I-

fpsS hnZym-`ymk]c-amb {]iv\-ßƒ Is≠Øn hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

2. kmaq-ln-Iw, kmwkvIm-cn-Iw, Btcm-Kyw, Iem-Im-bn-Iw, ]T\k{ºZm-bw, ÿm]\kwhn-

[m-\-ß-fpsS kuI-cy-ßƒ F∂o taJ-e-I-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬.

3. hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-amb ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bpsS Imc-W-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-I.

4. hnZym-`ym-k-ÿm-]-\-ß-fsS e`y-X, ]cy-m]vX-X, Imcy-£-a-X F∂nh Is≠-Øp-I.

5. {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

6. {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø\ ]≤Xn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I.

1.6 km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw

]T-\-Øn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ Xncn-®-dn-hp-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn Xoc-tZi taJ-e-bnse s]mXp-

hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ÿmbo-`m-h-tØmsSbp≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøm≥ km[n-

°pw.

^nj-dokv hIp-∏ns‚ XpS¿ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]T-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn e`n-°p∂ Is≠-

Ø-ep-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-°pw.

Zpc-¥-\n-hm-cW tk\ cq]oI-c-Ww, \mhnI tk\, Xpd-apJ hnI-k-\w, kap-t{Zm-ev]∂ ]cy-th-

£-Ww, Bg-°I-S¬ a’y-_-‘\w XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-se√mw ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-

fpsS sshZKv[yhpw IS-e-dnhpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xn-\p≈ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw t{]c-I-am-hpw.

A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]T-\-hn-j-b-ßƒ, tImgvkp-Iƒ, F∂nh \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw klm-b-

I-am-hpw.



Ah-ÿm-]-T\w

]T-\-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-bmbn IW°m°mhp∂Xv 8 Pn√-I-fnse 200 e[nIw hcp∂ a’y

{Kma-ß-fn¬ tIhew 10 FÆw am{Xta ]T-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-°m≥ km[n-®p≈p F∂-Xm-

Wv. ^nj-dokv hIp-∏ns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ {]tXy-I-ambn

]T\w \S-Øm≥ km[n-®n-ń-√ F∂Xpw ]cn-an-Xn-bm-Wv. ]T-\-Im-e-Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyw IqSp-

∂-Xn-\p-k-cn®v ]T\ aqeyw Ipd-bp-Ibpw Nne-t∏mƒ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ A{]-k-‡-am-hp-Ibpw

sNbvtX-°mw.

]cn-lmc {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p≈ ^≠nw-Kn-s\-°p-dn®p≈ [mc-W-bn-√m-bvabpw ]cn-an-Xam-

Wv. kaq-l-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn\v hnZym-̀ ymk ]ptcm-KXn F∂-Xn-s\m∏w ]mcn-ÿn-XnIhpw

sXmgn¬]chpw DXv]m-Z\-hnX-cW taJ-e-I-fn-ep≈ kmaqly coXn \ncmkhpw \n¿Æm-b-

I-L-S-I-ß-fm-Wv. {]kvXpX taJ-e-I-fn¬ Bg-Øn-ep≈ ]T\w CtXm-sSm∏w \S-Øm≥

km[n-°m-ØXv hen-sbmcp ]cn-an-Xn-bmbn \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.

1.7 coXn-imkv{Xw

tIcf Xoc-tZ-isØ ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS PohnX kml-N-cy-ßƒ Is≠-

Øp-∂-Xn\v k¿sh coXn-bmWv Ah-ew-_n-®n-́ p-≈-Xv. tIc-f-ØnepS-\ofw a’ysØmgn-emfn

IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ kam-\-X-Iƒ BWp-≈-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v A©v Xoc-tZ-i-Pn-√-I-fnse Hmtcm

{Kmahpw ]´-Whpw dm≥Uw coXnbn¬ sXcs™SpØp. Ahn-S-ß-fnse {]oss{]-adn apX¬

lb¿sk-°‚dn Xew hsc-bmWv ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-bXv. Cu Xe-ß-fn-ep≈ hnZym¿∞n-

Iƒ, A[ym-]-I¿, c£-I¿Øm-°ƒ, ÿm]\ ta[m-hn-Iƒ F∂n-h-cn¬ \n∂mWv hnh-c-

ßƒ tiJ-cn-®-Xv. tNmZy-mhen, C‚¿hyp sjUyqƒ, achievement test F∂o Sqfp-Ifpw

sSIv\n-°p-I-fp-am-Wv, hnhc tiJ-c-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. e`n® ZØ-ß-fpsS KW-]-chpw

KpW-]-c-hpamb hni-I-e\w \n¿Δ-ln°p∂Xn\v \S]Sn kzoIcn®p.

12tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w

]T\ ]›m-Øew

C¥y-bpsS hnZym-`ymk ̀ q]-S-Øn¬ anI® ASn-Ø-d-bp-ff kwÿm-\-amWv tIc-fw. 2011 se

sk≥kkv IW°v {]Imcw 74.04 iX-am-\-amWv C¥y-bpsS samØ-Øn-ep-ff km£-c-X.

tIc-fsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw 93.91% BWv samØw km£-c-X. CXn¬ kv{Xo km£-

c-X-bmb 91.98% C¥y-bpsS samØ-Øn-ep-ff km£-c-X-bpsS 65.5% BWv. CXn-¬ \n∂v

Xs∂ tIc-f-Øns‚ {]mapJyw hy‡-am-Wv. 5˛16 hbkv hsc-bp-ff Ipń-I-fpsS km£-cX

100% tØmSv ASp-Øn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ hf¿® BtKm-f \ne-hm-

cØn-te°v FØn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff {]h¿Ø\w tIcfw kPo-h-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. F∂n-

cp-∂mepw Cu taJ-e-bn¬ kq£va-amb ]T\w AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. \qdv iX-am\w F∂

e£y-Øn-te-°p-ff {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS XSkw ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ah- k-lm-b-I-am-hpw. 590

Intem-ao-‰-dn¬ Hcp \mS-t]m-se-In-S-°p∂ tIc-f-Øns‚ Xoc-tZ-i-ta-J-e-bnse ]c-º-cm-

KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ hnZym-`ym-kw, kwkvImcw, Btcm-Kyw, kmaq-lnI

˛ kmº-ØnI ÿnXn F∂n-h-bnse ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bv°p-ff Imc-W-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-

∂Xv AXoh {]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂p.

Hcp P\-X-bpsStbm, ImeL´-Øn--s‚tbm Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-I-fmWv kwkvImcw. Hcp kaq-l-

Øns‚ `qX-ImesØ°pdn®v IrXyamb coXn-bn¬ ]T\w \S-Øn-bm¬ am{Xsa h¿Ø-am-

\-Ime Pohn-Xm-hÿ \n¿Æ-bn-°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈p. Ah A]-{K-Yn-°p-I-bpw, hne-bn-

cp-Øp-Ibpw sNtø-≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. a\pjyhmkm-cw`w apX¬ hyh-km-bnI taJ-e-

bn¬ {]tXy-In-®pw, hf¿®bpsS h¿Ø-am-\Ime-Øn¬ ]eXpw C√m-Xm-hp-I-bpw, ]pXn-

bXv cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpI kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv.

2.1 ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-kw.

F√m a\p-jy-cp-tSbpw {]mY-anI Bh-iy-ß-fn¬ H∂mbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv hnZym-

`ym-kw. aqey-ßsfbpw ss\]pWnItfbpw Pohn-X-Øn¬ B¿Pn-s®-Sp-°m\pw hnZym-̀ ymkw

klm-bn-°p-∂p. Chn-sS, a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ F√m ASn-ÿm\ taJ-e-I-fnepw {]iv\-

ßƒ t\cn-Sp-∂p. hnZym-̀ ym-kw, ipNn-Xzw, Btcm-Kyw, Xma-k-ku-I-cy-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn-se√mw

Ah¿ {]iv\-ßƒ t\cn-Sp-∂p. aXw, PmXn, h¿Kw XpS-ßnbh Ipń-I-fpsS ÿnXnsb

_m[n-°p-∂p. km[m-c-W-bmbn a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS kaq-l-Øn¬ BÏp-́ n-I-fp-ambn

Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ s]Ïp-́ n-Iƒ°v Xmgv∂ kmaq-lnI ]Z-hn-bm-Wv. kmaq-lnI kuJy-

Øns‚ ASn-Ød F∂Xp Xs∂ IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpw Ipń-I-fp-am-bp-ff _‘-am-Wv. F∂m¬

Xoc-tZ-i-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Cu _‘w hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. Hcp-]mSv Ipń-Iƒ°v

Xß-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°v Xßsf tIƒ°m≥ ka-b-an-s√-∂pw, {i≤n-°m≥ ka-b-an-

√msX a‰p tPmen-I-fn¬ hym]r-X-cm-sW∂pw Dff ]cm-Xn-I-fp-≠v. ChnsS BÏp-ń-I-

fpsS kmaq-lnI ]Z-hn-bmWv s]Ïp-ń-I-tf-°mƒ Db¿∂-Xmbn ImW-s∏-ń-´p-f-f-Xv.

kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw aX-]-c-hp-amb Imcy-ßƒ Cu Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-

`ymk t\´-Øn¬ apJy-]¶p hln-°p-∂p-≠v. apI-fn¬ tN¿Ø hnZym-`ymk ]nt∂m-°m-h-

A[ymbw 2

]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØmgn-emfn IpSpw_ßfnse

]T\ ]›m-Ø-e-hpw A\p-_‘ ]T-\-ßfpw


ÿ-bpsS Imc-Wß-tfm-sSm∏w tN¿Øp-h-t°-≠p-∂-XmWv A[ym-]I hnZym¿Yn _‘-

Øns‚ ZrV-X-bn-√m-bva. Ah¿°p th≠p-∂Xv ]cn-K-W-\-bm-Wv. ]e-t∏mgpw kvIqfn¬

\n∂v AXv e`n-°p-∂n-√. Xoc-tZ-iØv Xma-kn-°p∂ Ipń-I-fpsS sImgn-™p-t]m-°n-\p-ff

as‰mcp ImcWw kvIqfns‚ Zqc-]-cn-[n-bm-Wv. Abhp≈ ]mTy-]-≤-XnbpsS A`mhw, ka-b-

{I-aw ]men-°m-\p≈ {]bm-k-ßƒ, D®-`-£-W-Øns‚ Ipdhv F∂n-hbpw {][m-\- {]-Xn-k-

‘n-I-fm-Wv.

$ kmaq-lnI ˛ kmº-ØnI ÿnXn

IpSpw-_-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI `{Z-X-bpsS A`mhw henb {]iv\w krjvSn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]T\

kuI-cy-an-√m-bva, amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS {i≤-°p-d-hv, XpS-ßn-bh ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf _m[n-

°p-∂p-≠v. XpS¿®-bmb sXmgn¬-Zn\-ßƒ c£n-Xm-°ƒ°n√ F∂Xpw Imc-W-am-Wv.

$ B[p-\nI temIw sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bpsS ImeamWv. ]pXn-b-am-‰-ßƒ henb km[yXIƒ

hnZym-`ymk {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp∂p. Ah-tbm-sSm∏w Db-cm-\p-≈ kmº-ØnI

hf¿® Cu hn`m-K-Ønse Ipń-Iƒ°v e`n-°p-∂n-√. a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse

as‰mcp {]iv\w kmaq-ly-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I-tfm-Sp-ff Xmev]-cy-Ip-d-hm-Wv. Ch¿ {]tXyIw

kwL-ß-fm-hp-∂p. PmXn-]cambpw aX-]-c-ambpw H‰-s∏-S¬ A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p.

C∂sØ ImeØv b{¥-h¬°-c-Whpw B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymk coXn-Ifpw tIc-f-Øns‚

kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI am‰-ß-fn¬ apJy-]-¶p-h-ln-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ a’y-sØm-gn-emfn

kaqlw Cu am‰-Øns‚ bmsXmcp KpW-^-eßfpw A\p-`hn°p-∂n-√. ImcWw b{¥-

h¬°-cWw ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sXm-gn-em-fn-Isf kzm[o-\n-®n-ń√ F∂-Xm-Wv. a’y-sØm-

gn-emfn kaqlw ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn hnZym-`ymk \yq\X A\p-`-hn-°p∂hcm-Wv. Ah-cpsS

sXmgn¬ kw_-‘-am-bn-´p-ff Imcy-ß-fm¬ Xs∂ Ah¿ hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂pw

AI‰n \n¿Ø-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ipń-Isf a’y-_-‘\ kw_-‘-amb tPmen-Iƒ°v D]-

tbm-Kn-°m-sa-∂-Xp-sIm≠p Xs∂, ASn-ÿm\ hnZym-`ymkw \n¿_-‘-ambn Ah¿ IW-

°m-°n-bn-ń-√. a’y-sØm-gn-emfn kaq-l-Øn\v hnZym-`ym-k-tØm-Sp-ff Cu Hcp Imgv®-∏mSv

Ah-cpsS apgp-h≥ kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-csØ _m[n-®n-´p-≠v.

C∂v Cu ]c-º-cm-KX kaq-l-ß-fn¬ Db¿∂p h∂n-cn-°p∂ {]iv\w XnI®pw k¶o¿W-am-

Wv. Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Ønepw a‰p-ap-≠mb hnI-k-\-ßƒ Cu kaq-l-sØ Xo¿Øpw H‰-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂p ]d-bmw. a’y-_-‘\ taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂p-ff ]mh-s∏-´-hcpw \nc-£-

c-cp-amb Bƒ°m¿ BWv CXn\p IqSp-Xepw Cc-I-fm-Ip-∂-Xv. ]pdw temI-hp-am-bp-ff _‘w

Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ym-ksØ \√ coXn-bn¬ kzm[o-\n-°pw. Ah-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ am‰m\pw

hnZym-`ymkw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw a‰p taJ-e-I-fp-am-bp-ff _‘w Chsc klm-bn-°pw.

$ ]m¿∏nSw

a’y-sØm-gn-emfn kaq-l-Øns‚ C∂sØ Pohn-X-co-Xn-bpw, _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ A\p-`-hn-°p-

hm-\p--ff ImcWhpw B kaq-l-sam-´msI tIc-f-Øns‚ Xoc-{]-tZ-iØv Xnßn-sR-cpßn,

AhnsS am{X-ambn HXpßn Pohn-°m≥ CS-bm-°p∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. Ah¿ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw

IS-en-t\mSv tN¿∂v, Ah-cpsS hf-f-ßfpw a‰pw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ IS-en-en-d-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ CS-

ß-fn¬ BWv Pohn-°m≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂-Xv. a¨kq¨ ka-b-ß-fnepw a‰pw, Ah-cpsS Poh-

\v bmsXmcp kpc-£-bp-an-√. Xnßn-sR-cp-ßn-bp-ff PohnXw BtcmKy]c-amb {]iv\-

ßƒ°pw, ipNnXz {]iv\-ßƒ°pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. H´p-an° a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw


Kh¨sa‚ v `qan-bnepw ]pd-tºm-°p-I-fn-ep-amWv Xma-kw. Cu Imc-W-ß-sf√mw Xs∂

hnZym-`ym-k-apƒs∏sS Ah-cpsS {]mY-anI Bh-iy-ßƒ°v hneßp XSn-bm-Ip-∂-h-bm-Wv.

h¿j-ß-fmbn a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS -Po-h-t\m-]m[n IS-em-Wv. IS-ent\mSv

tN¿∂ Pohn-X-amWv Ah-cp-tS-Xv. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ as‰m-cn-S-tØ°v ]d-n®p-\-SpI Akm-

[y-am-Wv. \s√mcp hoSv Ah¿°v kz]v\w am{X-am-Wv. `qcn-]£w a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-

_-ß-fnepw {]mY-anI Imcy-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kwhn-[m\w t]mep-an-√. Ct∏mgpw

Iq´p-Ip-Spw_ hyh-ÿnXn \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v.

$ BtcmKyw

Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bnse t_m[-h-XvI-cWw AXym-h-iy-ambn th≠ hn`m-K-amWv a’y-sØm-

gn-emfn kaq-lw. Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bn¬ AXym-hiy CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Øm≥ hmb-\-im-e-

Iƒ, IpSpw-_-{io-Iƒ, a‰p tkh-\-Zm-Xm-°ƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS Bhiyw D≠v. tcmK-Im-c-W-

ßƒ {]Xn-tcm-[-am¿K-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-hsb°pdn-®p≈ t_m[-h-Xv°cWw Bh-iy-am-Wv.

$ kwkvImcw

a\p-jy-Po-hn-XsØ kpμ-c-am-°p-∂Xv Ahs‚ Np‰p-∏m-Sp-I-fpsS sXfn-®-am-Wv. kwkvImcw

F∂-hm°v F√m-‰n\pw apI-fn-em-Wv. hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øns‚ A]-N-b-amWv kwkvIm-csØ C√m-

Xm-°p-∂-Xv. kvIqƒ ]T\w ]mXn-h-gn-bn¬ Dt]-£n-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂Xv Ipńsb kwL¿j-

Øn¬ B°p∂p. aZy-hpw, ]pI-h-enbpw ioe-am-°n-b-hcpw a’ysØmgn-emfn hn`m-K-Øn¬

IqSp-X-em-Wv. sNdnb {]mb-Øn¬ Xs∂ Zpio-e-ß-fn¬s∏´h-cp-ap-≠v. \√ kulr-Z-ßƒ

Ipd-hm-Wv. Zpio-e-ßƒ IqSp-tºm-gmWv IpSpw-_- _‘-ßƒ inYn-e-am-hp-∂-Xv. Chsb

C√m-Xm-°m≥ GI-hgn KpWta∑bp≈ hnZym-`ym-k-amWv.

2.2 A\p-_-‘-]-T-\-ß-fpsS hni-I-e\w

1. t]mƒ (1980) "A study of the vocational interests of the pupils of the Fisheries high

schools of kerala in relation to their achievement patterns" F∂ hnj-bsØ A[n-

I-cn®v Hcp ]T\w \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

Cu ]T\hpambn _‘s∏´ Is≠ØepIƒ NphsS \¬Ip∂p.

$ Ipń-I-fpsS sXmgn¬ A`n-cp-Nn- ̨ ̀ mj, kmap-ly-im-kv{Xw, ̂ nj-dokv kb≥kv, Irjn,

kmln-Xyw, KWn-Xw, F©n-\o-b-dnwKv F∂o hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn IqSp-X¬ _‘-s∏-ń-cn-

bv°p-∂p.

$ Ipń-I-fpsS kzm`m-hnI Xmev]-cyhpw sXmgn¬ A`ncp-Nnbpw XΩn¬ t\¿Zn-i-bn¬

_‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw Iºyq-t´-j≥, Iem-]-c-amb Xmev]cyw F∂n-h-bn¬ Cu

kmayw ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√.

$ ]T\ kml-Ncyw IpńI-fpsS anI-hn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ {]mtbm-Kn-I-amb IqSp-

X¬ ]T\ kml-N-cy-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ°v Hcp-°n-s°m-SpØp sIm≠v Ah-cpsS ]T-\-an-I-

hns\ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-bv°psa∂pw Cu ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

2. 2013 ¬ Im¿Øn-tI-b≥ Xan-gv\m-ńse Z£nW Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse {KmaoW aXv-ky-

_-‘\ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS PohnX coXnbpambn _‘s∏´pØn Hcp ]T\w \S-Øp-

I-bp-≠mbn.


CXp-ambn _‘s∏´ Is≠ØepIƒ NphsS sImSp°p∂p.

$ `qcn-`mKw a’y-sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS \nXy-Po-hnXmh-iy-ßƒ°v IqSp-X¬

{]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂-Xmbn Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™p. {][m-\-ambpw `£y hkvXp-°ƒ

hmßp-∂-Xn-\pw ]mNIw sNøp-∂-Xn-\m-bp≈ Aeq-an-\nbw ]m{X-ßƒ hmßp-∂-Xn\pw

Ah-cpsS hcpam\w sNe-h-gn-°p-∂p. NmIc ka-b-ß-fn¬ Ch¿ ho´p km[-\-ßƒ

hmßn kq£n-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv hdp-Xn-°m-e-am-Ip-tºmƒ Ah¿ Ah hnev°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p.

$ Im¬i-X-am-\-tØmfw hcp∂ ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-_-‘\ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ ssSev ]mInb

Dd∏p≈ hoSp-I-fn¬ Xma-kn°p-tºmƒ `qcn-`mKhpw IpSn-ep-I-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xmbn

]T\w shfn-hm-°p-∂p.

$ a’y_‘\sØmgn-em-fn-IfpsS Xmak CS-ßƒ ùXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-fpsS A`m-h-

Øm¬ henb tXmXn¬ _p≤p-ap-´-\p-`-hn-°p-∂p. KXm-KX tbmKy-a-√mØ tdmUp-Iƒ

IpSn-sh≈ t{kmX- p-I-fpsS A`mhw, Agp°v Nm¬, ipNn-Xz-]q¿Æa√mØ Np‰p ]mSp-

Iƒ F∂n-h-aqew BtcmKy]c-ambn _p≤p-ap-´p-Iƒ C°q-´¿ t\cn-Sp-∂-Xmbn ]T\w

hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

$ Znh-khpw IS-en¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v NnIn’m kw_-‘-ambn Bip-

]{Xn kuI-cy-ß-fpsS e`y-X-°p-dhv {]Xn-k‘n krjvSn-°p-∂p. NnIn’m kuI-

cym¿∞w Zqsc-bp≈ Kh¨sa‚ v Bip--]-{Xn-I-sfbpw \m´p-ssh-Zy-s\bpw Ah¿°v

B{i-bn-t°-≠n -h-cp-∂p.

$ NmIc ka-bØv Zn\w-{]Xn GI-tZiw Aøm-bncw cq]bpw hdp-Xn-°m-eØv aqhm-bncw

cq]bpw e`n-°p-∂p. `qcn-`mKw hcp∂ a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw 31 hb- n\p apI-fn¬

{]mb-ap-≈-hcpw B[p-\nI kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bn-eq∂n a’y-_-‘\w \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p. _m°n-bp-≈-h¿ ]c-º-cm-KX a’y_-‘\ coXnbmWv Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂Xv.

$ 32.8% a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ am{X-amWv sslkvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bn-´p-

≈-Xv.

$ ^nj-dokv skmssk-‰n-bn¬ 57.4% a’y sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v am{X-amWv AwK-Xz-ap-≈-

Xv. F∂m¬ 23.4% t]¿°v tIm∏-td-‰ohv _m¶p-I-fnepw 34.2% t]¿°v a’y-s^-Unepw

AwK-Xz-ap-≈-Xmbn ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

$ `qcn-`mKw hcp∂ (65.33%) a’ysØmgn-em-fn-Ifpw tamt´m¿ LSn-∏n® t_m´p-Iƒ D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ a‰p-≈-h¿ km[m-cW t_m´p-Iƒ (h≈w) D]-tbm-Kn-°pIbpw a’y-

_-‘\w \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

$ a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS icm-icn hm¿jnI hcp-am\w 73810.34 cq]-bm-Wv. CXv 40

h¿j-Øn-\p-ta-ep≈ tPmen ]cn-N-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.

