kmaq-ly-imkvXwkmaq-ly-imkvXwkmaq-ly-imkvXwkmaq-ly-imkvXwkmaq-ly-imkvXw

A[ym-]I klmbn

tIc-f-k¿°m¿

hnZym-`ym-k- h-Ip∏v

2009

Ãmt‚¿Uv

66

22

kmaq-ly-imkvXwA[ym-]-I-k-lmbn

Prepared by: State Council of Educational Research & Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram -12, Kerala. E-mail:scertkerala@asianetindia.com

Type setting by: SCERT Computer Lab.©

Government of KeralaEducation Department

2009

A°m-Z-anIv tImUnt\‰¿am¿

ioa-Xn. NnXm am[-h≥

tUm. Ie F≥.

io. ctajv sI.

A[ym-]-I-k-lmbn cN\inev]-im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿

io. ANyp-X≥Ip´n sI.

io. AtimIv Ipam¿ Sn.sI.

io. Gen-bmkv amXyp

io. tPm¿PvIp´n. Un.

io. tKm]-Ip-am¿ Pn.]n.

io. IrjvW≥Ipdnb

io. aWn-I-WvT≥ ]n.Sn.

io. taml\≥ C.kn.

io. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ ]n.

io. cmtP-µ≥ F.

io. ssj≥ i¶¿Zmkv

io. kptc-µ≥ bp.sI.

io. thWp-tKm-]m-e≥ sI.

33

]nb-s∏´ A[-ym-]-I-tc,

][m-\-s∏´ aq∂v ASn-°-√p-I-fpsS _e-Øn-emWv KCF - 2007 ]Sp-

Øp-b¿Øn-b-Xv. kmaq-ly ⁄m\-\n¿ΩnXn hmZw, ]iv\m-[n-jvTnX

kao-]-\w. hna¿i-\m-flI Nn¥ F∂n-h-bmWv Cu ASn-°-√p-Iƒ.

A[-ym-]-I¿ ⁄m\w ]I-cp-∂-h-cm-sW∂ ]c-º-cm-KX Nn¥-bn¬

\n∂pw ⁄mt\m¬]m-Z\ ]In-bbv°v kml-N-c-y-sam-cp-°p-∂-h-cm-

sW∂ ]Z-hn-bn-te°v Db¿Ø-s∏- p. Imem-\p-kr-X-ambn amdn h∂

Cu Npa-Xe e-]m-]vXn-bn-se-Øn-°m-\p≈ ia-ß-fmWv \mw \S-

Øns°m≠ncn-°p-∂-Xv.

Cu kao-]-\-a-\p-k-cn®v hnhc tiJ-c-W-Øn-\m-bn, Ip´n ]e kma-

Kn-I-fp-ambpw hy-‡n-I-fp-ambpw CS-s]-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu L -Øn¬

Xs∂ Ip´n-bn¬ DZn-°p∂ Nn¥m-[m-csb ka-Im-enI kaqlw t\cn-

Sp∂ ]iv\-ß-fp-ambn _-‘-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠nbpw hcpw. AXp-t]mse

Xs∂ hnZ-ym- -ym-k-sa-∂Xv kmam-\y t_m-[sØ AXp-t]mse G‰p-

]n-Sn-°-e-√. adn®v hntij t_m[-Øn-te°v FØn-t®-c-em-Wv. CXn-

\mbn Ip´n-bn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-t°-≠Xv hna¿i-\m-flI Nn¥-bm-

Wv.

¢mkv apdn-bv°-IØpw ]pdØpw \S-°p∂ ]In-b-bn-eqsS ImenI

]iv\-ßfp-ambn _‘-s∏´v kaq-ly CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Øm-\p≈

Ah-k-c-߃ Cu ssI∏p-kvX-I-Øn-ep-≠v. ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf Cu

hn[-Øn¬ Bkq-XWw sNøm≥ hfsc klm-b-I-amb Xc-Øn-

emWv Cu ssI∏p-kvXIw Xbm-dm-°n-bn- p-≈-Xv. A`n-]mb cq]o-I-

c-W-Øns‚ Hmtcm L´-Ønepw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn Xs‚ \ne-

]mSv kz-I-cn-°m≥ Ip´n°v Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. AXn-\p≈ km[-y-X-I-

fn-te°v hgn-Xp-d-°p-∂-Xp-amWv Cu ssI∏p-kvX-Iw.

Cu ]d™ Nn¥m [mc-Isf \mSns‚bpw hr‡n-bp-tSbpw X\Xp

]tX-y-I-X-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v hn\-y-kn-°m\pw Nn -s∏-SpØn Ah-X-cn-

∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ ]b-Xv\-Øn-eqsS \ap°v apt∂-dmw. hn`h kar-≤hpw

_u≤nI tijvT-hp-amb \h tIc-f-Ønt‚bpw `mc-XØnt‚bpw

krjvSn-°m-bp≈ \nß-fpsS ]bm-W-Øn\p apºn¬ Bth-i-]q¿∆w

A`n-am-\-]q¿∆w Cu ssI∏p-kvXIw ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.

kvt\lm-iw-k-I-tfmsS

F.-]n.-Fw. apl-ΩZv l\ojv IASUb-d-IvS¿ C≥- -Nm¿PvFkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.

44

D≈S°w

I. BapJw

II. ]pXnb kao-]-\-Øn-tebv°v

III. ]iv\m-[n-jvTnX kao-]\w

IV. kmaq-ly-imkvX kao-]\w

V. ]mT-]p-kvX-Ihpw A[-ym-]-I-k-lm-bnbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ

1. ]›naL´ØneqsS... 33 - 46

2. ChnsS Pohn-°p-∂-h¿... 47 - 54

3. `£y-kp-c£ 55 - 65

4. hyh-km-bhntijw 66 - 77

5. `qan-bn¬ \ΩpsS ÿm\w 78 - 84

6. A[n-Imcw P\-߃°v 85 - 96

7. \mSv hcbv°mw 97 - 101

8. A[zm\w kºØv 102 - 112

9. tIc-fkwÿm\-cq-]o-I-c-Ww 113 - 125

10. BtcmKyw ]q¿W-am-hm≥ 126 - 134

11. `c-W-\n¿h-lWw Pn√-bn¬ 135 - 146

hnZym`ymk-Ncn-X-Ønse G‰hpw it≤-

b-amb apt∂‰-Øn\v tIcfw Hcp-ßp-I-bm-

Wv. 2005 se tZiob Icn-°pew N´-°q-

Sns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]o˛-ss]-adn

apX¬ lb¿ sk°≥Udn hsc-bp≈

]mTy-]-≤-Xn ]p\-cm-hn-jvIcn-°m-\p≈

iaØneq-sSbmWn-Xv.

]mTy-]-≤Xn ]p\-cm-hn-jvIm-c-߃ \ap°v

]pXn-b-X-√. 1964 ¬ F≥.kn.C.-B¿.Sn.

cq]w sIm≠-tijw Ah-cpsS \n¿tZ-i-

߃ A\p-k-cn-®p≈ kne-_kv \mw \S-

∏m-°n-b-Xm-Wv. 1975se tZiob Icn-°p-

ehpw \mw ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvIm-c-

߃°v D]-tbm-Kn-®p. 1986 se hnZym-

`ymk\bhpw AX\pkcn®v tIµ

Kh¨sa‚ v cq]w\¬In-b ]h¿Ø-\-]cn-

]m-Snbpw (t]mKmw Hm v BIvj≥) \mw

Gsd-°ptd \S-∏m°n. F¶n-epw, tIc-f-

Ønse ]T\˛-t_m-[\ Xm¬]-cy-ß-

sfbpw km[y-X-I-sfbpw IW-°n-se-SpØv

ka- K -amb Hcp ]mTy -] -≤Xn°v

cq]w\¬Im-\p≈ iaw Bcw-`n-®Xv 1997

emWv. B[p-\n-I-amb hnZym-`ymkkt¶-

X-ßfpw coXn-Ifpw A\p-k-cn®v DZvK-YnX

coXn, ]In-bm-[n-jvTnX kao-]-\w, ]tbm-

Km-[n-jvTnX ¢mkvapdn-Iƒ, Ip´n Adn-

hns‚ \n¿am-Xm-hmWv F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv,

kmaqlnI Np‰p-]mSv ⁄m\\n¿an-Xn-bn¬

][m-\-am-sW∂ Xncn-®-dnhv, ka-Khpw

\nc-¥-c-hp-amb aqey-\n¿Wbw XpS-ßn-b

Bi-b-߃ AS-ßp∂ ]mTy-]-≤Xn \ne-

hn¬ h∂p. Ch-b-\p-k-cn®v ]Tn-®p-h∂

hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ lb¿ sk-°≥U-

dn-Xew ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bn-cn-°p-I-bmWv.

2005 se tZiob Icn-°pew N´-°qSpw

AXn\v B[m-c-amb \ne-]mSptcJIfpw

kzbw hna¿i-\]c-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-

\p≈ Ah-kcw \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

tZio-b- ]m-Ty-]-≤Xn N´-°qSpw

tIc-fhpw

tZiob Icn-°pew N -°q-Sns‚ kao-]-\w

\ΩpsS ]mTy-]-≤Xn C∂p t\cn-Sp∂

]iv\-ßsf apdn®pIS-°m-\p≈ Dƒ°m-

gvN- Xcp-∂p-≠v. \mw kzoI-cn® ssk≤m-

¥n-Ihpw Zm¿i-\n-Ihpw Ncn-X-]-c-hp-amb

kao-]-\-߃ tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-

°qSpw (2005) GXm≠p kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-

∂p-sh-∂Xp tIc-f-Øns‚ hnZym-`ymk

ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ°p≈ AwKo-Im-c-ambn

IW-°m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

P\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-cp-≤-amb A[n-Im-c-L-S-\-

bpsS F√m khnti-j-X-Ifpw Nn´-Ifpw

apºsØ ¢mkvap-dn-bn¬ ]Xn-^-en-®n-cp-

∂p. \n»-_vZ-X-bpsS kwkvIm-c-amWv

A∂p ¢mkvapdn-bn¬ hf¿Øm≥ ian-®-

Xv. AXn\p ]Icw kwL-]-T-\-Øn\pw

kl-h¿ØnX]T-\-Øn\pw ]mapJyw

\¬In. Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-߃ AwKo-

I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Adn-hv -t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈

Ah-cpsS \n¿Wm-bI ]¶v

ÿm]n®psImSp -°p -Ibpw sNbvXp.

CXphgn ¢mkvapdnsb P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¬°-

cn-°m≥ ian-®p.- Adn-hns‚ \n¿anXnbpw

kmaq-lnI-\n¿an-Xnbpw ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I-

ß-fmbn amdn. P\-߃ D¬]m-Z-I-cm-

]pXnb kao-]-\-Øn-te°v]pXnb kao-]-\-Øn-te°v

66

Ip∂Xn\p kam-\-ambn, ¢mkv-ap-dn-Ifnse

⁄mt\m¬]m-Z-I-cm-bn hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ

amdn.

`mhn kaq-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ImgvN-

∏mSv

`mhnkaqlsØ°pdn®pff ImgvN∏mSv

hnIkn∏n®psIm≠p amXta hnZym`ymk

cwKsØ ]cnh¿Ø\߃°p XpS°w

Ipdn°m≥ Ignbq. ]ptcmKa\]camb

Z¿i\ßfpsSbpw ]T\ßfpsSbpw

A\p`hßfpsSbpw ASnÿm\Øn¬

kaqlØnse apgph≥ hy‡nIfpsSbpw

InbmflI ]¶mfnØap≈ Hcp

`mhnkaqlsØ krjvSn-t°-≠-Xp≠v.

A]-Imcw e£y-an-Sp∂ Hcp P\m-[n-]-

Xy -kaqlØns‚ Bi-b-Xew

Dƒs°m≈p∂ ]T-\-co-Xn-bmWp kzoI-cn-

t°-≠-Xv. aXw, PmXn, kmºØn-IÿnXn,

kvXo˛-]p-cpj hyXymkw, ]mtZinIX

F∂n-h -bpsS ASn -ÿm-\ -Øn -ep≈

bmsXmcp hnthN\hpw C√mØXpw

am\hnI-Xbn¬ Du∂nbXpamb Hcp

`mhnkaq -lamWp \mw kz]v\w -

ImtW≠Xv.

$ tZiobt_m[w, kzmibXzw, X\Xp

kwkvImct]mjWw, P\m[n]Xymh-

Im-i-߃ F∂nhbv°p apJy]cn-

KW\ \¬Ip∂XmIpw Cu kaqlw.

$ Zcn-Z-P-\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS t£a-Øn\p

apJy-]-cn-K-W\ \¬Ip-∂Xpw D¬]m-

Z-\m-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp hnIk\k-

¶¬]w ap≥\n¿Øn hn`hßsf

]tbmP\s∏SpØp-∂-Xp-amb kaq-l-

amWp krjvSn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xv. \ΩpsS

am\-h-i-‡nsb kpÿncamb Hcp

hnIk\Øn\p th≠n ]tbm-P-\-s∏-

Sp -Øp∂ Hcp kaqlIaw \mw

hn`mh\ sNøp∂p.

$ a\pjys‚ Iq´mbvabnepw klIcW-

Ønepw ASnbpd®v apt∂m´pt]m-

Ip∂XmIpw Cu kaqlw. kº-

Øns‚ D¬]mZ\hpw hnXcW-hpw

\oXn]q¿hIhpw Imcy-£-a-hp-am-Ip-∂

hnIk\amXrIIƒ krjvSn°pIbpw

Ah ]cn]men°pIbpw sNøpw.

$ Adnhv s]mXpkºØmsW∂

[mcWbpsSbpw At\zjWhpw

hna¿i\mflI Nn¥bpw Adnhp -

\n¿amW ]InbbpsS ASnÿm\-

inebmsW∂ Xncn®dnhns‚bpw

ASnÿm\Øn¬ kaqlw \ho-I-cn-°-

s∏-Spw.

$ NcnX]chpw kmaqlnIhpamb

ImcWßfm¬ ]pd¥≈s∏´ hn`m-

KßtfmSp≈ hnthN\߃s°Xntc

\nc¥cw t]mcmSp∂ Cu kaqlw

kvXo°pw ]pcpj\pw kaqlØns‚

]ptcmKXnbn¬ Xpeyÿm\w

\¬Ipw.

$ kmwkvImcnIsshhn[yw am\n®p-

sIm≠v kz¥w kmwkvImcnI-

]mcºcysØ kwc£n°pIbpw

D]t`mKkwkvImcØns‚ Zpjv]-

hWXIƒs°Xntc i‡amb \ne-

]msSSp°pIbpw sNøp∂ kaqlam-

bncn°pw CXv. kmwkvImcnIcwKØv

am[ya߃ Db¿Øp∂ A\`ne-

jWobamb ]hWXIƒ Xncn®dnbp-

∂Xn\pw AXns\Xntc ]XnI-cn-°p-

∂-Xn\pw Ignbp∂Xmbncn°pw CXv.

$ kma ql nIX n∑Iƒs°Xntc

AWntNcm\pw kmaqlnI]ptcmK-

Xn°mbp≈ ]h¿Ø\߃°p

t\XrXzw \¬Im\pap≈ k∂≤X,

hn`mKobi‡nIƒ-s°Xntc i‡ambn

]XnIcn°p-∂Xn-\p≈ at\m- mhw Ch

]Xo-£nX kaq-l-Øns‚ apJ-ap-Z-bm-bn-

cn-°pw.

77

hnZym`ymke£y߃

tIcfØns‚ hnZym`ymk-

e£y߃ \n¿Wbn°ptºmƒ

C¥ybpsS kzmX¥yhpw ]cam[n -

Imchpw atXXcXzhpw P\m[n]Xyhpw

Ac°n´pd∏n°m≥ IcpØp≈ Hcp

kaqlsØ ap∂n¬ ImtW≠Xp≠v.

Db¿∂ kuµcyt_m[hpw ]hrXyp-

∑pJamb am\pjnIaqeyßfpw CXneqsS

^ehØm°m≥ IgnbWw. kpc£nXXz-

t_m[hpw NpaXem -t_m[hpw

kmaqlnIPohnXØns‚ kakvX

cwKßfnepw sXfnbWw. Xs‚ hf¿®

IpSpw_Øns‚bpw kaql-Øns‚bpw

hf¿®bpsS `mKamsW∂ Xncn®dnhv

Hmtcm hy‡nbnepw D≠mtI-≠XmWv.

kmaqlnI\oXn°p th≠nbp≈

hnZym`ymkw

kaØzØnepw \oXnbnepw

ASnbpd® Hcp kmaqlnIIaw

cq]s∏SpØm≥ Ip´nIsf k÷cm°p∂

hnZym`ymkamWp e£yantS≠Xv. CXp

P\m[n]XyØnepw aX\nct]£X-

bnepw kvXo]pcpj kaØzØnepw

A[njvTnXambncn°Ww. `cWLS\

aX-\n-c-t]-£X hn`mh\ sNøp∂p. CXp

PmXnaXmZnIfpsS t]cnep≈

kv]¿[sbbpw AIaßsfbpw

]Xntcm[n°pwhn[w i‡am°n

]cn]ment°≠Xp≠v. k¶pNnXamb

Xm¬]cyßsf XSbm\pw Iq´mbva

hf¿Øm\pw Ignbp∂ ]T\IaamWp

e£yantS≠Xv. hntamN\Øn\pw

kmaqlnIam‰Øn\pw th≠nbp≈

D]m[nbmbn hnZym`ymkw amdWw.

Bfl]Imi\Øn\pw kzXzmht_m[-

Øn\pw hgnXpd°p∂XmhWw hnZym-

`ymkw.

hnZym`ymkw k¥p-en-Xhpw hnth-I-

]q¿W-hp-amb hnIk\Øn\v

]cnÿnXnkwc£WsØ°pdn®p≈

kaKamb Aht_m[w hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-

t°-≠-Xp≠v. kpÿnchnIk\w F∂

e£yw ap∂n¬ I≠psIm≠v F√m

hnIk\ ]h¿Ø\ßsfbpw

]cnÿnXn°v A\pKpWamIpw hn[w

cq]s∏SpØm\p≈ at\m-`m -h-amWp

hnIkn∏nt°≠Xv. hn`hkwc£-

WØnepw hn\ntbmKØnepw

k¥penXhpw hnthN\]q¿Whpamb

kao]\w kzoIcn°m≥ hnZym¿YnIƒ

]m]vXn ssIh-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

anI® ]ucXzw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-

\p≈ hnZym-`ym-kw.

kaqlØn¬ DØchmZnØap≈

]uc∑mcmbn ]h¿Øn°m≥ Ignhp

\¬Ip-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww hnZym`ymkw.

bp‡nNn¥bpw NcnXt_m[hpw

cmjvSobho£Whpw Dƒs°m≈p∂-

Xmbncn°Ww ]uct_m[w. imkvXob-

kao]\hpw \oXnt_m[hpw PohnX-

Øns‚ kakvXtaJeIfnepw

]ISn∏n°m≥ `mhnXeapdbv°p

IgnbWw.

Db¿∂ tZiobt_m[w hf¿Øp∂

hnZym`ymkw

km¿htZiob ho£WØn¬

A[njvTnXamb tZiobt_m[amWp \mw

e£y-an-tS-≠-Xv. am\h]ptcmKXnbpw

hnizkvt\lhpw Db¿Øn∏nSn -

°p∂XmhWw AXv. `mcXØns‚

sshhn[yßsf AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw Iq´n-

bn-W-°p-∂-Xp-ambn Cu tZiob t_m[w

hftc≠Xp≠v.

88

Ah-Im-i-t_m-[-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-

amb hnZym`ymkw

C¥y≥ `cWLS\ Dd∏p-\¬Ip∂-Xpw

sFIycmjvS ]amW-ßfn¬ AS-ßn-bn-

cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb AhImi߃ kaql-

Øn¬ ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m≥ DXIp∂

hnZym`ymkamWp e£yanSp∂Xv. CXp

a\pjymhImißfpw Ip´nIfpsSbpw

kvXoIfpsSbpw ]tXyI AhImiß-

fpw kwc£n°m≥ ]›m-Ø-e-sam-cp-°p-

∂-Xm-hWw. hnZym- ym-k A-\p- -h-߃°v

Ah -Im -i - t_m -[ -h n -Im -k -hp - ambn

t\¿_‘w D≠m-I-Ww.

imkvX˛kmt¶XnI Aht_m[w

hf¿Øp∂ hnZym`ymkw

A\pZn\w hnIkn®psIm≠ncn°p∂

imkvX˛kmt¶XnIhnZyIƒ kzmb-Ø-

am-°p-∂-Xn-\pw PohnXkmlNcyßfn¬

]tbmP\s∏SpØp∂Xn\pap≈ Ignhp

h f ¿ Ø n - s b - S p - t ° - ≠ - X p ≠ v .

imkvX˛kmt¶XnIhnImk߃°\pkcn®v

Adnhpw tijnIfpw sa®-s∏-SpØm\p≈

anIhv hnZym¿YnIƒ ssIhcn -

t°≠Xp≠v. s]mXp -k-aq -l-Øns‚

Xm¬]-cy-߃ IW-°n-se-SpØv imkvX-

˛km-t¶-XnIcwKsØ am‰-ß-tfmSv \ne-

]m-Sp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m\pw Ign-b-Ww.

imkvXo-b-a-t\m-`mhw e£y-am-°n-

bp≈ hnZym-`ym-kw.

Imcy-Im-c-W-_-‘-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ ]iv\-ßsf kao-]n-°-Ww; ]cn-

lm -c -߃ \n¿tZ -in -°-Ww. CXn\v

bp‡nNn¥ hf¿Øm≥ DXIp∂

hnZym`ymkamWp e`yamt°≠Xv.

imkvXhpw I]SimkvXhpw Xncn®-

dn™p ]h¿Øn°m≥ hnZym¿YnIsf

k÷cmt°≠Xp≠v. A‘hnizmk-

ßfpsSbpw A\mNmcßfpsSbpw hn`m-

Ko-b-X-I-fp-sSbpw ap≥hn-[n-I-fp-sSbpw

kzm[o\Øn¬ \n∂p kaqlsØ

tamNn∏n°m≥ Ah¿°p IgnbWw.

imkvXo-b-amb PohnXho£-W-Øns‚

A¿Y-X-e-߃ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eqsS

kzmwio-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww. Aim-kvXo-

b-X-Iƒs°Xn-cmb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ kzoI-

cn-°m-\p≈ at\m-`mhw e`n-°p-Ibpw

thWw.

kmwkvImcnIØ\na ]cn]men°p∂

hnZym`ymkw

]mtZinIhpw ]cºcmKXhpamb

⁄m\cq]ßfpw \m´dnhpIfpw (Irjn,

Pew, `qhn\ntbmKw, Ie, IchncpXv...)

Is≠Øp∂Xn\pw ]k-‡-am-bh ]cn-

c -£n -°p -∂-Xn\pw ]tbmP\s∏Sp -

Øp∂Xn\pap≈ Ignhp hf¿Ønsb-Sp-°p-

∂-Xm -bn -c n -°Ww hnZym`ymkw.

BtcmKyw, ImbnItijo-hn-I-k\w,

Ie˛kwkvImcw, sXmgn¬kwkvImcw

F∂nh hf¿ØnsbSp°m≥ hnZym`ymk-

ØneqsS IgnbWw.

sXmgn¬ss\]pWn hf¿Øp∂

hnZym`ymkw

A[zm-\w kaq-lsØ ]cn-h¿Øn-∏n-°p-

∂p. A[zm-\-Øns‚ alØzw Xncn-®-dn-b-

Ww. Adnhpw A[zm-\hpw ]c-kv]-c-]q-cI

kz`m-h-tØmsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp∂

hnZym-`ym-k-amWp th≠X.v ]hr-Øn-bn-

ep≈ A\p-`-h-߃ sXmgn¬]c-amb

⁄m\hpw ss\]p-Wn-bpw at\m-`mhhpw

hnI-kn-∏n-°pw. hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ F√m

Xe-ß-fnepw hn`n∂ cq]-ß-fn¬ A[zm-

\ -tijohn -I -k\w e£y-an -S -Ww.

IrjnbpsS alØzw Xncn®dnbp∂-

Xn\pw aÆn\pw Poh\pw A\pIqeamb

Irjnbpw IrjncoXnIfpw hnIkn∏ns®Sp-

°p∂Xn\pap≈ Ignhp hf¿Øn-

sbSp°Ww.

99

kmaqlnIhpw P\m[n]Xy]chpamb

aqey߃ t\Sm\p≈ hnZym`ymkw

hy‡n, IpSpw_w, kaqlw F∂nhbpsS

Iq´mbvabneqsS A\pXm]w, kvt\lw,

B¿ZX, kmtlmZcyw XpSßnb

PohnXaqey߃ t\SnsbSp°m≥

hnZym`ymkw klmbIamhWw.

BtcmKyIcamb kvXo˛-]p-cpjmht_m-

[w hf¿Øm≥ hnZym`ymkØneqsS

IgnbWw. P\m-[n-]Xyw Hcp Bibw

F∂ \ne-bnepw Hcp aqey-t_m[w F∂

\ne-bnepw Dƒs°m-f-fm≥ hnZym`ymkw

klm-b-I-am-h-Ww.

kzmibzw Du´n-h-f¿Ø∂ hnZym-`ym-kw

kmaq-lnI ˛cm-jvSo-b˛ kmº-Øn-I˛

kmwkvIm-cnI˛ a-fi-e-ß-fn¬ kzmib-

k¶¬]w hf¿ØnsbSp°m≥ DXIp∂

hnZym`ymkamWp \S∏mt°≠Xv.

sNdp-Øp-\n¬]n\v Icp-Øp-]-I-cp∂

hnZym-`ym-kw

BtKmfh¬°cWw apt∂m-´p-hbv-°p∂

A\-`n -e-j-Wob ]h-W-X-I-sfbpw

F√mXcw A[n\nthißsfbpw

sNdpØp\n¬°m\pff at\m`mhhpw

IcpØpw ]Icm≥ hnZym`ymkØn\p

IgnbWw. Bhiyhpw [q¿Øpw

XΩnep≈ hyXymkw Xncn®dnbm\pw

D]t`mK`m¥n\v A-Sn-a-s∏-SmsX kzbw

\nb¥n°m\pw hnZym¿YnIsf ]m]vX-

cm-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. kzmX¥y\ncmk-

Øns‚bpw kmwkvImcnIm-[n\nthi-

Øns‚bpw hn]ØpIƒ Xncn®dnbm≥

Ah¿°p IgnbWw.

Adn-hns‚ \n¿am-W-Ønepw hn\n-a-b-

Ønepw Du∂p∂ hnZym-`ymkw

Adnhp \n¿ans®Sp°p∂Xn\pw

kaqlØn¬ hn\nabw sNøp∂Xn\pw

hnZym- ym-k-Øn-eqsS Ignhv B¿Pnt°≠-

Xp≠v. Adnhp\n¿amWØns‚

ImcyØn¬ hwiw, h¿Kw, kvXo˛-]p-

cpjt`Zw XpSßnbhbpsS t]cnep≈

hnthN\ßsf ]Xntcm[n°m\pw

AXnPohn°m\pw Ah¿°p IgnbWw.

XßfpsS Bhiyßfpw Adnhpw

Bibßfpw ]mtZinI, tZiob,

A¥¿tZiob Xeßfn¬ ]¶phbv°p∂-

Xn\pw ]XnIcn°p-∂Xn\pw Bhiyamb

`mjmss\-]pWnIƒ t\Sm≥ hnZym`ymk-

ØneqsS IgnbWw.

hna¿i-\m-fl-I-k-ao-]\w t]mjn-∏n-

°p∂ hnZym-`ym-kw

am\hcminbpsS t\´ßsf kaKambn

hnebncpØm\p≈ Ignhv hnZym¿Yn-

Ifn¬ hf¿ØnsbSpt°≠Xp≠v.

F√mXcw NqjW߃°psaXntc

\ne]mSp kzoIcn°m≥ Ah¿°p

IgnbWw. PohnXm\p`hßsfbpw

PohnXkµ¿`ßsfbpw hna¿i\mflI-

ambn t\m°n°mWm\pw hnthN\-

_p≤ntbmsS Xocpam\saSp°m\pw

Ah¿°p IgnbWw. kzbwhna¿i-

\Øn\p≈ k∂≤Xbpw BhiyamWv.

kmaqlnIXn∑Isf Xncn®dnbm\pw

tNmZywsNøm\pw bp‡n`Zambn

]Xntcm[n°m\pw IgnbWw.

ap≥hn[nIsfbpw ]nSnhminIsfbpw

]tem`\ßsfbpw sNdp°m\p≈ Ignhv

\nc-¥cw hf¿tØ≠Xp≠v. hyXykvX

Bibßsf kaNnØXtbmsS kzoIcn-

°m\pw ka\zbn∏n°m\pw IgnbWw.

]Ncn∏n°s∏Sp∂ Bib߃ hniI-

e\w sNøp∂Xn\pw sX‰pIƒ Xncn®dn-

bp∂Xn\pw ]Xntcm[n°p∂Xn\pw

Ah¿°p IgnbWw. Ahsb

cmjvSob˛kmaq-lnI˛kmwkvImcnI Xe-

ßfn¬ hni-I-e\w sNbvXp \ne-]m-Sp-

Iƒ kzoI-cnt°≠-Xp-≠v.

1010

]T-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ImgvN-∏mSv

GsXmcp ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-cW]In-

b-bnepw ]T-\sØ kw_-‘n® Nne

kp]-[m\ Imcy-ß-fn¬ hy‡-amb \ne-

]m-Sp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu \ne-

]m-Sp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv F¥p-sIm-≠m-

sW∂pw Ah ]tbm-K-Øn¬ hcp-Øm≥

Fs¥¥v ]pXnb \S -] -Sn -I -fmWp

ssIs°mf-fpI F∂pw hy‡-am-t°-≠-

Xp-ap-≠v. C]-Imcw ssIImcyw sNø-s∏-

tS≠ Nne tNmZy-ß-fm-Wv,

1. Ip´n-Iƒ F¥n-\mWp ]Tn-°p-∂Xv?

2. Ip´n-Iƒ F¥mWp ]Tn-t°-≠Xv?

3. Ip´n-Iƒ Fß-s\-bmWp ]Tn-t°-

≠Xv?

CXn¬ BZysØ tNmZy-Øns‚ DØcw

hni-Zo-I-cn®pIgn-™p. \n›n-X-amb KpW-

hn-ti-j-ß-fp-ff Hcp `mhnkaq-lsØ

\n¿an-°p-I-bm-Wp hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚

e£y-sa∂pw AXp-hgn hy‡n-bp-sSbpw

kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw hntam-N-\-sa∂ hnim-

e-amb ImgvN-∏mSp km[y-am-°m-sa∂pw

kqNn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

]T-\-Øns‚ Df-f-S°w

Ip´n-Iƒ F¥mWp ]Tn-t°-≠Xv F∂Xv

ta¬ e£y-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

Xocp-am-\n-°-Ww. \ne-hn-ep-ff kmaq-lnI-

km-l-N-cysØ hni-I-e\w sNbvXpw

AXn-\-IØv hy‡n-bpsS ÿm\w AS-

bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp-amWv C°mcyw \n¿h-ln-

t°-≠Xv.

\ne-hn-ep-ff kaq-l-Øn¬ Ht´sd sshcp-

[y-߃ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. kmº-Øn-I-amb

hnhn[ X´p-Ifpw A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ A\-

h[n cq]-ßfpw AXn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-

∂p. kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmaq-lnIhpw

kvXo -]p-cpj t`Z-]-chpw a‰p-amb th¿Xn-

cn-hp-Iƒ D®-\o-N-]-iv\-߃ krjvSn-°p-

∂p. imkvX-Øn-s‚bpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-

bp-sSbpw hf¿®-bn-eqsS a\p-jy-k-aqlw

Ht´sd t\ -߃ ssIh-cn-®n- p-s≠-¶nepw

AXns‚ ]tbm-P\w F√mh-cnepw Hcp-

t]mse FØn-bn-´n-√. amX-a-√, \ne-

\n¬°p∂ th¿Xn-cn-hp-Isf Ah H∂p-

IqSn cq£-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.

BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Whpw I®-h-S-h¬°-c-

Whpw apºp- t\Snb ]e t\ -ßfpw C√m-

Xm-°p-∂p.

kº-Øns‚ tIµo-I-c-Ww, hn]-Wn-I-

fpsS hym]-\w, BK-l-ß-fpsS

\n¿amWw F∂nh XIr-Xn-bmbn \S-°p-

∂p. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ Irjn, ]c-º-cm-KX

hyh-kmbw XpS-ßn-bh XI-cp-∂p. Agn-

a-Xn, AI-aw, Bfl-l-Xy, h¿Ko-b-X,

A‘-hn-izmkw F∂nh s]cp-Ip-∂p.

Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚

D≈-S°w F¥m-hWw F∂ tNmZyw

][m-\-am-Wv. Hcp Imcyw Dd-∏m-Wv, C∂-

e-bpsS hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb hne-bn-cp-

Øepw C∂ns‚ icn-bmb hymJym-\hpw

hgn amXta sa®-s∏´ Hcp \mfsb sI´n-

∏-Sp-°m-\mhq.

AXpsIm≠p-Xs∂ h¿Ø-am-\-Ime

bmYm¿YysØ ¢mkvapdn°p

]pdØp\n¿Øm-\m-hn-√. Ip´n-bpsS Pohn-

XsØØs∂ CØcw ]e bm-Ym¿Yy-

ßfpw i‡ambn \n¿W-bn®psIm≠n-cn-

°p-I-bm-Wv. kaq-l-tØmSp ]Xn-_-≤-

Xbpw hna¿i-\m-h-t_m-[-hp-ap-ff Hcp Xe-

apd cq]-s∏-SWsa¶n¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-

eqsS AXn\p XpS-°-an-S-Ww. C∂sØ

Pohn -XsØ Adn™psIm≠mWv

\mfsØ Pohn-X-Øn\p Xbm-sd-Sp-t°-

≠Xv.

F¶n¬ Df-f-S°w hnI-kn®phtc-≠Xv

Ip´n-bpsS A\p- -h-]-cn-k-cØp\n∂v Bh-

Ww. kaqlw s]mXp-hn¬ t\cn´psIm≠n-

cn-°p∂ henb ]iv\-ß-fp-ambn CØcw

1111

A\p-`--h-߃°p _‘-ap-≠v. hy‡nsb

]e coXn-bn¬ \ap°v AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

AXn\p sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb ]e ]cn-

[n-Ifpw Iev]n-°mw. F¶nepw kmwkvIm-

cn-I-amb Hcp Xew h®p t\m°n-bm¬

tIcfw F∂Xp ]e-Xn-s‚bpw ASn-Ø-d-

bmbn h¿Øn-°pw. AXp-sIm≠v tIcfw

F∂ ASnÿm\ PohnXbmYm¿Yy-Øn-

\-IØp \n∂p-sIm-≠v, Xs∂ \n¿an-°p∂

]mtZ-in-Ihpw tZio-bhpw BtKm-f-hp-

amb bmYm¿Yy-ßsf Ip´n hni-I-e\w

sNøp-∂Xv ]T-\sØ A¿Y-h-Øm-°p-

sa∂p \mw Icp-Xp-∂p. tIcfkaqlw

t\cn´psIm≠n-cn-°p∂ apJy]-iv\-ßsf

tIµo-I-cn®psIm≠v ]mTy-]-≤-Xnsb

s]mXp-hn¬ cq]-I-ev]\ sNøp-∂Xv ]T-

\sØ bmYm¿Yy-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-°p-

sa∂p ]Xo-£n-°p-∂p.

tIcfkaqlw t\cn-Sp∂ ]iv\-߃

F∂-Xv, \ΩpsS amXw ]iv\-ß-f-√.

AXn\p ]mtZ-in -Ihpw tZio-bhpw

A¥¿tZ-io-b-hp-am-b Imc-W-ßfpw hnXm-

\ -ß-fp -ap -≠v . tIc -f -Ønse ]cn -

ÿnXn]iv\-ßsf°pdn®p ]Tn -°p -

tºmƒ \n›-b-ambpw BtKm-fXe-Øn¬

A\p-` -h -s∏-Sp∂ hym]-I-amb ]cn -

ÿnXn\mihpw AXns‚ `mK-ambn

D≠mbnh∂n- p-ff Xncn-®-dn-hp-Ifpw IS-∂p-

h-cpw. Npcp-°-Øn¬, aq¿Ø-amb Hc-\p-`-

h-bm-Ym¿Yyw F∂ \ne-bn¬ tIcfw

]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°pw. H∏w

as‰√m Xe-ß-fnepw hnXm-\-ß-fn-ep-ap-ff

]T-\w hg-°-hp-ap-ff Hcp \nan-Ø-ambn

AXv h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

`c-W-L-S\ hn`m-h\ sNøp-∂Xpw tZio-

b-ambn \n¿W-bn-°-s∏-´-Xp-amb aqey-

ßfpw ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw Cu ]mTy-]-≤Xn

cq]o -I-c -W-Øn¬ \n¿Wm-b-I-ambn

h¿Øn-°pw. tZio-b-t_m-[w, P\m-[n-]-Xy-

ho -£-Ww, atX-Xc Img vN -∏m -S v ,

ÿnXnka-ØNn-¥, kmwkvIm-cn-I-Ø-\n-

a-bn-ep-ff A`n-am-\w, ]cn-ÿnXn Ah-

t_m-[w, ]m¿iz-h-¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-tcm-

Sp-ff ]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ XpS-ßn-b-h-

sb√mw ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bn¬ \n¿an-s®-Sp-

°m≥ Cu ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]Xn⁄m-_-≤-

am-bn-cn-°pw.

GXp aqeyhpw cq]-s∏-tS-≠Xv A\p-`-h-

ß-fpsS `mK-am-bm-Wv. \ne-\n¬°p∂

]iv\-ß-fpsS hnNn-¥-\-Øn-te°pw AXn-

eq-sS-bp-≠m-°p∂ Xncn-®-dn-hn-te°pw

\bn-°p∂ A\p-`h߃ e`n-t°-≠-Xp-

≠v. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, ]cn-ÿnXnØI¿®-

bp-sS-Xmb ka-Im-enI bmYm¿YysØ

Xncn-®-dn-bp-I, AXn¬ Fßs\ CS-s]-S-

W-sa∂p ]cym-tem-Nn-°p-I, Ip´n-I-fpsS

CS-s]-S¬ Xe-ß-fn¬ AXn\v Ah-k-c-

ap-≠m-°pI F∂nh ]mcn-ÿn-XnI Ah-

t_m[w icn-bmbn cq]-s∏-Sp -∂-Xn\v

AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. A√mØ]£w aqey-hn-

Zym-`ymkw Ip´n-bn¬ bmsXmcp am‰hpw

D≠m-°n-√.

kmaq-lnI]-iv\-ßsf tIµo-I-cn-®mWv

]mTy-]-≤Xn cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂p kqNn-

∏n-®p. CXn-\¿Yw sNdnb ¢mkv sXmt´

kmaq-lnI-]-iv\-߃ _rl-Zvcq-]-Øn¬

Ip´n-bpsS ap∂n¬ hcpI F∂-√. ]mb-

Øn\pw A\p-`-h-]-cn-N-b-Øn\pw tbmPn-

°p∂, AYhm Dƒs°m-f-fm≥ Ign-bp∂

sNdnb Hcp ]iv\-am-bmhpw AXp Ip´n-

bpsS A\p-`-h-koa-bn¬ hcp-I. ItaW

AXns‚ hym]vXn h¿[n-°pw. Nne-t∏mƒ

AXp kmaq-lnI-]-iv\-hp-ambn t\cnt´m

A√m-sXtbm _‘-s∏´pInS-°p∂ Hcp

A°m-Z-anI]iv\-ambpw hcmw. GXm-

bmepw kmaq-lnI-]-iv\-ßsf tIµo-I-

cnt®m _‘-s∏t´m Dff ]ivt\m-∂o-X-

hn-Zym-`ym-k-amWp ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dt±-

in-°p-∂-Xv.

CØcw ]iv\-߃ Xncn-®dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw

hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn\pw imkvX-

1212

Øns‚ Bi-b-ßfpw ]T-\-co-Xnbpw Bh-

iy-ambn hcpw. ]kvXpX ]iv\sØ Af-

hp-]-c-ambpw bp‡n-bp-‡-ambpw kao-]n-

°m≥ KWnXw D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠n hcpw.

AXns‚ kmaqlnI hni-I-e\w kmaq-

lnIim-kvX-Øns‚ coXn -imkvXw

D]tbm-Kn®v \n¿h-ln-°m≥ km[n-°pw.

`mj-I-fm-h-s´, ]iv\-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-

Xn\pw _‘-s∏´ Imcy-߃ hn\n-abw

sNøp-∂-Xn\pw ]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ff

i‡-amb D]-I-c-W-ß-fmbn h¿Øn-°pw.

A\p- -hw, Bhn-jvI-c-Ww, ]cn-lmcw XpS-

ßnb Xe-ß-fn¬ Iem- -Im-bn-I- -]-hr-Øn-

]-cn-Nb taJ-e-Ifpw IS-∂p-h-cpw. sNdnb

¢mkp-I-fn¬ Ch DZvK-Yn-X-am-bn-Øs∂

ssIImcyw sNøm-\m-hpw. apI-fn-tem´p

hcp-t¥mdpw th¿Xn-cnhpw hnti-j-h-¬°-

c-Whpw kw`-hn-°pw.

\n›n-X-amb e£y-Øn-s‚bpw kao]-\-

Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xnc-s™-

Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ Adn-hp-Ifpw hncp-Xp-Ifpw

BWv Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw D≠mhp-I.

Ip´n-I-fpsS ]mb-Øn-s‚bpw ap∂-dn-hp-I-

fp-sSbpw ]T-\-co-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw CS-s]-

S¬Xe-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

Ah NmIn-I-ambn hn\y-kn-°pw. PU-amb

Iptd hn⁄m-\-i-I-e-߃, Ah ]t≠

]Tn®phcm-dp≠v F∂ H‰- \ym-b-Øn¬,

]pXnb ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-√.

ap≥]m-Ty-]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-

SmØ ]e hn⁄m-\-L-S-I-ßfpw hni-I-

e-\-co-Xn-Ifpw ]In-b-Ifpw ]Xn-I-c-W-

] -h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]pXp -Xmbn

IS∂phcm\pw km[y-X-bp-≠v. Adnhv

F∂Xp kmaq-lnIambn krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-

∂Xpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn \n¿W-bn-°-

s∏-Sp-∂Xpw Ncn-X-]-c-ambn AS-bm-f-s∏-

Sp-Øp∂Xpamb Hcp bmYm¿Yy-amWv

F∂p Xncn-®-dn -b-Ww. AXp hnj-b-

Øns‚ tIh-e-amb Df-f-S-°-sa∂ \ne-

bn¬ ]cn-an-X-s∏-´-Xm-h-cp-Xv. adn®v, hnim-

e-amb kmaq -lnI -bm-Ym¿Yy-Øn-\-

IØpIqSn AXp ]k-‡-am-h-Ww.

Cßs\ ]d-bp-tºmƒØs∂, tZiob

]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsS Df-f-S-°-X-e-߃ \mw

]cn-K-Wn-°pw. H∏w kmaq-lnI-]-k-‡-

amb Adn-hns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ \mw Gsd

apt∂m´pt]mhp-Ibpw sNøpw. Ip´n-bpsS

Kl-W-ti-jnbpw Bi-b-]-c-amb ta¬-˛-

Iogv _‘hpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-ff

]k-‡-amb Nne Agn®p]Wn-Ifpw Cu

]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ D≠m-hpw.

tZiob ]mTy -] -≤Xn \n¿tZ -in®

hna¿i\mflI t_m[-\-imkvXw Df-f-S-

°-\n¿W-b-Ønepw kzm[o\w sNep-Øpw.

kaq-l-Øn-ep-ff sshcp[yw ¢mkv ap-dn-

bnepw ]I-S-am-hp-sa∂v t\ctØ kqNn-

∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. CØcw sshcp-[y-

ßsf ]p\¿\n¿an-°p∂ CS-am-bpw ¢mkv

apdn-Iƒ amdm-\n-S-bp-≠v. Nne Adn-hp-Isf

tijvT-ambpw a‰p Nne-Xns\ tæ—-ambpw

]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ NnXo-I-cn-°p∂

ÿnXn D≠m-hm-dp-≠v. kwkvIm-cw, mj,

Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw taemf

]£-]m-Xn-Xz-tØmsS NnXo-I-cn°mdp-≠v.

Iogmf -hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂p hcp∂ Ip´n-

Iƒ°v Ch-sbms° D≠m-°p∂

BLmXw sNdp-X-√. BI-bm¬, hna¿i-

\m-fl-I-amb Hcp Xe-Øn¬ \n∂p thWw

]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fnse Df-f-S-°w, mj, Nn-

Xo-I-c-Ww XpSßnbh Nn´-s∏-Sp-Ø-p∂-

Xv.

]Tn-°pI F∂-Xn-\¿Yw Adn-bpI F∂-

Xn-s\m∏w amdpI F∂pIqSn-bm-Wv. tIh-

e-amb hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-®Xp sIm≠m-

bn-√. Ah ⁄m-\-\n¿amW-Øn-\p-ff

Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°ƒ amX-am-Wv.

hnh-c-ßsf A]-K-Yn®v Nne \nK-a-\-ß-

fn¬ FØn-bXpsIm≠p-am-Ip-∂n-√. B

\nK-a-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \ne-

\n¬°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ am‰w hcp-Øm≥

1313

]cym-]vX-amb \n¿tZi-ßfpw ]Xn-I-c-W-

ßfpw D≠m-h-Ww. F¥p-sIm≠v ]pg-Iƒ

aen-\o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p, Zcn-Z¿ A]-am-\n-

°-s∏-Sp-∂p, F√mw hn¬]-\-®-c-°mbn

amdp -∂p, \m´p -`mjm]Z-߃ A\yw

\n¬°p-∂p, ]mtZ-inI sXmgn¬°q- -߃

XI¿∂-Sn-bp-∂p, s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ c≠mw

Xcw ]ucm-h-ÿ-bn¬ Ign-bp∂p, am[y-a-

ß-fn¬ Np‰p -ap -ff PohnXw

ImWmsXt]mhp-∂p, al-Ømb aX-aq-ey-

ßsf h¿Ko-bX ssItb-dp-∂p, emfnXyw

Hcp aqey-a-√m-XmbnØocp-∂p, bp≤w ASn-

t®¬∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂p Fs∂ms° Hmtcm

]Tn-Xm-hn\pw Nn¥n°m-\m-h-Ww. t\Snb

Adn-hp-Iƒ ]Im-in-∏n-°m\pw \n¿tZ-i-

߃ apt∂m-´p -h -bv°m\pw ]Xn -I -

cW߃ _‘-s∏-´-hsc Adn-bn-°m\pw

\ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m\pw \n¿am-

W-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-S-m\pw _Z-

ep-Iƒ Is≠-Øm\pw Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-h-

Ww. Npcp-°-Øn¬, kmaq-lnI-ambn

\n¿an® Adn-hns\ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-amb

]Xn -I -c -W-Øns‚ Xe-Øn -te°v

Db¿Øp∂ Df-f-S-°-hn-Xm\w ]mTy-]-≤-

Xn-bn¬ Dƒs°m-f-fn-°-Ww.