$ 30.60 % hcp∂ a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ°v 10˛12 h¿jsØ sXmgn¬ ]cn-Nbw am{X-am-

Wp-≈-sX∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-bv°p-∂p.

$ tem¨ Xncn-®-S-hn\mbn GI-tZiw 24.85 cq] Znh-khpw sNe-hm-°p-∂-Xmbpw ]T\w

hy‡-am-°p-∂p.


3. Nmƒkv (2011 ) tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’ysØmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS \ne-hnse Btcm-

Ky-ÿn-Xn-sbbpw BtcmKy kwc-£-W-sØbpw kw_-‘n®pw Hcp ]T\w \S-Øp-

I-bp-≠mbn

CXpambn _‘s∏´ Is≠ØepIƒ NphsS sImSp°p∂p.

$ tIc-f-Øn-se ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ°v hfsc Xmgv∂ BtcmKy ÿnXn-

bmsW∂v Cu ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

$ IqSmsX hnZym-`ym-kw, IpSpw-_-Øns‚ hen-∏w, sXmgn¬, hcp-am-\w, sNehv, {]mY-

anI kuI-cy-ßƒ, Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£W tI{μ-ßƒ F∂n-hbn-se√mw enwKw/PmXn/

aX/tZi-t`-Z-at\y Xoc-tZi P\X ]nt∂m-°m-hÿ t\cn-´p-∂p.

$ k¿°mcpw k¿°m-cn-Xc GP≥kn-Ifpw a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS BtcmKy kwc-

£W Imcy-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-a-ambn CS-s]-S¬ \S-tØ-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

4. hnP-b-cm-L-h≥ (2009) ae-_m¿ta-J-e-bnse Bg-°-S¬ a’y-_-‘-\hp-ambn _‘-

s∏´v Hcp kmaply ˛ kmº-ØnI hni-I-e\w \S-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn.

CXp-{]-Imcap≈ Is≠ØepIƒ

$ ae-_m¿ taJ-e-bnse a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fn¬ 52.2% P\-ßfpw lnμp-a-X-Ønse [ohc

kaq-Zm-b-Øn-epƒs∏-´-hcpw tijw hcp∂ 37.8% P\X C…mw aX-Øn-epƒs∏-´-h-cpam-

sW∂p ]T\w shfn-hm-°p-∂p.

$ `qcn-`mKw hcp∂ (96.80%) aX-vky-sØm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn

IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-´-h-cm-Wv.

5. cmtPjv (2005) ""tIc-fØnse Xoc-tZi hnt\mZ k©m-cØn\v tIcf kº-ZvL-

S\bpsS taepw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS taepap≈ kzm[o-\w'' ˛ Cu hnj-bsØ Bkv]-

Z-am°n Hcp ]T\w \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

CXp-{]-Im-cap≈ Is≠ØepIƒ:

$ tIc-f-Øns‚ Xoc-{]-tZi km[y-X-Iƒ {]mtbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v kqÿnc hnI-

k-\-Øn-te°v t]mIp-hm≥ Xoc-tZi hnt\mZ k©mcw klm-b-Iam-Ip-∂p.

$ Xt±i hnt\mZ k©m-c-Øn¬ CXc kwÿm-\-ß-fmb B{‘ {]tZ-iv, DØ¿{]-tZ-

iv, Xan-gv\mSv, I¿Æm-S-I, cmP-ÿm-≥, alm-cmjv{S F∂n-h-b-t∏mse tIc-f-Ønse

Xoc-tZi hnt\mZ k©mcw \n¿Æm-b-I-amb ]¶p-h-ln-°p-∂p.

$ hnI-knX cmjv{S-ßsf At]-£n®v hnI-kzc cmjv{S-amb C¥y-bpsS hnt\m-Z-k-©mc

cwKsØ IW-°p-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv hf¿®m \nc°v Xmc-X-X-tay\ A\p-Zn\w IqSn-

s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p F∂m-Wv.

$ hntZi k©m-cn-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, sIm®n, F∂o {]tZ-i-ßƒ, hnt\m-

Z-Øn-\mbn sXc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ ]me-°m-Sv, sIm®n F∂o {]tZ-i-ß-fmWv Xt±-i-

hm-kn-Iƒ IqSp-X-embn sXcs™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.

$ sNe-hns‚ IW°v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ hntZinIfpsSbpw kztZ-in-I-fp-tSbpw sNe-

hn¬ henb hyXym-k-ap-≈-Xmbn ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

$ hntZi k©m-cn-Iƒ°v 3878 cq] {]Xn-io¿j sNehv IW-°m-°p-tºmƒ Xt±i k©m-

cn-Iƒ°v Ah shdpw 2234 cq] am{X-am-Wv.

tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w

17

tIcfØns‚ Xoc{]tZiØv a’y_‘\w Poht\m]m[nbmbn kzoIcn®v Ignbp∂

]cºcmKX a’ysXmgnemfn IpSpw_ßfnse IpńIfpsS hnZym`ymk Ahÿsb-

°pdn®p≈ ]T\Øns‚ coXnimkv{Xw kw_‘n® hniZmwißƒ ]cntimZn°mw.

s]mXphnZym`ymk kwc£Wb⁄Øns‚ `mKambn ]cºcmKX a’ysXmgnemfn

IpSpw_ßfnse IpńIfpsS hnZym`ymkw Hcp {][m\ taJebmbn I≠psIm≠v kmaqlnIw,

kmwkvImcnIw, kmºØnIw, BtcmKyw, IemImbnIw, hnZym`ymkw, ÿm]\-kwhn[m\-

ßƒ, ]T\k{ºZmbw F∂o D]taJeIsf tI{μoIcn®psIm≠v IpńIfpw IpSpw_ßfpw

hnZymebßfpw t\cnSp∂ {][m\ sh√phnfnIƒ Xncn®dnbpIbpw Ahsb C√mbvasNbvXpw

_Z¬ am¿§ßƒ \n¿t±in®pw hnZym`ymkØn¬ Imcy£aXbpw KpWta∑bpw

Dd∏phcpØpI F∂ e£yw km[qIcn°m\mWv Cu ]T\w kwLSn∏n°s∏´Xv.

IS¬Øocw F∂pw Hcp kpμcamb ImgvNbmWv. ISent\mSv a√Sn®v Pohn°p∂ sXmgnemfn-

Iƒ°mIs´ F∂pw \ncmibpw. B \ncmimt_m[Øn¬ \n∂mWv ]pXp\mºpIfmb

Ipcp∂pIfpsS Poh≥ DW¿thIp∂Xv. ss\cmiyw k∂nthin°s∏´ Hcp kaqlambn

XpScmXncn°m\p≈ GI B{ibw hnZym`ymkamWv. AXmbXv A\ptbmPyamb

hnZym`ymk kmlNcyßsfmcp°n DNnXamb coXnbn¬ hnZy A`ykn∏n°pI F∂Xv

hnZym`ymk hIp∏ns‚ ISabmWv. s]mXpt_m[sØ DW¿Øn {]Xo£m\n¿`camb Hcp

\√ \msfbnte°v ssI]nSn®v Db¿Øm≥ Cu ]T\Øn\v Ignbs´ F∂ {]XymitbmsS

]T\Øns‚ imkv{Xob ho£WØnte°v Hcp FØnt\m´w \SØmw.

3.1 kmºnƒ

tIcfØnse ]cºcmKX a’ysØmgnemfn IpSpw_ßfnse {]o˛ss{]adn apX¬ lb¿

sk≠dnXew hsc ]Tn°p∂ apgph≥ IpńIfpw c£nXm°fpw Ahsc ]Tn∏n°p∂

A[ym]IcpamWv Cu ]T\Øns‚ t]m∏ptej≥. AXn¬ tIcfØnse XoctZi Pn√Ifmb

Imk¿tKmUv, tImgnt°mSv, FdWmIpfw, Be∏pg, Xncph\¥]pcw F∂nhnSßfnse

sXcs™SpØ IpńIfpw c£nXm°fpw A[ym]Icpw hnZymebßfpamWv kmºnƒ.

Hmtcm Pn√bn¬ \n∂pw Hcp {Kma]©m-bØpw Hcp \Kc k`mhm¿Upw IqSn A©p

Pn√Ifn¬ \n∂v 10 {]tZißfmWv ]T\Øn\pth≠n sXcs™SpØXv. hniZhnhcßƒ

NphsS ]ńIbn¬ sImSpØncn°p∂p.

]T\Øns‚ ˛ kmºnƒ hniZmwißƒ ˛ Pn√, {Kmaw, \Kcw

{Ia\º¿ Pn√ {Kmaw \Kcw

1. Xncph\¥]pcw ASnaeØpd henbXpd

2. Be∏pg ]pd°mSv Be∏pg

3. FdWmIpfw sN√m\w t^m¿´v sIm®n

4. tImgnt°mSv Nmenbw ]pXnbm∏

5. Imk¿tKmUv APm\q¿ Imk¿tKmUv

]ńI 3.1

A[ymbw 3

coXnimkv{Xw


18

kmºnfmbn sXcs™SpØ hnZym¿∞nIƒ, A[ym]I¿, c£nXm°ƒ F∂nhcpsS ]ńI

hnZym¿∞nIfpsS kmºnƒ]ńI

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ

{Ia-\º¿ kvIqƒ hn`mKw {Kmaw ]´Ww

1 {]oss]-adn 40 40

2 ss{]adn 40 40

3 A∏¿ ss{]adn 40 40

4 sslkvIqƒ 40 40

5 lb¿ sk°-≠dn 40 40

6 hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C e`y-am-bXv e`y-am-bXv

]ńI 3.2

A[ym]IcpsS kmºnƒ]ńI

A[ym-]-I-cpsS FÆw

{Ia-\-º¿ kvIqƒ hn`mKw {Kmaw ]´Ww

1 {]o ss{]adn 6 6

2 ss{]adn 4 4

3 A∏¿ ss{]adn 4 4

4 sslkvIqƒ 6 6

5 lb¿ sk°-≠dn 6 6

6 hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C e`y-am-b-Xv e`y-am-bXv

]ńI 3.3

c£nXm°fpsS kmºnƒ]ńI

c£-I¿Øm-°ƒ

{Ia-\-º¿ kvIqƒ hn`mKw {Kmaw ]´Ww

1 {]o ss{]adn 6 6

2 ss{]adn 4 4

3 A∏¿ ss{]adn 4 4

4 sslkvIqƒ 6 6

5 lb¿ sk°-≠dn 6 6

6 hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C e`y-am-b-Xv e`y-am-bXv

]ńI 3.4


19

3.2 D]m[nIfpw D]IcWßfpw (Tools and Techniques)

Fkv.kn.C.B¿.Sn. bn¬ sh®v 2018 s^{_phcn 27, 28, am¿®v 1 XobXnIfn¬ \SØnb

inev]-im-e-bn¬ \mev SqfpIƒ Xbmdm°pIbp≠mbn. IpńIƒ A[ym]I¿ c£n-Xm-°ƒ

F∂nh¿°p≈ A`napJtNmZymhenbpw ÿm]\ kwhn[m\ßsf°pdn®pw ]n¥pWm-

kwhn[m\ßsf°pdn®pw Adnbm≥ {][m\m[ym]Icn¬ \n∂pw klA[ym]Icn¬

\n∂pw hnhctiJcWØn\v D≈ t^m¿am‰pw CXn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂p. IqSmsX IpńIfpsS

hnhn[ taJeIfnse t\´w a\ nem°p∂Xn\v ¢m pIfn¬ D]tbmKnt°≠p∂

aqey\n¿Wb D]m[nIfpw Cu ]T\Øn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂p.

1. IpńIƒ°p≈ A`napJ tNmZymhen

]cºcmKX a’ysØmgnemfn IpSpw_ßfnse IpńIfpsS kmaqlnIw, kmwkvImcnIw,

kmºØnIw, BtcmKy]cw, ÿm]\kwhn[m\ßƒ ]T\kwhn[m\ßƒ kuIcyßƒ,

hnZym`ymkw F∂o taJeIfnep≈ ]n∂m°mhÿ a\knem°p∂Xn\pw AXn\p≈

ImcWßƒ I≠p]nSn®v {]iv\]cnlmcØn\p≈ \n¿t±ißƒ cq]s∏SpØp∂Xn\p≈

A`napJ tNmZymhenbmWv Xbmdm°nbXv. CXv A\p_‘ambn \¬Inbn´p≠v.

2. A[ym]I¿°p≈ A`napJtNmZymhen

IpńIfpsS lmP¿\ne, A[ym]IhnZym¿∞n_‘w, kmaqlnI ]¶mfnØw,

]T\m¥co£w, kmwkvImcnIm¥co£w, kmºØnI\ne, BtcmKyImcyßƒ, A[ym]I

c£mI¿Ør_‘w, ]T\\nehmcw F∂o Imcyßsf {][m\ambpw Adnbp∂Xn\p≈

A`napJtNmZymhenbmWv Xbmdm°nbXv. CXpw A\p_v[ambn \¬Inbn´p≠v.

3. c£nXm°fpsS tNmZymhen

c£nXm°fpsS kmaqlnIhpw hnZym`ymk]chpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb AhÿIƒ

A\mhcWw sNøs∏Sm\p≈ tNmZyßtfmsSm∏w IpSpw_]›mØew, _‘ßƒ

F∂nhbpw Cu SqfneqsS Is≠Øp∂p tIm∏n A\p_‘ambn \¬Inøn´p≠v.

4. hnZym`ymk ÿm]\kwhn[m\ßsf°pdn®v hnhcßƒ Adnbm≥

{][m\ A[ym]I\pw a‰v A\[ym]IcpaS°ap≈ Poh\°mtcmSvv ÿm]\sØ°pdn®pw

ÿm]\w t\Snbn´p≈ anIhpIsf°pdn®pw IpńIfpsS ]T\w Gs‰SpØv \SØm≥ D≈

ÿm]\-Øns‚ k∂≤Xsb°pdn®pw kmaqly _‘sØ°pdn®pw ASnÿm\-kuIcy-

ßfpsS e`yXsb°pdn®pamWv hnhcw tiJcn®Xv. CXns‚ tIm∏nbpw A\p_‘ambn

\¬Inbn´≠v.

3.3. ]T\\nehmcw Adnbm\p≈ aqey\n¿Wb{]h¿Ø\ßƒ

{]o˛ss{]adnXew apX¬ lb¿ sk°≠dnXewhscbp≈ kmºnfmbn sXcs™SpØ

hnZym¿∞nIfpsS ]T\\nehmcw Adnbp∂Xp\pth≠n kwÿm\ hnZym`ymk KthjW

]cnioe\ Iu¨kn¬ Fkv.kn.C.B¿.Sn. bpsS t\XrXzØn¬ Xbmdm°nb aqey \n¿Æb

{]h¿Ø\ßƒ ¢m n¬ \S∏nem°n IpńIfpsS t{KUpIƒ tiJcn®p. {]o˛ss{]adn

¢m pIfn¬ IfncoXnbnep≈ {]h¿Ø\ßfmWv \¬InbXv . IpńIfpsS

kPohCSs]SepIfmWv aqey\n¿ÆbØn\v hnt[bam°nbXv. temh¿ ss{]adnbn¬ 1, 2

¢m pIƒ Hcp bqWn‰mbn FSpØv 2˛mw ¢m nepw 3, 4 ¢m pIƒ Hcp bqWn‰mbn FSpØv

4-̨ mw ¢mknepw KWnXw (kwJymt_m[w), ]cnkc]T\w (]ńIs∏SpØ¬, Xcw Xncn°¬),


20

`mj (`mjWw hmb-\) F∂o tijnIfpsS hnImkamWv ]cntim[\bv°v

hnt[bam°nbXv. A∏¿ ss{]adn ¢m pIfn¬ hmb\, KWnXw, kwhmZw F∂o

hnjbßsf kw_‘n°p∂ aqey\n¿Æbw \SØnbt∏mƒ sslkvIqƒ ¢m pIfn¬

aqey\n¿ÆbØn\v Cw•ojv `mjWw, hmb\, kwhmZw F∂o tijnIƒ Dƒs∏SpØn.

lb¿ sk°≠dnbnepw shmt°jW¬ lb¿ sk°≠dnbnepw Cw•ojv, aebmfw ˛

`mjWw, hmb\, N¿®, kwhmZw F∂o D]m[nIfmWv aqey\n¿WbØn\v D]tbmKn®Xv.

3.4. ]T\coXn

k¿tΔcoXnbmWvv ]T\Øn\v Bh-ew-_n-®-Xv. CXn\mbn Pn√Xncn®v ]cnioe\w kn≤n®

A[ym]I¿°v NpaXe \¬IpIbpw sNbvXp.

3.5. Ãm‰n-ÃnIvkv

ZØ-ßfpsS A]{KY\Øn\v imXam\hpw, am[yhpamWv {][m\ambpw D]tbmKn®Xv.

21

4.1 (A)

(i)

290 294 584 1161 1177 2338 476 365 841 41 31 36

291 295 586 1165 1180 2345 839 649 1488 72 55 64

294 290 584 1177 1162 2339 824 721 1545 70 62 66

293 294 587 1173 1178 2351 833 766 1599 71 65 68

291 291 582 1167 1164 2331 852 687 1531 73 59 66

293 292 585 1172 1169 2341 504 456 960 43 39 41

370 311 341 62 52 57

22

52

62

23

(ii)

255 243 498 1020 975 1995 51 39 90 5 4 5

136 184 320 544 738 1282 392 295 687 72 40 56

243 245 488 973 982 1955 389 275 664 40 28 34

241 245 486 966 982 1948 454 432 886 47 44 46

244 242 486 975 971 1946 507 437 944 52 45 49

247 247 494 990 990 1980 297 277 574 30 28 29

229 187 208 41 32 37

24

SPC, NCC

41

32

25

(iii)

196 194 390 589 584 1173 165 146 311 28 25 27

195 196 391 586 588 1174 334 359 639 57 61 59

195 193 388 585 580 1165 351 331 682 60 57 59

194 193 387 582 581 1163 332 349 681 57 60 59

194 194 388 584 584 1168 362 310 672 62 53 58

197 196 393 592 589 1181 225 206 431 38 35 37

302 291 296 50 49 50

26

27

(iv)

257 257 514 770 772 1542 154 139 293 20 18 19

258 256 514 775 278 1053 349 246 595 45 88 66

262 257 519 786 772 1558 299 309 608 38 40 39

257 261 518 770 785 1555 316 314 630 41 40 41

257 264 521 771 794 1565 293 301 594 38 38 38

259 255 514 779 764 1543 187 168 355 24 22 23

206 555 209 34 42 38

28

29

(v)

191 197 388 574 593 1167 132 178 310 23 30 27

195 193 388 586 580 1166 498 296 794 85 51 68

194 195 389 582 586 1168 495 299 794 85 51 68

194 194 388 582 581 1163 361 372 733 62 64 63

194 195 389 581 584 1165 337 362 699 58 62 60

193 196 389 580 588 1168 232 153 385 40 26 33

59 47 53

30

47

59

31

(vi)

270 272 542 1350 1362 2712 405 327 732 30 24 27

274 275 549 1371 1373 2744 1097 728 1825 80 53 67

272 273 545 1361 1369 2730 1048 931 1979 77 68 73

271 274 545 1359 1372 2731 1114 1125 2239 82 82 82

273 272 545 1365 1362 2727 1160 994 2154 85 73 79

273 273 546 1364 1364 2728 682 655 1337 50 48 49

404 348 376 67 58 63

32

58

67

33

(vii)

262 261 523 787 783 1570 236 188 424 30 24 27

260 259 519 779 777 1556 631 443 1074 81 57 69

260 260 520 780 782 1562 562 524 1086 72 67 70

261 260 521 785 781 1566 565 523 1088 72 67 70

258 258 516 776 777 1553 644 505 1149 83 65 74

261 258 519 783 774 1557 360 325 685 46 42 44

64 54 59

34

54

64

35

(viii)

239 232 471 1194 1162 2356 215 244 459 18 21 20

234 235 469 1170 1176 2346 714 494 1208 61 42 52

233 233 466 1163 1165 2328 756 559 1315 65 48 57

234 232 466 1172 1162 2334 785 639 1424 67 55 61

234 235 469 1168 1175 2343 794 705 1499 68 60 64

235 232 467 1173 1158 2331 469 440 909 40 38 39

53 44 49

36

44

53

37

(B)

(i)

33 33 66 330 330 660 142 161 303 43 49 46

33 33 66 330 330 660 160 162 322 48 49 49

33 33 66 330 330 660 215 154 369 65 47 56

33 33 66 330 330 660 213 174 387 65 53 59

33 33 66 330 330 660 174 215 389 53 65 59

33 33 36 330 330 660 155 128 283 47 39 43

54 50 52

38

50

54

39

(ii)

48 48 96 480 480 960 187 226 413 39 47 43

48 48 96 480 480 960 250 212 462 52 44 48

48 48 96 480 480 960 387 238 625 81 50 66

48 48 96 480 480 960 354 273 627 74 57 66

48 48 96 480 480 960 222 240 462 46 50 48

48 48 96 480 480 960 204 187 391 43 39 41

56 48 52

40

48

56

41

(iii)

12 12 24 120 120 240 62 63 125 52 53 53

12 12 24 120 120 240 73 67 140 61 56 58

12 14 26 120 140 260 104 71 175 85 51 67

12 12 24 120 120 240 109 88 197 91 73 82

13 12 15 30 120 50 20 83 103 58 69 69

12 12 24 120 120 240 78 59 137 65 49 57

69 59 64

42

69

59

43

(iv)

6 6 12 60 60 120 22 20 42 37 33 35

6 6 12 60 60 120 38 33 71 63 55 59

6 6 12 60 60 120 49 38 87 82 63 73

6 6 12 60 60 120 59 50 109 98 83 91

6 6 12 60 60 120 41 55 96 68 92 80

6 6 12 60 60 120 45 40 95 75 67 79

71 66 70

44

6671

45

(v)

18 18 36 180 180 360 88 61 149 49 34 42

18 18 36 180 180 360 122 110 232 68 61 64

18 18 36 180 180 360 174 106 280 97 59 78

18 18 36 180 180 360 166 140 306 92 78 85

18 18 36 180 180 360 94 116 210 52 64 58

18 18 36 180 180 360 93 89 182 52 49 51

68 56 63

46

56

68

47

C)