]T-\-Øns‚ coXn

a\ximkvXw Ign™ Hcp \q‰m-≠n¬

temI-Øn\p \¬Inb Xncn-®-dn-hp-Isf

hnth-I-]q¿hw ]cn-tim-[n®psImt≠

C°m-cy-Øn¬ Nne Dd® \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn¬

FØm-\m-hq. Xt≈-≠-h X≈m\pw

sImt≈-≠-h sIm≈m-\p-ap≈ B¿Phw

\mw ssIs°mt≠ ]‰q.

hnZym- ymk a\ximkvX-Øn¬ Htc Ime-

L-´-Øn¬ Ht´sd imJ-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-I-

bp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬ hym]-I-ambn kzoI-

cn-°-s∏-´Xpw hf-sc-°mew kzm[o\w

sNep-Øn-bXpw hyhlm-c-hm-Z-am-Wv. tNmZ-

I-˛-]-Xn-I-c-W-_-‘-Øns‚ \n¿am-W-

amWv ASn-ÿm\]c-ambn ]T-\-]-In-b-

bmbn Ch¿ apt∂m´ph®-Xv. \S-∏m-°m≥

Ffp-∏-ap≈ Hcp ]≤-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p CsX-

∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn

\ne-\n∂ Dcp-hn´p ]Tn-°¬, in£n®p

sa®-s∏-Sp-ج, Adn-hns‚ ssIam-‰w,

A[ym-]-Is‚ tNmZyw sNø-s∏-SmØ

ÿm\w F∂n-hbv°v Cu ImgvN-∏mSv \√

\ymbo-I-c-W-ambn amdn.

ss\k¿KnIhmk-\-I-fm¬ amXw \bn-

°-s∏-Sp∂ GXm\pw PohnIfn¬ \S-

Ønb ]co-£-W-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p hyh-

lmchmZ-Øn\v B[mcw. Ch¿ Is≠-

Ønb Nne amXr-I-I-fmWv a\p-jy-in-ip-

°-fpsS ]T-\-Øn\pw ip]m¿i sNbvXXv.

a\p-jy-s\m-gnsIbp≈ Pohn-I-fpsS Imcy-

Øn¬ apXn¿∂h sNøp-∂Xp I≠pw

A\p -I -cn®pw Bh¿Øn®pw BWv

Ip™p-߃ hf-cp∂Xv. GXm\pw Imcy-

߃ Ahbv°p P∑-kn-≤-ambpw e`n-°pw.

A\p-`-h-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNøm\pw

kl-]m-Tn-Ifpambpw apXn¿∂-h-cp-ambpw

N¿®-bn-epw kwhm-Z-ß-fnepw G¿s∏-

Sm\pw klm-bn-°p∂ Bi-b-hn-\n-ab

D]m-[n-Ifpw Db¿∂ am\-kn-I-ti-jn-Ifpw

Cu Pohn-Iƒ°n-√. F∂m¬ CØcw Ign-

hp-I-fp≈ a\p-jy-in-ip-hns‚ Imcy-

Ønepw P∑-hm-k-\-bpsSbpw A\p-I-c-W-

Øn-s‚bpw tNmZ-I˛-]-Xn-I-cW _‘-cq-

]o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn-anX hgn-Itf

\n¿tZin-°m-\p≈q F∂Xv Cu hnNm-c-

am-Xr-Isb \ncm-I-cn-°m≥ \sΩ t]cn-

∏n-°p-∂p.

c≠m-a-Xmbn ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ hcp-∂Xv

a\p-jy-hy-‡n-Xz-Øn¬ AN-©-e-amb

hnizmkw ]I-Sn-∏n® am\-hn-IXmhmZ-am-

Wv. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]IrXw am\n-°-W-

sa∂pw hy‡n-XzsØ AwKo-I-cn-°-W-

sa∂pw ]T-\sØ Ip´n-bpsS bYm¿Y

]iv\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pw

A[ym-]-I≥ ]T-\sØ kpK-a-am-°p∂

1414

coXn-bn¬ CS-s]-S-W-sa∂pw Cu kao-

]\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p. ]Tn-Xmhv ]T-\-]-

iv\sØ kzbw Gs‰-SpØpw AXn¬

]q¿W-]-¶m-fn-bmbpw kzbw hne-bn-cp-

Ønbpw apt∂m´pt]mIp-tºm-gmWv ]T\w

Xm¬]-cy-P-\-Ihpw ]tbm-P-\-]-Z-hp-am-hp-

I. ]T-\-Øns‚ km-aq-lnI-h-i-ß-fn¬

Imcy-ambn i≤n-®n√ F∂ ]cn-anXn \ne-

\n¬°p-tºmƒØs∂ Ip´n-I-tfm-Sp≈

kao-]-\sØ kw_-‘n®v am\-hn-I-Xm-

hmZw apt∂m´ph® ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ inip-

tI-µn-Xhpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-

X-hpamb Hcp ]mTy-]-≤-Xn°v s]mXp-hn¬

kzoIm-cy-am-Wv.

]T-\sØ kPo-h-amb am\-kn-I-]-In-b-

bmbpw Adn-hns‚ \n¿am-W-ambpw ho£n-

°p∂ ⁄m\\n¿anXnhmZ-amWv ASp-Ø-

Xv. CXn\p c≠p [mc-Ifp≠v. AXn-sem∂v

Ip´nsb GIm-In-bmb At\z-j-I-bmbn

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. Ip´n°v D≠v F∂p

Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ khn-ti-j-amb Ign-hp-I-

fnemWv AXns‚ Du∂¬. A[ym -

]IcpsS CS-s]-S-ens\ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-

Øp∂ Hcp kao-]-\-am-Wn-Xv. kaq-l-Øn\v

ChnsS Imcy-amb ]¶m-fn-Ø-an-√. CXn-

eqsS Ip´n-Iƒ FØn-t®-cp∂ Adn-hp-Iƒ

A]q¿Wam-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw AXp ]c-am-

h-[n-bn-te°v Db-cn-s√∂pw D≈ hna¿i-

\-߃ Cu ho£-W-Øn\v FXntc-bp-≠v.

tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn i‡-ambn ip]m¿i

sNbvXn -´p≈ kmaq -lnI

⁄m\\n¿anXnhmZ-amWv c≠m-asØ

ssIh-gn. P\\w apX¬ Np‰p-ap≈hcp-

ambn CS-s]´psIm≠n-cn-°p-∂, IqSp-X¬

Adn-hp--≈-h-cpsS klm-b-tØmsS \ne-hn-

ep≈ Ign -hp -Iƒ°v A∏p -d -tØ°v

Db¿∂p t]mhp∂ Hcp kmaq-lnI-]-Tn-Xm-

hmbn Ip´nsb Cu kao-]\w ho£n-°p-

∂p. Cu ]Tn-Xmhv Poh-im-kvX-]-c-amb

Xe-Øn-s\m∏w kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw hnI-

kn-°p-∂p. mjm-]-chpw KWn-X-]-c-hp-sam-

s°-bmb Nn”-߃, Db¿∂ am\-kn-I-

]-In-b--Iƒ, apºp t\Snb Adnhns‚

hn]pek©bw F∂o am\-knI D]-I-c-

W-߃ a‰p P¥p-°sf At]-£n®v a\p-

jy-in-ip-hns‚ anI-hmWv. CsXm-s°bpw

P\-\tijw Ip´n kaq-l-hp-ambn CS-s]´p

t\Sn-b-Xm-Wv. a\p-jy¿ Hcp kaq-l-sa∂

\ne-bn¬ CXx]cy¥w hnI-kn-∏n-s®-

SpØ kma-Kn-Iƒ, D]-I-c-W-߃, ]pkvX-

I-߃, b¥-߃, ÿm]-\-߃, kwhn-

[m-\-߃ XpS-ßnb `uXnI D]-I-c-W-

ßfpw Cu ]Tn-Xm-hn\v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-

Øm\mhpw. Npcp-°-Øn¬, am\-kn-Ihpw

`uXn-I-hp-amb \nc-h[n kmwkvIm-cnI

D]-I-c-W-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v, kaq-l-

Ønse a‰v AwK-ß-fp-ambn CS-s] v hnIm-

k-Øns‚ Db¿∂ \ne-bn -te°p

t]mIm≥ Ign-bp∂ a\p-jy-km-[y-Xsb

]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ kmaq-lnI -⁄m-

\\n¿anXn-hmZw \tΩmSv Blzm\w sNøp-

∂p. a\p-jy-\nse tIheP¥p-hns\

amXw I≠ hyh-lm-c-hm-Z-Øn\pw GIm-

In -bmb At\z-j-Is\ amXw I≠

tIhe ⁄m\ \n¿anXnhm-Z-Øn\pw

A∏p-d-ap≈ Hcp km[y-X-bmWv a\p-jy-

\nse kmaq-lnIhiØn¬ Du∂nb

kmaq -lnI -⁄m\\n¿anXnhmZw

apt∂m´ph®-Xv.

\ΩpsS kzm`m-hn-I-amb hnIm-k-K-Xn°p

\nc-°p-∂Xpw hy‡n-sbbpw kaq-l-

sØbpw ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw

c≠n-s‚bpw sa®-s∏´ hnImkw Dd-∏p-h-

cp-Øp-∂-Xp-amb Cu kao-]\w P\m-[n-]-

Xy-Ønepw kmaq-lnI-aq-ey-ß-fnepw A[n-

jvTn-X-amb Hcp mhn-k-aq-l-Øns‚ \n¿an-

Xn°v A\p-Kp-W-am-Wv.

Xs∂bpw Xs‚ Np‰p -]m-Sp -I-sfbpw

hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn kao-]n-°p-tºm-gmWv

kaql-\n¿an-Xn-°-Sn-Ø-d-bm-Ip∂ ⁄m\-

\n¿anXn \S -°p -I. kmaq -ln -Ihpw

1515

kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb sshcp-[y-߃ ]Tn-

Xm-°ƒ B¿Pn-°p∂ Ign-hns\ _m[n-

°pw. CØcw sshcp[yhpw sshhn-[y-

hp -ambn \nc -¥cw CS -s]-Sp -Ibpw

tNmZywsNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sImt≠

hf¿® km[y-am-hq. kmam-\y-t_m-[-Øn¬

\n∂v imkvXobho£-W-Øn-te-°p≈

]cn-h¿Ø\w Adn-hns‚ \n¿am-W-Øns‚

`mK-ambn kw`-hn-°-Ww. Xs∂bpw Pohn-

X-]-cn-k-c-sØbpw ]Tn-Xmhv ho≠pw

ho≠pw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw ]cn-h¿Øn-

∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hnZym-`ymkw

\n¿am-W-Øns‚bpw ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-

s‚bpw XpS¿®-bmb ]In-b-bm-Wv. kmaq-

ln-I- ⁄m-\-\n¿anXnhmZ-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-

Xhpw hna¿i-\m-flIt_m[-\-im-kvX-

Øns‚ A¥ Ø Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xp-am-

hWw ]T-\-k-ao-]-\w.

]T\w \S-°p-tºmƒ Xe-t®m-dn-\-IØp

\S-°p∂ am‰-ßsf \mUo-a\ximkvXw

hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. \mUo-tIm-i-ß-fpsS

k¶o¿W-amb he-°-Æn-I-fpsS cq]-Øn-

emWp ]T\w Xe-t®m-dn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-Xv. ]T\w \S-°p-tºmƒ Xe-t®m-

dnep≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃ ImWn®pXcm≥

Ign-bp∂ b¥-kw-hn-[m-\-߃ C∂p-≠v.

akvXn-jvI-hn-Imkw Gdn-b-Iqdpw \S-°p-

∂Xp sNdp-]m-b-Øn-em-Wv. Hmtcm Ign-

hp-ambn _‘-s∏´pw Nne \n¿Wm-bI

hnIm-k-th-f-Ifp≠v. B ]mb-Øn¬

AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \n›nX A\p-`-h-

߃ e`n-®n-s√-¶n¬ A]-cn-lm-cy-amb

\jvS-amhpw kw`-hn-°pI. ]o˛-ss]-adn

L´-Øn¬ A\u-]-Nm-cn-Ihpw sshhn-[y-

]q¿W-hp-amb Ifn-b-\p- -h-߃ \¬IWw

F∂ s]mXp-\n-co-£-WsØ CØcw

Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ H∂p-IqSn Dd-∏n-°p-∂p.

hyXykvX _p≤ntaJ-e-I-fn-ep≈ ]T\w

Xet®m-dns‚ hyXy-kvX- m-K-ß-sf-bmWp

]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp ]iv\sØ \mw

]cn-l-cn-°m≥ ian-°p-tºmƒ Cu hn[w

hnI-kn® hyXykvX mK-ß-fpsS GtIm-

]n--® ]h¿Ø-\-amWp Xe-t®m-dn¬ \S-

°p-∂-Xv. CXn-\¿Yw _p≤n-bpsS _lp-

X-e-ßsf ]cn-K-Wn®p sIm≠p≈ sshhn-

[y-]q¿W-amb A\p-`-h-߃ kvIqƒL´-

Øn¬ e`n-°-W-sa-∂mWv. AtXm-sSm∏w

Xs∂ Nne ]tXyI _p≤n-ta-J-eItfmSv

Ip´nIƒ°p khn-ti-j-amb Nmbvhv D≠m-

hpw. Ah-cpsS ]T-\-ssien CXp-ambn

_‘-s∏-´-Xm-hpw. Ah-cpsS `mhn- hn-I-

k-\-km-[y-Xbpw G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Cu

taJ-e-I-fn-emhpw. AXp-sIm≠v Ip´n-I-

fpsS hyXy-kvXX AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ ]mTy-

]-≤-Xn-bn¬, Hmtcm Ip´n°pw Xs‚

taJe Is≠-Øm\pw AXn-eqsS apt∂dn

Xs‚bpw H∏w kaq-l-Øns‚bpw s]mXp-

hn-Imkw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\pap≈ Ah-k-c-

߃ D≠m-h-Ww. A\p-`-h-ß-fp-sSbpw

t]mjIkar-≤-amb `£-W-Øn-s‚bpw

Ipdhv ]T-\sØ _m[n-°p-sa∂ kqN-

\bpw \mUo-a\ximkvXw \¬Ip∂p.

]T-\-]-In-b-bpsS \n¿h-l-Ww

]T-\-]-h¿Ø\-Øns‚ am\-kn-I-

Xew ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠Xp Ip´n-

bpsS akvXn-jvI-Øn-em-Wv. F∂m¬

CXns‚ `uXn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb

Xe-߃ Bhn -jvI -cn -°-s∏-Sp -∂Xv

kvIqfnepw ho´nepw a‰p kmaq-lnI-k-µ¿ -

ß-fn-ep-am-bm-Wv. ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-tS≠ Hcp

]iv\-am-bmWv AXp Ip´n°v A\p- -h-s∏-

Sp-I. Hu]-Nm-cnI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn¬

CØcw kµ¿ -߃ Ft∏mgpw kzbtah

Db¿∂phc-W-sa-∂n-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-

Xs∂ kµ¿`-ß-ƒ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn¬

A[ym-]-I¿°pw ]T-\-km-a-Kn-Iƒ°pw

khn-ti-j-amb ]¶p-≠v.

Hmtcm ]T\]iv\hpw H∂p-In¬ kmaq-

lnI-]-iv\-ß-fp-ambn t\cn´p _‘-s∏-

-Xmhmw. As√-¶n¬ kmaq-lnI-]-iv\-ß-

fpsS ]cn -l-c -W-Øn¬ ]k-‡-

1616

ambnØocp∂ A°m-Z-anI ]iv\-hp-am-

hmw. c≠p-X-c-Øn-em-bm-epw Nn¥n-°p∂

Hcp hy‡n F∂ \ne-bnepw kaq-l-

Ønse hf¿∂phcp∂ HcwKw F∂ \ne-

bnepw Ip´n-bn¬ B¥-cn-Iamb ]tNm-

Z\w D≠m-°p-∂-Xmhpw Cu ]iv\w.

CtXmsS ]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øns‚ hgn-bn-

eqsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-]q¿W-amb bmX

]Tn-Xmhv Bcw- n-°p-∂p. ChnsS ]Tn-Xmhv

H‰-bv°-√; kl-]-Tn-Xm-°fpw A[ym-

]I\pw H∏-ap-≠v; c£n-Xmhpw kaq-lhpw

klm-b-Øn-\p-≠v. AXpsIm≠p-Xs∂

N¿®sNbvXpw ]¶p-h®pw ]iv\-]-cn-l-c-

W-coXn \n¿W-bn-°m\mhp∂p. kz¥w

Nn¥-Iƒ°pw \n¿tZ-i-߃°pw A¿l-

amb ]cn-K-W\ e`n-°p-∂p. ap∂-dn-hp-Iƒ,

t\ctØ t\Snb Ign-hp-Iƒ, ]tXyIw

Xbm-dm-°-s∏´ ]T-\-km-a-Kn-Iƒ, DNn-X-

amb A[ym-]I CS-s]-S¬ F∂nh D]-

tbm-Kn®v hnh-c-ti-J-c-Whpw A]-K-Y-

\hpw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p. FØn-t®¿∂ [mc-

W-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ hy‡n-]-ctam

kmaq-lnItam Bb ]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fn¬

G¿s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu ]In-b-bn¬ DS-\ofw

]¶p-hbv-°epw kwhm-Zhpw hne-bn-cp-

Øepw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øepw \S-°p-∂p. CXp

hy‡n-bn-epw Ip´n CS-s]-Sp∂ kaq-l-

Ønepw \nc-¥-c-am-‰-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂p.

GsXmcp ]T-\-]-iv\hpw Ip´n-bpsS \ne-

hn-ep≈ Adn-hp-Iƒ°p apI-fn¬ \n¬°p-

∂Xp sIm≠mWv AXp sh√p-hn-fn-bmbn

amdp-∂-Xv. AtX-k-abw AXp Ip´n°p

e`y-am-hp∂ kml-N-cy-߃°pw klm-

b-߃°pw AIØv ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sm≥

Ign-bp-∂XpamhWw.

Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw imco-cn-Ihpw am\-

kn-Ihpw kmaqlnI-hp-amb km[y-X-I-

sfbpw ]cn-an-Xn-I-sfbpw Ipdn®v A[ym-

]-I¿°v Adn-hp-≠m-I-Ww. Ip´n-bpsS ]cn-

an-Xn-Iƒ°p≈n-te°p ]T-\-e-£ysØ

Npcp-°pI F∂ Ffp-∏-am¿K-a√ \mw

kzoI-cn-°pI. ]Icw. Ip´n-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-

Isf a‰p coXn-I-fn¬ Fßs\ adn-I-S-°m-

sa∂v Iq´mbn Btem-Nn-°p-Ibpw AXn-

\p≈ ]cn-lmc-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

AXp-hgn ]c-am-h[n ]T-\-t\´w Dd∏phcp-

Øp-Ibp-amhpw sNøp-I.

]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ ]ivt\m-∂oX ]T-\-

Øn\v A\p-kr-X-ambn cq]-I¬∏\ sNø-

s∏-S-Ww. hn⁄m\sØ ]Wn-Xo¿∂

Hcp¬]∂-ambn ImW-cp-Xv. ]iv\-k-µ¿ -

߃s°m∏w AXp ]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-h-iy-

amb Nne s]mXphnh-c-ßfpw ]mT-]p-kvX-

I-Øn¬ D≠m-h-Ww. AYhm a‰v D]m-[n-

Iƒ hgn AXv Dd∏phcp-Ø-Ww. ⁄m-\-

\n¿an -Xn -°mbn Hcp -ßnb Ip´n -Iƒ

AXns‚ ap∂p-]m-[n-bmb Nne tIh-e-hn-

h-c-߃°mbn tXSn-\-S∂p \ncm-i-s∏-

Sp∂ ÿnXn D≠m-h-cpXv. CXp Zcn-Z-]-

£-Øn¬s∏´ Ip´n-Isf ]n∂m-°-°m-

cm°n am‰pw. AtX-k-abw At\z-jWw

F∂ ioesØ C√mbvasNøm\pw ]mSn-

√. ]mtZ-in-I-ambn e`n-t°≠ hnh-c-߃

AhnsS h®p Xs∂ tiJ-cn-°-Ww. C°m-

cy-Øn¬ A[ym-]-Icpw c£n-Xm°fpw

]mtZ-in-I-k-aq-lhpw Ip´n°p XpW-bm-

h-Ww.

Cu ImgvN-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Adn-

hp-\n¿am-W-Øn\v klm-b-I-amb ]c-am-

h[n hnh-c-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ°v e`y-am-t°-

≠-Xp-≠v. CXv Hc-f-hp-hsc ]mT-]p-kvX-I-

Øn-eqsSXs∂ \n¿h-ln-°m≥ ian-°p-

∂p. Aßs\ hnh-c-߃ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-

Øn-eqsS e`y-am-°p-tºmƒ AXv ]In-b-

bv°m-h-iy-amb hn[-Øn¬ hni-I-e-\-

Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°m-\mWv e£yw h®n-

´p-≈-Xv.

\ne-hn-ep≈ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ]mT-]p-

kvXIw a‰p-Nne ZuXy-߃ IqSn Gs‰-Sp-

°-p∂p. Ip´n- FØn-t®-cp∂ ][m\ [mc-

1717

W-Ifpw Nne ]Xn-I-c-W-cq-]-ßfpw ]mT-

]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏--Sp-Øm≥ CSw

\¬In-bn- p-≠v. hni-Zmw-i-߃ Ip´n-bpsS

FgpØp]pkvX-I-Øn¬ D≠mhWw. CXp-

hgn F√m hnZym-e-b-ß-fnepw \n›nX

\ne-hm-c-Øn-ep≈ Nne an\naw Imcy-߃

\S-°p-∂p-sh∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ kwhn-[m-

\-Øn\p Ign-bpat√m. H∏w, kvIqfn¬ \S-

°p∂ ][m\ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃

kw_-‘n® GXm-s≠mcp NnXw c£n-

Xm-hn\p \¬Im\pw CXv D]-I-cn°pw.

]Xn-amk c£m-I¿Xr-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS

CXn\p IqSp-X¬ hy‡X hcpØmw.

c£m-I¿Xr ]¶m-fn-Ø-an-√msX CØ-c-

samcp ]mTy-]-≤-Xn°p ^e]Z-ambn

apt∂m´pt]mhm-\mhn-√.

A[ym-]n-I-bpsS ssIh-i-ap≈ klm-bI-

K-Ÿ-Øn¬ ]mTy-]-≤Xn e£y-߃, ]cn-

K-Wn-°-s∏-tS≠ kmaqlnI]iv\-߃,

]T -\ -Øns‚ s]mXpkao -] -\w,

hnjbkao-]-\w, aqey-\n¿W-bw kw_-

‘n® kqN-\-Iƒ F∂nh \¬I-Ww. \S-

t°≠ ]In-b-Iƒ, FØn-t®-tc≠ [mc-

W-Iƒ, cq]-s∏-tS≠ at\m-`m-h-߃,

]Xo-£n-°p∂ ]Xn-I-c-W-߃, D≠m-

th≠ D¬]-∂-߃ F∂nh kw_-‘n®v

hy‡X D≠m-hWw. ¢mkn¬

Db¿∂phcm-\n-S-bp≈ D≈-S-°-kw-_-‘-

amb kwi-b-߃°p aXn-bmb hni-Zo-I-

c-W-߃ AXn¬ D≠m-h-Ww. tIc-f-

Ønse GXp ¢mkvapdn-bnepw \S-t°≠

Nne an\naw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Iao-IrX

NnXw ]mT-]p -kvX-I-hp -ambn _‘-

s∏SpØn "A[ym-]-I-k-lmbn'bn¬ \¬I-

Ww. F∂m¬ ¢mkv apdn-bnse Bh-iy-

ß-ƒ°v A\p-kr-X-ambn sa®-s∏´ a‰p

]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn®p \S-∏m-°p-

∂-Xn\v CsXm∂pw A[ym-]I¿°p XS-

-am-hm\pw ]mSn-√. k¿Km-fl-I-amb

A[ym-]\w, ]mTy-]-≤Xn kao-]-\-Øn-\-

I-Øp-\n∂psIm≠v \mw ]c-am-h[n ]Xo-

£n-°p-∂p. amXr-I-Ifpw DZm-l-c-W-ßfpw

km[y-X-Ifpw ¢Ã-dp-I-fn¬ ]¶p-hbv-

°m\pw ]ckv]cw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw

A[ym-]-I¿°p Ign-b-Ww. ]h¿Ø-\-ß-

fn¬ hcp -tØ≠ ]mtZ -in -I -amb

am‰ßfpw CØcw thZn-I-fn¬ N¿®sNø-

s∏-S-Ww.

]ivt\m-∂oX ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ ]mtZ-

in-I-amb A\p-`-h-߃ ][m-\-am-Wv.

]mtZ-in-I-amb ]iv\-ßfpw AXp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ tcJ-Ifpw kma-Kn-Ifpw ]mT-

ßfpw a‰pw tNcptºmƒ ]mTy-]-≤Xn IqSp-

X¬ angn-hp-‰-Xmhpw. kvIqƒ -˛ ¢Ã¿ ˛

]©m-bØv Xe-ß-fn¬ CXn-\p≈ Iq´m-

bva-Iƒ ]h¿Øn-°-Ww. ]mtZ-in-I-

ambn Xbm-dm-°-s∏-Sp∂ hmb\kma-Kn-

Iƒ, tiJ-c-߃, ]pkvX-I-߃, d^-

d≥kv kmaKnIƒ, sF.Sn. A[n-jvTnX

D]m-[n-Iƒ F∂nh e`y-am°p∂-Xn\pw

apJy]-cn-K-W\ \¬I-Ww.

]T-\-Øn\p klm-b-I-amb _me-km-ln-

Xy-KŸ-߃ C\nbptasd D≠m-h-Ww.

DNnX-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ am[y-a-k-lm-bhpw

A`n-e-j-Wo-b-am-Wv. F∂m¬ ]T-\-]-In-

b-bn-eqsS Ip´n FØn-t®-tc≠ [mc-W-

Iƒ t\ctØ Xbm-dm°n \¬Ip∂

_mly- C-S-s]-SepIƒ C∂v hn]-Wn-

bneqsS \S-°p-∂p-≠v. CXp Ip´n-I-fpsS

bYm¿Y-hn-Im-ksØ XSbp∂ kmaq-lnI-

hn-cp≤ ]h¿Ø-\-am-sW∂p ]-d-bmsX

hø. CXn-s\-Xntc A[ym-]-I¿ \ne-]m-

sS -Sp -°Ww; c£n-Xm -°sf t_m[-

h¬°cn-°-Ww.

GsXmcp ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw hnP-b-I-c-ambn

\n¿hln-°-s∏-Sp-I, AXns‚ A¥ Ø

Xncn--®-dn™p ]h¿Øn-°p∂ A[ym-]-I-

cn -eq -sS-bmWv. Adnhp ]I-cp -I-tbm

Ip´nsb Adnhp \n¿an-°m≥ hn´v ]q¿W-

ambpw amdn\n¬°p-Itbm sNøp-∂ A[ym-

]-Isc-b√, adn-®v, ]T-\-]-iv\-ßsf icn-

1818

bmb hnXm -\ -Øn¬ Db¿Øn-

s°m≠phcp-∂, Ip´n-Isf \nc-¥-c-ambn

]tNm-Zn-∏n-°p-∂, tNmZy-ß-fpw kqN-\-

Ifpw hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßfpw a‰pw hgn

Ah¿°p ssIØmßp \¬Ip-∂, Xncn-

®-dn-hp≈ Hcp kaql\n¿amXm-hn-s\-

bmWv \mw A[ym-]-I-cn¬ ]Xo-£n°p-

∂-Xv.

]Tn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw

sa®-s∏´ coXn-bn¬ ]Tn-°m≥ Ah-kcw

In´pI F∂Xv Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw Ah-

Im-i-am-Wv. kmº-Øn-Itam kmaq-ln-Itam

kmwkvIm-cn-Itam `mjm-]-ctam imco-cn-

Itam kvXo˛-]p-cpj t`Z-]-ctam Bb

th¿Xn-cn -hp -Iƒ Cu Ah-Im-isØ

\ntj-[n-°p-∂-Xn\p Imc-W-am-h-cp-Xv. ]e

Imc-W-ß-fmepw ho´n¬ kuIcyw

Ipd™ Ip´n-Iƒ°v, AØcw ]cn-an-Xn-

Iƒ Ah-cpsS ]T-\-t\´w Ipdbp-∂-Xn\v

CS-bm-°-cp-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v ]T-\-Øn-

\p≈ kuI-cy-ßfpw Ah-k-c-ßfpw kaq-

l-Øns‚ ap≥ssI-bn¬ ]c-am -h[n

kvIqfn¬ Xs∂ G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂

hmZ-Øn\p ]k-‡n-bp-≠v. kvIqfn¬

Ip´n°v IqSp-X¬ ]T-\-ku-I-cy-ßfpw ]T-

\-k-a-bhpw Hcp-°p-∂Xv Zcn-Z-]-£-

tØmSpw ]n∂m°hn`m -K -tØmSpw

sNøp∂ \oXn-bmbn ImW-Ww.

AXp -t]mse imco -cnI]iv\-߃,

kvIqƒ \¬Ip∂ sa®-s∏´ kmaq-ln-Im-

\p-`hw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ Ip´n-

Iƒ°p XS- -am-hmsX t\m°-Ww. imco-

cnI]iv\-߃ eLq-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

D]-I-c-W߃ \¬I-Ww. kvIqfns\

Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-

Sp-Ø-Ww. AXp-hgn Dƒt®¿∂ hnZym-`ym-

k-Øn-\p≈ km[yX ]c-am--h[n ]cn-K-Wn-

°-Ww.

ho´nepw \m´nepw F∂-Xp -t]mse

kvIqfnepw s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ°v B¨Ip-´n-

Isft∏mseØs∂ Ah-k-c-߃ e`n-

°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.

AXp-t]mse ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂-

hsc kw_‘n®v kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb

khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw `mjm-]-c-amb X\n-

abpw \ne-\n¿Øns°m≠p Xs∂ ]T\w

cq]-I¬∏\ sNøm≥ ]mTy-]-≤Xnhgn

Atß-b‰w ian-°Ww.

1919

]T\w Hcp kmaqlnI]Inb

]T\w F∂-Xn\v a\p-jy-t\mfw ]g-°-ap-

≠v. a\p-jy-t\m-sSm∏w cq]wsIm≠Xpw

hf¿∂p-h-cp-∂--Xp-amb ]In-b-bmWXv.

a\p-jy-\n¬ AS-ßn-bXpw Ah≥ hnI-

kn--∏n-°p-∂-Xp-am-sW-¶nepw ]T-\-Øn\v

a\p-jys‚ kmaq-lnIhnIm-k-sØ-bmsI

kzm[o-\n-°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-≠v. a\p-jys‚

kmaq-lnIhnIm-khpw ]T-\hpw ]c-

kv]cw kzm[o-\n-°p--Ibpw h-f¿Øp-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. ]T-\-sa-∂Xv H‰-s∏´ hy‡n-

I-fn¬ XpS -ßp-Ibpw HSp -ßp -Ibpw

sNøp∂ H∂-√. hy‡n-I-tfm-tcm-cp--Øcpw

\n¿h-ln-°p∂ ]T-\-߃s°√mw H‰-

t\m-´-Øn¬ ImWm-hp-∂tXm kq£va-hn-

i-I-e-\-Øn¬ amXw ImWm-hp-∂tXm

Bb kmaq-lnIXe-ß-fp-≠v. C∂-se-hsc

t\Snb kmaq-lnIamb ⁄m\cq]-ßsf

(Knowledge forms) D]-tbm -K -s∏ -

SpØns°m≠p amXta GsXm-cmƒ°pw

C∂p ]pXn-b ⁄m\-ßsf D≠m-°n-sb-

Sp-°m≥ Ign-bq. ]T-\-sa-∂Xp iq\y-X-

bn¬ \n∂p cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂-X-√; \nc-h[n

\q‰m-≠p-I-fn-eqsS kmaq-ln-I-ambn XpS-

cp∂ ]In-b-bm-Wv.

A-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]T-\-Øns‚ e£y-

sa-¥m-sW∂ Btem-N\ Hmtcm Ime-

sØbpw kmaq-ln-Im-h-iy-ß-fp-ambn

_‘-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. s]dp-°n-Øn∂pw

th -bm-Snbpw Pohn-®n-cp∂ ImeØv AXn-

\p≈ hnh-c-ßfpw hncpXpw aq¿®-s∏-Sp-

Ø-emWv ]T-\-e -£y-ambn amdp -I.

F∂m¬ \´pw \\-®pw hkvXp-°ƒ D≠m-

°m≥ Xp-S-ßn-b -Im-eØv \mbm-´p-hn-Zy-

Isf e£yw-h-bv°p∂ ]T\w X\n

]g©\m-bn-cn-°pw. ChnsS Im¿jnIhn-

Zy-Ifpw hncp-Xp-Ifpw \√t]mse Bg-

Ønepw ]c-∏nepw ssIh-i-am-°epw

hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°-ep-amhpw Ime-Øn\p \nc-

°p∂ ]-T-\-e-£yw. kmaq-ln-I-amb Poh-

t\m-]m-b-ßsf Ia-ambn apt∂m-´p-sIm-

≠p-t]mh-pI F∂ Bhiyw F√m-

bvt∏mgpw ]T-\-Øn-\p-≠v. AXm-bXv, \√

\ne-bn¬ D¬∏m-Z-\-]-h¿-Ø\-ß-fn¬

]¶m-fn-I-fm-hm≥ ]T-\-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-∂-

hsc ]m]vXcm-°pI F∂Xv ]T-\-

Øns‚ e£y-am-Wv.

]cphs∏Spج hnZym`ymkØns‚

\ncmIcWw

D¬∏m-Z\ ]h¿-Ø\-ß-fpsS

hf¿®bv°pw hnIm-k-Øn\pw th≠p∂

`uXnI ⁄m\-ßsf amXw e£y-an-Sp∂

]T\w hf-sc -e-fn-X-amb LS-\-bp≈ kaq-

l-Ønte km[y-amhq. \mw Pohn-°p∂

kaq-l-am-hs´, Bbn-c-Øm-≠p--I-fn-eq-sS-

bp≈ ]cn-Wm-a-߃ hgn \nc-h[n X´p-

I-fmbn amdnb AXn-k-¶o¿W-amb Hcp

hyh-ÿ-bmWv. ChnsS ]T-\-sa-∂Xv ]e-

t∏mgpw \ne-\n¬°p∂ th¿Xn-cn-hp-Isf

AtXt]mse \ne-\n¿Øm≥ IqSn klm-

b-I-am-hp∂p. F√m-h-cp-sSbpw t£ahpw

hn-Im-khpw ]Jym-]n -X-e-£y-am-hp -

tºmƒØs∂ kaq-l-Ønse Xmsg-°n-S-

bn¬ Ign-bp-∂-h-cpsS Bh-iy-ß-tfmSpw

]iv-\-ß-tfmSpw \n w-K-Xbpw AhKW-

\bpw ]pe¿Øn-s°m-≠mWv ]T-\-k-º-

Zmbw \ne-hn-ep≈ Ah-ÿsb \ne-

\n¿Øp-∂Xv. CXns\ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-

]iv\m[njvTnX ]T\w(Problem Based Education)]iv\m[njvTnX ]T\w(Problem Based Education)

2020

bm-Ø-hn[w hy‡n-Isf am-\-kn-I-ambn

cq]-s∏-Sp -Øp∂ ]h¿Ø\w hfsc

kzm`m-hn-I-ambn Xs∂ ]T\w hgn \n¿h-

ln-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Np‰pw ImWp∂ F-¥n-

s\°pdn®pw tNmZy-߃ D∂bn-°p∂,

Pn⁄m-k-tbmsS kvIqfn-se-Øn-t®-cp∂

Ip´n-Iƒ°p kw`-hn-°p∂ am‰w ]cn-tim-

[n-®m¬ C°mcyw hy‡-am-hpw. G‰hpw

Iq-Snb km£-c-Xm-\n-c-°pw A`y-kvX-hn-

Zy-cpsS _mlp-eyhpw \ΩpsS t\´-ambn

ImWn-°m\m-hp-tºmƒØs∂ D¬]m-

Z\]In-b-I-fn¬ \n∂-I∂v s]m≈-bmb

D]-t`m-K-k-aq-l-ambn \mw amdp-∂-Xn¬,

AYhm am‰p-∂-Xn¬ ]T\w hln-°p∂

]¶pw sNdpX√. F√m -h -scbpw

Db¿Øm\pw hf¿Øm\pw e£y-an-Sp∂p

F∂ \mSy-Øn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ kmaq-lnI

Ak-a-Øz-ß-sfbpw A\o-Xn-I-sfbpw

hna¿i\hnt[-b-am-°msX apt∂m´p

t]mIp∂ ]T-\-k-ao-]-\-Øn¬ am‰w hcp-

tØ-≠-Xt√?

]T\hpw kmaqlnIam‰hpw

\ne-hnep≈ Poh-t\m-]m-b-ßsf hf¿Øn-

sb-Sp-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w hyh-ÿbv°p

Iogvs∏-Sp∂ a\- p-≈-h-cm°n Bfp-Isf

am‰pI F∂Xpw ]T-\--ØneqsS \n¿h-ln-

°-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v F∂p \mw I≠p. F∂m¬,

tIc-f-Øn-e-S°w hnhn-[ -ÿ-e-ß-fn¬

\S∂ \thm-∞m-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

tZio-b-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ ka-c-ßfpw

I¿j-I-cp-sSbpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw

hntam-N-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \sΩ as‰m-

cp -Imcyw [cn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. ]T-\-Øn\p

kaq-lsØ am‰pI F∂ e£yhpw \n¿h-

ln-°m-\m-hpw. "hnZy-sIm≠v ]_p-≤-cm-

hpI' F∂ \thm-∞m\ apZm-hmIyw ]T-

\-Øns‚ hntam-N\-e-£y-sØ-bmWp

kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. F√m kmaq-lnI ˛

kmº-ØnI th¿Xn-cn-hp-Ifpw adnI-S∂v

F√m-h-scbpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ hn[w tIc-

f -Ønse hnZym -`ym -kkwhn -[m -\w

hf¿∂ph∂Xp hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ hntam-

N\e£yw ap∂n¬ h®p-sIm-≠m-Wv.

hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ hntam-N\e£ysØ

Ime-Øn-\n -Wßpw hn[w hf¿Øn-

s°m≠p t]mIm-\p≈ Npa-Xe \ap-°p-

≠v. Cu e£yw D∂whbv°p∂ ]T\w

kaq-l-Øns‚bpw AXn-e-S-ßp∂ hy‡n-

I-fp-sSbpw k¿h-tXm-ap-J-amb hnI-mk--

Øns‚ Xmev]cysØ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn°pw.

C∂v \ap°p Np‰p-ap≈ PohnXw F√m

hn`m-K-߃°pw Xpeym-h-kcw \¬Ip-

∂n√ F∂p \ap-s°-√m-h¿°pw Adn-bmw.

\nc --h[n hn`m -K -߃°v

kmaqlnI\oXnbpw Ah-k-c -ßfpw

\ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. kmaq-lnI-amb Ah-

k-c-߃ kar-≤-ambn e`n-°p∂ hn`m-K-

߃°v AXn-thKw apt∂m´p t]mIm≥

Ign-bp-∂p. a‰p-≈-h¿ ]pd¥-≈-s∏-Sp--Ibpw

sNøp -∂p. Cu kml-N-cy -ß-fn¬

ssh⁄m-\nItijn-Ifpw ss\]p-Wn-

Ifpw t\Sp-∂-Xn\pw kaqlPohn-X-Øn¬

]tbm-K-Øn¬ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Xpey-

amb Ah-k-c-ßfpw kmaqlnI \oXnbpw

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp ]pXnb Xe-

ap-dbpsS krjvSn hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚

e£y-am-Wv.

kmaq-lnIam‰w e£y-an-Sp∂ ]T\w

F¥n-s\√mw Ah-kcw \¬IWw?

$ k m a q - l n I \ o X n - ° p - t h ≠ n

]h¿Øn-°m≥

$ k¥p--en-Xhpw hnth-I-]q¿W-hp-amb

hnI-k-\-Øn\v

$ anI® ]ucXzw hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥

$ Db¿∂ tZio-bt_m[w hf¿Øm≥

$ Ah-Im-i-t_m[w hf¿Øm≥

$ imkvX˛ kmt¶-XnI Ah--t_m[w

hf¿Øm≥

$ Imcy-Im-cW_‘-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ Nn¥n-°m≥

2121

$ kmwkvIm-cnIØ\na Xncn -®-dn -

bm\pw hf¿Øm\pw

$ sXmgn¬ sNøm -\p≈ Ignhp

hf¿Ø¬

$ kmaq-ln-Ihpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-hp-

amb aq-ey-߃ t\Sm≥

$ kzmibXzw Du´n-h-f¿Øm≥

$ A\oXn-Isf sNdp-°m-\p≈ Icp-

Øp-h-f¿Øm≥

$ Adn-hns‚ \n¿am-W-Øn\pw hn\n-a-

b-Øn\pw t\XrXzw \¬Im≥

$ hna¿i-\m-flI Nn¥ hf¿Øm≥

kmaqlnIam‰-ß-fpsS ]In-b-bn¬ \n∂p

hnZym-`ym-ksØ ]q¿W-ambn AS¿Øn-

sb-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v ta¬∏-d™ e£y-߃

t\Sm≥ km[y-a-√. Hcp hnZym¿Ynbpw

Adnhp amXw t\Sn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂

\n w-Kbmb Hcp \nco-£-I-b√. Ah¿

C∂sØ k¶o¿W-am-b-amb kaq-l-

Øns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Xß-fp-tS-

Xmb coXn-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂p-≠v; ¢mkv

apdn-°-IØpw ]pdØpap≈ A\p-`-h-ß-

fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Bi-b-ßfpw

A`n-]m-b-ßfpw cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. GXp-

t]m-se-sb-∂m¬, \o¥¬hnZy ImW-m-

∏mTw ]Tn® Bƒ \o¥m≥ XpS-ßp-

tºmƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp∂ Hcp Imcy-ap-≠v˛

X\n°v \o¥-en-s\-°p-dn®v H∂p-a-dn-bn-√

F∂v. \o¥-en-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ tNmtZym-

Øc]m-T ]-T\w \njv]-tbm-P-\-am-hp-∂Xv

AXv \o¥-en-s\-°p-dn®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-°m-Ø-

Xp-sIm-≠-√. AXn¬ \o¥pI F∂ a\p-

jy-]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ bYm¿Y kØ AS-

ßp-∂n-√ F∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. e£ysØ

am¿K-Øn¬ \n∂p Xo¿Øpw sh´n-am-‰p∂

Cu coXn AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ^e-]-Z-

a√. CØcw ]h¿Ø-\-߃ hgn Kuc-

h-s∏´ Hcp e£yhpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\m-

hn-√.

kmaq-lnIam‰w e£y-an-Sp∂ ]T-\-Øns‚

hgnbpw kmaq-ln-I-am-‰-Øn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cn-

°pw. Hcp ]pXphgn -sh-´-em-Wn-Xv. tIc-f-

Ønse s]mXphnZym`y-mksØ KpW-]-

c -am -°p∂ hgnbpw CXm -hp -sa∂p

tXm∂p∂p.

ChnsS \mw D≈-S-°-ambn kzoI-cn-°p-

∂Xv kmaqlnI]iv\-ß-sf-bm -Wv.

sshhn-[yhpw ssh]p-ey-hp-w sIm≠v n∂-

kz-`m-h-am¿∂ kmaq-ln-I-]-iv\-ßsf

Hu]-Nm-cnI ]T-\-I-a-Øn-te°v Fßs\

sIm≠p-hcpw F∂Xp henb sh√p-hn-fn-

bm-Wv. Cu sh√p-hn-fnsb ]q¿W-amb

A¿Y-Øn¬ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v hf-sc-

tbsd ]mtZ-inI hg-°-ap≈ ]T-\-]-≤Xn

cq]-s∏-Sp -tØ-≠n-h-cpw. tIh-e-amb

ssh⁄m-\nI]T-\-tØmSv h≥tXmXn-

ep≈ Xmev]cyw ]pe¿Øp∂ C∂sØ

kml-N-cy-Øn¬ kmaq-lnI]iv\-ßsf

tIµ-_n-µp-hm-°p∂ kao-]\w Fßs\

]mh¿Øn-I-am°pw F∂v Btem-Nn-t°-

≠--Xp-≠v.

kmaq-lnIPohn-XsØ `uXn-I-a-fiew,

kmaq -ln -I -afiew, kmw -kvIm -

cnIafiew F∂n-ßs\ Cg-tN¿°m-\m-

hpw. Hmtcm PohnXafi-e-Ønepw FÆn-

bm-sem-Sp-ßmØ ]iv\-ß-fp-ap-≠v. Cu

]iv\-ß-tfm--tcm∂pw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-

tºmƒ Ahbv°v B[m-c-amb s]mXp

]`-htIµß-fp-s≠∂p ImWmw. Aß-

s\-bm-sW-¶n¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ kmam-t\y\

A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ Nne ]iv\-ß-fpsS

s]mXp- ]-`htIµ-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am-

°p∂ D≈-S°w Fßs\ kzoI-cn-°-W-

sa∂p Nn¥n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ch-bn¬

`uXn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-

I-hp-amb aWvU-e-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂h

D≠m-bn-cp-∂m¬ aXn-bm-hpw. DZm-l-c-W-

Øn\v, tIc-f-Øn¬ DS-\ofw h¿j-Im-

eØp sh≈-s∏m-°hpw Dcpƒs]m-´epw

D≠m-hp-∂p. F∂m¬, th\-em-Ip-∂-

tXmsS IpSn-shţmahpw hcĨbpw

2222

hym]-I-am-hp∂p. hyXykvX cq]-`m-h-ß-

tfmsS tIc-fo-bsc BsI _m[n-°p∂

Cu ]iv\sØ imkvXo-b-amb ÿe

˛Pe ]cn-]m-e-\-t_m-[-Øns‚ Ipd-hp-aqew

D≠m-Ip∂ H∂mbn ImWmw. AXm-bX,v

sh≈-s∏m -°-ambpw hcƒ®-bmbpw

Dcpƒs]m-´-embpw IpS-sh-≈-£m-a-ambpw

Hs° A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ ]iv\-Øns‚

s]mXp- ]-`-h-tIµsØ imkvXo-b-amb

ÿe˛ Pe ]cn-]m-e\t_m[-Øns‚

A`mhw F∂p Npcp-°n-∏-d-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Cu Npcp-s°-gp-Øns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-

bp≈ At\z-j-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn Ip´n

FØn-t®-cp-∂Xv, qan-im-kvXw, uXn-Iw,

ck-X-¥w, Poh-im-kvXw, Ncn-Xw, kmº-

Øn-I-imkvXw, Ãm‰n-ÃnIvkv (kmwJn-

Iw), mj apX-emb ssh⁄m-\nIimJ-

I-fpsS ]T-\-Øn-\Øn-te-°mWv. aq¿Ø-

Øn¬ \n∂v Aaq¿Ø-Øn-te°pw Adn-

bp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v Adn-bm-Ø-Xn-te°pw

D≈ ]bm-W-amWp hnZym-`ym-k-sa∂

kmam\y XØzsØ Bkv]-Z-am°nbmWp

]T\w apt∂-dp-∂-Xv. CØ-c-Øn¬ Pohn-

X-Øns‚ hyXykvX aWvU-e-ß-fn¬

A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ \nc-h[n ]iv\-ß-sf

Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Nne s]mXp ]`htIµ-

ßsf ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \ap°p Ign-bpw.

tIc-f-Øn\v s]mXpsh _m[-I-am-

hp∂ Nne ]iv\ -]-`htIµ-߃

$ imkv-Xo-b-amb ÿe˛ Pe amt\-

Pvsa‚ns‚ A`m-hw.

$ Irjnsb Hcp PohnXkwkvIm-c-

ambn ImWmØ Ah-ÿ.

$ hniz-am-\-h≥ F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv cq]-

s∏-SmØ Ah-ÿ.

$ A[zm -\-tijn hnIm-k-Øns‚

A`mhw.

$ kmwkvIm -c n -I -Ø-\n -a -sbbpw

AXns‚ kzX¥hnIm-k-sØbpw

Ipdn®v [mc-W-bn-√m-bva.

$ ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-tcm-

Sp≈ ]cn-K-W-\-bn-√m-bva.

$ ]cn-k-c-ku-lm¿Z-]-c-amb hyh-km-

b-h¬°-c-Ww, \K-c-h¬°-cWw

F∂n-hsb°pdn-®p≈ [mc-W-°p-

dhv.

$ imkvXo-b-amb Btcm-Ky˛ s]mXp-

P-\m-tcmKyImgvN-∏mSns‚ A`m-hw.

\mw t\cn-Sp∂ A\-h[n kmaq-lnI]iv\-

ß-fpsS ASn-th-cp-Iƒ Ch-bn¬ Is≠-

Øm-\m-hpw. Hmtcm ]`-h-tI-µ-ß-fn¬

\n∂p P\n-°p-∂-sX-¶nepw ]mtZ-in-I-

amb H´-\-h[n cq]-`mh sshhn-[y-߃

Hmtcm kmaq-lnI]iv\-Øn-\p-ap-≠m-Ipw.