(i)

86 86 172 860 860 1720 352 232 384 41 27 34

85 84 169 850 840 1690 298 126 424 35 15 25

84 84 168 840 840 1680 135 117 252 16 14 15

86 85 171 860 850 1710 172 221 393 20 26 23

86 87 173 860 870 1730 223 122 345 26 14 20

86 86 172 860 860 1720 95 292 387 11 34 24

25 22 24

48

22

25

49

ii)

112 114 226 1356 1370 2726 461 315 776 34 23 29

113 115 228 1367 1382 2749 410 152 562 30 11 20

113 109 222 1367 1309 2676 205 144 349 15 11 13

114 112 226 1363 1341 2704 259 295 554 19 22 21

112 124 236 1341 1492 2833 295 174 474 22 12 17

112 112 224 1345 1345 2690 148 296 444 11 22 17

22 17 20

50

2 3

3 4

51

(iii)

101 101 202 603 604 1207 380 278 658 63 46 55

99 98 197 595 589 1184 327 159 486 55 27 41

100 101 201 600 605 1205 150 109 259 25 18 22

101 100 201 607 598 1205 176 239 415 29 40 35

100 98 198 598 587 1185 239 135 374 40 23 32

100 100 200 600 600 1200 108 276 374 18 46 32

38 33 36

52

33

38

53

(iv)

71 69 140 393 347 700 173 111 284 49 32 41

70 22 92 352 357 709 155 68 223 44 19 32

70 69 139 350 347 697 84 59 143 24 17 21

70 70 140 352 348 700 81 122 203 23 35 29

70 69 139 348 345 693 115 69 184 33 20 27

70 71 141 350 354 704 42 138 180 12 39 26

31 27 29

54

27

31

55

(v)

100 100 200 598 594 1192 299 196 495 50 33 42

100 100 200 605 594 1199 230 101 331 38 17 28

97 98 195 583 593 1176 105 89 194 18 15 17

98 98 196 588 588 1176 153 159 312 26 27 27

99 97 196 593 582 1175 160 99 252 27 17 22

100 100 200 615 606 1221 80 194 274 13 32 22

29 24 26

56

24

29

57

(vi)

46 46 92 601 602 1203 469 331 800 78 55 67

46 46 92 602 600 1202 397 168 565 66 28 47

46 46 92 600 695 1295 174 119 293 29 20 25

46 46 92 605 600 1205 212 270 482 35 45 40

46 46 92 605 607 1212 266 170 436 44 28 36

46 46 92 514 600 1114 113 330 443 22 55 39

46 39 42

58

39

46


hnZym-̀ ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ

ùXnI kml-N-cy-ßƒ

]c-º-cm-KX a’y--sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw_ß-fnse Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ kvIqfpI-fnse

ùXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-fpsS \nPÿnXn a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn BsI 79 ({Kmaw 32, \Kcw

47) kvIqfp-Iƒ ({]o{]-adn apX¬ F®.-F-kv.-hn.-F-®v.-F-kv) kμ¿in-®p.

hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse ùXnI kml-N-cy-ß-fmb Ifn-ÿ-ew, iuNm-eb kuI-cy-

ßƒ, kv{Xo kulrZ iuNm-e-b-ßƒ, HmUn-t‰m-dnbw/Hm∏¨ tÃPv, Np‰p-a-Xn¬, IpSn-sh-

ffw apX-em-bh ]cn-K-Wn-®p. Ch-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-́ p-ff hnh-c-ti-J-c-WamWv NphsS ]ńI

4.19 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

kvIfp-I-fnse ùXnI kml-N-cy-ßƒ

ùXnI kml-N-cy-ßƒ kvIqfp-Iƒ BsI

{]oss{]adn apX¬ F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv,

hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C hsc)

{Kmaw ]´Ww

FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %

(32) (47) (79)

1. Ifnÿew 29 91 45 96 74 94

2. iuNm-ebw 31 97 46 98 77 97

3. kv{Xo kulrZ iuNm-ebw 30 94 46 98 76 96

4. HmUn-t‰m-dnbw 28 87 45 96 73 92

5. Np‰p-a-Xn¬ 17 53 32 68 49 62

6. IpSn-sh-≈w 19 59 39 83 58 73

BsI 80 90 86

]ńI 4.19

tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-hp-

ambn _‘-s∏ v́ hnZym-̀ ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ ̀ uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-fmb Ifn-ÿ-ew, iuNm-

eb kuI-cy-ßƒ, kv{Xo kulrZ iuNm-e-b-ßƒ, HmUn-t‰m-dnbw/Hm∏¨ tÃPv, Np‰p-a-

Xn¬ IpSn-sh-ffw F∂n-h-bpsS hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-®-Xn¬ s]mXp-hmbn 86% hnZym-e-b-

ßfpw anI® kuI-cy-ß-fp-f-f-h-bmbn Is≠-Øn.

74 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ kz¥-ambn Ifn-ÿ-e-hpw, 77 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ iuNm-eb kuI-cy-ß-fp-ap≠v.

76 kvIqfp-I-fn-emWv kv{Xo kulrZ iuNm-e-b-ß-fp-f-f-Xv. HmUn-t‰m-dnbw/Hm∏¨ tÃPv

kuI--cy-ß-ƒ 73 kvIqfp-I-fn-ep≠v. 58 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ IpSn-sh-ff kuI-cy-hpw, 49 kvIqfp-I-

fn¬ Np‰p-a-Xn¬ kuI-cy-hp-ap-f-f-Xmbn ]T\ØneqsS Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.


{KmaoW taJe ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 29 kvIqfp-Iƒ°v kz¥-ambn Ifn-ÿ-e-hpw, 31 kvIqfp-

I-fn¬ iuNm-eb kuI-cy-ß-fp-ap-≠v. kv{XokulrZ iuNm-e-b-ß-fp-ff kvIqfp-Iƒ 30

BWv. 28 kvIqfpI-fn-emWv HmUn-t‰m-dnbw/Hm∏¨tÃPv kuI-cy-ap-f-f-Xv. 17 kvIqfp-I-fn¬

Np‰p-a-Xn¬ kuI-cy-hpw, 19 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ IpSn-sh-ff kuI-cy-ß-fp-ap-f-f-Xmbn ]T-\-Øn-

eqsS a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™p. samØ-Øn¬ 80% ùXnI kuI-cy-ß-tfmSp IqSn-bmWv

{KmWoW taJ-e-bnse hnZym-e-b-ßƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.

\K-c-ta-J-e-bn¬ ]T-\-Øn-\p-hn-t[-b-am-°nb 47 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ 45 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ kz¥-ambn

Ifn-ÿ-e-hpw, 46 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ iuNm-eb kuI-cy-ß-fp-ap-≠v. kv{Xo kulrZ iuNm-e-

b-ß-fp-f-fXpw 46 kvIqfp-I-fn-em-Wv. 45 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ HmUn-t‰m-dnbw/ Hm∏¨ tÃPv kuI-

cy-hpw, 32 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ Np‰p-a-Xn¬ kuI-cy-hpw D≠v. 39 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ IpSn-sh-ff kuI-

cy-hp-ap-f-f-Xmbn ]T-\-Øn-eqsS a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™p. samØ-Øn¬ 90% ̀ uXnI kuI-

cy-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. \K-c-ta-Jebnse kvIqfp-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.

{KmaoW taJ-ebpw \K-c-ta-J-ebpw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ {KmaoW taJ-esb(80%) At]-

£n®v \K-c-ta-J-e-bnse (90%) kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ̀ uXnI kuI-cy-ßƒ IqSp-X-emWv F∂v a\-

n-em-°m≥ Ign-bpw.


A°m-Z-anIw

]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ kvIfpIfnse A°m-

Z-anI Imcy-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn

ùXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-fpsS \nPÿnXn a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn BsI 79 ({Kmaw 32, \Kcw

47) kvIqfp-Iƒ ({]o{]-adn apX¬ F®.-F-kv.-]n.-F-®v.-F-kv) kμ¿in-®p.

a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse A°m-Z-anI

Imcy-ßfmb (kvIqƒ sse{_-dn, ssPh sshhn[y DZym-\w, Im¿jnI kwkvImcw

hf¿Øp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, em_v kuI-cy-ßƒ, hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-Iƒ F∂nhbpambn _‘-

s∏´ hnh-c-ti-J-c-Ww \S-b-Øn-bXv NphsS ]ńI 4.20 ¬ sImSp-°p∂p

]ńI 4.20 kvIqfp-I-fnse A°-Z-anI kuI-cy-ßƒ

A°m-Z-anIw kvIqfp-Iƒ BsI



{Kmaw ]´Ww


(32) (47) (79)

1. kvIqƒ sse{_dn 30 94 44 94 74 94

2. ssPh sshhn[y DZym\w 28 88 40 85 68 86

3. Im¿jnI kwkvImcw hf¿

Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ff {]h-¿Ø\-ßƒ 31 97 39 83 70 89

4. em_v kuI-cy-ßƒ 23 72 34 72 57 72

5. hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-Iƒ 18 56 33 70 51 65

BsI 81 81 81

]ńI 4.20


ambn _‘-s∏´v hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ A°m-Z-anI Imcy-ß-fmb kvIqƒ sse{_-

dn, ssPh sshhn[y DZym-\w, Im¿jnI kwkvImcw hf¿Øp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, em_v

kuI-cy-ßƒ, hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-®-t∏mƒ 81% hnZym-e-b-

ßfpw anI® A°m-Z-anI kuI-cy-ß-fp-f-f-h-bmbn Is≠-Øn.

]T\w \S-Ønb 79 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ 74 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ kvIqƒ sse{_-dn-bpw, 68 kvIqfp-I-fn¬

ssPh sshhn[y DZym-\-ß-fp-ap-f-f-Xmbn Is≠-Øn. Im¿jnI kwkvImcw hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-

\p-ff {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ 70 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-™p. em_v kuI-cy-ß-fp-f-fXv 57

kvIqfp-I-fn-em-Wv. 51 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-Iƒ t]mse-bp-f-fh \S-°m-dp-s≠∂pw

]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™p.


{KmaoW taJe ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ BsI-bp≈ 32 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ 30 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ sse{_dn

kuI-cy-ßfpw 28 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ssPh-sshhn[y DZym-\-ß-fp-ap-≠v. Im¿jnI kwkvImcw

hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ff {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ 31 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-™p. 23 kvIqfp-I-fn-

emWv em_v kuI-cy-ß-fp-f-f-Xv. 18 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ hnt\m-Z-bm{X t]mse-bp-f-fh \S-Øm-

dp-s≠∂pw ]T-\-Øn-eqsS a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™p.

\K-c-ta-J-ebnse kvIqfp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ BsI-bp≈ 47 kvIfp-I-fn¬ 44 kvIqfp-

I-fn¬ kvIqƒ sse{_-dn-bpw, 40 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ssPh-ssh-hn[y DZym-\-ß-fp-ap-≠v. 39 kvIqfp-

I-fn¬ Im¿jnI kwkvImcw hf¿Øp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ImWm≥ Ign-™p. 34 kvIqfp-

I-fn-emWv em_v kuI-cy-ß-fp-f-f-Xv. 33 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-Iƒ t]mse-bp-f-fh

\S-Øm-dp-s≠∂pw ]T-\-Øn-eqsS a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™p.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xnepw Im¿jnI kwkvImcw

hf¿Øp-∂-Xnepw bYm{Iaw (56%, 97%) BsW-¶n¬ \K-c-ta-J-e-bn¬ AXv bYm-{Iaw

(70%, 83% BWv) F∂v Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.


sF.‰n km[y-X-Iƒ

]c-º-c-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ kvIqfp-I-fpsS

kmaq-lnI \ne-hmcw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn BsI 79 kvIqfp-Iƒ ({Kmaw 32, \Kcw 47)

{]oss{]-adn apX¬ F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv / hn.F-®v.-Fkv.C hsc-bp≈ kvIqfp-Iƒ kμ¿in-®p.

a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse sF.‰n ]T\

kml-N-cy-ß-fmb (C‚¿s\-‰v, kvam¿´v ¢mkvapdn-Iƒ) F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-ff hnh-

c-ti-J-c-Ww \S-Øn-bXv NphsS ]ń-I-bn¬ (4.21) sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]ńI 4.21.

sF.‰n. km[y-X-Iƒ kw_v[n® hni-b-ßƒ


ambn _‘-s∏´v hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßfnse C‚¿s\-‰v, kvam¿´v ¢mkvapdn-Iƒ F∂n-

hbpsS hnh-c-ßƒ BsI 79 hnZym-e-bßfn¬ \n∂v tiJ-cn-®-Xn¬

\ne-hn¬ 76 (95%) hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ C‚¿s\‰v kuIcyw e`y-am-Wv. kvam¿´v ¢mkv apdn-Iƒ

\ne-hn-ep-≈ kvIqfp-Iƒ 49 (62%) BWv.

{KmaoW taJ-e-I-fn¬ 32 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ 29 (90%) kvIqfp-I-fnepw C‚¿s\‰v kuIcyw e`y-

am-Wv. 18 (56%) kvIqfp-I-fn¬ kvam¿´v ¢mkv kuI-cy-ß-fp-≠v.

\K-c-ta-J-e-bn¬ BsI hnhc tiJ-dn® 47 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ F√m-bn-SØpw (100%) kvIqfp-I-

fnepw C‚¿s\‰v kuI-cy-ap-≠v. ChnsS kvam¿´v ¢mkv kuI-cy-ßƒ 68% kvIqfp-I-fn¬

e`y-am-Wv.

\K-c-ta-J-esb (84%) At]-£n®v {Kma-ta-J-e-bn¬ (73%) sF.‰n. A[n-jvTnX ]T\ kml-

N-cy-ßƒ Ipd-hp-f-f-Xmbn ]T\w sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.

sF.‰n km[y-X-Iƒ kvIqfp-Iƒ BsI



{Kmaw ]´Ww


(32) (47) (79)

1. C‚¿s\-‰v 29 90 47 100 76 95

2. kvam¿´v ¢mkvapdn-Iƒ 18 56 32 68 49 62

BsI 73 84 79

]ńI 4.21


kmaq-lnIw]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ kvIqfp-I-fpsS kaq-

ln-I-amb \ne-hmcw hnen-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn kmaq-lnI \ne-hmcw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-

\mbn BsI 79 kvIqfp-Iƒ ({Kmaw 32, \Kcw 47) {]oss{]-adn apX¬ F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv./

hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C hsc-bp≈ kvIqfp-Iƒ kμ¿in-®p.

a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßfpambn _‘-s∏-´-

F-kv.-Fw. kn/]n.Sn.F, ]q¿h hnZym¿Yn kwL-S-\, anI-hp-’hw kwL-Sn-∏n-°¬ apX-em-

bh ]cn-K-Wn-®p. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-ff hnh-c-ti-J-c-Ww NphsS ]ńI 4.22 ¬ \¬In-

bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]ńI 4.22 kmaq-lnI hnh-c-ßƒ

]ńI 4.22


ambn _‘-s∏´v hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse kmaq-lnI Imcy-ß-fmb F-kv.-Fw.kn/

]n.Sn.F, ]q¿h hnZym¿Yn kwL-S-\, anI-hp-’hw kwL-Sn-∏n-°¬ F∂n-h-bpsS hnh-c-

ßƒ tiJ-cn-®-Xn¬ 83% hnZym-e-b-ßfpw kmaq-lnI ]¶m-fn-Ø-Øn¬ ap∂n-´p-\n¬°p-∂p.

BsI hnhcw tiJ-cn® 79 kvIqfp-I-fnepw F-kv.-Fw,kn/]n.Sn.F {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Imcy-

£-a-am-Wv. ]q¿h hnZym¿Yn kwL-S-\-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep-f-fXv 53 kvIqfp-I-fn-em-Wv. 65 kvIqfp-

I-fn¬ anI-hp-’hw kwL-Sn-∏n-°¬ t]mse-bp-ff {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw ]T-

\-Øn-eqsS a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™p.

{Kmao-W-ta-Je ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ BsI ]T\w \n¿h-Kn® 32 kvIqfp-I-fnepw (100%) F-

kv.-Fw,kn/]n.Sn.F {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. 21 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ]q¿h-hn-Zym¿Yn kwL-S-\-Iƒ

\ne-hn-ep-≠v. anI-hp-’hw kwL-Sn-∏n-°¬ t]mse-bp-ff {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ 24 kvIqfp-I-fn¬

\S-°p-∂p-≠v F∂pw ]T-\-Øn-eqsS a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™p.

\K-c-ta-J-e-bn¬ F-kv.-Fw,kn/]n.Sn.F ]T\w \n¿h-ln® 47 kvIqfp-I-fnepw (100%) {]h¿Ø-

\-£-a-am-Wv. 32 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ]q¿h hnZym¿Yn kwL-S-\-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xmbpw, 41

kvIqfp-I-fn¬ anI-hp-’hw kwL-Sn-∏n-°¬ t]mse-bp-ff {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw

hy‡-amWv.

{KmaoW taJ-esb (80%) At]-£n®v \K-c-ta-J-e-bn¬ (85%) kmaq-lnI ]¶m-fnØw \√

coXn-bn-ep-s≠∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS hy‡-am-Ip-∂p.

kmaq-lnIw kvIqfp-Iƒ BsI



{Kmaw ]´Ww


(32) (47) (79)

1. F-kv.-Fw,kn/]n.Sn.F 32 100 47 100 79 100

2. ]q¿h hnZym¿Yn kwL-S-\ 21 66 32 68 53 67

3. anI-hp-’hw kwL-Sn-∏n-°¬ 24 75 41 87 65 82

BsI 80 85 83


A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. hni-I-e\w

1. {]oss{]-adn Xe-Ønse Bi-b-hn-\n-ab hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

aqey-\n¿Wbw

BsI 242 ({Kmaw 117, \Kcw 125) {]oss{]-adn Ipń-I-sf-bmWv Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-hp-ambn

_‘-s∏-SpØn ]T-\-hn-[-b-am-°n-b-Xv.

Bib hn\n-abw ˛ {]oss{]-adn Xe-Øn-se- Ip-ń-I-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn \S-Ønb

]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-ß-fmWv NphsS ]ńI 4.23 ¬ X∂n-´p-≈-Xv.

]ńI 4.23 {]oss{]-adn ̨ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 86 74 89 71 175 72

Xr]vXn-Icw 20 16 18 14 38 15

icm-icn 9 8 14 11 23 10

hfsc ]nt∂m°w 2 2 4 4 6 3

BsI 117 100 125 100 242 100

]ńI 4.23

{]oss{]-adn hn`m-K-Ønse Ipń-Iƒ°v efn-X-amb IfnIƒ \¬In Ah F{X-am{Xw a\- n-

em°n F∂ \nco-£n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 72% Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xmbn Is≠-

Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. 15% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ 10% Ipń-Iƒ icm-

icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. F∂m¬ 3% Ipń-Iƒ hfsc ]nt∂m-́ m-sW∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 74% Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw

{]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂p F∂v ImWmw. 16% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-camb {]I-S\w ImgvN hbv°p-tºmƒ

8% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. 2% Ipń-Iƒ am{X-amWv hfsc ]nt∂m-°-amb

\ne-hmcw {]I-Sn-∏n-®-Xv.

\K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ 71% Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 14% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb

\ne-hm-c-Ønepw {]h¿Øn®p. 11% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. hfsc ]nt∂m°w

t]mbXv \K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ 4% BWv.

{Kmahpw ]´-Whpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ anI® \ne-hmcw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-h-

cpsS FÆw Gsd-°psd Xpey-am-sW∂v ImWmw. F∂m¬ hfsc ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-

Xn¬ ]´-W-{]-tZ-i-Øp-ff Ipń-Iƒ IqSp-X-em-sW∂v ImWmw.

(ii) {]oss{]-adn Xe-Ønse Ipń-I-fpsS {]I-S\w hne-bn-cp-Ø¬:

{]oss{]-adn Xe-Ønse Ipń-Isf {]I-S\w hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am°n BsI 24 Ipń-

Iƒ ({Kmaw 117, \Kcw 125). t{ImUo-I-cn® hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ NphsS ]ńI 4.24 ¬ \¬In-bn-

cn-°p-∂p.


{]oss{]-a-dn-X-e-Ønse Ipń-I-fpsS {]I-S\w hne-bn-cp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. 61% Ipń-Iƒ anI®

coXn-bnepff {]I-S-\-ßƒ \S-Øp∂p F∂v ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-

bn¬ {]I-S\w \n¿h-ln-®-h¿ 19% BWv. 16% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-emWv {]I-S\w

\S-Øn-b-Xv. 4% t]¿°v am{X-amWv {]I-S\w \S-Øm≥ sshjayw t\cn-́ -Xv. imco-cnI£aX

Ipd-™tXm t\cnb _p≤n-am-μytam AXn\v Imc-W-am-Imw.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 66% Ipń-Iƒ anI® coXn-bn¬ {]I-

S\w \n¿h-ln®p F∂v ImWm≥ km[n-°pw. Xr]vXnI-c-ambn {]I-S\w \S-Øn-b-h¿ 18%

hpw icm-icn {]I-S\w \S-Øn-b-h¿ 13% hpw BWv. 3% {KmaoW taJ-e-bnse Ipń-Iƒ°v

{]I-S\w \S-Øm≥ Xosc Ign-™n-√. \K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ 56% Ipń-Iƒ°v anI® {]I-S\w

ImgvN-h-bv°m≥ Ign-™p. 20% Ipń-Iƒ°v Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-bn-epw, 19% Ipń-Iƒ icm-

icn \ne-hm-c-Ønepw {]I-S\w \n¿h-ln-°p∂p F∂v ImWmw. 5% Ipń-Iƒ°v {]I-S\w

\n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn\v Xosc Ign-bp-∂n√ F∂v Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

{Kmahpw ]´-Whpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ {Kma-{]-tZ-isØ Ipń-Iƒ anI® {]I-

S\w ImgvN-h-bv°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ ap∂n-em-sW∂v ImWmw. F∂m¬ {]I-S\w

ImgvNhbv°m≥ Ign-bmØ Ipń-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ \K-c-Øn-em-sW∂v ImWmw.