Ch-sb√mw ]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn Xo¿Øpw

]cn-l-cn-°pI F∂Xv Hcp ]T\]≤-Xn-

bneqsS t\SnsbSp-°m-hp-∂-X-√. hnhn[

Pohn-X-a-WvU-e-ß-fn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂

]iv\-ßsf imkvXo-b-ambn Fßs\

kao-]n-°m-sa∂Xns‚ coXn-bmWv ChnsS

]Tn-Xm-hn\v hi-am-hp-∂-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-

Øn\,v ""hniz-am-\-h≥ F∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sn-

√mbva'' F∂Xv FSp-°mw. ChnsS ]]-

©-sØbpw a-\pjy\S-°-ap≈ Poh-Pm-e-

ß-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-sØbpw Ch XΩn-

ep≈ _‘-sØbpw Ipdn-®v C∂p \Ωƒ

FØn-t®¿∂ imkvXob[mc-W-I-fmWp

]T-\-hn-j-bw. ChnsS Hmtcm [mc-Wbpw

Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xn\p \nc-h[n Xc-Øn-

ep≈ Adn-hp-Iƒ thWw. AtXmsSm∏w

[mcmfw anYym-[m-c-W-Iƒ IpSpw-_-Øn¬

\n∂pw kaq -l-Øn¬ \n∂pw Ip´n

Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p-ap-≠v. Ch Cgth¿s]-

SpØn ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\p≈ Ignhv Ip´n

t\Sn-sb-Sp-°pI F∂Xv ]T\ e£y-am-

Wv. ChnsS Hcp-]t£, Kl-W-sØ-°p-

dn-®p≈ anYym-[m-c-W-I-sf-bm-bn-cn°mw

Hcpthf hnj-b-am-°p-∂-Xv. Cu Imcyw

hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn\v Ht´sd Adn-hp-

Iƒ thWw. Zhyw, Ne-\w, ka-bw, ]]-

©w, ÿqe-]-]© Ne\w XpSßn

2323

Ht´sd Imcy-ß-fn¬ Adnhp th≠-Xp-≠v.

Kl-W-sa-∂-Xns\ hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn

hni-I-e\w sNøp-I, Kl-W-hp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ A‘hnizm -k-ßsf

tNmZywsNøpI F∂Xv Htckabw

Adnhp\n¿am-W-hp-amWv; kaq-l-Øns‚

t_m[-Øn¬ CS-s]-S-ep-am-Wv. CØ-c-

Øn¬ H∂p-ap-X¬ ]¥-≠p-h-sc-bp≈

¢mkp-I-fn¬ GtXXp ]iv\-ßsf FX-

amXw Bg-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNøWw

F∂p Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xmhpw ChnsS

kne-_-kv. Cu kne-_-kn-eqsS IS-∂p-

t]m -Ip∂ Ip´n°v Xs‚ Nn¥sb

DW¿Øm-\pw ssIIm-ep-I-f-S°w D]-tbm-

Kn®v Nne ]h¿Ø\-߃ sNøm-\pw

Bi-b-߃ cq]-s∏SpØm\pw sshhn-[y-

am¿∂ \ne-bn¬ Ahsb Bhn-jvI-cn-°m-

\pw Xs‚ Np‰p-ap≈ a\p-jy-cpsS Nn¥-

bn-epw ]hr-Øn-bn-epw Pohn-X-ho-£-W-

Ønepw KpW-]-c-ambn CS-s]-Sm-\p-ap≈

Ah-k-c-amWp ssIh-cp-∂-Xv. Cu hgn-bn-

eq -sS -bp≈ ]T\w Hcp kmaq -

lnIe£ysØ ap∂n¬ \n¿Øn-s°m-

≠p≈ A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS tIm¿Øn-W-°-

em-Wv.

2424

a\p-jy≥ F∂pw kz¥w PohnXw C∂p-

≈-Xn -t\-°mƒ anI®Xm°p-∂-Xn\p

th≠n Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ \nc-¥cw CS-s]-Sp-∂-

h-\m-Wv. a\p-jy-k-aqlw Iq´mbn \S-Ønb

Cu CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv CXp-h-sc-

k-aqlw B¿Pn® ⁄m\-k-©bw apgp-

h≥ D-¬]mZn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv. Cu CS-s]-S-

ep-Iƒ hgn-bmWv kz¥w Np‰p-]m-Sns\

]p\¿\n¿an-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \qX\amb

coXnimkvX-߃ hnI-kn®ph∂-Xv.

Cßs\ Np‰p-]m-Sns\ ]p\¿\n¿an-°p-

Ibpw AXn-\p≈ Ignhv hnI-kn-∏n-°p-

Ibpw Htckabw \S-°p -∂p -sh∂v

NcnXw ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Is≠-Øm≥

]bm-k-an-√.

F∂m¬, tIhew C∂n¬ amXw A`n-c-

an-®p-sIm≠v al-Ømb \msfsb kz]v\w

ImWmt\m AXns‚ km£m-XvIm-c-Øn-

\m-bp≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-

Smt\m \ap°p Ign-bp-∂n-√. kmaq-lnI

Pohn-X-Øn¬, kzbw AXn¬ Dƒs∏´

Hcm-sf∂ \ne-bn¬ Xs∂ AS-bm-f-s∏-

Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-tºmƒ amXta Ncn-X-

\n¿an-Xn-bn¬ km¿Y-I-ambn Dƒt®-cm≥

a\p-jy\v Ign-bq. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂

ÿe-Ønepw Ime-Ønepw Hcmƒ°v,

kzbw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ah-kcw

\¬IpI F∂-XmWv kmaq-ly-imkvX

]T-\ -Øns‚ ASn -Ø-d. A-Xn -\m¬

tIhew a\p-jy-k-aq-lsØ°pdn®v amX-

ap≈ At\z-jWw a\p-jy≥ Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-

fn¬ \S-Ønb CS-s]-S-ep-Isf°pdn-®p≈

t\c-dn-hp-I-fn-te°p \bn-°p-I-bn-√. a‰p

kmaqly imkvX hnj-b-߃ IqSn

At\z-j-W-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv

Cu kµ¿`Øn-em-Wv. a\p-jy\pw a\p-

kmaqlyimkvX ]T\kao-]\wkmaqlyimkvX ]T\kao-]\w

jy\pw XΩnepw a\p-jy\pw kaq-lhpw

XΩnepw, a\p-jy\pw ]]-©-]-Ir-Xnbpw

XΩn-ep-ap≈ ]mc-kv]cyw Is≠-Øm\pw

Ah-kcw e`n-°-Ww.

Bibkwth-Z-\-Øn-\p≈ Ffp∏w ]cn-

K -Wn®v, hyXykvX hnj-b-ß-fmbn

th¿Xn-cn -°-s∏-Sp -tºmƒØs∂ Ncn-

Xhpw kmº-Øn-I-im-kvXhpw `qan-im-

kvXhpw cmjvS-X-¥hpw kaq-l-im-kvX-

hpw hmWn-Py-im-kvXhpw F√mw XΩn-

ep≈ kmI-ey-amWv ta¬ kqNn-∏n®

_‘-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p-

∂Xv F∂p ImWmw. Cu ASn-Ø-d-bn¬

\n∂p sIm≠m-bn-cn-°Ww \mw kmaq-ly-

imkvX ]T-\-Øns‚ e£yw \n¿W-bn-

t°-≠-Xv.

]T-\-e-£y-߃

hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-epw kaq-

lhpw `uXn-I-]-cn -ÿn-Xnbpw XΩn-

epap≈ ]mc-kv]-cy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ [mc-

W-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥ kmaq-ly-imkvX

]T\w Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww.

$ a\pjykaq -l-Øns‚ C∂sØ

ÿnXn a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ahsb

C∂-se-I-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXp

\msf-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ

hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah km£m-

XvI-cn-°m-\p≈ kmaqlnI CS-s]-S-ep-

Iƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Ip´n°v Ah-

kcap≠m-°-Ww.

$ kº-Øns‚ Dev]m-Z\w, hnX-cWw,

kmº-ØnI_‘-߃ F∂n-h Xn-cn-

®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn\v

2525

KpW-I-c-amb hn[-Øn¬ Cu kmº-

ØnI_‘-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn\pw

Ip´n°v Ign-b-Ww.

$ kaq-l-L-S\, AXns‚ hnImkw,

`uXn-I-]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-ambn CXn-\p≈

_‘w, kaq-l-hn-Im-k-]-In-b-bn¬

kmº-ØnI_‘-߃°p≈ ÿm\w

F∂n-h-sb°p-dn-®v [mc-W-Iƒ cq]o-I-

cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ e`n-

°Ww.

$ a\p-jy-k-aq-l- h-f¿®-bpsS Hmtcm- L-

´-Ønepw hf¿∂p-h∂ A[n-Imccq]-

߃, `c-W-Iaw, `cWIqS-߃

F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v \nK-a-\-߃ cq]-

s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ah-kcw e`n-°-Ww.

$ P\m[n-]Xyw, kmaq-lnI\oXn, ÿnXn

kaØzw aX-\n-c-t]-£X F∂n-hsb

°pdn®v [mc-W-Iƒ hn]p-e-s∏-Sp--Øp-∂-

Xn\pw AXn\p XS- -ambn \n¬°p∂

LS-I-߃s°Xntc \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ

FSp°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ ]mtbm-KnI Ah-

kcw Ip´n-Iƒ°p e`n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

$ ]m¿iz-h-¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ P\-hn-`m-K-

ß-fpsS ]iv\-߃ a\- n-em-°p-∂-

Xn\pw Ah¿°p IqSn \oXn-e-`n-°p∂

kmaq-lnI hyh-ÿbv°v th≠n \ne-

sIm-≈p-∂-Xn\pw Ip´n-Iƒ°p Ign-

bWw

$ hnhn[ kmaq-lnIhnj-b-ß-fpsS co-Xn-

im-kvXw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm\pw AXp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ hnhn[ tijn-Iƒ Ia-ambn

hnI-kn-∏n-°m\pw th≠ Ah-k-c-߃

Ip´n-Iƒ°p e-`n-°-Ww.

F∂m¬ ChnsS \mw \n¿_-‘-ambpw

Hm¿-t°-≠- a-s‰mcp kwK-Xn-IqSn D≠v. apI-

fn¬ kqNn-∏n® e£y-ß-sf√mw t\Sn-°-

gn™v ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb tijw Ip´n Xs‚

kmaq-lnI]iv\-ß-fn¬ CS-s]Spw F∂

ImgvN-∏mSv Xncp -Ø-s∏-tS -≠-Xp -≠v.

Xm\pƒs°m-≈p∂ kaqlw t\cnSp∂

]iv\-ß-fn¬ Xt‚-Xmb Xe-Øn¬ CS-

s]-´p-sIm-≠mWv Ip´n ]T-\-Øn-te¿s∏-

Sp-∂-Xv. AXm-bXv, kz¥w Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ CS-

s]-Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ignhv hnI-kn-∏n-°pI

F∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w Adnhv Dev]m-Zn-∏n-

°m\pw AXns‚ ]tbm-K-Øn\pw Ah-

kcw e`n-°pI F∂-XmWv kmaqly-im-

kvX-]-T-\-Øns‚ ]c-a-amb e£y-ambn

]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv.

-ss]-adn L´w

ss]a-dn-L-´-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[n DZvK-YnX

kao-]-\-amWp kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv. Ip´n-

Iƒ°p e`n-°p∂ A\p- -h-߃ Ah-cpsS

kao-]ÿ Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏- -

h-bm-I-Ww. aq¿Ø-amb A\p-`-h-ß-fn-

eqsS Bi-b-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ Ip´n°v

Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°Ww. e`n-°p∂ A\p-`-

h-ßsf s]m-Xp-]-T-\-ti-jn-bp-ambn _‘-

s∏-SpØn amXw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬

aXn. AXm-b-Xv, Ip-´n°v ]m]y-a-√mØ

Xe-Øn-te°v A\p-`-h-ßsf hnI-kn-∏n-

°m≥ ian-®p-Iq-Sm. kzm-b-Ø-am-°nb

Bi-b-ß-fp-sSbpw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØ

at\m-`m-h-ß-fp-sSbpw ]tbmKw Dd-∏p-h-

cp-Ø-Ww. A∏¿ ss]a-dn-L-´-Ønse

kmaq-ly-imkvX ]T\w temh¿ ss]a-

dn-bpsS XpS¿®-bpw hf¿®bpw Xs∂

Bbn-cn-°-Ww. kmaq-ly-imkvX hn-j-b-

߃ XΩn-ep≈ DZvK-Y\ km[y-X- ]-c-

am-h[n ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w,-

C-Xc- hn-j-b-ß-fp-ambn ka\z-bn-∏n-°m-

\p≈ km[yX ]cn-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw thWw.

Cu L´-Øn¬ Ip´n-bpsS A\p-`-h-]-cn-

kcw hnI-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw. AXn-

\m¬ kz¥w ]tZ-isØ B[m-c-am°n

]T-\m-\p-`-h-߃ Hcp-°p-tºmƒØs∂

kwÿm\˛tZiob ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬

AXns\ hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw Ip´n°v Ign-

b-Ww. kao-]-ÿ- Np-‰p-]m-Sn¬ \n∂p-

sIm≠v Ncn-XsØ ho£n-°m\pw AXn-

s\ -s]mXp tZiobNcn-X-Øns‚ ]›m-

Ø-e-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw Ip´n°v

Ah-kcw e`n-°-Ww.

2626

kaqlw, AXnse Iq´m-bva-Iƒ, kmaq-ln-

I-ÿm-]-\-߃ F∂n-h-bn¬ kz¥w Np‰p-

]m-Sn¬ X\n°v e`n® A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS

ÿm\-Øn¬ k¿Km-fl-I-ambn CS-s]-Sm-

\p≈ Ah-kcw e`n-°-Ww. temh¿

ss]a-dn-bn-ep≈Xp-t]mse sshhn-[y-

am¿∂ Bhn-jvIm-c-km-[yX \ne-\n¿Øp-

Ibpw sNømw.

kmaq-ly-im-kvX-hn-j-b-ß-fpsS X\-Xmb

]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈

]mY-an-I-amb Ah-k-c-߃ Cu L´-

Øn¬ D≠m-h-Ww. `q]-S-hm-b-\, hmsam-

gn-I-fpsS hni-I-e\w XpS-ßn-bh km[y-

am -°p∂ ]T\kµ¿`-߃ Hcp -t°-

≠Xp≠v F∂¿Yw.

Xs‚ kao-]-]-cn-k-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v

(hn-ti-jn®pw P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb A[n-

Im-cw) `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\w, s]mXp-ÿm-]-

\-߃ F∂nh ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm\pw kmaq-

lnIPohn-X-Øn¬ Ch sNep-Øp∂

kzm[o\w Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Ah-kcw e`n-

°-Ww.

CXn-s\√mw D]-cn-bmbn P\m-[n-]Xyw

Xpey-X, kmaq-lnI-\oXn F∂n-h-bn¬

A[n-jvTn-X-amb aqey-߃ kzmb-Ø-am-

°m-\-h-kcw e`n-°-Ø° hn[-Øn¬

kwL]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm\pw

kmaq-lnI-ambn ]pØ-\-dn-hp-Iƒ krjvSn-

°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-kcw Cu L´-Øn¬

\n¿_-‘-ambpw Ip´n°v e`n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

s]mXp-k-ao-]-\-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in® F´v

]iv\-ta-J-e-Isf tIµo-I-cn-®mWv ]mT-

`m-K-߃ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn -°p-∂-Xv.

Hmtcm ]iv\-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´

]c-am-h[n hnhc߃ ti-J-cn-°m\pw B

hnh-c-ßsf Iq´mb ]In-b-bn-eqsS Adn-

hp-Ifpw Bi-b-ß-fp-am°n am‰m\pw

¢mkvap-dn-Iƒ thZn-bm-h-Ww. Cßs\

kzmwio-I-cn-s®-Sp-°p∂ Adn-hp-Ifpw Bi-

b-ßfpw Ip´n-bpsS Xe-Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm-

≠p≈ ]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fn-te°v amdp-∂-Xm-

Wv ss]a-dn-L- -Ønse kmaq-ly-imkvX

]T\e£y-Øns‚ apJy-k-Ø-bmbn ]cn-

K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv.

kmaqlnI]iv\hpw ]T-\-]-iv\hpw

A©v Ggv ¢mkp-I-fn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈

]iv\m-[n-jvTn-X-k-ao-]\w Xs∂-bmWv

\mw Bdmw ¢mknepw Ah-ew-_n-®n-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn "]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-

s∏-´-h-tcmSv ]cnKW--\-bn-√mbva' F∂

kmaq-ly-]iv\w Ip´n-bpsS ap∂n¬ Fß-

s\-bmWv IS-∂p-h-cp-∂Xv F∂p ]cn-tim-

[n-°mw. ChnsS Pohn-°p-∂-h¿ F∂ ]mT-

Ønse qan \jvS-am-hp∂ ImSns‚ a°ƒ

F∂ ]mT-`m-KØv Ip´n-tbmSv Hcp tNmZy-

ap -b¿Øp-∂p. "",kz¥w InS-∏m-Shpw

`qanbpw \jvS-s∏-´m¬ \n߃°p-≠m-

hp∂ Zpcn -X -߃/]iv\ -߃

Fs¥√mw?'' CXn-tem-Sp≈ ]Xn-I-c-W-

Øn-eqsS BZn-hmkn P\-hn-`m-K-Øns‚

]m¿iz-h¬°-cW Ah-ÿ-bn-tebv°v

Ip´nbpsS Nn¥sb \bn-°p-∂p. Cu L -

Øn¬ `qan A\ym-[o-\-s∏´ Hcp-hn-`mKw

P\-ß-fpsS A\p-`hw hmbn-°m≥ Ip´n-

I-tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-

Øntem A[ym -] -I-k-lm-bnbntem

\n¿tZin-°-s∏-´Xpw A[ym-]nI kzbw

cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp-amb CØcw ]iv\-

ßsf ]T-\-]-iv\-߃ F∂p hnfn-°mw.

]T-\-]-iv\-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Xs∂ ]mtZ-

inI km[y-X-I-fp≈ ]iv\-߃ A[ym-

]nI D∂-bn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Ip´n-bn¬

Bfl-hn-izmkw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp -°m≥

km[n -°pw. amX -a√, ]mtZ -inI

]T\kma-Kn-I-fpsS e-]-Z-amb D]-tbm-

K-Øn\pw CXp klm-bn°pw.

Ip´n tIµ-ÿm-\Øp hcp-tºmƒ

]T-\-]-In-b-bpsS tIµ-ÿm-\Øv Ip´n-

sb- Im-Wm≥ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-tXm-sS-bmWv

GXp t_m[-\-co-Xnbpw Imem-\p-km-cn-

bmbn \nc-¥cw ]pXp-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂-Xv.

I m c W w , i m k v X w ˛ k m t ¶ -

XnIhnZyIfn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ AXn-th-K-Øn-

ep≈ hf¿® kaq-l-sØ-bmsI am‰-Øn\v

t]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]T\]In-b-bpsS tIµ-

ÿm-\Øp \n¬v°p∂ inip-k-aq-lhpw

\nc-¥cw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

2727

A©ph¿jw apºv CtX ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-

®n-cp∂ inipkaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂v hn`n-

∂hpw A\p- -h-Øns‚bpw Adn-hn-s‚bpw

Imcy-Øn¬ Gsd apt∂-dn-b-h-cp-amWv

C∂-sØ -Ip-´n-Iƒ. AXn-\m¬, t_m[-\-

coXn \nc-¥cw ]pXp-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-

cm-bnØo-cp-∂p. Xs‚ ap∂n-se-Øp∂

hnZym¿Ynkaq-l-Øn\v ]mI-amb hn[-

Øn¬ kzbw ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-

am-bn-s°m≠p amXta imkvXobamb

Hcp ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn\pw imkvXo-b-coXn

kzoI-cn-°p∂ A[ym-]n-Ibv°pw \ne-

\n¬°m-\m-hq. kzbw Cu ]h¿Ø\

]In-b°v hnt[-b-\m-h-W-sa-¶n¬ Ip´n-

sb-°p-dn-®p≈ G‰hpw \qX-\-amb ]cn-I-

ev]-\-Iƒ \mw kzmb-Ø-am-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

Ip´n-bpsS ]Ir-XsØ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-

tºmƒ Pn⁄mkbnepw `mh-\-bnepw

hy‡nXz khn-ti-j-X-bnepw h∂ am‰-

ßsf Imen-I-ambn Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Bh-

iy-amb aps∂m-cp°w A[ym-]-I¿ \S-tØ-

≠-Xp-≠v.

Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_ -hy-h-ÿ-bnse ]e A[n-

Imc tIµ-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ \nb-¥-W-

߃°p hnt[-b-ambn hy‡nXzw cq]-

s∏´ Ip´nbpw AWp-Ip-Spw_ hyh-ÿ-

bnse kzX¥ Bi-b-hn -\n -a -b -

ØneqsSbpw Nßm-Ø-Øn -eq -∂nb

IpSpw__‘-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw hy‡nXzw

cq]-s∏´v h∂ Ip´nbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-

tS-≠Xv Hcp-t]m-se-bm-hn-√.

imkvX-km-t¶-XnI cwKsØ IpXn-®p-

Nm´w C∂-sØ- tem-IsØ A\p-Zn\w

hn]p-e-s∏Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. 10 hb-

mb Ip´n°v 10 h¿jw apºv CtX ]mb-

Øn-ep≈ Ip-´nsb At]-£n®v, e`n-

°p∂ A\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ Imcy-amb am‰w

h∂n-´p-≠v. CXv Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-ho-£-

W-Ønepw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw ]Xn-^-

en-°pw.

C∂-sØ -Ip-´nbpsS k¿Km-flI]cn-k-

chpw `mh-\bpw CtX a´n¬ hn]p-e-s∏-´-

Xm-Wv. A[ym-]-I¿ CØcw Imcy-ßsf

°pdn®v t_m[-ap≈hcm-th-≠-Xp-≠v.

CØ-c-Øn¬ Af-h‰ Pn⁄m-kbpw

\nd™ `mh-\bpw kzX-¥-amb hy‡n-

Xzhpw Hcp -Ip´n B¿Pn-s®-Sp-°p-∂Xv

Ahs‚ _lp-ap-J-amb _p≤nhym]m-c-

Øn-eq -sS-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂

BSm\pw ]mSm\pw kwLw tNcm\pw

]Ir-Xn-\n-co-£-W-Øn\pw Hs°-bp≈

Ip´n-bpsS _lp-apJ _p≤n]tbm-K-

߃°v sshhn-[y-ap≈ Ah-k-c-߃

\¬Ip-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww ]T-\-]-Inb.

_u≤nI-ambn ]e X´n¬ \n¬°p∂

Ip´n-Isfbpw ]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-

°p∂ Ip´n-I-sfbpw e£yw h®p-sIm-

≠p≈ ]T-\-X-¥-߃ ssIs°m-t≈-≠-

Xp-≠v. CXn-\mbn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-sa∂

s]mXp D]m-[n-°p-]-cn-bmbn Nm¿´p-Ifpw

`q]-S-ßfpw ]pcm-h-kvXp-°fpw kn.Un

Ifpw klm-bI ]pkvX-I-ßfpw amXr-I-

Ifpw D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sa√mw imkvXo-b-

ambn Iao-I-cn-®n-´p≈ et_m-d-´-dn-Iƒ

]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

hna¿i-\m-flI hnZym-`ymkw

a\pjys‚ C∂sØ Ah-ÿ-bpsS

aqe-Im-c-W-߃ Is≠Øn Ah-sb -a-dn-

I-S-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hn⁄m-\hpw ]h¿Ø-

\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Ip´n kzmwio-I-cn-°p∂

coXn-bn-emWv hnZym- ymkw ]h¿Øn-t°-

≠-Xv. hna¿i-\m-h-t_m-[-Øns‚ hf¿®

CXns‚ A\pt]£-Wob-amb LS-I-

amWv.