(iii) F¬.]n Xe-Ønse ae-bm-fw ˛ hmb-\-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

F¬.-]n Xew hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v BsI 258 Ipń-I-sf-bmWv ]T\w hnt[-b-am-°n-

b-Xv. ({Kmaw 121, \Kcw 137) hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ hni-Zmwiw NphsS

]ńI 4.25 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]ńI 4.25 F¬.]n ae-bmfw ̨ hm-b\

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 53 43 44 32 97 38

Xr]vXn-Icw 42 35 41 30 83 32

icm-icn 19 16 35 26 54 21

hfsc ]nt∂m°w 7 6 17 12 24 9

BsI 121 100 137 100 258 100

]ńI 4.25

]ńI 4.23 {]oss{]-adn ̨ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 86 74 89 71 175 72

Xr]vXn-Icw 20 16 18 14 38 15

icm-icn 9 8 14 11 23 10

hfsc ]n∂m°w 2 2 4 4 6 3

BsI 117 100 125 100 242 100

]ńI 4.24


temh¿ ss{]adnXe-Øn¬ ae-bmfw ˛ hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´v 38% Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-

hmcw ]pe¿Øn F∂v Is≠-Øm≥ km[n-°p-∂p. 32% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmb\

\n¿h-ln-®-t∏mƒ 21% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-emWv hmb\ \n¿h-ln-®Xv. 9% Ipń-Iƒ

Xosc hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h-cmbn D≠v F∂Xv {]tXyIw {i≤-]-Xn-tb-≠-Im-cy-am-Wv.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p--tºmƒ 43% Ipń-Iƒ ae-bmfw ˛ hmb-\-

bn¬ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn F∂v ImWmw. 35% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmbn-®p.

16% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 6% Ipń-Iƒ°v hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√.

\K-c{]tZi-ß-fn¬ 32% Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ 30% Ipń-Iƒ hmb-\-

bn¬ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 26% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-b-

t∏mƒ 12% Ipń-Iƒ°v Xo¿Øpw hmbn-bv°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√.

{Kmahpw ]´-Whpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ hmb-\-bn¬ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ Aev]w

ap∂n-em-sW∂v ImWmw. F∂m¬ hmb\ Xosc Ign-bmØ Imcy-Øn¬ ]´-W-Øn-ep-ff

Ipń-Iƒ IqSp-X-em-sW∂v ImWmw.

(iv) F¬.]n Xew ]cn-kc ]T\w ˛ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬:

F¬.]n Xew ]cn-kc ]T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ønb BsI 258 Ipń-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw

121, \Kcw 137) ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. Ah-cpsS \nehmcw kw_-‘n® hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ

NphsS ]ńI 4.26 ¬ \¬Ip-∂p.

]ńI 4.26 F¬.]n ̨ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 46 38 43 31 89 35

Xr]vXn-Icw 30 25 31 23 61 24

icm-icn 19 15 19 14 38 15

hfsc ]nt∂m°w 26 22 44 32 70 26

BsI 121 100 137 100 258 100

]ńI 4.26

temh¿ ss{]adn Xe-Øn¬ ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn anI® [mc-W-bp-ff Ipń-

Iƒ 35% BWv. 24% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ 15% Ipń-Iƒ

icm-icn \ne-hmcw ssIh-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬ 26% Ipń-Iƒ°v ]c-k-c-]-T-\-hp-

ambn _‘-s∏´v icn-bmb [mcW ssIh-cn-°m≥ km[n-®n-ń√ F∂v ]T\w sXfn-bn-

°p∂p.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 38% Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-hm-c-

Øn¬ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w \n¿h-

ln-°p-∂Xv 25%hpw, icm-icn \ne-hmcw ssIh-cn-®Xv 15%hpw BWv. {KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬

22% Ipń-Iƒ°v ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Øn¬ icn-bmb [mcW ssIh-cn-°m≥ km[n-®n-ń√ F∂v

ImWmw.

\K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ 31% Ipń-Iƒ ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Øn¬ anI-®-\n-e-hmcw ssIh-cn-°p-∂-h-cm-

Wv. 23% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-bnepw 14% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep-amWv ]cn-k-c-


]-T\w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ hfsc ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-h¿ 32% BsW∂v ImWmw.

{Kmahpw ]´-Whpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂-h¿ {Kma-

{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X-em-Wv. F∂m¬ ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Øn¬ hfsc ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-

h¿ ]´-W-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hfsc IqSp-X-em-sW∂v ImWmw.

(v) F¬.]n ae-bmfw ˛ `mjWw:

F¬.]n Xe-Øn¬ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-bXv 258 Ipń-I-sf-bm-Wv. ({Kmaw 121, ]´Ww 137)

`mj-W-h-ambn _‘-s∏´ hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ]ńI 4.27 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-

∂p.

]ńI 4.27 F¬.]n : ae-bmfw ̨ ̀ mjWw

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 31 26 37 27 68 26

Xr]vXn-Icw 50 40 43 32 93 36

icm-icn 14 12 37 27 51 20

hfsc ]n∂m°w 26 22 20 14 46 18

BsI 121 100 137 100 258 100

]ńI 4.27

temh¿ ss{]adnXe-Øn¬ ae-bmfw ̀ mj-W-Øn¬ 26% Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-

∂p. Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn ae-bmfw kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h¿ 36% Ipń-I-fm-Wv. 20% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn

`mj-W-\n-e-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-tºmƒ 18% Ipń-Iƒ hfsc ]n∂m-°-am-Wv.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ 26% Ipń-Iƒ ae-bmf `mj-W-Øn¬ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂p.

40% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn `mj-W-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-∂p. 12% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-

Øn-em-Wv. 22% Ipń-Iƒ {KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ `mj-W-Øn¬ hfsc ]n∂m-°-am-Wv.

\K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ae-bmfw `mj-W-Øn¬ 27% Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcØnem-Wv. 32%

Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hm-c-Ønepw 27% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep-am-Wv. 14%

Ipń-Iƒ hfsc ]nt∂m-°hp-am-Wv.

\K-chpw {Kmahpw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ {Kma-˛-\-Kc A¥cw Ipd-hm-sW-¶nepw {Kma-{]-

tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv `mj-W-Øn¬ ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ Ipń-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ F∂p ImWmw.

(vi) F¬.]n Xew -˛ KWnXw ˛ kwJym t_m[w

temh¿ ss{]adn Xe-Øn¬ KWn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 178 Ipń-I-sf-bmWv hne-bn-cp-

Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°n-bXv. CXn¬ 81 t]¿ {Kma-{]-tZ-iØpw 97 t]¿ \Kc {]tZ-iØpw D≈-

∂p-Wv. hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ]ńI 4.28 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.


]ńI 4.28 KWnXw : kwJym-t_m[w (F¬.]n Xew)

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 34 42 23 24 57 33

Xr]vXn-Icw 22 27 15 15 37 21

icm-icn 13 16 32 33 45 24

hfsc ]n∂m°w 12 15 27 28 39 22

BsI 81 100 97 100 178 100

]ńI 4.28

temh¿ ss{]adnXe-Øn¬ KWn-X-Øn¬ 33% Ipń-Iƒ°v anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ kwJym-

t_m-[-ap-≠v. 21% Ipń-Iƒ°v Xr]vXn-I-c-amb hn[Øn¬ kwJym-t_m-[-ap-≠v. 24% Ipń-Iƒ

icm-i-cn-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. 22% Ipń-Iƒ kwJym-t_m-[--Øn¬ hfsc ]n∂m-°-am-Wv.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ 42% Ipń-Iƒ anI-®-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ kwJym-t_m-[-\-ap-f-f-h-cm-Wv. 27%

Ipń-Iƒ°v Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ kwJym-t_m-[--ap-≠v. 16% Ipń-Iƒ Cu cwKØv icm-

icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. F∂m¬ 15% Ipń-Iƒ Cu cwKØv hfsc ]n∂m-°-am-Wv.

]´-W-Ønse Ipń-I-fn¬ 24% Ipń-Iƒ°v am{X-amWv anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ kwJym-t_m-[-

ap-f-f-Xv. Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ 15% Ipń-I-fp-≠v. 33% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-

Øn-em-Wv. \K-c-{]-tZ-iØv 28% Ipń-Iƒ°v kwJym-t_m[w th≠{X t\Sm≥ Ign-™n-

ń√.

kwJym-t_m-[-Øn¬ \K-c-{]-tZ-i-Øp-ff Ipń-Iƒ {KmaoWtc°mƒ Gsd ]n∂n-em-Wv.

(vii) bp.]n. Xew ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\:

bp.]n Xew ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en¬ BsI 223 Ipń-Ise ({Kmaw 98, ]´Ww

125) bmWv ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ]ńI

4.29 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]ńI 4.29 bq.]n: ae-bmfw ̨ hmb\

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 39 40 27 20 66 30

Xr]vXn-Icw 18 18 58 46 76 33

icm-icn 25 26 34 25 59 25

hfsc ]nt∂m°w 16 16 6 9 22 12

BsI 98 100 125 100 223 100

]ńI 4.29

ae-bmfw hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn A∏¿ ss{]a-dn-X-e-Ønse Ipń-I-fn¬ 30% t]¿

anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂p. Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂-h¿ 33%hpw icm-

icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂-h¿ 25%hpw BWv. F∂m¬ 12% Ipń-Iƒ°v ae-bmfw hmb\


A∏¿ ss{]adnXe-Øn-se-Øn-bn-́ pw icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂n-√.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bpambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ A∏¿ss{]-a-dn-X-e-Ønse

Ipń-Ifn¬ 40% t]¿ hfsc anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 18% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-camb hn`m-K-

Øn-¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. 26% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-tºmƒ 16% t]¿ hmb-\-bpsS

Imcy-Øn¬ hfsc ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bn-em-Wv.

A¿_≥ taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂p-ff A∏¿ss{]-adn Ipń-Ifn¬ 20% t]¿ am{Xta Db¿∂ hmb-

\m-tijn Df-f-h-cmbn ImWp-∂p-f-fp. 46% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmbn-°m≥ Adn-bm-hp∂

hn`m-K-Øn¬ Df-f-h-cm-Wv. 25% t]¿ icm-i-cn-\n-e-hmcØn¬ Df-f-hcpw 9% t]¿ H´pw hmbn-

°m≥ Adn™pIqSm-Ø-hcpw BWv.

taJ-e-Iƒ XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ hmb-\-bn¬ anI® hmb-\m-\n-e-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-

∂Xv {KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ Dff Ipń-I-fm-Wv. H´pw Xs∂ hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Ipń-Ifpw

{Kma-{]-tZ-i-ØmWv IqSp-X-embn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

(viii) bp.]n. Xew ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ N¿® kwhmZw

bp.]n Xew ae-bmfw N¿®v ˛ kwhm-Z-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 158 Ipń-I-sf-bmWv hne-bn-

cp-Ø-en\v hn[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. CXn¬ 78 Ipń-Iƒ {Kma {]tZ-iØpw 80 Ipń-Iƒ ]´W {]tZ-

iØp s]Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ]ńI 4.30 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]ńI 4.30 N¿® ̨ kwhmZw

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 19 24 14 18 33 21

Xr]vXn-Icw 28 36 29 36 57 36

icm-icn 14 18 16 20 30 19

hfsc ]n∂m°w 17 22 21 26 38 24

BsI 78 100 80 100 158 100

]ńI 4.30

A∏¿ss{]-a-dn-X-e-Ønse Ipń-I-fn¬ 21% Ipń-Iƒ N¿®-bnepw kwhm-Z-Ønepw anI® \ne-

hmcw ]pe¿Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. 36% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-bn-emWv kwhm-Z-Øn¬

]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv. 19% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 24% Ipń-Iƒ ]n≥h-en™p

\n¬°p-∂-XmWv ImWm≥ Ign-™-Xv.

{Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p-tºmƒ 24% Ipń-Iƒ N¿®-bnepw kwhm-Z-

Ønepw hfsc kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xmbn IW-°p-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. 36% IpńIƒ

\√ {]Xn-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p ImgvN-h-®Xv. 18% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn ]¶m-fnØw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

22% Ipń-Iƒ Ch-bn¬ \n∂v Hgn™v amdn \n∂p.

A¿_≥ Gcn-b-bn¬ \n∂v 18% Ipń-Iƒ am{Xta Ch-bn¬ \√ {]I-S\w ImgvN-h®v ImWp-

∂p-f-fp. Chn-sSbpw 36% Ipń-I-fpsS kPoh ]¶m-fnØw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 20% Ipń-Iƒ

sNdnb coXn-bn¬ am{Xta CS-s]-´p-f-fp. 26% Ipń-Iƒ ]n≥hmßn \n∂p.

bq.]n hn`m-K-Øn¬ N¿®-bnepw kwhm-Z-Ønepw dqd¬ hn`m-K-Øn-ep-ap-ff Ipń-Iƒ BWv

A¿_≥ hn`m-K-Øn-ep-f-f-h-sc-°mƒ ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ \n¬°p-∂-Xv. Ch-bn-ep-ff ]¶m-fn-Ø-


Øn¬ Htc t]mep-ff ]¶m-fnØw Bbn-cp-∂p. Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ ]n≥h-en™p \n¬°p∂

Ipń-Ifn¬ IqSp-X¬ ImWp-∂Xv ]´-W-ta-J-e-I-fn-em-Wv.

(ix) bp.]n. Xew ˛ KWnXw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬:

bq.]n Xew KWn-X-Øns‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en¬ 203 Ipń-Isf ({Kmaw 78, \Kcw 125) bmWv

]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. Ipń-I-fpsS anI-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ NphsS ]ńI

(4.31) bn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

]ńI 4.31 KWnXw ̨ bq ]n

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 29 37 20 16 49 24

Xr]vXn-Icw 23 30 44 40 67 33

icm-icn 19 24 30 24 49 24

hfsc ]n∂m°w 7 9 31 20 38 19

BsI 78 100 125 100 203 100

]ńI 4.31

A∏¿ss{]adn Xe-Ønse Ipń-I-fpsS KWn-X-an-I-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 24% Ipń-Iƒ

anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂p F∂v Is≠-Øm≥ km[n-®p. 33% Ipń-Iƒ KWn-X-Øn¬

Xr]vXn-I-c-amb {]I-S\w ImgvN hbv°p-tºmƒ 24% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-

∂-h-cm-Wv. 19% Ipń-Iƒ KWn-X-Øn¬ Gsd-]n-∂m-°-amWv. CXv {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\

A¿ln-°p∂ Imcy-am-Wv.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bn-ep-ff Ipń-Ifn¬ 37% Ipń-Iƒ KWn-X-Øn¬ hfsc ap∂n¬ \nev°p-

∂p. 30% Ipń-Iƒ kmam-\y-amb Imcy-ßsf Ipdn®v Xr]vXn-I-c-amb Ah-t_m[w Df-f-h-cm-

Wv. 24% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ Df-f-h-cm-Wv. 9% Ipń-Iƒ KWn-X-Øn¬ hfsc

]n∂n-em-Wv.

\K-c-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p-tºmƒ 16% Ipń-Iƒ KWn-X-Øn¬ \√ Ah-

t_m[w Df-f-h-cm-Wv. 40% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ Df-f-hcpw 24% t]¿ icm-

icn hn`m-K-Øn¬ Df-f-h-cp-am-Wv. 20% Ipń-Iƒ ASn-ÿm-\-⁄m\w t]mepw C√m-Ø-h-

cmsW∂v ImWmw.

s]mXpsh t\m°p-tºmƒ KWn-X-Øn¬ Db¿∂ \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ Ipń-Iƒ {Kma

{]tZ-iØv \n∂p-ffhcm-sW∂v ImWmw. kmam\yambn Adn-hp-ff IpńIƒ IqSp-X¬

Df-fXv A¿_≥ hn`m-K-Øn¬ \n∂p-f-f-h-cm-Wv. KWn-X-Øn¬ ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n¬°p-

∂Xpw IqSp-X¬ A¿_≥ hn`m-K-Ønepff Ipń-I-fm-Wv.

(x) bp.]n -˛ Cw•ojv hmb\ hnen-b-cp-Ø¬

bp.]n Xew Cw•ojv hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 175 Ipń-I-sf-bmWv ]T\ hnt[-b-am-

°n-b-Xv. CXn¬ 95 Ipń-Iƒ {Kma {]tZ-iØpw 80 Ipń-Iƒ \Kc {]tZ-iØpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-

Wv. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ]ńI 4.32 ¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.


]ńI 4.32 Cw•ojv hmb\ (bq.]n)

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 21 22 18 22 39 22

Xr]vXn-Icw 34 36 31 39 65 37

icm-icn 30 32 19 24 49 28

hfsc ]nt∂m°w 10 10 12 15 22 13

BsI 95 100 80 100 175 100

]ńI 4.32

]ńI ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ A∏¿ss{]-adnXe-Øn¬ Cw•ojv anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ hmbn-°m≥

22% t]¿°v Ign-bpw F∂v ImWmw. 37% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmbn-°p-tºmƒ 28% Ipń-Iƒ

icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ hmbn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. Cw•ojv H´pw hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ 13% Ipń-

Iƒ A∏¿ss{]-a-dn-X-e-Øn-ep-s≠-∂Xv {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ Imcy-am-Wv.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp∂

Ipń-Iƒ 22%amWv. 36% IpńIƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn Cw•ojv hmbn-°p-tºmƒ icm-icn \ne-

hm-c-Øn-ep-f-fXv 32% t]¿ BWv. 10% {KmaoW taJ-e-bnse Ipń-Iƒ°v Cw•ojv hmbn-

°m≥ Ign-bp-∂tX C√.

]´-W-Øn¬ 22% Ipń-Iƒ°v anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ Cw•ojv hmbn-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂p.

Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmbn-°p-∂-h¿ 39%amWv. icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep-f-fXv 24% Ipń-I-fm-Wv.

Cw•ojv hmbn-°m≥ Adn--bm-Ø-h¿ \K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw 15% Xs∂-bm-Wv.

{Kmahpw ]´-Whpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøptºmƒ ]´-W-{]-tZ-isØ Ipń-Iƒ°v Cw•ojv

hmb-\-bn¬ {Kma {]tZ-i-hp-ambn henb hyXym-k-an-√ F∂v ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬

Cw•ojv hmbn-°m≥ Adn-bm-Ø-h-cpsS Imcy-Øn¬ {Kma-Øn-sebpw ]´-W-Øn-sebpw Ipń-

IfpsS FÆw Xpey-am-sW∂v ImWmw.

(xi) bp.]n. Xew ˛ Cw•ojv `mjWw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

bp.]n Xew Cw•ojv {Smj-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 158 Ipń-I-sf-bmWv hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v

hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. CXn¬ 78 Ipń-I-ƒ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-Øp≈ hcpw 80 Ipń-Iƒ \Kc {]tZ-i-

Øp-≈-h-cp-am-Wv. hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ]ń-I-bn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]ńI 4.33 Cw•ojv ̀ mjWw (bq.]n)

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 4 5 29 37 33 21

Xr]vXn-Icw 36 46 21 26 57 36

icm-icn 17 22 17 21 34 22

hfsc ]nt∂m°w 21 27 13 16 34 21

BsI 78 100 80 100 158 100

]ńI 4.33


A∏¿ss{]-adnXe-Øn¬ anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ Cw•ojv `mj-bn¬ Bi-b-\-hn-\n-abw \S-

Øm≥ 21% Ipń-Iƒ°v am{Xta Ign-bp-∂p-f-fp. Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ 36% Ipń-Iƒ Bi-

b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øp-tºmƒ 22% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-emWv Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-

Øp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ 21% Ipń-Iƒ°v Cw•o-jn¬ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øm≥ km[n-°p-∂n√

F∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 5% Ipń-Iƒ°v am{Xta Cw•o-

jn¬ Bi-b-hn-\n-abØn\v Ign-bp-∂p-f-fp. Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-bn¬ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-

Øp-∂-h¿ 46% BWv. icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ 22% t]¿ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øp-∂p.

F∂m¬ H´pw Xs∂ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\v km[n-°m-Ø-h¿ {KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ 27%

Ds≠∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

\K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ anI® coXn-bn¬ Cw•o-jn¬ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v 37% Ipń-

Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂p. 26% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-bnepw 21% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-

bnepw Cw•o-jn¬ Bi-b-{]-I-S\w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p. 16% Ipń-Iƒ°v ]´-W-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬

Cw•o-jn¬ Bi-b-{]-I-S-\-Øn\v Ign-bp-∂n-√.

{Kmahpw ]´-Whpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ Cw•o-jn¬ anI® coXn-bn¬ Bi-b-hn-

\n-abw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-h¿ ]´-W-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hfsc IqSp-X-em-sW∂v ImWmw. Cw•o-

jn¬ H´pw Bi-b-hn-\n-abw Ign-bm-Ø-hcpw ]´W{]tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv IqSp-X¬ F∂v ImWmw.

(xi) sslkvIqƒ Xew ˛ ae-bmfw `mjWw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬:

sslkvIqƒ Xe-Øn¬ ae-bmfw `mj-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 277 Ipń-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv

hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-®-Xv. CXn¬ 145 t]¿ {Kma {]tZ-i-Øp-≈-hcpw 132 t]¿ ]´W {]tZ-i-

Øp-≈-h-cp-am-Wv. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ]ńI 4.34 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]ńI 4.34 ae-bmfw ̨ ̀ mjWw (sslkvIqƒ)

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 72 45 34 28 106 36

Xr]vXn-Icw 51 41 58 39 109 40

icm-icn 19 9 28 22 47 16

hfsc ]nt∂m°w 3 5 12 11 15 8

BsI 145 100 132 100 277 100

]ńI 4.34

]ńI ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ a\- n-em-°m-dp≈ Imcy-ßƒ NphsS tImSp-°p-∂p.

sslkvIqƒ hn`m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ae-bmfw `mj-W-Øn¬ 36% Ipń-Iƒ anI®

\ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 40% Ipń-Iƒ `mj-W-Øn¬ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-b-

t∏mƒ 16% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿ØpI am{X-amWv sNbvX-Xv. 8% Ipń-Iƒ°v

`mjWw \n¿h-ln-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂n√ F∂v Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Hgp-t°m-sS-bp-ff hmb\

Xosc-bn√ F∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p-tºmƒ 45% Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw


sslkvIqƒ hn`m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ae-bmfw hmb\ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 38% Ipń-

Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 39% Ipń-Iƒ hmb\-bn¬ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw

]pe¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ. 17% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 6% Ipń-Iƒ°v Xosc

hmbn-°m≥ ]‰p-∂n√ F∂Xv {]tXyI {i≤ \¬tI≠ Imcy-am-Wv.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p-tºmƒ 50% Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw

hmb-\-bn¬ ]pe¿Øn. 35% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 13% Ipń-Iƒ icm-

icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. hfsc Ipd®p IpńIƒ°v hmbn-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂n√ F∂pw

Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

\K-c-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p-tºmƒ 26% Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn.

44% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ 21% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-

hmcw am{X-amWv ]pe¿ØnbXv. 9% Ipń-Iƒ°v \K-c-{]-tZ-iØv hmb\ icn-bmbn \n¿h-

ln-°m≥ km[n-®n-√.

]´Ww, {Kmaw F∂nh Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-Øp-f-f-h¿ IqSp-X¬ anI®

\ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. F∂m¬ ]´W {]tZ-i-Øp-ff Ipń-Iƒ hmb-\-

bn¬ Gsd sa®-s∏-tS-≠-sX∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

hmb-\-bn¬ ]pe¿Øn. 41% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 9% Ipń-Iƒ icm-

icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. F∂m¬ sslkvIqƒX-e-Øn¬ ae-bmfw `mjWw Hgp-t°msS

\n¿h-ln-°m≥ Ign-bmØ 5% Ipń-Iƒ D≠v F∂Xv {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-am-Wv.

\K-c-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p-tºmƒ 28% Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn.

39% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ 22% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-

hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 11% Ipń-Iƒ°v `mjWw Hgp-t°msS \n¿h-ln-°m≥ Ign-™n-√.

\K-cw, {Kmaw Xmc-Xayw \n¿h-ln-°p-tºmƒ {KmaoW taJ-e-bnse Ipń-Iƒ IqSp-X¬

anIhv ]pe¿Øn-b-Xmbn ImWm≥ km[n-°pw. F∂m¬ ]´W {]tZ-i-Øp-f-f-h-cmWv `mj-

W-Øn¬ Gsd ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-Xn¬ IqSp-X¬ F∂p ImWmw.

(xii) sslkv°qƒ Xew ˛ ae-bmfw hmb\ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬:

sslkvIqƒ Xe-Øn¬ ae-bmfw hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v 277 IpS-Sn-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw

145, \Kcw 132) ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ]ńI- 4.35 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]ńI 4.35 ae-bmfw ̨ hmb\ (sslkvIqƒ)

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 72 50 34 26 106 38

Xr]vXn-Icw 51 25 58 44 109 39

icm-icn 19 13 28 21 47 17

hfsc ]nt∂m°w 3 2 12 9 15 6

BsI 145 100 132 100 277 100

]ńI 4.35


]ńI 4.36

sslkvIqƒ hn`m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Cw•ojv `mjWw anI® coXn-bn¬ \n¿h-ln-

°p-∂-Xn\v 21% Ipń-Iƒ°v km[n-®p. Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ 42% Ipń-Iƒ `mjWw

\n¿h-ln-®-t∏mƒ 24% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. F∂m¬ 13% Ipń-Iƒ°v

Cw•ojv `mjWw \n¿h-ln-°m≥ Ign-™n-√.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn 27% Ipń-Iƒ Cw•ojv `mj-bn¬ anI® {]I-S\w

ImgvN-h-®p. Xr]vXn-I-c-amb {]I-S\w 43% t]¿ \n¿h-ln-®-t∏mƒ 23% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn

{]I-S\w \S-Øn. 7% Ipń-Iƒ `mjWw \n¿h-ln-®n-√.

\K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ 14% Ipń-Iƒ am{X-amWv anI® \ne-hmcw ssIh-cn-®-Xv. 41% Ipń-Iƒ

Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn `mjWw \n¿h-ln-®-t∏mƒ 25% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hmcw am{X-amWv

]pe¿Øn-b-Xv. 20% Ipń-Iƒ `mjWw \n¿h-ln-°m≥ hfsc ]n∂n-em-bn-cp-∂p.

{Kmahpw ]´-Whpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ {Kma-{]-tZ-isØ Ipń-I-fmWv Cw•ojv

`mj-W-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ anIhv ]pe¿Øp-∂Xv F∂p ImWmw. F∂m¬ Cw•ojv `mj-W-

Øn¬ Gsd ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂Xv \K-c-{]-tZ-isØ Ipń-I-fm-Wv.

(xiv) sslkvIqƒ ˛ Cw•ojv hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬:

sslkvIqƒ ˛ Cw•ojv hmb-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 277 Ipń-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw 145,

\Kcw 132) hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ]ńI 4.37 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-

°p-∂p.

]ńI 4.37 Cw•ojv hmb\ (sslkvIqƒ)

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 52 36 13 11 65 24

Xr]vXn-Icw 57 39 52 39 109 39

icm-icn 28 19 36 27 64 23

hfsc ]nt∂m°w 8 6 31 23 39 14

BsI 145 100 132 100 277 100

(xiii) sslkvIqƒ Xew ˛ Cw•ojv `mjWw ˛ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬:

sslkvIqƒ Xe-Øn¬ 277 Ipń-I-sf-bmWv ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-bXv {Kma {]tZ-iØv 145

Ipń-Ifpw 132 Ipń-Iƒ \Kc {]tZ-iØv D≈-h-cp-am-Wv. hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ]ńI 4.36 ¬ \¬In-

bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]ńI 4.36 Cw•ojv ̀ mjWw (sslkvIqƒ)

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 39 27 19 14 58 21

Xr]vXn-Icw 63 43 54 41 117 42

icm-icn 33 23 33 25 66 24

hfsc ]nt∂m°w 10 7 26 20 36 13

BsI 145 100 132 100 277 100

]ńI 4.37


sslkvIqƒ hn`m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Cw•ojv hmb\ anI® coXn-bn¬ \n¿h-ln-°p-

∂-Xn\v 24% Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ssIh-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. 39% Ipń-Iƒ Cw•ojv

Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ hmbn-®-t∏mƒ icm-icn hmb\ \n¿h-ln-®Xv 23% IpńIƒ°p

am{X-amWv. 14% Ipń-Iƒ°v hmbn-°mt\ Ign-bp-∂n-√.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn t\m°p-tºmƒ 36% Ipń-Iƒ Cw•ojv hmb-\bn¬

anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmb\ \n¿h-ln-®Xv 39% t]cm-Wv.

19% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 6% Ipń-Iƒ°v hmbn-°m≥ Ign-™n-√.

\K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse Ipń-I-fn¬ 11% Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 39% Ipń-Iƒ

Cw•ojv Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmbn-®-t∏mƒ 27% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 23%

Ipń-Iƒ°v hmbn-°m≥ Ign-™n-√.

{Kmahpw ]´-Whpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ Cw•ojv hmb-\-bn¬ {Kma-{]-tZ-isØ

Ipń-Iƒ Gsd ap∂n-em-sW-∂v ImWmw. am{X-a√ ]´W {]tZ-isØ Ipń-I-fmWv Cw•ojv

hmbn-°m-\-dn-bm-Ø-Xn¬ IqSp-X¬ F∂v ]T-\-Øn¬ \n∂v Is≠-Øm≥ km[n-°pw.

(xv) sslkvIqƒ ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ N¿®v kwhmZw ˛ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬:

sslkvIqƒ ˛ ae-bmfw N¿® kwhmZw hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 277 Ipń-I-sf-

bmWv ]T\ hnt[-bm-am-°-bn-Xv. CXn¬ 145 t]¿ {Kma {]tZ-iØpw 130 t]¿ \Kc {]tZ-i-

Øp-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv. hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ]ń-I-bn¬ \evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]ńI 4.38 F®v.-Fkv ae-bmfw ̨ N¿® kwhmZw

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 48 33 28 21 76 27

Xr]vXn-Icw 63 43 52 39 115 42

icm-icn 13 9 30 23 43 16

hfsc ]nt∂m°w 21 15 22 17 43 15

BsI 145 100 132 100 277 100

]ńI 4.38

sslkvIqƒ hn`m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ae-bmfw N¿® kwhm-Z-Øn¬ 27% Ipń-Iƒ

anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 42% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw ssIh-cn®t∏mƒ 16%

Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-amWv ssIh-cn-®-Xv. 15% Ipń N¿® kwhmZØn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥

Xmev]cyw Im´p-I-bp-≠m-bn-√.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ 33% Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw

ssIh-cn-®p. 43% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn kwhm-Z-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØt∏mƒ 9% t]¿ icm-

icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 14% {KmaoW Ipń-Iƒ kwhm-Z-Øn¬ henb Xmev]-cyw {]I-

Sn-∏n-®n-√.

]´-W{]tZ-i-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p-tºmƒ 21% Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn¬

kwhm-Z-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. 39% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-am-bpw, 23% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-


c-Ønepw kwhm-Z-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. 15% Ipń-Iƒ kwhm-Z-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ henb

Xmev]cyw {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-√.

{Kmaw, ]´Ww Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ {Kma-{]-tZ-isØ Ipń-Iƒ kwhmZ anI-hns‚ Imcy-

Øn¬ ap∂n-em-sW∂v ImWmw. F∂m¬ ]¶m-fn-I-f-√msX amdn-\n¬°p∂ {]h-WX \K-

c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv IqSp-X¬.

(vii) lb¿ sk°‚dn ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬:

lb¿ sk°‚dn ae-bmfw hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 235 Ipń-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw 123,

\Kcw 112) ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. CX-ambn _‘-s∏´ hni-Zw-i-ßƒ ]ńI 4.39 ¬

\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]ńI 4.39 lb¿sk-°‚dn ae-bm-f-̨ -hm-b\ anIhv

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 72 59 37 33 109 45

Xr]vXn-Icw 30 24 58 52 88 38

icm-icn 18 15 14 12 32 14

hfsc ]n∂m°w 3 2 3 3 6 3

BsI 123 100 112 100 235 100

]ńI 4.39

lb¿sk-°‚dn Xe-Øn¬ ae-bmf hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 45% Ipń-Iƒ anI-®-

coXn-bn¬ hmb\ \n¿Δ-ln-°p∂hcm-sW∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øn. 38% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-

I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ hmb\ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p. 14% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. 3%

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v icn-bmbn hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ 59% t]¿ ae-bmfw hfsc \∂mbn hmbn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. 24% t]¿°v

kmam\yw \√ coXn-bn¬ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. 15% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-

hmcw ]pe¿Øp∂p. 2% t]¿°v hmbn-°m≥ {]bmkw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p.

\K-c-hn-Zym¿Yn-I-fn¬ 33% t]¿ anI-®-co-Xn-bn¬hmbn-°p-∂p. 52% t]¿ kmam\yw Xr]vXn-I-

c-ambn hmbn-°m≥ Ign-hp-f-f-h-cm-Wv. 12% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ hmbn-°pw. 4%

t]¿°v hmb-\m-tijnIpd-hm-Wv.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂p-ff Ipń-Iƒ \K-c-hmknItf-°mƒ hmb-\m-\n-e-hmcw Db¿∂-

h-cm-Wv. c≠p taJ-e-I-fnepw icm-icn \ne-hm-c-tØ-°mƒ Db¿∂p \nev°p∂ Ipń-I-

fpsS FÆw IqSp-X-em-Wv.

(xvii) lb¿ sk°‚n ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ `mjW hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

lb¿ sk°‚dn ˛ ae-bmfw `mj-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 235 Ipń-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw

123, \Kcw 112) ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ]ńI 4.40 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.


]ńI 4.40 lb¿sk-°‚dn ae-bm-fw ̨ ̀ mjWw

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 70 57 45 39 115 48

Xr]vXn-Icw 32 26 38 34 70 30

icm-icn 19 15 26 23 45 19

hfsc ]n∂m°w 2 2 3 4 5 3

BsI 123 100 112 100 235 100

]ńI 4.40

lb¿sk-°‚dnbnse 48% Ipń-Iƒ anI® coXn-bn¬ ae-bmf `mjWw sNøm≥ Ign-hp-

ffh¿ BWv 30% Ipń-Iƒ°v Xr]vXn-I-c-amb hn[-Øn¬ ae-bmf `mjWw \S-Øm≥ Ign-

bpw. 19% Ipń-Iƒ°v icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ \S-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. 19% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn

\ne-hm-c-Øn¬ `mjWw \S-Øp-∂p. 3% Ipń-Iƒ hfsc ]n∂m-°-am-Wv.

{KmWoW taJ-e-bn¬ 57% Ipń-Ifpw `mj-W-Øn¬ anIhv {]I-Sn-∏n-®p. 26% Ipń-Iƒ°v

Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-bnepw 15% Ipń-Iƒ°v icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Ønepw `mjWw \S-Øm≥

Ign-bpw. 2% Ipń-Iƒ hfsc ]n∂m°w \n¬°p-∂p.

]´-W-Ønse Ipń-I-fn¬ 39% t]cmWv `mj-W-Øn¬ anIhv ]pe¿Øn-b-Xv. 34% Ipń-Iƒ

Xc-t°-Sn-√mØ coXn-bn¬ `mjWw \S-Øn. 23% Ipń-I-fpsS `mjWw icm-icn \ne-hm-c-

Øn-em-Wv. 4% Ipń-Iƒ hfsc ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂p.

ae-bmf ̀ mj-W-Øn¬ lb¿sk-°‚-dn-bn¬ {KmaoW taJ-e-bnse Ipń-Iƒ anI®p \n¬°p-

∂p. `mj-W-Øn¬ ]´-W-Ønse \men-sem∂p Ipń-I-fpsS \ne-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sm-\p-≠v.

(xviii) lb¿ sk°‚dn ˛ Cw•ojv hmb\ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬:

lb¿ sk°‚dn Cw•ojv hmb-\-bp-ambn _\-[-s∏-SpØn 235 Ipń-Isf ({Kmaw 123, \Kcw

112) bmWv ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hni-Zm-iw-ßƒ ]ńI 4.41 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]ńI 4.41 lb¿sk-°‚dn Cw•ojv hmb\ \ne-hmcw

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 34 28 26 23 60 26

Xr]vXn-Icw 67 54 56 50 123 52

icm-icn 21 17 25 22 46 20

hfsc ]nt∂m°w 1 1 5 5 6 2

BsI 123 100 112 100 235 100

]ńI 4.41


lb¿sk-°‚dn Cw•ojv hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 26% Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw

ssIh-cn-®p. 52% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ hmb\ \n¿h-ln-°p-tºmƒ 20% Ipń-

Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. 2% t]¿ ]n∂m-°-amWv hmb-\-bn¬.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ 28% Ipń-Iƒ Cw•o-jv hmb-\-bn¬ anIhv ]pe¿Øp-∂p. 54% {KmaoW

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ kmam\yw sa®-s∏´ \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ Cw•ojv hmbn-°pw. 17% t]¿ icm-icn

\ne-hm-c-Øn¬ hmbn-°p-∂p. 1% Ipń-Iƒ hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h-cm-Wv.

]´-W-Øn¬ \n∂v hcp∂ Ipń-I-fn¬ 23% t]¿ hmb-\-bn¬ \ne-hm-c-ap-ffhcm-Wv. 50% t]¿

km[m-cW coXn-bn¬ Df-f-hcpw 22% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ Df-f-hcpw BWv. \K-c-

Ønse 5% Ipń-Iƒ°v hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√.

{Kma-ß-fnepw \K-c-ß-fnepw `qcn-]£w Ipń-Iƒ°pw Cw•ojv hmbn-°m≥ Ignbpw. {Kma-

Øn¬ A©n-sem∂pw \K-c-Øn¬ \men-sem∂pw Ipń-Iƒ Cw•ojv hmb-\-bn¬ {]bmkw

t\cn-Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv.

(xix) lb¿ sk°‚dn ˛ N¿® ˛ kwhmZw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬:

lb¿ sk°‚dn N¿®-bnepw kwhm-Z-Øn¬ 235 Ipń-I-fmWv ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv. CXn¬ 121 t]¿

{Kma {]tZ-i-Ønepw 114 t]¿ ]´W {]tZ-i-Ønepw D≈-h-cm-Wv. hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ]ńI 4.42

¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]ńI 4.42 N¿® kwhmZw

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 31 25 34 29 65 27

Xr]vXn-Icw 63 52 40 34 103 43

icm-icn 17 15 18 15 35 15

hfsc ]nt∂m°w 10 8 22 22 32 15

BsI 121 100 114 100 235 100

]ńI 4.42

{Kq∏v N¿®-bnepw kwhm-Z-Ønepw 27% Ipń-Iƒ sa®-s∏´ \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. 43% Ipń-Iƒ

Xr]vXn-I-c-amb hn[-Øn¬ N¿®-bnepw kwhm-Z-Ønepw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. 15% Ipń-Iƒ icm-

icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. 15% Ipń-Iƒ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ H∂pw sNøm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√.

{Kq∏v N¿®-I-fnepw kwhm-Z-Ønepw {KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂p-ff Ipń-Iƒ 25% t]¿ kPo-

h-ambn ]s¶-Sp-Øp. 52% Ipń-Iƒ A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S\w \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. 15% Ipń-Iƒ GsX-

¶nepw hn[-Øn¬ AhcpsS km∂n[yw ]¶p-h-®p. 8% Ipń-Iƒ \njv{In-b-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

]´-W-{]-tZ-i-Øp-ff Ipń-Iƒ 29% t]¿ N¿®-I-fnepw kwhm-Z-Ønepw Ah-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-

Sp-Iƒ hy‡-ambn ]¶p-h-®p. 34% Ipń-Iƒ°v A`n-{]mb {]I-S\w \S-Øm≥ Ign-™p. 15%

Ipń-Iƒ sNdnb coXn-bn-se-¶nepw CS-s]-S¬ \S-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v. F∂m¬ 22% Ipń-Iƒ bmsXmcp

hn[ A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\hpw \S-Øm-Ø-h¿ Bbn-cp-∂p.

Chn-sSbpw {Kmaß-fn¬ \n∂pff IqSp-X¬ Ipń-Iƒ anI® {]I-S\w \S-Øn. F∂m¬


]ńI 4.43 lb¿ sk°‚dn Cw•ojv kw`m-jWw

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 25 21 31 28 56 24

Xr]vXn-Icw 70 58 48 43 118 51

icm-icn 23 19 22 20 45 19

hfsc ]n∂m°w 3 2 11 9 14 6

BsI 121 100 112 100 233 100

]ńI 4.43

lb¿sk-°‚-dn-X-e-Øn¬ Cw•ojv `mj-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 24% IpńIƒ anI®

coXn-bn¬ `mjWw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p. 49% IpńIƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ `mjWw

\n¿h-ln-°p-tºmƒ 19% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. Cw•o-jn¬ `mjWw \n¿h-

ln-°m≥ Ign-bm-Øh¿ 6% BWv.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-t\m-°p-tºmƒ 21% IpńIƒ anI® \ne-hmcw

]pe¿Øp-∂p. 58% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn `mjWw \n¿h-ln-°p-tºmƒ 19% {KmaoW

taJ-e-bnse Ipń-I-ƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. 2% Ipń-Iƒ `mj-W-Øn¬ Gsd ]n∂n-

em-Wv.

\K-c-{]-tZ-i-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p-tºmƒ 28% Ipń-Iƒ Cw•ojv `mj-W-Øn¬

anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp∂p. 43% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw ssIh-cn-°p-tºmƒ

20% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. `mj-W-Øn¬ Gsd ]n∂n-ep-f-fXv 9% t]cm-Wv.

s]mXp-hmbn ]´-W-{]-tZ-i-Øp-ff Ipń-Ifpw {Kma-{]-tZ-i-Øp-ff Ipń-Ifpw `mj-W-Øn¬

Htc \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-sW∂v ]d-bmw. {KmaoW taJ-e-bnse Ipń-Iƒ Ipd®p IqSn sa®-s∏-

Sm-\p≠v F∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

(xxi) hn.F-®v.-F-kv.Cu : Cw•ojv hm\b hne-bn-cp-Ø¬:

hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-Cu. ̨ Cw•ojv hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 108 Ipń-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw 45,

\Kcw 63) ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hni-Zm-iw-ßƒ ]ńI 4.44 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

IpńIfpsS -anI-hn¬ {Kma {]tZ-i-ß-fnse Ipń-I-fmWv ap≥]-¥n-bn¬. A©n-sem∂v Ipń-

Iƒ sa®-s∏-Sm-\p-≠v.

(xx) lb¿ sk°‚dn ˛ Cw•ojv kw`m-jWw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬:

lb¿ sk°‚dn Cw•ojv kw`m-j-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 233 Ipń-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw

121, ]´Ww 112) ]T-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ]ńI 4.43 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-

°p-∂p.


]ńI 4.44 hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C Cw•ojv hmb\

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 0 0 9 14 9 7

Xr]vXn-Icw 11 24 29 46 40 35

icm-icn 27 60 17 26 44 43

hfsc ]n∂m°w 7 16 8 14 15 15

BsI 45 100 63 100 108 100

]ńI 4.44

hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Cw•ojv hmb-\-bn¬ 7% t]¿ am{X-amWv

anIhv ]pe¿Øn-b-Xv. 35% Ipń-Iƒ Cw•ojv hmb\ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn \n¿h-ln-®-t∏mƒ 43%

t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ am{X-amWv FØn-b-Xv. 15% t]¿ hfsc ]n∂m-°-am-bn-cp∂p

F∂pw ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

Cw•ojv hmb-\-bn¬ {KmaoW hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ Bcpw anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn-en√. 24% t]¿

{Kma-Øn¬ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p. 60% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Ønepw 16% t]¿

Gsd ]n∂m-°-hp-am-Wv.

\K-c-hn-Zym¿Yn-I-fn¬ 14% t]¿ anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. 46% t]¿°v Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn

hmbn-°mw. 26% Ipń-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ hmbn-°p-tºmƒ 14% Cw•ojv hmb-\-

bn¬ Gsd ]n∂m-°-am-Wv.

\K-c-hn-Zym¿Yn-Iƒ {KmaoWtc°mƒ Cw•ojv hmb-\-bn¬ ap∂nemWv. F¶nepw ]Øn-

sem∂v hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ \K-c-Ønepw {Kma-Ønepw ]n∂m-°-am-Wv.

(xxii) hn.F-®v.-F-kv.Cu ae-bmfw `mjWw:

hn.F-®v.-F-kv.Cu ae-bmfw `mj-W-hpambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 108 Ipń-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw 45,


]ńI 4.45 hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C ae-bmfw ̀ mjWw

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 5 11 22 35 27 23

Xr]vXn-Icw 21 47 22 35 43 40

icm-icn 19 42 19 30 38 36

hfsc ]n∂m°w 0 0 0 0 0 1

BsI 45 100 63 100 108 100

]ńI 4.45

hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C ae-bmf `mj-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 23% Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw

]pe¿Øn. 40% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn kw`m-jWw \n¿h-ln-®-t∏mƒ 36% Ipń-Iƒ icm-


icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-emWv `mjWw \n¿h-ln-®-Xv. `mj-W-Øn¬ hfsc ]n∂m°w t]mbh¿

1% am{X-amWv.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ 11% anI-®-\n-e-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 47% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hm-c-

Øn-em-Wv. 42% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. hfsc ]n∂m°w Bcp-an-√.

]´-W-Øn¬ 35% t]¿ anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn-emWv, 35% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-chpw 30% t]¿ icm-

icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-emWv. hfsc ]n∂m-°-°m¿ Bcp-an-√. {Kma-ß-tf-°mƒ \K-c-ß-fnse

Ipń-Iƒ ap∂n´p \n¬°p-∂p. ]n∂m-°-°m¿ c≠p hn`m-K-Ønepw C√.