¢mkvap-dn-bn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øp-\n∂pw e`n-

°p∂ Adn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

kzm\p-`-h-ß-sfbpw Xm≥ \nco-£n-°p∂

kmaqlnImhÿsbbpw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-

ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw AXns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ kaq-lØn¬ CS-s]-Sp-I-bp-

amWv hna¿i-\m-flI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-

eqsS Ip´n sNøp-∂-Xv. CXn-\m-h-iy-amb

Adn-hp-Ifpw ]h¿Ø\]≤-Xn-Ifpw Hcp-

°n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂Xn\pw Ip´nIfpsS At\z-

j-W-ß-sfbpw Bhn-jvIm-c-ß-sfbpw

]q¿W-ambpw t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw

2828

A[ym-]-I¿°v _m[y-X-bp-≠v. AXp-sIm-

≠p-Xs∂ Xm\pƒs∏´ kaq-l-sØbpw

Xs∂bpw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ]cn-tim-

[n-°m-\pw kzbw amdm\pw A[ym-]-I¿

k∂-≤-cm-h-Ww.

XZv^e-ambn D≠m-Ip∂ kwhm-Z-ßfpw

]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-amWv ¢mkvapdn A¥-co-

£sØ kPo-h-ambn \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xv.

kmaq-lnI-]-In-b-Isf ]pd-Øp-\n∂p

ImWp∂ \nco-£I amX-a√ Ip´n.

kzX¥amb hna¿i-\-Øns‚ ^e-ambn

kmaq-lnI-_-‘-ß-fp-sSbpw Adn-hp-I-fp-

sSbpw Bg-ß-fn-te°v t]mIm\pw hne-

bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ \S-Øm\pw Ip´n°v Ign-

bp-∂p. CXns‚ `mK-ambn IqSp-X¬ Adn-

hp-Iƒ t\Sm-\p≈ Dƒt]-c-Wbpw D≠m-

hp-∂p. Ip´n kzbw amdp-∂-Xn\pw AXp-

hgn kaq-l-am-‰-Øns‚ mK-am-hp-∂-Xn\pw

CS-bm-Ip-∂p. A[ym-]-I-cpsS kmaq-lnI-

]-cn-h¿Ø\ ]Xn_≤-Xbpw hnZym¿Yn-

bpsS hna¿i-\m-h-t_m-[hpw ]h¿Øn-

°p -Ibpw ]Xn - ] -h¿Øn -°p -Ibpw

sNtø≠ \nc-h[n ]T\kµ¿`-ß-fmWv

Cu ]mT]pkvX-I-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.

DZm-l-c-W-ambn tIc-f-kw-ÿm\ cq]o-I-

cWw F∂ ]mTw ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. tIc-

f-kw-ÿm-\-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-tebv°p \bn-

®Xpw AXn-\p-apºp \S-∂-Xp-amb Nne

ka-c-ß-fmWv ChnsS ]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-bw.

AXm-bXv \nth-Z-\-ßfpw _ln-jvI-c-W-

ßfpw ktΩ-f\w tNcepw ka-c-co-Xn-I-

fm-bn-cp-∂ Hcp Ime-L-´-amWv AXv.

F∂m¬ Ip´n Pohn-°p∂ h¿Ø-am-\-Im-

eØnepw \nc-h[n P\-Iobmh-iy-߃

C∂-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂p-≠v. CXn-\mbn \S-

°p∂ hyXykvX ka-c-co-Xn-Isf Ip´n-Iƒ

]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. CXn¬ GsX-¶nepw

kac coXn ]k-‡-a-√m-Ø-Xmbn Dt≠m?

F¥p-sIm≠v? F∂ kwhm -Z -amWv

¢mkn¬ \S-°p-∂-Xv. Cu kwhm-Z-Øn-

eqsS P\-Io-bm-h-iy-߃ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-

\p≈ ka-c-am¿K-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ip´n-Iƒ

Xt‚-Xmb ImgvN-∏mSv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥

Ah-kcw e`n-°p-∂p. amX-a√ samØw

Imen-I-amb ka-c-co-Xn-Isf hna¿i-\m-fl-

I-ambn hnebn-cp-Øm≥ Ip´nsb Cu

]h¿Ø\w t]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. 1920 apX¬

1957 hsc \S∂ hyXykvX ka-c-co-Xn-I-

fn¬ \n∂pw Xs‚ Ime-Ønepw tZi-

Ønepw \S-°p∂ ka-c-ß-fn-te-bv°p≈

am‰w ]mtZ-inI ]mT-Øn-s‚ km[y-X-I-

fn-tebv°v hgn-Xp-d-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

AXm-bXv, hna¿i-\m-flI hnZym-`ymkw

\ne-hn-ep≈ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ ]q¿W-

ambn Dƒt®¿∂Xpw ¢mkvapdn ]h¿Ø-

\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Ip´nbpw A[ym-]-I\pw

krjvSn-°p∂ ]mtZ-inI ]mT-ß-fn-eq-

sSbpw hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. hna¿i-\m-

h-t_m[w hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-tS-≠Xv bp‡n-

bp-‡-amb hni-I-e-\-Øn\pw B¿Pn-X-

amb Adn-hp-I-fpsS ]-tbm-K-Øn\pw Ip´n

]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ tijnbpw AXn\v A[ym-

]-Icpw ¢mkvapdn A¥-co-£hpw \¬Ip∂

t]m’m-l\hpw A\p-k-cn-®m-Wv.

2929

]mT-]p-kvX-Iw

]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\sØ apt∂m´p \bn-°p∂

G‰hpw i‡-amb D]m-[nbm-bmWv ]mT-

]p -kvXIw cq]-s∏-Sp -Øn-bn -´p -≈-Xv.

¢mkn¬ \S-°p∂ ⁄m\\n¿amW ]In-

b-bn¬ ][m-\-s∏´ hn`-h-tkm-X- mbn

CXns\ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. ]mtZ-in-

I-ambn tiJ-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂Xv Hgn-sI-

bp -≈h ]mT-]p -kvX-I-Øn¬ Xs∂

\¬Im≥ ian-®n- p-≠v. ¢mkv dqw ]In-b-

bn-eqsS amXta ]mT-]p-kvXI D]-tbm-K-

Øns‚ e£yw ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-\m-hq. ]T-

\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn ]mT-]p-

kvX-I-Øn¬ Xs∂ \¬In-bn-´p≈ ]qcn-

∏n-t°≠ ÿew Ahn-sSØs∂ FgpXn

t®¿°pI F∂ e£-y-Øn-e-√. ]h¿Ø-

\-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ Ipdn-°-

ep-Iƒ°pw a‰p tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ°pw

Ip´n-I-fpsS t\m´p-]p-kvXIw D]-tbm-

Ks∏SpØmw. Hmtcm ]h¿Ø-\hpw

]q¿Øn-bm-hp -∂Xv A[-ym-]n -I-bpsS

tImUo-I-c-Whpw Ip´n-I-fpsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Ø-ep-Ifpw Ign-bp-∂-tXm-sS-bm-Wv.

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ D∂-bn-°-s∏´ F√m

tNmZ-y-ßfpw Ip´n-I-fn¬ \n∂p hy-‡n-K-

X-amtbm Kq∏-Sn-ÿm-\--Øntem ]Xn-I-

cWw Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv,

Ip´nsb Hcp ]T-\-]-iv\-Øn-te°p \bn-

°m\pw At\-z-j-Whpw Nn¥bpw Dd-∏p-

h-cp-Øm-\p-amWv tNm-Zy--߃ D]-tbm-Kn-

t°-≠-Xv.

Hcp ]mT`m-K-Øns‚ `mKambn [m-cmfw

At\-z-j-W-˛-hn-h-c-ti-J-cW ]h¿Ø-\-

ß-fn¬ Ip´n G¿s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. ]iv\m-

[n-jvTnX kao-]-\-Øn¬ tiJ-cn® hnh-

c-ß-fpsS Af-hn-\-√, AXp-]-tbm-Kn®v \S-

Øp∂ ⁄m\\n¿amW ]In-b-°mWv

Du∂¬ \¬tI-≠-Xv. CXn-eqsS kzmw-io-

I-cn-°p∂ Bi-b-ßfpw [m-c-W-Ifpw Im-

enI kmaqlnI kµ¿`-Øn¬ Ip´nsb

Fßs\ Nn¥n-∏n-°m≥ t]cn-∏n-°p∂p

F∂Xv apJy-]-cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p-∂p.

CXn-\p≈ D]m[n F∂ \ne-bn-emWv

]mT-`m-K-Øns‚ Ah-km\Øn¬ \¬In-

bn-´p≈ aqe-y-\n¿W-bmw-i-Øn\v ]m[m-

\-y-ap≈ ]h¿Ø-\sØ ImtW-≠-Xv.

]mtZ-inI ]mTw (Local Text)

]mtZ-inI]mTw Hmtcm Ip´n-sbbpw Xs‚

Pohn-X-km-l-N-c-y-ß-fn¬ kkq£vaw

\nco-£n-°m\pw CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-

Øm\pw klm-bn-°p∂ H∂m-Wv. Hcp ]T-

\-]-h¿Ø-\sØ AXns‚ kmaq-ln-I-X-

e-hp -ambn _‘-s∏-Sp -Øp-∂Xv Cu

tem°¬ sSIvÃv hgn-bm-hpw.

$ Xs‚ Np‰p-]m-Sn-sebpw ]tZ-i-sØbpw

A\p-`-h-߃, hnh-c-߃ XpS-ßn-bh

tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw ¢mkp-I-fn¬ \S-

°p∂ ⁄m\\n¿an-Xn-bn¬ ]mY-anI

hnh-c-ß-fmbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

sNøm-hp-∂-Xv.

$ ]T-\sØ Np‰p-]m-Sp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂-Xv.

$ \nco -£-W-߃°pw At\-z -j-W-

߃°pw t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

tIc-f-Ønse IpSn -sh≈]iv\sØ

]mT-]p-kvX-Ihpw A[-ym-]-I-k-lm-bnbpw

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ

]mT-]p-kvX-Ihpw A[-ym-]-I-k-lm-bnbpw

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ

3030

s]mXp-hmbn N¿®-sN-øp∂ (¢mkv 5,

bqWn-‰v 2˛ Dd-h-Iƒ°mbn ho≠pw) F∂

]mT-`m-K-Øn¬ km[-y-X-bp≈ Hcp ]mtZ-

inI]mT-sØ-∏‰n ]cm -a¿in -°mw.

kwÿm-\-Xe Pe-tkm-X- p-I-sf-°p-dn®v

hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p∂ Ip´n, B hnh-

c-ßsf Np‰p-]m-Sp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-

Xn-\mbn ]mtZ-inIPe-tkm-X- p-I-sf-

°p-dn®v At\-z-jn-°p-Ibpw hnh-c-߃

tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu At\-z-

j-W-Ønse Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ tIc-f-

Ønse Pe-tkm-X- p-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈

s]mXp\nK-a-\-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v

Ip´nsb klm-bn-°p-∂p.

Ip´n-bpsS tcJ-s∏-SpØep-Iƒ

]T-\-]-In-b°v hnt[-b-am-°m-\mbn Ip´n

tiJ-cn -°p∂ F√m hnh-c -ßfpw

]Inb°v tij-ap≈ F√m Is≠-Ø-

ep-Ifpw ]Xn-I-c-W-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p≈

Xbm-dm-°-ep-Ifpw CXn-eqsS e`n-°p∂

Xncn-®-dn-hp-Ifpw AXXp ka-b-ß-fnse

Nn´-bmb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-I-

Ww. AXn-\mbn Ip´n-bpsS kmaq-l--y--

imkvX t\m´p-]p-kvXIw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-

Ømhp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXXp bqWn-‰n\p

Xmsg-bmbn Hmtcm tcJ-s∏-Sp -Ø-ep-

Iƒ°pw Bh-i-y-amb Xe-s°-´p-Iƒ

\¬I-Ww. Hcp ]p\-cp-]-tbm-K-k-µ¿`-

Øn¬ GXp ]mT- m-K-Ønse GXp ]h¿-

Ø-\-hp -ambn _‘-s∏-´ hn -h -chpw

Ip´nt°m as‰m-cmƒt°m Ffp-∏-Øn¬

hmbn -s®-Sp -°m≥ Ign -b-Ww. AtX

kabw ]X--I-´nMp -Iƒ, NnX-߃,

t^mt´m-Iƒ, `q-]-S-߃, Ãmºp-Iƒ XpS-

ßnb tiJ-c-ß-fpsS Iao-I-cWw Hcp

]pkvXIw/B¬_w/^b¬ F∂ coXn-

bntem X\Xp coXn Ah-ew-_nt®m \S-

Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXv Hcp h¿jIme

tØ°v F∂ \ne-bv°√, hf¿∂p-h-cp∂

Hcp tiJ-c-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

A[-ym-]I klmbn (Hand book)

]T\]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Bkq-X-W-

Ønepw km¿Y-I-amb Bi-b-tIm-Uo-I-

cWw \S-°p∂ hn-[-Øn¬ ]T-\-]-Inb

]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m\pw Ip´n-bpsS ]Xn-I-c-

W-ßsf \nc-¥-c-ambpw kq£v-a-X-e-

Ønepw hne-bn-cpØm\pw A[-ym-]n-Isb

klm-bn-°m-\p-≈-XmWv A[-ym-]-I-k-

lmbn.

A[-ym-]n-I-amcpsS IqSn-t®-c¬ thZn-bmb

¢Ã¿tbm-K-ß-fnepw k_vPIv‰v Iu¨kn-

ep-I-fnepw ka-Km-kq-X-W-Øn-\pw kvIqƒ

Xe Bkq-X-W-Øn\pw A[-ym-]n-Isb

klm-bn-°m-\p≈ kqN-\-Ifpw Nne -am-

Xr-I-Ifpw Cu ssI∏pkvX-I-Øn¬

Dƒs°m-≈n-®n- p-≠v. ]In-b-sb-°p-dn®pw

tImUo-I-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®pw D¬]-∂sØ

°pdn®pw ssI∏pkvX-I-Øn-ep≈ ]cm-

a¿i-߃ A[-ym-]n-Ibv-°p≈ klm-b-kq-

N-\-I-fmbn amXta IW-°m-t°-≠-Xp-≈q.

¢mkvdqw thZnsb k¿Km-fl-I-ambn kao-

]n-°p∂ A[ym-]nI, k¿Km-fl-Ihpw kz-

X-¥-hp-amb ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bhn-jvI-

cnt® aXn-bm-Iq.

$ ]T-\-]-iv\-Øn-te-°p≈ hgn-Iƒ

$ A[-ym-]n-I-bp-sS CS-s]-S¬

$ tiJ-cn-t°≠ hnh-c-߃

$ tImUo-I-cn-t°≠ Bi-b-߃

$ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ D¬v]-∂-߃

$ sF.Sn. km[-y-X-Iƒ

$ Im¿´q-Wp-Iƒ, NnX-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS

hym-J-ym\km[-yXIƒ

$ d^-d≥kv km[-y-X-Iƒ

$ sXfn-hp-I-fmbn \¬Inb Ip´n-I-fpsS

D¬]-∂-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-K߃

$ Ip´n -tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sa®-s∏-Sp-

Øp--Ibpw sNtø≠ kµ¿`-߃

3131

$ \nc-¥c aqe-y-\n¿Wb ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ

XpS-ßn-b-h--sb-°p-dn-s®√map≈ kqN-\-

Iƒ ssI∏p-kvXI hni--I-e-\-Øn-eqsS

e`y-am-Ipw. ka-Km-kq-X-W-L-´-Ønepw

So®nwMvv am\-z¬ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v ap≥]pw

CØcw hni-I-e-\-߃°p≈ Ah-kcw

Iq´mbpw hy-‡n-KX-ambpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-

SpØ-Ww.

hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI hnZybpw d -d≥kv

km[y-Xbpw

Hmtcm kµ¿`-Ønepw A-\p-tbm-P-y-amb

d-^-d≥kv ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS kqN-\-Iƒ

\¬In-bn- p-≠v. C\nbpw IqSp-X¬ ]pkvX-

I-ßtfm ]pkvX-I-`m-K-ßtfm ¢Ã¿Xe -

]-cn-io-e-\-ß-fn¬ Is≠-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

C≥^¿taj≥ sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bpsS D-]-

tbmKs∏-Sp -ج Dd-∏p -h -cp -Ø-Ww.

C‚¿s\‰v XpS-ßnb hnh-c-tkm-X- p-I-

fn¬ \n∂p [m-cmfw hnh-c-߃ e`y-am-

°m-\p-≈ km-[-y-X-bp-≠v. CØcw hnh-c-

ß-fpsS A[o-i-X-z-a√, kz-X¥ A-dnhp

\n¿am-W-amWv ]tbm-K-Øn-eqsS \S-t°-

≠-Xv. sF.Sn/tkmX- p-Iƒ kn.Un-Iƒ,

NnX-߃, hoUntbm apX-em-bh ]T-\-

]-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

3232

1. ]›n-aL´Øn-eqsS...

]iv\taJe : imkvXobamb ÿe-Pe amt\-Pvsa‚ns‚ A`mhw

D]-]iv\w : $ tIc-f-Øns‚ `q]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ ]›n-a-L´ae-\n-c-I-fpsS ]m[m-\y-sØ-

°pdn®v [mc-W-bn-√m-bva.

$ a\p-jy-cpsS CS-s]-S¬ aqew ]›n-a-L´ae\nc-Iƒ°p-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-

ßsf°pdn®pw AXv Db¿Øp∂ ]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw [mc-W-°p-d-hv.

]T-\-e-£y-߃ : $ tIc-f-Øns‚ `q]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]›n-a-

L´]¿hX-\n-c-Iƒ°p≈ ]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.

$ ]›n-a-L´ae-\n-c-Iƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ P\-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ sNep-Øp∂ kzm-

[o\w Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xn\v.

$ ]›n-a-L´ae-\n-c-I-fn¬ a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S¬ hcp-Ønb am‰-ßfpw

AXp-aq-e-ap-≠mb ]iv\-ßfpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xn\v.

$ ]›n-a-L´ ae-\n-c-I-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn k¿°mcpw CXc

GP≥kn-Ifpw \S-Øp∂ ia-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂Xn\v.

¢mkv Bdv

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]›n-a-L- -Øn-eqsS ...

35BapJw

tIc-f-Øns‚ Ingt° AXn-cn¬ InS-°p∂ ]›n-a-L- -a-e-\n-c-Iƒ°v AXoh ssPh ]m[m-

\y-ap-≠v. tIc-fo-b-cpsS PohnX kwkvImcw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ \n¿Wm-bI ÿm\-amWv

h\m-hr-X-amb Cu ae-\n-c-Iƒ°p-≈-Xv. CXv ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v aÆpw a\p-jy\pw XΩn-

ep≈ _‘sØ hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p≈ ia-amWv Cu ]mT-`m-K-Øn-eqsS \S-Øp-∂-Xv.

kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw qan-bn-ep≈ a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S-en\v KpWhpw tZmjhpw D≠m-Ipw. tIhew

a\p-jy-tI-µo-IrX temIw F∂-Xn-\-∏pdw ]Ir-Xnsb t\m°n-°m-Wm\pw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-

ambn hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw Cu ]mT-`mKw klm-bn-°-Ww. ]›n-a-L-´sØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n

]iv\-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-tXmsSm∏w ]mtZ-inI `qan-imkvX ]T-\-Øn\p IqSn

klm-b-I-am-hp∂ Xc-Øn¬ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-XWw sNøm≥ A[ym-]-I¿°v Ign-

tb-≠-Xp-≠v. ¢mkv apdn°v ]pd-Øp≈ \nco-£-W-ßfpw At\z-j-W-ßfpw CXn\v IqSp-

X¬ klm-b-I-c-am-hpw.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 1

tIc-f-Øn¬ amXw ImWp∂ Pohn-Iƒ F∂p ]d-bm≥ hnj-a-am-Wv. F¶nepw ]›n-a-L-´-

Øn¬ [mcmfw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Pohn-Iƒ Nne-Xp-≠v. CXn-tebv°v Ip´n-I-fpsS i≤-sIm≠p

hcm≥ th≠n-bmWv BZy ]h¿Ø-\w. F√m Pohn-Ifpw temI-sØ-√m-bn-SØpw Hcp t]mse

ImWp--∂n-√ F∂pw q]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ CXn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øp∂p≠v F∂pap≈

Bibw N¿®-bn¬ Db¿∂p hc-Ww.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 2

tIc-f-Øns‚ Ingt° AXn¿Øn-bmWv kly-]¿∆Xw AYhm ]›n-a-L´w F∂v Ip´n-

Iƒ°v Adnbmw. ]›n-a-L-´-sØ-°p-dn®v Ip´n-Iƒ°v \ne-hn-ep≈ [mcW Adn-bm-\mbn

Hcp ]h¿Ø\w \¬I-Ww.

]›na L´s-Øbpw AXns‚ ]tXy-I-X-I-sfbpw Ipdn®v Ip´n-Iƒ A[-ym-]n-I-bpsS klm-

b-tØmsS hy‡n-K-X-ambn Hmtcm Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°-s´.

Ht∂m ct≠m Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ ¢mkn¬ hmbn-°Ww, sNdnb N¿®bpw \S-Ø-Ww. AXns‚

XpS¿®-bmbn ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-eqsS Hcp bmX \S-Øm≥ GXp bmXm-am¿K-amWv A\p-

tbmPyw F∂ ]iv\w Db¿Ømw.

Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn FgpXn Xøm-dm-°nb Ipdn∏v (t\m´p ]pkvX-I-Øn¬) t]∏-dn¬

FgpXn hmßn -]-Xn-∏mbn kq£n-®m¬ Cu A[ym-b-Øns‚ Ah-km\w Hmtcm Ip´nbpsSbpw

[mc-W-I-fnepw Adn-hnepw D≠mb am‰w hne-bn-cp-Øm-\m-hpw.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 3

tIc-f-Øns‚ Ing°p mK-Øp≈ ae-\n-c-Isf ]›n-a-L´w (]Sn-™m-d≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ) F∂p

hnfn-°p-∂Xv F¥p-sIm-≠mWv? Cu tNmZyw Ip´n-ItfmSv D∂-bn-°mw.

Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]cn-tim-[-\-bv°mbn Npa¿ q]-Sw, A‰vekv F∂nh IqSn \¬I-Ww. A‰ve-kv,

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse q]Sw, Npa¿`q-]-S-߃ F∂nh ]cn-tim-[n®v Ip´n-Iƒ DØcw Is≠-

Ø-s´.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

36 C¥ybpsS ]Sn-™m-dp- m-K-Ømbn \o≠p-In-S-°p∂ ]¿h-X-\n-c-I-fmWv ]›n-a-L- w. CXns‚

sNdnb Hcp `mK-amWv tIc-f-Øn-s‚ Ing-°p-`mKØv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

hS°v Xm]vXn \Zo-apJw apX¬ sX°v I\ym-Ip-amcn hsc \o≠p-In-S-°p∂XmWv ]›n-a-L-

´w. U°m≥ ]oT-`q-an-bpsS ]Sn-™m-dXn¿Øn-bn¬ 1600 In. ao \of-Øn¬ CXp ImWp-∂p.

icm-icn Dbcw 1200 ao‰-dm-Wv. tIc-f-Øn¬ ]›n-a-L-´sØ kl-y-]¿hXw F∂pw hnfn-

°p∂p. IS-en¬ \n∂pw t\m°n-bm¬ tIm´-t]mse ImWp∂ CXns‚ Nne `mK-߃ kap-

Z-Xocw hsc sN¶p-Ømbn \nev°p-∂p. U°m≥ ]oT-`q-an-bn-ep-≠mb `q`w-i-Øns‚ ^e-

am-bmWv ]›n-a-L´w cq]w-sIm-≠-sX∂v `qan-im-kvX-Im-c-∑m¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 4 F√m ae-Iƒ°pw t]cpt≠m?

]mtZ-inI `qan-imkvX]T-\-Øn\v klm-bn-°p∂ Hcp ]h¿Ø-\-ambn CXv \¬I-Ww.

hnZym-e-b-Øns‚ sXm´-Sp-Øp≈ ae As√-¶n¬ Ip∂ns‚ t]cv F¥mWv F∂v tNmZn-®p-

sIm≠v XpS-ßmw. AXns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ, Ahn-SsØ kky- sshhn[yw, ae B ]tZ-

i-Øp-Im¿°v Fßs\ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp∂p F∂ Imcy-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw

hy‡n-K-X-ambn Ipdn-s∏gp-X-s´.