(xxiii) hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-C. Cw•ojv `mjWw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬:

hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C Cw•ojv `mj-W-hp-ambn _‘s∏SpØn 108 Ipń-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw 45,

\Kcw 63) ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ]ńI 4.46 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]ńI 4.46 hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C Cw•ojv ̀ mjWw

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 2 4 10 16 12 10

Xr]vXn-Icw 9 20 30 48 39 34

icm-icn 31 69 17 27 48 48hfsc ]n∂m°w 3 7 6 9 9 8

BsI 45 100 63 100 108 100

]ńI 4.46

10% Ipń-Iƒ hn.F-®v.-F-kv.Cbn¬ Cw•ojv `mj-W-Øn¬ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂p.

34% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn Cw•ojv kwkm-cn-°p-∂p. 48% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Ønepw 8%

t]¿ hfsc ]nt∂m° Ah-ÿ-bnepw BWv.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ 4% t]¿ am{X-amWv anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-b-Xv. 20% t]¿ Xr]vXn-

I-c-ambn Cw•ojv ̀ mjWw \S-Øp-∂p. 69% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Ønepw 7% t]¿ Cw•ojv

`mj-W-Øn¬ Gsd ]n∂m-°-hp-am-Wv.

]´-W-Øn¬ 16% t]¿ anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. 48% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn Cw•ojv kwkm-

cn-°p-∂p. 27% t]¿ icm-i-cn-\n-e-hm-c-Ønepw 9% t]¿ Gsd ]n∂m-°-hp-am-Wv.

]´-W-Ønse Ipń-Iƒ {KmaoWtc°mƒ Cw•ojv ̀ mj-W-Øn¬ ap∂n¬ \n¬°p-∂p. ]Øn-

sem∂v Ipń-Iƒ hfsc ]n∂m-°-am-Wv.

(xxiv) hn.F-kv.-F-kv.Cu ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬:

hn.F-kv.-F-kv.Cu ae-bmf hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 108 Ipń-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw 45,



]ńI 4.47 hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C ae-bmf hmb\

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 5 11 23 37 28 26

Xr]vXn-Icw 22 49 21 33 43 40

icm-icn 18 40 19 30 37 34hfsc ]n∂m°w 0 0 0 0 0 0

BsI 45 100 63 100 108 100

]ńI 4.47

hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C taJ-e-bn¬ a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ipń-I-fn¬ 26% t]¿ ae-bmf hmb-

\-bn¬ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 40% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmbn-®-t∏mƒ 34% Ipń-

Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-emWv. ]n∂m°w Bcp-an-√.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ 11% Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ImgvN-sh-®p. 49% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb

\ne-hm-c-Ønepw 40% t]¿ icm-i-cn-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-ep-am-Wv. hfsc ]n∂m°w Bcp-an-√.

\K-c-ta-J-e-bn¬ 37% t]¿ anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ ae-bmfw hmbn-°p∂hcm-Wv. 33% t]¿

Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hm-c-Ønepw 30% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Ønepw hmbn-°p-∂p. hfsc

]n∂m°w Bcp-an-√.

\K-c-ta-J-e-bnse hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ {KmaoW taJ-e-tb-°mƒ anI®p \n¬°p-

∂p. hfsc ]n∂m-°-°m¿ c≠p-ta-J-e-bnepw C√.

(xxv) hn.F-®v.-F-kv.Cu ˛ N¿®v kwhmZw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

hn.F-®v.-F-kv.Cu ˛ N¿®v kwhm-Z-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 108 Ipń-I-sf-bmav ({Kmaw 45,

\Kcw 63) ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ]ń-I-bn¬ (4.48) \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]ńI 4.48 N¿® ̨ kwhmZw

{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI


anI® \ne-hmcw 8 18 19 30 27 25

Xr]vXn-Icw 15 33 15 24 30 28

icm-icn 8 18 9 14 17 16

hfsc ]nt∂m°w 14 31 20 32 34 31

BsI 45 100 63 100 108 100

]ńI 4.48

hn.F-kv.-F-kv.C bn¬ a’y-sØm-gn-emfn taJ-e-bnse Ipń-I-fn¬ 25% t]¿ N¿® kwhm-

Z-Øn¬ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp∂p F∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. 28% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-c-

amb {]I-S\w \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ 16% t]¿ GsX-¶nepw coXn-bn¬ Ah-cpsS Bibw {]I-Sn-

∏n-°p-bp-≠m-bn. 31% N¿® kwhm-Z-Øn¬ kPo-h-am-ImsX Hgn™p \n¬°p∂ Ahÿ-

bmWv ImWm≥ Ign-™-Xv.


hn.F-kv.-F-kv.C hn`m-K-Øn¬ {KmaoW taJ-e-bpambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p-tºmƒ 18%

t]¿ kwhm-Z-Ønepw N¿®-I-fnepw hfsc \√ {]I-S\w ImgvN-h-®-Xmbn IW-°p-Iƒ kqNn-

∏n-°p-∂p. 33% Ipń-I-fpsS kPoh ]¶m-fnØw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 18% Ipń-Iƒ GsX-¶nepw

coXn-bn¬ Ah-cpsS Bi-b-ßƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-®-h-cm-Wv. 31% Ipń-Iƒ°v CXn¬

]¶m-fn-I-fm-Im≥ {ian-®nń-√.

]´W taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂p-ff Ipń-Ifn¬ anI® ]¶m-fnØw 30% BWv 24% Ipń-Iƒ Xr]vXn-

I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ {]I-S\w ImgvN-h-®n-´p-≠v. 14% t]¿ sNdnb coXn-bn-se-¶nepw CS-s]-ń-

´p-≠v. 32% Ipń-I-fpsS CS-s]-S¬ D≠m-bn-ń-√.

N¿®-I-fnepw kwhm-Z-Ønepw ]´W {]tZ-i-Øp-ff Ipń-I-fmWv {Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bn¬ Df-f-

h-sc-°mƒ \√ coXn-bn¬ Bi-b-{]-I-S\w \S-Øn-bn-´p-f-f-Xv. ]¶m-fn-ØØn¬ FÆw IqSp-

X¬ {KmaoW taJ-e-bv°m-Wv. ]s¶-Sp-°mØ Ipń-I-fpsS FÆw c≠n-SØpw Hcp-t]mse

BWv.


tIkv ÃUn hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ

tIkv ˛ 1

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw \K-c-{]m¥-Øn¬ hen-b-Xpd F∂ IS-temc {]tZ-iØv ÿnXn sNøp∂

Hcp k¿°m¿ bq.]n. kvIqfmWv hen-b-Xpd k¿°m¿ bq.]n. kvIƒ. Xoc-tZi a’y-sØm-

gn-em-fn-Iƒ IqSp-X-embn Xnßn-]m¿°p∂ Hcp CS-am-b-Xn-\m¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Chn-SpsØ

Ipń-I-tf-sdbpw ]c-ºm-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS a°-fm-Wv. ap≥ h¿j-ß-fn¬ IqSp-

X¬ Ipń-Iƒ ChnsS ]Tn-®p-sIm≠v anI® A°m-Z-anI hnPbw Ic-ÿ-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬ C∂v hnc-en-se-Æm-hp∂ Ipń-I-fp-ambn kml-N-cy-ß-fp-ambn a√n´p-sIm≠v {]Xn-

k-‘n-I-fpsS \Sp-hn¬ AXn-Poh-\-Øns‚ ]mX-bn-emWv Cu kvIqƒ. Xo¿Øpw IS-temc

{]tZ-i-am-b-Xn-\m¬ ASn-°Sn IS¬t£m`w D≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-aqew AXv kvIqfns‚ ssZ\w-

Zn\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf _m[n-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn´v h¿j-ß-fmbn F∂Xv Hcp Ncn-{X-]-c-

amb hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.

kp\m-an, HmJn apX-emb {]IrXn Zpc-¥-ßƒ D≠m-b-t∏m-fp-≠mb ]p\x-c[nhmk {]h¿Ø-

\-ß-fpsS t\¿°m-gvN-bmWv C∂v henbXpd k¿°m¿ bp.]n. kvIqƒ. 2004 ˛ Unkw-_¿

26˛mw XobXn tIc-f-Øns‚ Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kp\manbp≠m-b-t∏mgpw 2017 \hw-_¿

28˛mw XobXn HmJn hoi-nb-t∏mgpw D≠mb Zpc-¥-ßƒ°v Cc-bm-b-hsc ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-∏n-

®n-cn-°p-∂Xv {]kvXpX hnZym-e-b-Øn-em-Wv. GI-tZiw Btdm Gtgm IpSpw-_-ßƒ Ct∏mgpw

AhnsS Xma-k-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ hnZym-e-b-Ønse H´p-an° ¢mkvap-dn-

Ifpw ]p\x-c-[n-hmk {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbn \evtI≠n h∂p. ChnsS hnZym-eb {]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ°v apS°w kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv ÿncw kw`-h-am-Wv. Ipń-Iƒ°v Ccp∂v ]Tn-°p-hm≥

]‰p-∂-X-c-Øn¬ \s√mcp ¢mkv apdn-tbm, hmb\m apd-ntbm, et_m-d-́ n-tbm, Iºyq-́ ¿ dqtam,

ipNn-ap-dn-Isfm H∂pw Xs∂-bn-√. s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc-£W b⁄Øns‚ `mK-ambn

s]mXp hnZym-e-b-ßƒ sslsS-°m-°n-bXns‚ ̂ e-ambn ta¬]-d™ hnZym-e-bhpw sslsS-

°m-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂m¬ ]p\x-c-[n-hmk {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ aqew AXym-[p-\nI kuI-cy-

ß-tfmSv IqSnb \s√mcp kvam¿´v dqsam-cp-°p-∂Xn\v kvIqfm-[n-Ir-X¿ ]c-P-b-s∏-ń-cn-bv°p-

∂p. X∑qew F√m ¢mkv apdn-Ifnepw sa®s]´ ]T-\-ku-Icyw Hcp-°m≥ kvIqf-[n-Ir-

X¿°v Ign-™n-ń-√.

hnhn[ßfmb ¢mkp-I-fnse Ipń-Isf Ht∂m-c-t≠m, ¢mkv apdn-I-fn¬ {Iao-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v

A[ym-]\w \S-Øn-bmWv A[ym-]-I¿ Znh-khpw kvIqfnse ]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-

Øp-∂Xv. hocy-ta-dnb Bkn-Up-Ifpw ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-Ifpw {Iao-I-cn-®n-´p≈ em_n¬ sIm®p

Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-bv°p-Ibpw Ifn-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. `mj ssIImcyw sNøp∂ A[ym]n-

Ibpw KWn-Xm-[ym-]n-Ibpw Htc kabw Htc ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-∏n-bv°p-∂p. CXv Ipń-I-fpsS

GIm-{K-X, ]T-\-tØmSv hnc-kc F∂nh krjvSn-bv°p-∂p. hrØn-lo-\-amb ¢mk-ap-dn-Ifpw

Zp¿K‘w han-bv°p∂ ipNn-ap-dn-Ifpw Ipń-I-sfbpw A[ym-]-I-scbpw tcmKm-Xp-c-cm-°p-∂p.

ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßfpsS A]-cym-]vX-Xbpw aeo-\-k-amb Np‰p-]m-Sp-Ifpw amXm-]n-Xm-

°sf Ipń-Isf Cu hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ tN¿°p-∂-Xn¬ hnap-J-cm-°p-∂p. {]kvXpX kvIqfn\p

Np‰pw \nc-h[n AwKo-IrX hnZym-e-b-ßƒ Ds≠-¶nepw hnP-b-i-X-am\w Ipd-hm-sW Imcy-

Øn¬ \n¿_-‘n-X-ambn ]d™p hnSp∂ Ipń-Isf XpS°w apX¬ Xs∂ IrXy-ambn ]cn-

io-e\w sImSpØv A°m-Z-anI anI-hp-≠m-°m≥ Cu kvIqfnse A≤ym-]-I¿ \nc-¥-c-ambn

]cn-{i-an-bv°p-∂p. CsXms°bmsW-¶nepw ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ß-fpsS A]-cym-]vXXbpw

Ipń-I-fpsS sImgn™p t]m°pw {]kvXpX kvIqfns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf A\p-Zn\w aμo-`-

hn-®n-®p-s≠m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.


tIkv 2

Aa¬ (t]cv bYm¿∞-a-√) Hcp ]c-º-X-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-Ønse AwK-am-

Wv. Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ØmWv Xma-khpw A—\pw AΩbpw aqØ-»nbpw aq∂v a°-fp-a-S-ß-∂-

XmWv Ahs‚ IpSpw-_w. A—≥ IS-en¬ a’y-_-‘-\-Øn-\mbn t]mIp∂p AΩ ho´-Ω-

bm-Wv. ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ c≠p-t]cpw F´pw Bdpw ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂p. Aa¬ ]Ømw

¢mkn¬ ]Tn-bv°p∂ Hcp hnZym¿∞n-bm-Wv.

H≥]Xmw ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-bv°p∂ Aa-en\v hbkv 17 ˛ BWv. icn-bmbn ae-bmfw hmbn-°p-

hmt\m Fgp-Xp-hmt\m Aa-en\v Adn-bn-√. KWn-Xw, `mjm hnj-b-ßƒ, kb≥kv, XpS-

ßnb F√m hnj-b-ßfpw Aa-en\v hfsc ISp-∏-ta-d-nb-h-bmWv. ]T-\-tØmSv hf-sc-b-

[nIw hnap-JX ImWn-bv°p∂ Aa-en\v hoń¬ \n∂pw bmtXmcp Xc-Øn-ep-ap≈ t{]m’m-

l-\tam {]tNm-Z-\tam amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂pw e`n-bv°p-∂n-√. amXm-]n-Xm°fn¬ A—≥

\nc-£-c\pw AΩbv°v Ggmw ¢mkv hnZym-`ymkw am{X-hp-amWv D≈-Xv. {]tXy-In®v ]T\

apdntbm ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßtfm (I°q-kv, Ipfn-ap-dn) Ahs‚ hoSn-\n-√. A—≥ a’y-

sØm-gn-emfnbmb-Xn-\m¬ IS-en¬ t]mbn hcp∂ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ AXn-ambn aZy-]n®v _l-

f-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ hoń¬ kzÿX C√m-sØm-c-h-ÿ-bmWv \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv. A—s‚

aZy-]m\w apew hoń¬ ÿncw ]ń-Wn-bm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ kvIqƒ hn´p-h-∂n´v IS-

en¬ a’y-_-‘-\-Øn-\mbn t]mtI-≠n-h-cp-∂p. kvIqfn¬ IrXy-ambn hcp-∂-Xnt∂m ]T\

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂Xnt\m Aa-en\v CXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Ign-bmsX t]mIp-

∂p. Iq´p-ImtcmsSm∏w Iq´p-Iq-´p-∂-Xn-t\m If-n-°p-∂-Xnt\m kabw XnI-bm-dn-√. ]mXn-h-gn-

bn¬ apS-ßn-t∏mb ]T\w XpS-ßn-h-®-XmWv Aa¬ Ct∏mƒ. ̀ mhn-bn¬ Bcm-I-W-sa-∂p≈

tNmZyw t]mepw Aa-en\v A{]-k-‡-am-bmWv tXm∂n-b-Xv. `mhn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Bi-¶sfm

Nn´-bn-√mØ ]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsfm Aa-ens\ Bi-¶-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-√. kl-]m-Tn-Iƒ Xß-

fpsS IqsS Iq´m-ØXn\m¬ Aa¬ Gsd ZpxJn-X-\m-Wv. hoń¬ \n∂pw kvIqfn¬ \n∂pw

bmsXmcp ]n¥p-Wbpw C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ssZ\w Zn\ Imcy-ßƒ t]mepw \nd-th-‰-sX-bmWv

Ah≥ an°-t∏mgpw kvIqfn-te-s°Øp-∂Xv. \n¿Z-bcm-bp≈ A[ym-]-I-cpsS s]cp-am-‰hpw

Aa-en\v Gsd hnj-a-ap-≠m-°p-∂p. {]Xy-£-Øn¬ Xs∂ bmsXmcp BtcmKy ioehpw

]men-bv°mØØn\m¬ CXv hcp-Øn-h-°p∂ A\m-tcm-Ky-_p-≤n-ap-́ p-Isf°pdn®v H´pw Xs∂

t_m[-hm-\-√.

\nK-a\w

hnZym-̀ ym-kw, Atcm-Kyw, hkv{Xw, ]m¿]nSw aXp-em-bh a\p-jys‚ ASn-ÿm-\m-h-iy-ßfpw

Ah-Im-i-ß-fp -am -Wm-∂n-cns° Ah-cn -j-°yX kaq-l-Øns‚ tae-¶n -b-Wn™v

kvIo¿ÆXIƒ°p\-Sp-hn¬ \nc-¥cw ]m¿iy-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-́ p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-I-bmWv ]c-

º-cm-lX a’y--sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ipń-Iƒ. hnZym-`ymkw Ipń-bpsS Ah-Im-i-

ambn amdn-bn´pw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-ambn Ac-£n-Im-hÿ Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-Im-

isØ Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp-Ø-∂p.


BapJw

]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ym-ksØ°pdn®v a’y-

sØm-gn-emfn {Kma-Ønse Ipń-I-tfmSpw Ah-cpsS c£n-Xm-°-tfmSpw {]kvXpX Ipń-Iƒ

]Tn-°p∂ hnZym-e-b-ß-fnse A[ym-]-I-tcmSpw ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS Ah-ÿm-hn-ti-j-ß-sf-

°p-dn®v {][m-\m-[ym-]-I-t\mSpw tNmZn®p hnh-c-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI-bp-≠m-bn. Ipń-Iƒ°v

A°m-Z-anI {]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sm≥ Ah-kcw sImSp-Øp-sIm≠p Ah-bpsS \nP-

ÿnXn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. hnjb tI{μo-IrXamb N¿®-I-fn¬ CS-s]´v kwkm-cn-°m≥ Ah-

kcw \¬In Ipń-I-fpsS {]I-S\]cXsb tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpIbpw sNbvXp. Krl-k-μ¿i-\-

Øn-eqsS c£n-Xm-°ƒ°p-ff Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-amb A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ GtIm-]n-

∏n®pw {]o˛-ss{]-a-dn, AwK≥hm-Sn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS kμ¿i-\-Øn-eqsS hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-

cn®pw tIc-f-Ønse A©v Pn√-I-fn¬ Imk¿tIm-Sv, tImgn-t°m-Sv, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, Be-∏p-g,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \S-Ønb ]T-\-Øns‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fmWv NphsS \¬In-

bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Ipń-I-fn¬ \n∂pw tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ:

kmaq-lym-hÿhpambn _‘-s∏-´-Xv:

hnZym-eb CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eqsS Ipń-bn¬ hnI-kn-°p∂ kmaq-ln-I-t_m-[w, Krlm-¥-co-£-

Øn¬ Ipń°v e`n-°p∂ kmaq-ln-Ihpw ]T-\m-\p-Iq-e-hp-amb kml-N-cy-ßƒ F∂nh ]cn-

K-Wn-®-Xn¬ 57% Ipń-Iƒ icm-i-cn°v tase-bmsW∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-

™p. {Kmaw/\Kcw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-Øp-ff Ipń-Iƒ (62%) \K-c-{]-tZ-

i-Øp-ffhtc-°mƒ (52%) anI® \ne-bn-em-Wp-f-f-Xv F∂v ImWmw.

kmwkvIm-cnI]c-am-bXv:

kmaq-ly-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw, kmwkvIm-cnI ÿm]-\-ß-fmb hmb-\-im-e, ¢_p-

Iƒ Ch-bnse ]¶m-fnØw, hnZym-e-b-ß-fnse hnhn[ kmwkvIm-cnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnse

CS-s]-S¬ F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-®-Xn¬ icm-i-cn-bn¬ Xmsg (37%) Ipń-Iƒ am{Xta CØcw

CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂p-f-fp-sh∂v ]T\ØneqsS Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. G‰hpw anI®p

\n¬°p-∂Xv {KmaoW taJ-e-bnse F¬.]n hn`mKw Ipń-I-fmWv (72%). {Kma-Ønse 41%

Ipń-Ifpw \K-c-Ønse 32% Ipń-Ifpw kmwkvIm-cnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ kPo-h-ambn CS-

s]-Sp-∂p F∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™p.

kmº-ØnI]c-amb Is≠-Øp-ep-Iƒ:

Ipń-I-fpsS kmº-ØnIÿnXnbpsS hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ `£-W-e-`y-X, hnt\m-Z-bm-{X, a‰v

hnZym-e-b-Xe {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnse ]¶m-fnØw F∂n-h-bn¬ 50% hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ A\p-Iqe

{]Xn-I-cWw \¬In. {]o˛-ss{]-adn (27%) hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C (37%) Xe-ßsf At]-£n®v

A[ymbw 5

Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw \n¿tZ-i-ßfpw


F¬.]n (59%), bq.]n (59%), F®v.-Fkv (59%), F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv (58%) Xe-ß-fnse Ipń-Iƒ

kmam-t\y\ anI® kmº-ØnI \ne-bn-ep-f-f-h-cmWv F∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. {Kma-hm-

kn-I-fn¬ 41% t]cpw \K-c-hm-kn-I-fn¬ 32% t]cp-amWv kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-bp-ffhcmbn

Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-f-f-Xv.

BtcmKy]c-am-bXv:

Ipń-I-fpsS Btcm-Ky-Im-cy-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®-t∏mƒ {]mY-anI kuI-cy-ß-fpsS e`y-Xbpw

Km¿lo-Im-¥-co-£-Øn¬ t\cn-Sp∂ ]T-\-X-S- -ß-fmb c£n-Xm-°-fpsS aZy-]m-\w, ]pI-h-

en, \nXy-tcm-Kn-I-fpsS km∂n≤yw apX-em-b-h-bn¬ 33% Ipń-Ifpw tamNn-X-cm-sW∂v Is≠-

Øn-bn-́ p-≠v. Cu Ahÿ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-Øp-f-f-h¿°pw (34%) \K-c-{]-tZ-i-Øp-f-f-h¿°pw (32%)

GI-tZiw Htc-t]m-se-bm-sW∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

Iem-Im-bnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-́ -Xv.

kvIqfnse Iem-Im-bnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-epff Ipń-bpsS CS-s]-Sepw CS-s]-Sm≥ kaqlw

\¬Ip∂ ]n¥p-Wbpw BWv ]T\hnt[-b-am-°n-Xv. CXn¬ \n∂pw 53% t]¿°pw AXn-\-

h-kcaps≠∂v Is≠-Øn. F¬.-]n, bq.]n Xe-ß-fnse Ipń-Iƒ°mWv (68%) G‰hpw IqSp-

X¬ Ah-k-chpw ]n¥p-Wbpw e`n-°p-∂-Xv. {Kma\Kc hyXymkw CXn¬ bYm-{Iaw

59%hpw 47%hpw BWv.

hnZym-`ymk kuI-cy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´Xv:

em_v, sse{_-dn, kvam¿´v dqw, ]T-\sØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ ê-h-Ømb CS-s]-S-ep-

Iƒ, Bfl-hn-izmkw hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ff \n¿t±-i-ßƒ F∂nh 63% Ipń-Iƒ°p {]m]y-am-

Wv. sslkvIqƒ (82%) lb¿sk-°‚dn (79%) Xe-Øn-emWv CXv hfsc ê-{]-Z-am-bn-´p-

f-f-Xv. {Kma, \Kc hnZym-`ymk CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn¬ {Kmaw (67%) \K-c-tØ-°mƒ(58%) anI®-

Xm-sW∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ kw_-‘n-®Xv:

IS-temc hnZym¿Yn-Isf t\cn´v kzm[o-\n-°p∂ kvIqƒ ka-bw, A\p-Iq-e-amb hnZym-e-b-

Ønse a‰v LS-I-ßƒ, {]Xn-Iq-e-Im-em-h-ÿ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ̀ uXn-I-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ,

]p\-c-[n-hm-k-Øn-\p-ff kml-N-cy-ßƒ F∂nh ]cn-K-W-\bv°p h∂-t∏mƒ e`n® {]Xn-I-

cWw 59%hpw A\p-Iq-e-amWv. {]o˛-ss{]-a-dn-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ 27% am{Xta A\p-Iq-e-am-bp-

f-fp. hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-C-bn¬ CXv 44% BWv. {Kma {]tZ-i-Øp-ff hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ 64%hpw

\K-c-{]-tZ-iØv 54% hpw BWv.

]T-\-k-{º-Zmbw kw_-‘n-®Xv:

]T-\-Øns‚ Bkzm-Zy-X, CjvS-s∏´ ]T-\-am-[y-aw, Pohn-X-hp-ambn Cg-pIn-t®¿∂ ]T-\m-\p-

`-h-ßƒ, A[ym-]-I-cpsS kao-]\w F∂o Imcy-ßƒ°v 49% Ipń-Ifpw KpW-]-c-amb A`n-

{]mbw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. `qcn-]£w t]cpw (51%) am‰-ßƒ Bh-iy-am-sW∂ A`n-{]m-b-°m-

cm-Wv. shmt°-j-W¬ lb¿ sk°‚dn hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv (39%) ]n∂n-ep-f-f-h¿. {Kma-

Øn¬ (53%) \K-csØ (44%) At]-£n®v IqSp-X¬ A\p-Iq-e-amb A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.


c£n-Xm-°fn¬ \n∂v tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ßsf A`n-ÿm-\-am-°p-bp≈ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ

kmwkvIm-cnI]c-am-bXv:

hmb-\m-io-ew, hmb-\-imem AwK-Xzw, tkmjy¬ aoUnb D]-tbm-Kw, D’-hm-tLmj

]¶m-fnØw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ 64% t]¿ ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂p-sh-∂mWv c£-I¿Øm-

°ƒ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. bq.]n hn`mKw hnZym¿∞n-I-fmWv (78%) hmb-\-io-ew, D’-hm-

tLmj ]¶m-fnØw F∂n-h-bn¬ ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-Xv. {]o ss{]adn hn`m-K-Ønse

Ipń-I-fmWv (55%) a‰p hn`m-K-ß-tf-°mƒ ap∂n´p \n¬°p-∂-Xv. {Kma {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ 62%hpw,

\K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ 67% t]cp-amWv kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-Xv.

kmaq-ln-Im-hÿbpambn _‘-s∏-´Xv:

IpSpw-_-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-Im-h-ÿ, kmaq-lnI]¶m-fnØw kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ F∂n-

h-bn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]£w t]cpw (76%) kmaq-ln-I-ambn ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-h-cm-sW∂v

]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. bq.]n Xe-Øn-emWv kmaq-lnI ]nt∂m-°m-hÿ Xmc-X-tay\

IqSp-X-embn ImWp-∂-Xv. \K-c-ta-J-e-bnepw {Kma-X-e-Ønepw kmaq-ln-I-ambn henb A¥-

c-an-√m-sb∂v (bYm-{Iaw 35%, 32%) ]T-\-Øn-eqsS ImWm≥ Ign-™p.

BtcmKy Imcy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-́ Xv:

NnIn-’m-co-Xn-Iƒ, BtcmKy kwc-£W am¿§-ßƒ, ipNnXzw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ 73% Ipń-

Ifpw ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂psh∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.- bq.]n hn`m-K-amWv (17%) Btcm-

Ky-ta-J-e-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ ]nt∂m-´p-f-fXv F∂v ]T\w Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. {]o ss{]adn

apX¬ F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv hn`mKw hsc (bYm-{Iaw 33%, 17%, 15%, 27%, 17%) {Kma-ta-J-e-I-fn-

epw, hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C hn`m-K-Øn¬ \K-c-ta-J-e-bnepw (32%) Btcm-Ky-ÿnXn sa®-s∏´p

\n¬°p∂p F∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS ImWm≥ Ign-™p.

kmº-Øn-Im-hÿbpambn _‘-s∏-́ Xv:

IpSpw-_-Øns‚ kmº-Øn-Im-h-ÿ, hcp-am-\-am¿Kw a‰v kmº-ØnI CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ F∂n-

h-bn¬ 80% t]cpw kmº-ØnI ]cm-[o-\X t\cn-Sp-∂-h-cm-sW∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-

Øm≥ Ign-™p. {]o ss{]adn apX¬ F®v. Fkv.-Fkv/ hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C hsc-bp-ff F√m

hn`m-K-Ønepw (bYm-{Iaw 71%, 79%, 87%, 79%, 83%, 83%) CtX kmº-ØnI ]cm-[o-\-X-bmWv

{]I-S-am-Ip-∂-Xv. {Kma-ta-J-ebpw \K-c-ta-J-ebpw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ sa®-s∏´ kmº-

Øn-Im-hÿ {Kma-ta-J-e-bn-em-sW∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™p.

ImbnIhpambn _‘-s∏-́ Xv:

hnZym-e-b-ß-fn-tebpw hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-tebpw ImbnI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, kuI-cy-ßƒ,

a’c ]¶m-fnØw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ 71% Ipń-Iƒ ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂p F∂v ]T\w kqNn-

∏n-°p-∂p. bq.]n Xe-Ønepw (21%) hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C Xe-Ønepw (20%) ImbnI anI-hp-Iƒ

t\Sm-\p-ff Ah-k-c-ßƒ Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-sW∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øn. {]o ss{]adn

(49%), F¬.-]n (44%), bq.]n(24%), F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv (33%) hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw

F®v.-Fkv (35%) hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C (39%) hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ \K-c-ta-J-e-I-fn-ep-amWv ImbnI anI-hp-

Iƒ ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff kuI-cy-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ F∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS hy‡-am-Wv.


ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ kw_-‘n®v:

kvIqƒ, Bip-]-{Xn, s]mXp-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ, ¢mkvap-dn, em_v XpS-ßnb kuI-cy-ßƒ {]o

ss{]adn hn`m-K-Ønse hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°mWv (67%) G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ e`y-am-Ip-∂Xv F∂v

]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øn. bq.]n hn`m-K-Øn-emWv (25%) ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ G‰hpw

Ipd-hv. {]o ss{]a-dn, bq.]n. F¬.-]n, F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ (bYm-{Iaw 78%, 66%,

29%, 44%) {KmaoWtaJ-e-bnepw, F®v.-F-kv, hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ \K-c-ta-J-e-

bnepw (bYm-{Iaw 45%, 55%) ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ IqSp-X-ep≠v F∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS

Is≠-Ønbn´p-≠v.

A[ym-]-Icn¬ \n∂v tiJ-cn® hnc-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ:

kmaq-lnIhpambn _‘-s∏-´Xv:

hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS lmP¿ \ne, A[ym-]-I-cp-am-bp-ff CS-s]-S¬, kaq-l-hp-am-bp-ff CS-s]-

S¬ XpS-ßn-bh kw_‘n®v 48% Ipń-Iƒ°v XpS¿®-bmbn ¢mkn¬ lmP-cm-Im\pw ]T-\-

{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ XpS¿® ssIh-cn-°p-hm\pw Ign-™n-ń-s√∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øn.

F®v.--F-kv, {]o ss{]adn (59%) hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ sa®-s∏´ kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ep-≠v. hn.F-®v.-

F-kv.C hn`m-K-Øn¬ (43%) Xc-X-tay\ Ipdhv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. {Kma \Kc taJ-e-Iƒ

XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ (bYm-{Iaw 53.5%, 50.3%) henb A¥-c-an√ F∂v ]T\w

kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

hnZym-`ymk]c-am-bp-≈Xv:

hnZym-`ymk Imcy-ßƒ, t_m[-\-co-Xn, A°m-Z-anI \ne-hmcw XpS-ßn-bh 52% Ipń-Iƒ°v

ê-{]-Z-amWv F∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øn. bq.]n, F®v.-F-kv (66%) hn`m-K-ß-fn¬

{]kvXpX taJe-I-fn¬ Ipń-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂p. hn.F-®.-F-kv.C hn`m-K-

Øn-emWv G‰hpw Ipd-hv. {Kma \K-c-ta-J-e-Isf Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ (bYm-{Iaw 55.8%

˛ 47.78%) hnZym-`ymk Imcy-ß-fn¬ {]I-S-amb A¥-c-ap≠v F∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

BtcmKy Imcy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-́ Xv:

Btcm-Ky-Im-cy-ßƒ, ipNnXzw F∂n-h-bn¬ 64% Ipń-Iƒ ap∂n´p \n¬°p-∂p-sh∂v ]T-\-

Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øn. F®v.-Fkv Xe-Øn¬ 82% Ipń-Ifpw BtcmKy Imcy-ß-fn¬ {i≤

]pe¿Øp-∂p-≠v. {]o ss{]adn hn`m-K-Øn¬ 53% Ipń-Iƒ am{X-amWv Btcm-Ky-Im-cy-ß-

fn¬ {i≤ ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xv. {Kma \Kc taJ-e-Iƒ XΩn¬ (bYm{Iw 68.7% ˛ 58.5%) {]I-S-

amb A¥-c-ap≠v F∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

ÿm]\ kwhn-[m\w kw_-‘n-®Xv:

ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ùXnI kml-N-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ Xr]vXn-I-c-

amb \ne-hm-c-amsW∂v (68%) ]T\w Is≠-Øn. {]o ss{]adn Ipń-Iƒ°v 35% ÿm]\

kuI-cy-ßƒ am{X-amWv e`y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. F®v.-Fkv hn`m-K-Øn¬ 91% ÿm]\ kuI-cy-

ßƒ e`y-am-sW∂v Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. {Kma ˛ \K-c-ta-J-e-I-fnse (bYm-{Iaw 70.5% ˛-

65.5%) ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn¬ A{X henb A¥-c-an√ F∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.


]T\ k{º-Zmbw kw_-‘n-®Xv:

]T\ t_m[\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbn aƒń-ao-Un-b, sse{_dn F∂nh 68% A[ym-]-Icpw

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xmbn ]T\w Is≠-Øn. F®v.-Fkv taJebnemWv (85%) G‰hpw A[nIw

sse{_dn aƒń aoUnb km[y-X-I-fpsS D]-tbm-K-ap-f-f-Xv. {]o ss{]adn hn`m-K-Øn-emWv

(42%) G‰hpw Ipdhv. {Kma \Kc taJ-e-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ (bYm-{Iaw 68.5% ˛

57.5%) {Kma-ta-J-e-bn¬ aƒń-ao-Unb km[y-X-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw \K-c-ta-J-e-tb-°mƒ IqSp-

X-em-sW∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

hnZym-̀ ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ kw_-‘n® Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ:

A°m-Z-anIam-bp-≈h:

A°m-Z-anI Imcy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´v hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-°nb-t∏mƒ sse{_-

dn, em_v, ssPh sshhn[y DZym-\w, Im¿jnI CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ KpW-]-c-amb

{]Xn-I-cWw \S-Ønb hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ 86% BWv. sse{_dn 94% kvIqfnepw

em_v 72% kvIqfn-epw, ssPh sshhn[y DZym\w 86% kvIqfn-epw, Im¿jnI CSs]Sep-Iƒ

89% kvIqfp-I-fnepw D≠v. \Kc {]tZ-iØpw (81%) {Kma-{]-tZiØpw (81%) A°m-Z-anI

kuI-cy-ßƒ Hcp t]mse-bm-sW∂v ]T\w sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.

sF.‰n. km[y-X-Iƒ kw_-‘n®v:

\qX\ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ ]T-\-t_m-[-\-Øn¬ Cg-tN¿Øv ÿmbn-bmbn ]T\ coXn-

Iƒ Ah-ew-_n-°m-\p-ff D]m-[n-I-fmb C‚¿s\‰v kvam¿´v ¢mkv apdn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS

D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ 79% kvIqfp-Ifpw anI-®p-\n¬°p-∂p. C‚¿s\-‰n¬ 95% kvIqfp-I-fpw, kam¿ v́

¢mkv apdn-I-fn¬ 62% kvIqfp-Ifpw kzbw ]cym-]vX-am-sW∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. {KmaoW

taJ-e-bn¬ 73%hpw \K-c-ta-J-e-bn¬ 84% ÿm]-\-ßfpw anI® sF.‰n ]T-\-km-[y-X-bp-≈-

h-bmWv F∂v ]T\ØneqsS Is≠Øm≥ Ign-™n-´p-≠v.

ùXnI kml-N-cy-ßƒ kw_-‘n®v:

kvIqfn¬ Ahiyw th≠p∂ iuNm-e-b-ßƒ, IpSn-sh-ffw, Ifn-ÿ-ew, Np‰p-a-Xn¬, HmUn-

t‰m-dnbw F∂o ùXnIku-I-cy-ß-fpsS e`y-X-bn¬ 86% hnZym-e-b-ßfpw kzbw ]cym-]vX-

am-sW∂v ]T\w sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. kz¥-ambn Ifn-ÿ-ew(94%) iuNm-ebw (97%), kv{Xo

kulrZ iuNm-ebw (96%), HmUn-t‰m-dnbw (92%) Np‰p-a-Xn¬ (62%) F∂n-h- hnZym-̀ ymk ÿm]-

\-ßfn¬ Ds≠∂v ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p. \K-c-{]-tZ-isØ hnZym-̀ ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ (90%)

ùXnI kuI-cyßƒ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-Øp-f-f-h-tb-°mƒ (80%) IqSp-X-embn ImWp-∂p.

kmaq-ln-Im-hÿ kw_-‘n®v:

hnZym-̀ ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ kmaqly CS-s]-S¬ LS-I-ß-fmb FkvFwkn/ ]nSnF, ]q¿Δ

hnZym¿Yn kwL-S-\, k∂-≤-kw-L-S\ F∂n-h-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w `qcn-]£w (83%) ÿm]-

\-ß-fnepw Xr]vXn-I-c-am-Wv. {KmaoW taJ-esb At]-£n®v (80%) \K-c-ta-J-e-bn¬ CXv

Iptd-IqSn i‡-amWv (85%) F∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Ønbncn-°p-∂p.


Ipń-I-fpsS A®ohv sa‚pambn _‘-s∏´ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ:

]c-º-cm-lX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ßfnse Ipń-I-fn¬ {]oss{]-adn hn`m-K-Øn¬ 72%

Ipń-Ifpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijn ssIh-cn-®-Xmbn ]T\Øn¬ \n∂v Is≠-Ønbn´p-≠v.

]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw_-ß-fnse Ipń-I-fn¬ {]oss{]-adn hn`m-K-Øn¬ 61%

Ipń-Ifpw {]I-S-\-]-c-X-bn¬ anI® \nc-hmcw ]pe¿Øn.

]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ipń-I-fn¬ temh¿ ss{]adn hn`m-K-Øn¬

]Tn-°p∂ 38% Ipń-Ifpw ae-bmfw hmb\bn¬ anIhv ]pe¿Øp-s∂∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS

Is≠-Øn. F∂m¬ _m°n-bp≈Xn¬ 51% t]¿ X∏n-X-S™v hmbn°p-tºmƒ 9% Ipń-Iƒ

Xosc hmbn-°m≥ Adn-bm-Ø-h-cm-Wv.

• F¬.-]n. hn`m-K-Øn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ 35% Ipń-Iƒ ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tijn

t\Sp-∂-Xn¬ ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-®n-́ p-≠v. F∂m¬ 25% t]¿ hfsc ]n∂m°w \n¬°p-

∂-h-cm-sW∂v ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

• F¬.-]n. hn`m-K-Øn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ 26% Ipń-Iƒ ae-bmfw ̀ mj-W-Øn¬ anI®p \n¬°p-

tºmƒ 18% hfsc ]n∂m-°-amWv.

• F¬.]n hn`m-K-Øn¬ 33% t]¿ KWn-X-{Io-b-Iƒ sNøm≥ tijn B¿÷n-®-h-cm-Wv.

45% icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ \nev°p-tºmƒ 22% t]¿°v KWn-Xm-i-b-ßƒ ê-{]-Z-

ambn t\Sm≥ Ign-™n-ń-√. Ch¿°v KWnX {Iob-Iƒ sNøp-∂-Xn\p Ign-bp-∂pan-√.

• ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse bq.]n hn`m-K-Øn¬, Ipń-I-fn¬ 30%

t]¿ ae-bmfw hmb-\-bn¬ anI®p \n¬°p-∂p. F∂m¬ 12% t]¿°v ae-bmfw icn-

bmbn hmbn-°m-\-dn-bn-√ F∂v ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

• bq.]n Xe-Øn¬ KWn-X-hpambn _‘-s∏ v́ 24% Ipń-Iƒ am{X-amWv KWnX {Iob-Iƒ

A\m-tb-k\ sNøp-∂-sX∂v ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. icmin 57% Ipń-Iƒ°v KWnX

{Iob-Iƒ sNbvXv DØ-c-Øn-te-s°-Øm≥ Ign-bmsX t]mIp-∂p. CXn¬ 19% t]¿ KWn-

X-Øns‚ bmsXm-cp-hn[ tijn-Ifpw C√ F∂Xv {]tXyIw {i≤n-t°-≠- Im-cy-am-Wv.

• bq.]n Xe-Øn¬ hnj-bm-kv]-Z-ambn \evInb N¿®-bn¬/kwhm-Z-Øn¬ 21% t]¿ hnj-

b-Øn¬ CS-s]-´psIm≠v \∂mbn kwkm-cn-®p. F∂m¬ CXn¬ 24% Ipń-Iƒ

bmsXmcphn[ A`n-{]mb {]I-S\w \S-Øn-bn-√ F∂v Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™p.

• bq.]n Xe-Øn¬ ""Cw•ojv hmb-\-bn¬ 22% Ipń-Iƒ Cw•ojv hmbn-°m≥ Ign-hp-≈-

h-cmbn ]T\w Is≠-Øn. F∂m¬ 13% t]¿°v Xosc hmbn-bv°m-\-dn-bm-Ø-h-cmbn

Ds≠∂v ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

• bq.]n Xe-Øn¬ 21% t]¿°v Gsd-°psd sa®-s∏´ coXn-bn¬ Cw•ojv kwkm-cn-bv°m-

\-dn-bmw. F∂m¬ 21% t]¿ Cu tijn ssIh-cn-bv°m-Ø-h-cmbn Ds≠∂v ]T\w

hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

• sslkv°q-fn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ 36% Ipń-Iƒ°p \∂mbn ae-bmfw `mjWw sNøm-\-dn-

bmsa∂v ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ 8% t]¿°v Hgp-t°msS kwkm-cn-°m≥ Ign-

bp-∂n√ F∂v ]T\w hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.


• sslkv°q-fn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ Ipń-I-fn¬ 38% t]¿°pw ae-bmfw \∂mbn hmbn°m-\dn-

bmw. F∂m¬ 6% t]¿ Xosc hmbn-°m-\-dn-bm-Ø-h-cm-Wv F∂Xv Kuc-h-tØmsS

ItW-≠-Xm-Wv.

• sslkv°q-fn¬ ]Tn-bv°p∂ 21% t]¿°v Cw•ojv `mj \∂mbn ssIImcyw sNøm≥

km[n-bv°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ 66% t]¿°v icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Ømt\ Ign-bp-

∂p-≈p. 13% t]¿°v Cw•ojv `mj Xosc ssIImcyw sNøm-\-dn-bm-Ø-h-cm-sW∂v

]T\w hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.

• lb¿sk-°-≠-dn-bn¬ 45% t]¿°pw ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\ \∂mbn ssIImcyw sNøm≥

km[n-°p∂p F∂m¬ 3% t]¿ CXn¬ Gsd ]n∂m°w \nev°p-∂p.

• lb¿sk-°-≠dn Xe-Øn¬ 48% t]¿ ae-bmfw ˛ `mj-W-Øn¬ Gsd ap∂nemWv.

F∂m¬ 3% t]¿ Gsd ]n∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-h-cmbn ]T\w hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.

• lb¿ sk°‚dn Xe-Øn¬ 26% t]¿ \∂mbn Cw•ojv hmbn-°m-\m-dn-bp-∂-h-cm-Wv.

F∂m¬ 2% t]¿ Gsd ]n∂m°w \nev°p-∂p.

• lb¿ sk°-≠-dn-X-e-Øn¬ 24% t]¿ \∂mbn Cw•ojv kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.

F∂m¬ 6% Ipń-Iƒ Cw•ojv kwkm-cn-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ Gsd ]n∂m°w \nev°p-∂p.

• lb¿ sk°‚n Xe-Øn¬ 27% t]¿ hnj-bm-kv]-Z-ambn ae-bmfw N¿®-sNøp∂Xnepw

kwhm-Z-Ønepw anI® \nehmcw ]pe¿Øn. F∂m¬ 15% t]¿ bmsXm-cp-hn[ A`n-

{]mb {]I-S-\hpw \S-Øn-bn-ń√ F∂v ]T\w hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.

• hn.®v. Fkv.-C.-bn¬ 7% t]¿ am{X-amWv Cw•ojv hmb-\-bn¬ anI® \ne-hmcw

]pe¿ØnbXv. 15% t]¿ Gsd ]n∂m°w \nev°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. C°m-cy-ßƒ Kuc-

h-tØmsS ImW-\w.

• AXp-t]mse hn.F-®v.-F-kv.Cu bn¬ Cw•ojv `mj-W-Øn¬ 10% Ipń-Iƒ am{X-amWv

anI®v \ne-hmcw ]pe¿ØnbXv. am{X-a√ 8% Ipń-Iƒ°v kw`m-j-W-Nm-Xpcn C√ F∂p

]T\w hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. CXpw Kuc-h]-c-ambn ImsW-≠-Xp-≠v.