¢m n¬ NneXv hmbn-°p-Ibpw N¿® \S-Øp-Ibpw ]mtZ-inI `qan-im-kvX-]-T\ km[-y-X-

Iƒ Ip´n-I-fn¬ FØn F∂p-d∏v hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNø-Ww.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 5 Assk≥sa‚ v

""Ip∂n-s\-°p-dn®v Ip∂n-°p-cp-thm-f-a-dn-bn√''

Ip∂n-s\-°p-dn®v Ipdn-s∏-gp-Xm≥ ]d-™-t∏mƒ Ban-\-°p´n ]d-™-Xm-Wn-Xv. ¢mknse

Ip´n-Iƒ XßfpsS ASp-Øp-≈-Ip∂v/ae sb°p-dn®v In´m-hp∂ Imcy-߃ tiJ-cn®v hcm≥

Npa-Xe \¬Imw.

$ GI-tZi Dbcw

$ AhnsS \n∂v D¤-hn-°p∂ \oscm-gp°pIƒ

$ ]tXy-I-ambn ImWp∂ Pohn/kkyw etc

$ B ]tZ-i-Øp-Im¿°v Fßs\ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ Ip∂n-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ IY-Iƒ/sFXnlyw

$ Ip∂v t\cn-Sp∂ `ojWn

$ ]cn-lmc \n¿t±-i-߃

Ip´n-Iƒ CXv sNdp-]-Xn-∏mbn Xøm-dm°n hc-s´. ¢m n¬ AhXcn-∏n°m≥ Ah-kcw

\¬IWw.

Ip∂v/ae B ]tZ--isØ Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p--sh∂ Adn-hmWv Ip´n-I-fn¬ \n¿Ωn-°-

s∏-tS-≠Xv

Adn-hp-\n¿ΩmWw L -߃

$ sXm´-SpØ Ip∂n-s\-°p-dn®v \ne-hn-ep≈ Adnhv Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

A[ymbw H∂v

]›n-a-L- -Øn-eqsS ...

37$ ]iv\w Gs‰-Sp-°p∂p˛Ip∂ns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ F¥v? CXp-sIm-≠p≈ ]tbm-P\w?

Cßs\ Xs∂ \ne-\n¬°-W-sa∂p ]dbp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?

$ At\z-j-Ww, kµ¿i-\w, hnh-c-ti-J-cWw

$ tiJ-cn® hnh-c-߃ ]¶p-sh-bv°p∂p ˛ N¿® sNbvXv sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

$ apXn¿∂-hcn¬ \n∂pw, A[ym-]-Icn¬ \n∂pw, ]pkvX-I-ßfn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p∂

hnh-c-ß-fp-ambn X´n-®p-t\m-°p-∂p sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

$ Ip∂n-s\-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ Adnhv cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p.

A≤ym-]-I¿ i≤n-t°-≠Xv

]h¿Ø-\-߃ Ign-hXpw eLp-]-iv\-ß-fmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI

Ip´n-Iƒ°v F¥-dn-bm-sa-∂v ]d-bm≥ /Fgp-Xm≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-I.

IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°m\pw Is≠-Øm\pap≈ Xm¬∏cyw DW¿Øp-I.

hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°m≥,. d^¿ sNøm≥ klm-bn-°p-I.

¢m n¬/sNdp Kq∏n¬ N¿®bv°v Ah-kcw \¬Ip-I.

sa®-s∏´ [mc-W-Iƒ, Adn-hp-Iƒ \¬In klm-bn-°p-I.

cq]-s∏´ [mcW/Adnhv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥/]d-bm≥ Ah-kcw Dd-∏m-°pI

a‰v A\p-tbmPy kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ CXv D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-sh∂v Dd∏p hcp-Øp-∂p.

]h¿Ø\ aqe-y-\n¿Wbw

Adn-hns‚ \n¿Ωm-W-X-e-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]iv\-\n¿[m-cW ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-

X-W-Øns‚ tijn-bmWv aqey\n¿W-b-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-t°-≠-Xv. Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ kqN-I-

߃ CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

$ ]k-‡-amb Dulw \SØn-bn-´p-≠v. (Ip∂v Fßs\ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-sh∂v

]d-bm≥ ian-®n-´p-≠v)

$ ]iv\-hn-i-I-e\w \SØn \n¿[m-cW ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-XWw sNbvXn--´p-≠v.

$ F¥mWv Is≠-tØ-≠Xv

$ Fßs\ Is≠Øpw

$ hnhc tkmX- p-Iƒ

$ hnh-c-ti-J-cW coXn

$ A]-K-Y\ coXn

$ Fs¥ms° D]-I-c-W-߃

$ ka-b-ssZ¿Lyw

A\p-tbm-Py-amb D]-I-c-W-߃ (tNmZym-h-en, t^m¿am‰v etc) hnI-kn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

38 ]h¿Ø\w˛ 6 ]›n-a-L- -Øns‚ kzm[o\w

]›n-a-L´ ae-\n-c-Iƒ tIc-fsØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-s≠∂v Ip´n-Iƒ°-dnbmw . F∂m¬

Xm\pƒs∏-Sp∂ ]mtZ-inI kaq-lsØ Cu ae-\n-c-Iƒ Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-sh∂v

Nn¥n-®p-sIm≈-W-sa∂n-√. ]›n-a-L´sØ°p-dn®v Bg-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]iv\-

am-bn-´mWv CXv \¬tI-≠-Xv. kz¥w Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ hy‡n-]-c-ambn Fgp-X-s´. Nne Ip´n-

I-fpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-kcw D≠m-h-Ww. Ah-X-c-W-Øn\v ¢mknse

F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw amdn amdn Ah-kcw In´p-∂p-sh∂v Dd-∏m-°-Ww.

Cu A[ym-b-Øns‚ Ah-km\w CXv sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Hcn-°¬ IqSn Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 7 ]›n-a--L- -Ønse ssPh-ssh-hn[yw

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ssPh-ssh-hn[yw, sske‚ vhmen F∂o Ipdn-∏p-

Iƒ Ip´n-I-tfmSv hmbn-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-S-Ww. XpS¿∂v sske‚ v hmen-sb-°p-dnt®m ]›n-

a-L- -Ønse ssPh sshhn-[y-ß-sf-°p-dnt®m D≈ kn.Un.-Iƒ ImWn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. (Fkv.-

sF.-C.Sn kn.Un tIc-f-Ønse h\-߃)

hmb-\bv°pw Zriym-\p- -h-Øn\pw tijw Nne tNmZy-߃ Ip´n-I-fpsS ap∂n¬ D∂bn°mw.

$ sske‚ v hmen CXp-t]mse \ne-\n¿Ø-W-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v?

$ sske‚ v hmen ]tZ-isØ h\-\-io-I-c-Whpw a‰pw \sΩ Fßs\ _m[n°pw?

apI-fn¬sIm-Sp-Ø ]iv\-ßsf ap≥\n¿Øn ¢m n¬ N¿® kwL-Sn-∏n-°-Ww.

$ a\p-jy\pw ]Ir-Xnbpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-cm-in-XXzw \ne-\n¿tØ-≠Xp≠v.

$ ]Ir-Xn-bnse kky-ßtfm P¥p-°tfm Bb GsX-¶nepw IÆn-Iƒ \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv

]Xy-£hpw ]tcm-£hpw Bbn a\p-jys\ Xs∂ _m[n-°pw. AXn-\m¬ A]q¿∆-

ambnsIm≠n-cn-°p∂ kky-ß-sfbpw P¥p-°-sfbpw Ah-bpsS kzm`m-hnI ]cn-ÿn-

Xnbpw \ne-\n¿tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.

N¿®bv°v klm-b-I-amb Nne Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ IqSn hmbn-°p-I.

h\-߃

cmPyØns‚ samØw qhn-kvXr-Xn-bpsS aq∂n-semcp mKw h\tam hr£-\n-_nUtam Bbn-

cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv 1988 se tZiob h\-\bw \n¿t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Ip∂p-I-fnepw

]¿∆X ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Ahn-SsØ `qhn-kvXr-Xn-bpsS aq∂n¬ c≠p `mK-sa-¶nepw hr£-

\n-_n-U-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw \n¿t±-i-ap-≠v. d^d≥kn\mbn h\w-h-Ip∏v ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-

߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

Ce-s]m-gnbpw h\-߃

DjvW-ta-Jem ]tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv Ce-s]m-gnbpw h\-߃ D≈-Xv. th\¬°m-eØv

Ces]mgn°p∂ ac-߃ \nd-™-h-bmWv Ce s]mgn-bpw h\-߃ Ce-I-fpsS ]®∏v \ne-

\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw ]pXnb Ce-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\pw ac-߃°v [mcmfw Pew Bh-iy-am-

Wv. henb Ce-It-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb ac-ß-fmWv Ce-s]m-gnbpw ImSp-I-fn¬ IqSp-X-embn ImWpI.

tX°v t]mep-ff ac-߃ Ah-bpsS henb Ce-I-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ Pe-\jvSw (kky-tkz-Z-

\w) XS-bp-∂-Xn\p th≠n-bmWv th\¬°m-eØv Ce-Iƒ s]mgn-°p-∂-Xv.

A[ymbw H∂v

]›n-a-L- -Øn-eqsS ...

39\nXy--l-cn-X-h-\-߃

[mcmfw ag e`n-°p∂ DjvW-ta-Jem ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ ag-°m-Sp-I-fmWv \nXy-l-cn-

X-h-\-߃. CS-Xq¿∂v Xnßn hf-cp∂ ac-ßfpw h≈n-∏-S-¿∏p-Ifpw hepXpw sNdp-Xp-amb

sNSn-Ifpw \nd-™-h-bmWv \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\-ß-ƒ . henb Ce-I-tfmSp IqSnb \nXy-l-cn-X-

h-\-߃ sske‚ v hmenbn¬ D≠v. temI-Ønse G‰hpw k¶o¿Æ-amb Bhm-k-hy-h-

ÿ-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wn-Xv.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 8

\mj-W¬ ]m¿°p-Iƒ, h\y-Po-hn-k-t¶-X-߃ F∂nh ÿm]n-°p-∂Xv ]Ir-Xn-bnse

A‰pt]m-Im-\n-S-bp≈ IÆn-Isf kwc-£n-°m-\m-Wv. \ΩpsS Np‰pw AØcw h√

I-Æn-Ifpw A‰p-t]m-Ip-∂pt≠m F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.

\m´nse GsX-¶nepw Pohn-Itfm kky-h¿K-ßtfm Ign™ 50 h¿j-Øn-\nSbv°v \jvS-

s∏-´-Xmbn i≤-bn¬s∏-´n-´pt≠m F∂-dn-bm\pw AØcw Ahÿ D≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥

F√m-h-cp-sSbpw i≤ e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-am-bn-´mWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w \¬tI-≠-Xv. Hmtcm

Ip´n-bpw hy‡n-K-X-ambn CØcw hnhcw At\z-jn®v hc-s´. CXn-\mbn ]mb-am-b-h-tcmSv

tNmZn-®-dn-bmw. Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ sshZKv[yap≈-hsc ¢mkn¬ sIm≠p h∂v

Ip´n-I-fp-ambn N¿®bv°v Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.

Ip´n-I-fpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ ¢mkvX-e-Øn¬ tImUo-I-cn®v ]´nI ¢mknse Unkvtπ

t_m¿Un¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°-Ww.

hnZ-Kv[-cp-ambn N¿® sNbvXpw d^¿ sNbvXpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Ønb enÃm-hWw ]Z¿in-∏n-

t°-≠-Xv. Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xv Xm¬°m-enI Is≠-ج amX-am-sW∂v Ip´n-Isf t_m[y-∏-

Sp-Ø-Ww. XpS¿∂pw Cu taJ-e-bnse At\z-j-W-Øn\v t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-hWw ]Z¿in-

∏n-°p∂ enÃv.

]h¿Ø\ aqey-\n¿Wbw

]h¿Ø\w A©nteXpt]mse ]iv\-\n¿[m-cW ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-XWtaJe

Chn-sSbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww. IqSmsX A]-K-Y\ ˛ \nK-a\ cq]o-I-cWhpw hne-bn-cp-Øm≥

Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Ah-k-c-ap-≠v.

¢mkv Xe-Øn¬ ]e- Ip- n-Ifpw tiJ-cn® hnh-c-߃ hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°m-\n-S-bp-≠v. ¢mkv

Xe ]´nI A]-K-Yn®v \nK-a\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-\-h-kcw hy‡n-K-X-ambn \¬I-Ww. CXn-

eqsS Ip´n-I-fpsS A]-K-Y\ tijn hne-bn-cp-Ømw. CXn\v Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kqN-I-߃

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

$ A]-K-Y-\-Øn\v klm-b-I-amb coXn-bn¬ e`y-amb hnh-c-ßsf Iao-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

$ ]iv\ \n¿[m-c-W-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb \nK-a-\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

$ \nK-a-\-ßsf km[q-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

kzbw hne-bn-cp-ج

apI-fn¬ sImSpØ ]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb tijw Xmsg-s°m-SpØ kzbw hne-bn-cp-

ج t^m¿am‰v Ip´n-Iƒ°v \¬I-Ww. CXv Hcp Nm¿´v t]∏-dn¬ FgpXn ¢mkn¬ ]Z¿in-

∏n-°-Ww. XpS¿∂v Ip´n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS t\m´v ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ FgpXn FSpØv hy‡n-K-X-

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

40 ambn Sn°v am¿°v \¬I-s´. AXn-\p-tijw Rm≥ i≤n-t°-≠Xv F∂ Hcp Ipdn∏pw Fgp-

X-s´. CXv So®¿ ¢m n¬ hmbn-∏n-t°-≠-Xn-√.

kzbw hne-bn-cp-ج

D≠v C√ `mKnIw

$ A[ym-]nI \¬Inb ]iv\w Rm≥ Gs‰-Sp-Øn-´p≠v

$ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°m≥ Rm≥ th≠X i≤n-®n- p-≠v.

$ In´nb hnh-c-߃ Nn´-bmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

$ Gs‰-SpØ ]h¿Ø\w F¥v? F¥p e£y-Øn-\p-

th-≠n-bm-bn-cp∂p? Fs‚ Is≠-ج F¥m-bn-

cp∂p? hy‡-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v.

$ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw ]tbm-P-\-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

$ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS A`n-]m-b-ßfpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw kzoI-

cn-®n-´p-≠v.

$ A[ym-]-I-cpsS \n¿t±-iß-fp-sSbpw N¿®-bp-sSbpw

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sa®-s∏-SpØn Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≠v

]h¿Ø\w˛ 9 tIc-f-Ønse \Zn-Iƒ

]›naL´Øn¬ \n∂v D¤-hn-°p∂ \Zn-I-sf√mw Pe-k-ar≤-amWv. ]Sn-™m-tdm´v Hgp-

Ip∂ \Zn-Iƒ hfsc s]s´∂v IS-en¬ sNs∂-Øp-∂-Xp-aqew Cu `mKØv Pe-Zu¿e-`yw

D≠m-Ip-∂p. Cu \ZnIƒ sh≈-®m-´-߃ \nd-™Xpw Pe-K-Xm-K-X-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-a-√m-

Ø-h-bp-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Ing-t°m´v Hgp-Ip-∂ \Zn-I-fm-b Imth-cn, IrjvW, tKmZm-hcn XpS-

ßnb-h Pe-k-ar-≤-am-Wv. Cu \Zn-Iƒ _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-en-emWv sN∂p tNcp-∂-Xv.

tIc-f-Ønse \Zn-I-fpsS ]´nI 5˛mw ¢mkn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. AXn¬ \n∂pw kz¥w

Pn√-bnse \Zn-I-fpsS ]´nI Xøm-dm-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Smw. icn-bmb ]´nI ¢mkn¬ ]Z¿in-

∏n-°-Ww.

]›n-a-L-´-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v ¢mkn¬ Db¿tØ≠ ]iv\w ""tIc-f-Øn¬ [mcmfw \Zn-

Iƒ D≠m-hm≥ F¥mWv ImcWw? F∂-Xm-Wv.

hy‡n-K-X-amb A`n-]m-b-߃°v Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. N¿®-bv°p-tijw ¢mkn¬ tImUo-

I-cn-°-Ww. tImUo-I-cn-®Xv Ip´n-Iƒ t\m´p-_p-°n¬ Fgp-X-Ww.

$ [mcmfambn e`n-°p∂ ag

$ Ncn™ `q]-IrXn

$ ae-º-tZ-ihpw IS¬Øo-chpw XΩn-ep≈ Ipd™ AI-ew.

sh≈-Øn¬ \n∂v shfn®w

kz¥w Pn√-bn-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂ \Zn-Iƒ GsX-√m-amsW∂v Ip´n-Iƒ°-dn-bm-a-t√m. kz¥w

Pn√-bn¬ Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Dt≠m? F∂ tNmZyw ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww.

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ X∂n-´p≈ `q]-S-Øn¬ \n∂pw Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠Øn Fgp-X-s´. CXn\v

A©mw ¢mknse ]mT-]p-kvXIw IqSn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

A[ymbw H∂v

]›n-a-L- -Øn-eqsS ...

41kz¥w Pn√-bnse sNdp-InS Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®v IqSn hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-

°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. hnZym-e-b-Øn-\-SpØv AØcw ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ So®dpsS

IqsS-bp≈ kµ¿i-\hpw \√-Xm-Wv.

\Zn-Iƒ \ap°v Fß-s\-sb√mw D]-I-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v ¢mkv Xe N¿®-bn-eq-sSbmWv Dcp-

Øn-bn-cn-tb-≠-Xv. CXn-\m-h-iy-amb kµ¿`w ¢mkn¬ Hcp°-Ww.

$ anI® Pe-k-º-Øv, IpSn-sh-≈w, Pe-tk-N\w F∂nh°v klm-b-I-am-hp-∂p.

$ a’y-_-‘-\-Øn\v klm-b-I-am-hp-∂p.

$ ]tZ-isØ Pe-e-`yX Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂p

$ sshZypXn Dev]m-Z-\-Øn\v klm-b-I-am--hp-∂p.

aebpw adn-I-S°pw

tIcfw CXc kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘w ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]›n-a-L´w XS w krjvSn-

°p-∂pt≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬ Fßs\?

Cu tNmZy-Øn\v DØcw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ KXm-KX kuI-

cy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ip´n-Iƒ°v a\- n-em-°m-\m-h-Ww. CXn\p klm-b-I-amb hnh-c-߃ tiJ-

cn-°m≥ as‰mcp D]-tNmZyw IqSn \¬I-Ww. CXv Fgp-Xp-Itbm hc®v ÿe-߃ AS-bm-

f-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

kz¥w ]tZ-i-Øp \n∂pw sXm´-SpØ kwÿm-\-Øn-te-bv°p≈ bmXm-am¿§w GsX∂v

Ip´n-Iƒ hc®v AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´.

icn-bmb ]mX Is≠Øn hc-bv°p-∂-Xn\v A[ym-]nI klmbw \¬I-Ww. IqSmsX

kz¥w ]tZ-i-Øn-\-SpØp IqSn t]mIp∂ \mj-W¬ sslth-Iƒ, tÉv sslth-Iƒ

F∂n-hbpw Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´. tZiob ]mX-Iƒ IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv NnXo-I-cn-®n-´p≈

am∏n¬ ]me-°mSv Npcw Is≠-Øm≥ Ip´n-I-tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏Smw.

]me°mSv Npcw

]›n-a-L-´-Øn\p IpdpsI [mcmfw ae-ºmXIfp-s≠-¶nepw G‰hpw A[nIw ]m[m-\y-

a¿ln-°p-∂Xv ]me-°mSv Npc-am-Wv. Npc-Øns‚ sX°v `mKØv h∂p \n¬°p∂ ae-\n-c-

Iƒ°v 2000 ao‰dpw hSt° A‰Øv h∂p \n¬°p∂ ae-\n-c-Iƒ°v 1100 ao‰dpw Db-c-ap-≠v.

Chn-sS-bp≈ ae-ºm-Xbv°v GXm≠v 41 ao‰¿ hoXn-bp-≠v. Xan-gv\mSpw tIc-f-hp-ambn hym]mcw

\S-Øp-∂Xv Cu ]mX-h-gn-bm-Wv. sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ Ime-h¿j-°m‰v Xan-gv\m-´n-tebv°v

IS-°p-∂Xpw hS°p Ing-°≥ Ime-h-¿j-°m‰v tIc-f-Øn-te°v IS∂p hcp-∂Xpw Cu

Npcw IS-∂mWv. C¥y-bpsS ]Sn-™msd XocsØ Imem-hÿ \nb-¥n-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]›n-

a-L-´Øn\p hfscb[nIw ÿm\-ap-≠v.

]me-°mSv Npc-sØ-°p-dn®v ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-´p≈ `mKw Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn-°-s´.

XpS¿∂v ]me-°mSv Pn√-bnse Nne `mK-ß-fn¬ (Ing-°≥ taJ-e-I-fn¬) \ne-°-S-ebpw

]cp-Ønbpw Irjn sNøp-∂-Xns‚ Imc-W-߃ So®¿ \¬IWw. Xan-gv\m-´n-te-Xp-t]m-ep≈

Imem-h-ÿbpw Idp-Ø-aÆpw ]me°m-Sns‚ Ing-°≥ taJ-e-I-fn¬ Ds≠-∂p≈ Adnhv

A[ym-]-I¿ Ip´n-Iƒ°v \¬I-Ww. CXn-\p≈ Hcp ImcWw ]me-°mSv Npc-am-Wv.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

42 B\-Ømc

A[ym-b-Øns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ ]›-an-L-´-Øn¬ amXw ImWs-∏-Sp∂ Pohn-Isf°p-dn®pw

hwi-\miw t\cn-Sp∂ Pnhn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw a\- n-em-°n-bn- p-≠-t√m. ]›n-a-L- -Ønse ssPh-

k-ºØv kky-߃ amX-a√ Pohn-Ifpw tN¿∂-Xm-Wv. ]Ir-Xn-bpsS kwXp-e-\-Øn\v F√m

Pohn-I-fp-sSbpw \ne-\n¬∏v AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. AXn-\m-emWv h\y-Po-hn-k-t¶-X-ßfpw a‰p

kwc-£nX ]tZ-i-ßfpw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ CXp-sIm≠p amXw F√m h\y-Po-hn-

I-fpsSbpw kwc-£Ww Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\m-hn√. ]›naL´-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏v a\p-jy-sc-

t]mse Xs∂ a‰p Poh-Pm-e-߃°pw ][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv B\-Ømc

F∂ `mKw sIm≠v Dt±-in-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

tiJ-cWw ]Z¿i\w

h\y-ar-K-߃ Irjn-\in-∏n-°p-∂-Xns-‚bpw \m´n-en-d-ßp-∂-Xn-s‚bpw hm¿Ø-Iƒ

]Xßfn¬ hcp∂Xv Ip´n-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°-s´. ¢mknse Unkvtπ t_m¿Un¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-

°-Ww.

"B\-Øm-c-'hm-b-\-bp-sSbpw tiJ-cn® ]X I´nw-Kp-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-hWw

h\y-Po-hn-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]iv\-߃ N¿® sNtø-≠-Xv. N¿®bv°v tijw A[ym-

]nI ¢mkv Xe tImUo-I-cWw \S-Ø-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ t\m´v _p°n¬ tImUo-I-cWw tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

$ h\-\-io-I-c-Ww, h\wI-tø‰w F∂nh h\y-Po-hn-I-fpsS \ne-\n¬∏n\v oj-Wn-bm-hp∂p.

$ h\-\-io-I-c-W-Øn\v apJy- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn a\p-jy-cm-Wv.

$ h\y-Po-hn-Isf kwc-£n-t°-≠Xv \ΩpsS _m[y-X-bm-Wv.

$ h\y-Po-hn-Isf sIm√p-∂Xv in£m¿l-am-Wv.

$ h\-]-tZ-iØp \S-Øp∂ \n¿ΩmW ]h¿Ø-\-߃, IpSn-tb‰w F∂nh Ipdbvt°-

≠Xp Xs∂-bm-Wv.

ae-ap-I-fn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-h¿

tIc-fØnse BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ IqSp-Xepw ]›n-a-L-´ ae-\n-c-I-fn-emWv Xma-kn-

°p-∂Xv. a\p-jy-cpsS CS-s]-S¬ aqew `ojWn t\c-nSp∂ Pohn-I-sf-°p-dn®v \mw a\- n-em-

°n. Hcp hn`mKw a\p-jy-cpsS CS-s]-S¬ aqew kz¥w hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw Pohn-X-km-l-

N-cy-ß-fnepw `ojWn t\cn-Sp∂ a\p-jy-cpt≠m!