• hn.F-®v.-F-kv.Cu Xe-Øn¬ 26% t]¿ ae-bmfw \∂mbn hmbn-°m-\-dn-bm-hp-∂-h-cm-

Wv. F∂m¬ _m°n 74% t]cpw icm-icn hmb\m \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-cm-sW∂v

]T\w hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.

• hn.F-®v.-F-kv. Cu bn¬Øs∂ 23% t]¿ \∂mbn ae-bmfw `mjWw ssIImcyw

sNøp-∂-hcm-Wv. F∂m¬ 1% am{X-amWv AXn¬ ]n∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-Xv.

• hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C bn¬ ae-bmfw N¿®/kwhmZw \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ 25% t]¿ anI® \ne-

hmcw ]pe¿Øp-tºmƒ 31% t]¿ hfsc ]n∂m-°-am-sW∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

tIkvÃUn 1

$ ASn-°-Sn-bp-≠m-Ip∂ {]IrXn Zpc-¥-ßƒ Ipń-I-fpsS ]T-\-ßfpw kvIfp-I-fpsS ssZ\w

Zn\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°p-∂p.

tIkvÃUn 2

$ kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-Ihpamb A[y-]\w a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ipń-

I-fpsS hf¿®bv°pw hnI-k-\-Øn\pw `wKw hcp-Øp-∂p.


\n¿tZi-ßƒ

]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-hpambn _‘-

s∏-SpØn \S-Ønb Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb \n¿t±-i-ß-fmWv NphsS

sImSp-°p-∂-Xv.

1. kmap-ly]c-am-bh:

$ Xoc-tZi hnZym-`ymk hmf-≠n-b¿amsc D]tbm-K-s∏-SpØn -2 apX¬ +2 hsc-bp≈

hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS kvIqƒ {]th-i\w Dd-∏m-°-Ww.

$ ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw, bqWnt^mw Dƒ∏-sS-bp≈ ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p kuP-

\y-ambn e`n-°p∂ kml-Ncyw D≠m-hWw.

$ s]mXp kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ CS-s]-S¬ kμ¿`-ßƒ h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ DX-Ip∂ hy‡n-Xz-

hn-I-k\ Iymºp-Iƒ, inev]-im-e-Iƒ, kl-hm-k-Iym-ºp-Iƒ, {]Ir-Xn-]-T-\-Iym-ºp-Iƒ

XpS-ßn-bh hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v th≠n kwL-Sn-∏n-°-Ww.

$ Ipń-Iƒ°v ̂ e-{]-Z-amb ]T-\-km-l-N-cyw Hcp-°p-∂-Xns‚ ̀ mK-ambn Ccp-∂p-]-Tn-°m≥

tIk-c, shs®-gp-Xm≥ tai, ]T-t\m-]-I-c-Wßƒ kq£n-°≥ sj¬^v F∂nh e`y-

am-°-Ww.

$ s]mXp hnZym-`ymk kwc-£-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn IS-temc {]-tZ-isØ hnZym-e-b-

ßƒ ÿm]-\-]-c-ambn sas®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v ]q¿h-hn-Zym¿∞n kwL-S-\bpw hnZym-

eb hnI-k-\-k-anXnIfpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

2. kmwkvIm-cnIambh:

$ kmwkvIm-cn-tIm-∂-a-\-Øn\p Ahiyw klm-b-I-am-hp∂ ¢∫p-Iƒ, hmb-\-im-e-Iƒ

XpS-ßnb kmaq-ly-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ IS-tem-cØv [mcm-f-ambn D≠m-h-Ww.

$ F¬.-]n. apX¬ lb¿ sk°-≠-dn-Xew hsc-bp≈ Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw s]mXp-P-\-ß-fp-

tSbpw A[n-I-hm-b-\sb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m≥ {KŸ-im-e-Iƒ ÿm]n-°-Ww.

$ c£n-Xm-°-fpsS hmb\m ioew, kmwkvIm-cnI CS-s]-S¬ F∂nh h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥

klm-b-I-c-am-hp∂ {KmaoW ]pkvXI hnX-cW ]cn-]mSn \S-∏m-°-Ww. h\nXm

sset{_-dn-b≥am-cpsS tkh\w D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

3. kmº-ØnI]c-am-bXv:

$ {]`m-X, kmbm” `£W hnX-cWw Xoc-tZ-i-hn-Zym-e-b-ßsf tI{μo-I-cn®v \S-∏n-em-

°-Ww.

$ IS-tem-c-Øn-\-∏p-d-ap-ff ̀ qhn-`m-K-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v sNdn-b-bm-{X-Iƒ, ]T-

\-bm-{X-Iƒ F∂nh hnZym-ebw, kmaq-ly ÿm]-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬

h¿j-Øn¬ c≠p-X-h-W-sb-¶nepw \S-∏n-em-°-Ww.

$ kmº-ØnI kzm{i-bØzw a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v Npcp-ßnb

]en-i-\n-c-°n¬ [\-k-lmbw e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v kl-I-c-W-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ s]mXp-ta-Jem

_m¶p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS klmbw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww.

$ IS-tem-c-sØ IpSpw-_{io kwhn-[m\w i‡n-s∏-SpØn IS¬ hn`-h-ß-fpsS kwkvI-

c-Ww, hn]-W-\w F∂o taJ-e-Ifn¬ kzbw sXmgn¬ kwc`ßƒ°v t{]m’m-l\w

\¬I-Ww.


$ B[p-\nI imkv{X-⁄m\w D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn IS¬ hn`-h-ß-fpsS aqey-h¿≤nX

D¬]∂ hnX-cW kwhn-[m\w Hcp°n h\n-X-Iƒ°v sXmgn¬ Dd-∏p-h-cpØn Ipń-

Iƒ°v sa®-s∏´ kmº-ØnI Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-°-Ww.

$ a’y hn]-W\ taJ-e-bnse kzm{i-b-kw-L-ßsf im‡o-I-cn®v a’y-_-‘-\-Øn\v

G¿s∏-Sp∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS kmº-ØnI D∂-a-\-Øn-\p-th≠n em`w hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-

\p-ff Ah-kcw a’y-s^-Uns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S-°-Ww.

$ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v C∂v e`n-°p∂ ssÃ]≥Uv XpI XnI®pw A]-cym-]vX-am-b-Xn\m¬

h¿≤-\hv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.

4. BtcmKy]c-am-bh

$ at’y-Xc `£-W-Øns‚ D]-tbmKw hnZym¿Yn-I-fn¬ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn hnZym-

e-b-ßƒ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn®v t]mjI ZmcnZyw \n¿am¿P\w sNø-Ww.

$ k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ hymP-hm‰v tI{μ-ßƒs°-Xn-scbpw AanX aZy-

]m-\-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp-ap-ff Iymssºbn\p-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

$ kmaqly \oXn-h-Ip-∏ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ lb¿sk-°‚dn Xe-Øn¬ \S∂p hcp∂

"kulrZ' ¢_p-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w IS-temc taJ-esb elcn hnap-‡-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw

Ipń-Isf el-cn-hn-ap-‡-cm-°p-∂-Xn\pw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

5. ImbnI]c-am-bh

$ IS-tem-csØ bph-P\Xbv°v {]mapJyw e`n-°m≥ a’y-sØm-gn-emfn {Kma-ßsf

tIm¿Øn-W°n Pn√m-Xe kwÿm-\-Xe Iem-Im-bnI a’-c-ßƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°-Ww.

$ kwÿm\ kvt]m¿Svkv Iu¨kn-ens‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ IS-tem-c-a-°ƒ°p Imbn-I-cw-

KØp {]tXyI ]cn-io-e\w kwL-Sn∏n-°-Ww.

$ IS-tem-csØ ]qgn-a-Æn¬ Imbn-I-hn-t\m-Z-ßƒ°p-ff kml-N-cy-ßƒ \ne-hn-en-√m-

Ø-Xn-\m¬, tIm¿´p-Iƒ, {Sm°p-Iƒ F∂nh bph-P-\-t£a hIp-∏ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬

cq]-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

6. hnZym-̀ ymk ]c-am-bh:

$ XpS¿hnZym-`ymksØ°p-dn®pw tPmen-km-[y-X-I-sf-°p-dn®pw Dff Ah-t_m[w P\n-

∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Icn-b¿ ssKU≥kv, Iu¨kn-enwKv ¢mkp-Iƒ Imen-I-ambn \S-Ø-Ww.

$ shmt°-j-W¬ lb¿sk-°‚dnIfn¬ a’y-_-‘-\w, kwkvI-cWw AIzm-‰nIv _tbm-

f-Pn, ^njv B‚ v ^nj-dokv XpS-ßnb tImgvkp-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

$ \o‰v ]co-£-bn¬ a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS a°ƒ°v ̂ nj-dokv tImgvkp-Iƒ°p {]th-

i\w e`n-°m≥ shbnt‰Pv \¬I-Ww.

$ ^nj-dokv taJ-e-bnse bph-Xo-bp-hm-°ƒ°mbn Ub-‰ns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ kvs]jy¬

Un.F¬.-C.Un tImgvkp-Iƒ \SØn Cu taJ-e-bn¬ A[ym-]-I-cmbn \nb-an-°-Ww.

$ ^njdokv taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnjbßƒ Hm]v‰v sNbvXv ]Tn-°m≥ ]mTy-]-≤-

X-bn¬ Ah-kcw B°-Ww.

7. ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m\hpambn _‘-s∏-́ h

$ XpS¿®-bm-bp-≠m-Ip∂ {]IrXnt£m`-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw kwc-£Ww e`n-°m≥ Anti di-

saster shelter -Iƒ A\p-tbm-Py-amb CS-ß-fn¬ multipurpose - Bbn ÿm]n-°-Ww.


$ a’ysØm-gn-emfn kv{XoI-fpsS sXmgn¬ kabw ]cn-K-Wn®v {]o -̨kvIq-fp-I-fpsS (A¶W-

hm-Sn, {]o˛-ss{]-adn) {]h¿Ø\kabw {Iao-I-cn-°-Ww.

$ a’ysØmgn-emfn {Kma-ß-fnse hnZym-e-b-ß-fnse Ipń-I-fpsS ImbnI hnI-k-\-Øn\p

klm-b-I-amb Ifn-ÿ-e-ßƒ \n¿an°Ww.

8. A°m-Z-anIw/ ]T\ k{º-Zm-bw F∂n-h-b-ambn _‘-s∏-́ h

$ ]T\w A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-°m≥ B[p-\nI kt¶-X-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw em_v,

sse{_dn kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ k{In-b-am-°p-Ibpw thWw.

$ {]mtZ-in-I-ambn e`y-amb A`y-kvX-hn-Zysc D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn kl-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS ]T-

\-]n-∂m-°m-hÿ ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw kmaq-ly-aq-ey-ßƒ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m\pw ]T-\-ho-

Sp-Iƒ ¢_p-Iƒ, hmb-\-im-e, kuI-cy-ap-ff Krl-ßƒ F∂nh tI{μo-I-cn®v kwL-Sn-

∏n-°-Ww.

9. sF.Snbpambn _‘-s∏-´h:

$ IS-temc {]tZ-isØ Ipń-Isf kw_-‘-n®n-S-tØmfw a‰p taJ-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´

A\p-̀ -h-ßƒ e`n-°pI hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. sF.Sn taJ-ebp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn AØcw

ZznXob hnh-c-ßƒ \¬Im≥ km[n-°pw. Ah F√m hn`mKw Ipń-Iƒ°pw e`n-°m≥

Bh-iy-amb sF.Sn D]-I-c-W--ßƒ Xoc-tZ-isØ F√m hnZym-e-b-ß-fnepw ÿm]n-°-Ww.

$ Bh¿Øn-®p-ff {]Ir-Xn-t£m-`-ßƒ aqew sshZyp-Xn-Ø-I-cmdv kw`-hn-°p-tºmƒ "ka-

{K' t]m¿´-ep-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ]mTm-kq-{XWw \SØn ¢mkv apdn-bnseØp∂

A[ym-]n-Ibv°v t_m[\ {]{Inb kpK-a-ambn \S-Øm≥ Ign-bn-√. Bb-Xn-\m¬ P\-

td-‰-dp-Iƒ {]mY-anI hnZym-e-b-Øn-e-S°w ÿm]n-°-Ww.

$ Xoc-tZ-isØ Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Iƒ Ipń-I-fpsS A[n-I-]-T-\-

Øn-\mbn Xbm-dm-°-Ww.

$ AXn-Po-h-\-Øns‚ aps∂m-cp-°-ßƒ Xoc-tZ-isØ Ipń-Iƒ°v {]mY-anI hnZym-ebw

apX¬ e`n-°m≥ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Ipń-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ thWw.

A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn

ss{]a-dn-Xew

`mj

$ hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS hmb-\m-ioew h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v F¬.-]n.-hn-̀ m-K-Øn¬ hmb-\-Im¿Up-

Ifpw bp.]n hn`m-K-Øn¬ sNdp ]pkvX-I-ßfpw sslkvIqƒ, lb¿sk-°‚dn hn`m-K-

Øn\v hnhn[ hnj-b-ta-J-e-bn-ep-ff ]pkvX-I-ßfpw ¢mkv sse{_-dn-bn¬ e`y-am-°-Ww.

$ Xoc-{]-tZ-isØ hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ `mjm-]n-t∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bn-ep-ff Ipń-Iƒ°mbn

kvs]jy¬ ]mt°Pv Xbm-dm°n \S-∏m-°-Ww.

]cn-k-c-]-T\w

$ ae-\m-ń-te°pw ]´-W-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-te°pw sNdp-]-T-\-bm-{X-Iƒ F¬.]n Xew apX¬

\S-∏m-°-Ww.

$ \mSn-s\-b-dn-b¬ t{]mPIvSv tIc-fsØ IqSp-X¬ a\- n-em-°m≥ \S-∏m-°-Ww.

KWnXw

$ KWnX em_p-Iƒ F√m hnZym-e-b-ß-fnepw \S-∏m-°-Ww. KWnX ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-

ßƒ AhnsS e`y-am-°-Ww.


$ bq.]n hn`m-K-Øn\v KWnXw efnXw kvs]jy¬ ]mt°Pv \S-∏nem-°-Ww. CXn\v

Xt±-i-kz-bw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS t\XrXzw D≠m-h-Ww.

$ KWn-X-Øn¬ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p XmXv]cyw hf¿Øm≥ KWn-X-taf kvIqƒ Xe-Øn¬

kwL-Sn-∏n-°-Ww.

sslkvIqƒ ˛ lb¿sk-°‚dn Xew

ae-bmf `mj

$ N¿®, kwhm-Zw, {]kw-Kw, skan-\m¿ Ah-X-c-Ww. Akw-ªo-bn¬ Ah-X-cWw F∂n-

ßs\bpff kzm`m-hnI `mjWkμ¿`-ßƒ hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ [mcm-f-ambn Hcp-°-Ww.

$ Ipń-I-fpsS Krl-]-cn-k-cØv cq]o-Ir-X-am-Ip∂ ]T-\-ho-Sp-I-fn¬ F®v.-Fkv/F®v.-F-kv.-

Fkv Ipń-Iƒ°v t\Xr-Xz-]-c-amb Npa-Xe \¬In `mjWw {]tNm-Zn-∏n-°-Ww.

$ amXr-`m-j-bn-ep≈ k¿§m-flI cN-\-Iƒ°p-ff Iymºp-Iƒ hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ kwL-Sn-

∏n-°-Ww. e`y-amb kmln-Xy-Im-c≥amsc ]s¶-Sp-∏n-°-Ww.

Cw•ojv

$ Cw•ojv `mjm sa®-s∏-S-en-\mbn ss{]a-dn- ¢mkn¬ Ct∏mƒ \S-∏n-em-°n-s°m-≠n-cn-

°p∂ ltem Cw•ojv ]≤Xn hnP-bn-∏n-°m-\m-h-iy-amb ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßƒ

Hcp-°-Ww.

$ bq.]n Cw•o-jn\v sF.Sn kwhn-[m-\-sam-cp°n sa®-s∏´ Cw•ojv tIƒ°m\pw kw`m-

jWw sNøm-\p-ap-ff Ah-kcw Hcp-°-Ww.

$ Cw•ojv `mjm-¢-_ns‚ cq]o-I-cWw sslkvIqƒ/ lb¿sk-°-≠-dn-bn¬ \S-°-Ww.

{]h¿Øn-∏n-°-Ww.

$ Cw•ojv ¢_ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ `mj-Ww, teJ\w Ah-k-c-ßƒ hnZym-e-b-Øn¬

\S-∏m-°-Ww.

$ F¬.]n apX¬ lb¿sk-°‚-dn-Xew hsc-bp-ff Ipń-I-fpsS Cw•ojv cN-\-Iƒ Dƒs∏-

SpØn A®-Sn® {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-Ww.

$ Cw•ojv hnZ-Kv[-cpsS ¢mkp-Iƒ {ihn-°m\pw N¿®-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m\pw Ah-kcw

hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ \¬I-Ww.

$ Cw•ojv s^Ãv hnZym-e-b-X-e-Øn¬ \S-Øm≥ Xt±ikzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ

ap≥ssI FSp-°-Ww. Ipń-I-fpsS Cw•ojv kvIn‰v AS-°-ap-f-f. ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-Øm≥

{]tXyIw {i≤n-°-Ww.

$ ]n.‰n.F ao‰nw-K-I-fn¬ tIkv ÃUn a’v#b-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fmb c£-I¿Øm-°-fpsS

]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I.

$ {]IrXn Zpc-¥-X-ßƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-s°m≠v a’ysØmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Poh\w

kzØn\pw kpc-£-tb-Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn {]tXyI kpc£ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ Hcp-°p-I.

$ ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse c£-I¿Øm-°ƒ°mbn Ipń-I-fpsS

hnZym-`ym-ksØ°pdn®pw Ah-Im-i-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ t_m[-h-Xv°-c-W-ßƒ kvIqfp-

I-fn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.


hy‡n-KX hnh-cW D]m[n

Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn tIcfw tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-

ß-fnse Ipń-I-fpsS hy‡n-K-X-amb hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Xbm-dm-

°n-bn-´p≈ hnh-cW D]m[n

1. t]cv :

2. kvIqfns‚ t]cv :

3. hbkv :

4. ta¬hn-emkw :

5. ¢mkv :

6. A—s‚ t]cv :

7. A—s‚ sXmgn¬ :

8. A—s‚ hnZym-`ymkw :

9. aI≥ Bcm-I-W-sa-∂p≈ B{Klw :

10. AΩ-bpsS t]cv

11. sXmgn¬ :

12. hnZym-`ymkw :

13. aI≥ Bcm-I-W-sa-∂p≈ B{Klw :

14. ktlm-Z-c-ß-fpsS FÆw :

15. IpSpw-_-Ønse BsI AwK-kJy :

16. ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿ F{X :

17. IpSpw-_Øv tcmKn-I-fmb Bsc-¶n-ep-apt≠m?

18. I°q-kv, Ipfn-ap-dn, InW¿, ssh≤ypXn apX-emb kuI-cy-ßƒ:

kmaq-lnIw

19. Ab¬ ]°-hp-ambn \√ _‘w ]pe¿Øp-∂pt≠m :

20. ]{Xw, Sohn XpS-ßnb am[y-a-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-dpt≠m:

21. kmaq-lnI kwL-S-\-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂v {]h¿Øn-°m-dpt≠m:


22. ¢mkn¬ Iq´p-Im-tcm-sSm∏w Iq´p IqSm-dpt≠m:

23. kpJhpw ZpJhpw D‰ krlr-Øp-°-fp-ambn ]¶p-h-°m-dps≠m:

24. ¢mknse F√m Iq´p-Im-tcmSpw N¶mØw IqSm-dpt≠m:

am\-knIw

25. a‰p-≈-h¿ \nß-tfmSv \n¿Zm£Wyw s]cp-am-dp-tºmƒ k¶Sw tXm∂m-dps≠m:

26. AXn-k-¶o¿Æ-amb {]iv\-ßƒ am\-kn-I-ambn _p≤n-ap-ń-bv°m-dps≠m:

BtcmKyw

27. GsX-¶nepw imco-cnI _p≤n-ap´v Ae-´m-dpt≠m :

28. icn-c-Øn-\m-\p-]m-Xn-I-amb \ofhpw Xq°hpw Dt≠m :

29. IyXy-ambn saUn-°¬ sN°-∏p-Iƒ \S-Øm-dpt≠m :

30. hmIvkn-\p-Iƒ FSp-°p-∂-Xn¬ hogvN hcp-Øm-dps≠m :

31. P\-\-k-a-bØv Fs¥-¶nepw imco-cn-I-amb _p≤n-ap´v t\cn-´ps≠m :

A°m-Z-anIw

32. kvIqfn¬ IrXy-ambn hcp-s∂ms≠m:

33. ¢mknse ]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]¶mfnbm°m-dps≠m:

34. {]tXy-I-ambn Syqj≥ kuI-cy-ßƒ Dt≠m:

35. kvIqƒ hmb-im-e-bn¬ AwKXzw Dt≠m:

kmº-ØnIw

36. ]T\ Imcy-Øn¬ kmº-ØnI _p≤n-ap´v t\cn-Sp-∂ps≠m :

37. sXmgn¬ sNøp-hm-\mbn \n¿_-‘n-X-am-Ip-∂pt≠m :


{KŸ-kq-NnI

Charles. L (2011) Health status and Health care system among the Fisher Folk inKerala. M.G University: Ph D Thesis.

Kathtikeyan. R, (2013) Rural fisher folk in southern coastal districts of Tamil Nadu, astudy with special reference to income and expenditure and itsimpact on standard of living and indebtedness. M.S.University, Tamil Nadu.

Paul.A (1980) A Study of the vocational interests of the pupils of the FisheriesHigh Schools of kerala in relation to their AchievementPatterns: Kerala University, M.Ed Thesis.

Rajesh. K (2009) Coastal Tourism in Kerala. Its impact on Economy andEnvironment. Kochin University of Science and TechnologyChochin, Ph.D Thesis.

Vijayaragahavan. K. (2009) Marine Fisheries in Malabar area – a socio economic analysis.Kannur University; Ph.D Thesis.

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w · BapJw tIcfØns‚ XoctZitaJebn¬ hkn°p∂ a’ysØmgnemfnIƒ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´ Hcp P\ kaqlamWv. kmaqlnIambpw hnZym`ymk ]cambpw Ht´sd ]cnanXnIƒ Ah¿ t\cnSp∂p≠v. Cu taJebnse