CØcw Hcp ]iv\w Ip´n-I-fpsS N¿®-bv°mbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. BZn-hmkn

hn`mKw F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv \Ω-fn¬ Xs∂-bp≈ Hcp hn`m-K-am-Wv. Ah-cm-bn-cp∂p Chn-

SsØ BZy-Ime a\p-jy¿ F∂ Xc-Ønte Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-hq. PohnX kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS

]tXy-IX sIm≠v Cu hn`mKw ]tXy-IX ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂p F∂-Xm-hWw Ip´n-

Iƒ°v e`n-t°≠ Bi-bw,. Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ Ip´n-Iƒ ¢mkn¬ Ds≠-¶nepw Cs√-

¶nepw Ah-cpsS Bflm-`n-am-\-Øn\v tIm´w X´p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]cm-a¿i-߃ D≠m-Im-

Xn-cn-°m≥ A[ym-]-I¿ i≤n-°-Ww.

Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn Pohn®p h∂n-cp∂ Ah¿°v A¿l-X-s∏´ h\-`qan ]tXyI \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-

W-Øn-eq-sStbm DØ-c-hn-eq-sStbm A[n-Ir-Xtcm kº-∂-cmb a\p-jytcm ssItødptºmƒ

A[ymbw H∂v

]›n-a-L- -Øn-eqsS ...

43\n -lm-b-cm-hp∂ BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS ]iv\-ß-fmWv N¿® sNø-s∏-tS-≠-Xv.

C∂sØ ImeØv k¿°m-dp-Iƒ CØcw ]iv\-ßsf ]cn-l-cn-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ \nb-

a-\n¿Ωm-W߃ \S-Øp-∂p-≠v.

]›n-aL´ ae-\n-c-I-fnse CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-ß-fpsS kzm`m-hnI \ne-\n¬∏n\v

`oj-Wn-bm-hp-∂pt≠m F∂ ]cn-tim-[-\-bmWv CXn-eqsS \S-t°-≠-Xv.

tImUo-I-cWw

$ BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn Po-hn®p t]mcp∂ h\-]-tZiw Ah¿°v A\y-am-hp-∂p.

$ B[p-\nI PohnX kuI-cy-߃ A]m-]y-am-hp-∂p.

$ hnhn-[-Xcw Nqj-W-߃°v hnt[-b-cm-hp-∂p.

Assk≥sa‚v

BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-߃ t\cn-Sp∂ ]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ""ChnsS Pohn°p-∂-h¿'' F∂

A[ym-b-Øn¬ IqSp-X-embn N¿® sNøpw. CØcw ]iv\-߃ Ip´n-I-fpsS ]tZ-iØv

Dt≠m F∂-Xn-te°v AhcpsS i≤ BI¿jn-°Ww Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-

∏n-°p-Ibpw N¿® sNøp-Ibpw thWw. ]mtZ-inI km[y-X-I-fmWv ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv.

IqSp-X¬ Is≠Ømw

khn-ti-j-amb qan-imkvX LS-I-߃ Nne-bn\w kky-ß-fp-sSbpw Pohn-I-fp-sSbpw \ne-

\n¬∏n\v AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ NneXv ÿe-\m-a-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Adn-

b-s∏-Sp-∂p. `qan-im-kvX-kq-Nn-Ibv°v temIØv hf-sc-b-[nIw ]m[m\yw I¬∏n-°-s∏-Sp-

∂p-≠v. Cu khn-ti-j-X-I-fn-te°v Ip´n-I-fpsS i≤ BI¿jn°p-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-

\w. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-ep-≈-h¿°pw a‰p-≈-h¿°pw AhnsS Xs∂ Ahsb

kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ _m[yX Ds≠∂v a\- n-em-°m≥ IqSn Cu ]h¿Ø\w D]-I-cn--°-Ww.

Ip´n-I-tfmSv Is≠Øn hcm≥ ]d-bWw

kky-߃

$ hb-\m-S≥ a™ƒ $ A´∏mSn-Xp-hc

$ ]me-°m-S≥ a´-bcn $ Ip‰ymSn sXßv

$ ssakq¿ Nµ\w $ kXy-aw-K-ew -ap-fIv

a’yw

$ Ip´-\m-S≥ Icn-ao≥ $ tIc--f-kp-µcn (sN¶-Wn-bm≥)

$ awK-em-]pcw aØn, e£-Zzo]v SyqW

]£n

$ ae-_m¿ sImº≥]mSn $ IS-ep≠n Bf

$ ae-_m¿ ]mc-In‰v (\oe-Ø-Ø) $ hb-\mSv em^nwKv Xjv (]Xp-ß≥ Nne-º≥)

$ \oe-Kncn ]n]n‰v (ae-h-c-º≥)

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

44 arKw

$ sh®q¿]ip $ \oeKncnXm¿ (hc-bm-Sv)

$ ae-_mdn BSv

hwi-\miw t\cn- -h¿

Cu \q‰m-≠n¬ C¥y≥ ImSp-I-fn¬ \n∂v hwi-\miw h∂ Pohn-Iƒ

1. sNdnb H‰-sIm-º≥ Im≠m-ar-Kw 2. Nph∂ Xe-b≥ Xmdmhv

3. ]¿h-X-Ip-bn¬ 4. No‰-∏pen

1947 \p tijw C¥y≥ ImSp-I-fn¬ No‰-∏p-en-Isf Is≠-Øn-bn- n-√. F∂m¬ C¥y≥

No‰-Isf Gjy≥ No‰-I-fpsS IqsS-bmWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-dp--≈-Xv. Gjy≥ No‰-Iƒ C∂v

Cdm-\nepw a‰p-ambn 200 ¬ Xmsg _m°n-bp-s≠-∂mWv IW-°v. Gjy≥ No‰-Iƒ

hwi-\m-i-Øns‚ h°n-emWv.

d^-d≥kv : _me-Ir-jvW≥ sNdq∏, A‰p-t]m-hp∂ IÆn-Iƒ

AlmUvkv (AHADS)

a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ KpW-I-c-a-√mØ am‰-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-

dn®v Ip´n-Iƒ [mcmfw a\- n-em-°n-bn- p-≠v. a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ ]Ir-Xn-bpsS kzm`m-

hn-IX \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠nbpw BImw F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm-\mWv Alm-Uvkn-s\-°p-

dn®v a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xv. A´-∏m-Sn-bpsS ]cn-ÿnXn ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-I F∂-XmWv Alm-

Uvkns‚ e£yw. Cu s]mP-IvSns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ A´-∏m-Sn-bpsS ]cnÿnXn ]p\x-

ÿm-]n-°-∂-Xn¬ hnPbw I≠p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-´p-≠v. AXns‚ Hcp DZm-l-c-WamWv ]p\¿P-

\n® sImSp-ß-c-∏≈w \Zn.

aÆm¿°mSv Xmeq-°nse A´-∏m-Sn-bn¬ \n∂v D¤-hn®v Xangv\m´n-tebv°v Hgp-Ip∂ sImSp-

ß-c-∏≈w F∂ \Zn°v GI-tZiw 25 In.ao \of-ap-≠v. ][m-\-ambpw aq∂v ]pg-I-fmWv A´m-

∏mSn ae-\n-c-I-fn¬ \n∂v DXv-`-hn-°p-∂-Xv. `hm-\n, incp-hm-Wn, sImSp-ß-c-∏≈w F∂o 3

\Zn-Ifpw IqS-s∏´n F∂ ÿe-Øp-sh®v IqSn tN¿∂v `hm\n F∂ t]cn¬ Xan-gv\m-´n-

tebv°v HgpIn Imthcn \Zn-bn¬ tNcp-∂p.

CXn¬ sImSp-ß-c-∏≈w A]Xy-£-am-bXv F∂m-sW∂v B¿°p-a-dn-bn-√. 65 hb- p≈

BZn-hm-kn-bmb \cn-bs‚ Hm¿Ω-I-fn¬ ""sImSp-ß-c-∏-≈-Øn¬ th\¬°m-eØv ap´n-s\m∏w

sh≈-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p''. Ccp-I-c-Ifpw h≥a-c-ß-fm¬ \nd-™p-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ItaW

ChnSw Hcp acp-`q-an-bmbn cq]m-¥cw ]m]n-®p. \Zn-bpsS Hgp°v ]q¿Æ-ambpw \ne-®p.

sImSp-ß-c-∏≈w ]pg-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ 60 N.In.ao ]tZiw AlmUvkv ]cn-N-cn-°p-∂p≠.v-

aÆv ˛ Pe-kw-c-£W \n¿Ωn-Xn-Iƒ B ]tZ-isØ I√pw, aÆpw D]-tbm-Kn®p Xs∂

sNøp-∂p. kwc-£W ]h¿Ø-\-߃ XpSßn sXm´-Sp-Ø-h¿jw Xs∂ XS-b-W-I-fn¬ 3

ASn-tbmfw sh≈w Db¿∂p. ItaW sImSp--ß-c-∏≈w \Zn-bpsS ]p\¿P\n km[y-am-bn.

AlmUvkpambn _‘-s∏´ ]X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ, ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃ F∂nh Ip´n-Iƒ°v

d^-d≥kn-\mbn \¬I-Ww. Alm-Uvkns‚ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃ e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v Cu hnem-

k-Øn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-I. ]Xm-[n-]¿, aÆv, A -∏mSn ln¬kv Gcnb Uh-e-∏vsa‚ v skmssk‰n

(AHADS), AK-fn. ]n. H, ]me-°mSv Pn√ ˛ 678581.

A[ymbw H∂v

]›n-a-L- -Øn-eqsS ...

45ae-ap-I-fnse Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

tIc-fsØ `q]c-amb ]tXy--I-X-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v aq∂mbn Xncn-°m-sa∂v Ip´n-Iƒ°-dn-bmw.

ae-º-tZ-isØ apJy-Ir-jn-Isf°pdn®v sNdnb ¢m p-I-fn¬ a\- n--em-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

""ae-\m-´n¬ s]mXpsh Im¿jn-I-hn-f-I-sf√mw Irjn sNøm≥ Ignbpw. F∂m¬ CS-\m-

´nepw Xoc-]-tZ-iØpw ae-\m-´nse ]e-hn-f-Ifpw Irjn sNøm≥ Ign-bp-I-bn√.'' F¥p

sIm-≠mhpw Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂-Xv F∂ ]iv\w Ip´n-I-fpsS ap∂n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw.

Imc-W-߃ So®¿ enÃv sNbvXv ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ t\m´v _p°n¬

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw.

$ Db¿∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fnse ]tXyI Imem-hÿ

$ h\-ßfpw kkym-h-c-Whpw IqSpX¬ D≈-Xp-sIm-≠p≈ ^e-`q-bn-jvT-amb aÆv

$ IqSnb Pe-e--`yX

]h¿Ø\w˛ 20 hb-\m- nse hb-te-e-Iƒ

hb-\m-´nse Hcp Irjn-°m-c-\mb kp[m-I-cs‚ Irjn ÿe-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-W-amWv

\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. 60 h¿j-Øn-\n-Sbv°v Irjn-bnepw Irjn-bn-S-Ønepw h∂ am‰-߃

CXn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. Cu `mKw Ip´n-I-f-psS hy‡n-KX hmb-\bv°v \¬I-Ww.

XpS¿∂v Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ tNmZyßtfmSv Ip´n-Iƒ ]Xn-I--cn-°-s´.

$ F¥p-sIm-≠mhpw kp[m-I-c≥ s\¬Ir-jn-bn¬ \n∂pw ]n≥am-dn-b-Xv.

$ Xs‚ ]tZ-isØ sh≈w Aßv Zqsc _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-en¬ FØp-sa∂v Adn-™n´pw

hm¿Øp If-bp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?

$ Imem-Imeßfn¬ Irjn-bn¬ hcp-Ønb am‰w icn-bm-bn-cpt∂m?

Ip´n-I-fpsS ]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ¢mkn¬ N¿® \S-Ø-Ww.

XpS¿∂v Ip´n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS ]tZ-isØ IrjnbnS-sØ-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ At\z-

jn®d-nbm≥ \n¿t±-i-߃ \¬I-Ww. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kz¥w ]tZ-iØv Ign™

50 h¿j-Øn-\n-Sbv°v Irjn-bn¬ h∂ am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ip´nIƒ Hmtcm Ipdn∏v Xbm-

dm°s´. Irjn-°mbn ]›n-a-L-´-a-e-\n-c-I-fn¬ hcp-Ønb am‰hpw kz¥w ]tZ-iØv hcp-

Ønb am‰hpw Xmc-Xayw sNø-Ww.

Irjn-°mbn Fs‚ \m´n¬ Irjn-°mbn ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬

hcp-Ønb am‰-߃ hcp-Ønb am‰-߃

skan-\m¿

""Ign™ 50 h¿j-Øn-\n-Sbv°v kz¥w ]tZ-isØ Irjn-bn¬ h∂n-´p≈ am‰w B ]tZ-

isØ Fß-s\-sb√mw kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.'' F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v ""A]-Xy-£-am-bn-s°m-≠n-

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

46 cn-°p∂ Irjn-Ifpw `qan-°p-h-cp-Øn-b-am-‰-ßfpw'' F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ Hcp skan-

\m¿ t]∏¿ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Xøm-dm-°-s´.

t]∏¿ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv Xmsg ]d-bp∂ ]T-\m-\p-`-h-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ°v In´n F∂p

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww.

$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse hb-\m-´nse hb-te-e-Iƒ F∂ `mKw hmbn®v ˛ N¿®

sNbvXn´p≠v.

$ kz¥w ]tZ-isØ Irjn-bn-S߃ kµ¿in-®n-´p-≠v.

$ apXn¿∂-h-cp-ambn Ign™ AºXp h¿j-Øn-\n-Sbv°v Irjn-bn-S-߃°v h∂ am‰-

߃ AXns‚ KpW-tZm-j-߃ F∂nh At\z-jn-®-dn-™n-´p-≠v.

skan-\m¿ t]∏¿ Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xn¬ Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ Imcy-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ ian-°m-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ Irjn sNøp∂ ÿe-Øns‚ Af-hn¬ h∂ am‰w

$ Pe-tk-N-\-ku-Icyw

$ Dev]m-Z-\-Ønse am‰w

$ hnf-I-fnse sshhn[yw

$ ]mtZ-inI Pe-e-`yX

$ Irjn D]-Po-h-\-am¿K-am-°n-b-hcpsS FÆ-Ønse am‰w

$ ^e`qbn-jvTX / hf-]-tbmKw

]h¿Ø\w˛ 22

tIc-f-Øn-s‚ `q]-S-Øn¬ ]›n-a-L´ ae-\n-cIƒ ImWn°p∂ Hcp amXrI \n¿Ωn-°m≥

Ip´n-I-tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Smw.

I´n-bp≈ t]∏-dn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ q]Sw hc®v AXn¬ ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ mKw Ifn-atÆm

πmÿ Hm^v ]mco-tkm, t]∏¿ ]ƒt∏m D]--tbm-Kn®v Dbcw Iq´n \n¿Ωn-°-Ww.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 23

]›na-L´ ae-\n-c-Iƒ C√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ C∂p ImWp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw

Fs¥√mw am‰-߃ D≠m-hpw. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse hnh-c-߃ CXn-\mbn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-

Sp-Øp-at√m.

$

2. ChnsS Pohn-°p-∂-h¿

]iv\taJe : ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂htcm-Sp≈ ]cn-K-W-\-bn-√mbva

D]-]iv\w : $ BZnhmkn Pohn-X-k-aq-l-߃ t\cn-Sp∂ ]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-t°-≠Xv

kaq-l-Øns‚ s]mXp DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-am-sW∂ Xncn-®-dn-hn-√m-bva.

]T-\-e-£y-߃ : $ BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-Øns‚ kmaqlyPohn-XsØ hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-

Xn-\v.

$ BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS PohnX kml-N-cy-tØbpw Ah¿ t\cn-Sp∂ hnhn[

sh√p-hn-fn-I-tfbpw Ipdn®v hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.

$ tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Cu P\-hn-`m-KsØ ]m¿iz-

h¬°-c-W-Øn-te°v \bn® Imc-W-ßsf-°p-dn®v \nK-a-\-߃ cq]-s∏-

Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

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A[ymbw c≠vv

ChnsS Pohn-°p-∂-h¿

49BapJw

`qan-im-kvX-]-chpw Ncn-X-]-chpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ ]m¿iz-h-Xv°-c-W-Øn\v

hnt[-b-amb hn`m-K-amWv BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ. Cu hn[-Øn¬ ]pdw-X-≈-s∏´ BZn-hmkn kaqlw

t\cn-Sp∂ ]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-t°-≠Xv kaq-l-Øns‚ s]mXp-I-S-a-bm-Wv. BZn-hmkn kaq-

lØns‚ s]mXp-hmb Nne ]tXy-I-X-I-fmWv ChnsS ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. ]m¿iz-h-Xv°-

cn-°-s∏-´-h-tcm-Sp≈ ]cn-K-W-\-bn-√mbva F∂ ]iv\-ta-J-e-bn-emWv Cu ]mTw N¿®

sNøs∏Sp-∂-Xv. BZn-hmkn kaq-l-Øns‚ Im¿jn-I-co-Xn-Iƒ, Krl-\n¿ΩmW khn-ti-j-

X-Iƒ, Iem-cq-]-߃ IpSpw-_-˛-k-aq-l-Iq-´m-bva-Iƒ, `mj XpS-ßnbhbn-eqsS BZn-hmkn

kaq-l-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-L-S-\sbbpw, Pohn-X-co-Xn-sbbpwIp-dn®v- hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Nne

\nK-a-\-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ChnsS Dt±-in-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ BZn-hm-kn-I-sf-Ip-dn®v Bg-

Øn-ep≈ Hcp ]T\w ChnsS e£yw-sh-°p-∂n-√. ]mtZ-in-Ihpw ]c-º-cm-K-X-hp-amb Ah-

cpsS Nne \m´-dn-hp-Ifpw ⁄m\-cq-]-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw ]k-‡-ambh ]cn-c-

£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ at\m-`m-h-amWv ChnsS D≠m-th-≠-Xv.

BZn-hmkn kaqlw t\cn-Sp∂ h¿Ø-am-\-Ime PohnX kml-N-cy-tØbpw sh√p-hn-fn-I-tf-

bpw-Ip-dn®v hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ip´n-Iƒ Xß-fp-tS-Xmb _Z-ep-Iƒ \n¿t±-in-

°p-∂-Xn-\p-amWv ian-t°-≠-Xv. BZn-hmkn kaq-l-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI X\na \ne-\n¿Øn-

s°m≠p Xs∂ B hn`m-KsØ s]mXp kaq-l-tØm-sSm∏w Db¿tØ-≠-Xm-sW∂ at\m-

`m-h-amWv Ip´n-bn-ep-≠m-t°-≠-Xv. kaq-l-Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb t\´-߃ BZn-hmkn hn`m-

K-Øn\pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-XmWv F∂ [mcW hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°-Ww. Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-L-S-

\sb \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hn[w \S∂ Nne IS-∂p-I-b-‰-߃ B hn`m-K-Øns‚

]m¿iz-h¬°-c-W-Øn\v CS-h-cp-Øn-bn-´ps≠-∂pw, CXns\ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-

Øm-\pap≈ sNdnb Ah-k-c-ß-fmWv Ip´n°v e`n-t°-≠-Xv.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 1 Ccp-f-cpsS Ducv

tIc-f-Øn¬ aq∂p-tIm-Sn-b-e-[nIw P\-߃ A[n-h-kn-°p-∂p. `qanimkvX-]-c-amb ]tXy-

I-X-Iƒ sIm≠v H‰-s∏´v Xma-kn-°p-∂p-h-cpt≠m? h\-ta-J-e-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ hn`m-K-

°m¿ GXv t]cn-em-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv? XpS-ßnb tNmZy-ß-fn-eqsS ]mT-`m-K-tØ°v IS-

°mw. XpS¿∂p "Ccp-f-cpsS Ducv' F∂ `mKw Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p. ]mT-

`m-K-hp-amb _‘-s∏´ N¿® \S-Øp-∂p. N¿®bv°v tijw hy‡n-K-X-ambn Ipdn∏v Xøm-

dm°n Kq∏n¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

$ BcmWv BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ?

$ F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Nne hn`m-K-°msc BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv?

$ BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ IqSp-X-embn Xma-kn-°p-∂-sX-hn-sS-bmWv?

$

XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn A[ym-]n-I -Ip-dn∏v tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 2 Irjn

\ΩpsS \m´nse C∂sØ IrjnsbIpdn®v ¢m n¬ N¿® kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. Irjn-bp-

ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Nne tNmZy-߃ D∂-bn-°mw. Im¿jnI hnf-I-ƒ, cmk-h-f-]-tbm-Kw,

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

50 jn-`qan XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw. XpS¿∂v Ip´n-Iƒ ""Irjn'' F∂ ]mT-`mKw

hmbn-°p-∂p. s]mXp kaq-l-Øn-ep≈ Irjn-bp-ambn XmcXayw sNøp∂p.

s]mXp-k-aq-l-Ønse BZn-hmkn kaq-l-Øn¬

Irjn-coXn \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Irjn-coXn

Hcp \n›nX `qan-bn¬

cmk-Io-S-\m-i-n\n

cmk-hfw

hy‡n-KX Dev]m-Z\w

]pXnb C\w hnf-Iƒ

Cu ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm°n Hcp Xmc-X-ay-°p-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°m≥ hy‡n-]-cmbn Bh-iy-s∏-

Smw.

kwhmZw

$ BZn-hmkn Irjn-co-Xn-bm-tWm, s]mXp-k-aq-l-Ønse Irjn-co-Xn-bmtWm IqSp-X¬

]IrXn kulr-Z-]cw.

$ Xmc-X-a-y-°p-dn-∏ns\ hni-I-e\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v ]IrXn kulr-Z-]-c-amb Irjn coXn-

bmWv Ah¿ XpS¿∂n-cp-∂Xv F∂v tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.

$ BZn-hmkn Irjn coXn-bn¬ Ah-ew-_n-°p∂ GsX-√mw k-º-Zm-b-߃ C∂pw \ap°v

XpS-cm≥ Ignbpw? GXnse√mw Imen-I-ambn am‰-߃ hcp-tØ-≠n-hcpw? F∂nh ¢mkn¬

s]mXp N¿®bv°v hnt[-b-am-°-Ww. HmtcmcpØ¿°pw Xt‚Xmb \ne-]m-sS-Sp-°m≥

th≠n-bmWv CØcw Hcp Ah-kcw Hcp-t°-≠-Xv.

]p\w-Irjn

Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-bpsS G‰hpw ]g-b-cq-]-amb ]p\w-Irjn BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS X\n-a-bp≈

Irjn kº-Zm-b-am-Wv. ImSn-\p-≈n¬ Hcp ÿeØv ÿnc-ambn Irjn sNømsX amdn amdn

Irjn sNøp-∂ coXn-bmWnXv. Hcn-°¬ Irjn-bn-d-°nb ÿew Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw a‰p ÿe-

߃ Irjn sNøm≥ Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. BZyw Irjn sNbvX ÿe-tØ°v ]n∂oSv

h¿j-߃ Ign-™m-bn-cn°pw Xncn®p hcn-I.

At∏mtg°pw AhnsS ImSv Xg®p hf¿∂n-cn-°pw. ]cn-ÿn-Xnbv°v tZmjw hcm-Ø- Irjn-

co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. aÆn¬ AS-ßn-bn- p≈ kzm`m-hnI hf-ßfpw acw Icn-®p-≠m-°p∂ shÆodp-

a-√msX a‰p hf-]-tbm-K-ßfn-√. ]tZ-i-Øn\pw Imem-h-ÿbv°pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-

bn-emWv ]p\w-Irjn sNøp-∂Xv.

CØ-c-Øn¬ kky-߃t°m, P¥p-°ƒt°m tZmj-I-c-a-√msX sNbvXn-cp∂ Irjn-`qan

Ah¿°v \jvS-s∏-Sm\nSbmb kml-N-cy-sa-¥m-Wv? kz¥w t]cn¬ `qan-bn-√m-Xn-cp∂ BZn-

hm-kn-I-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ CXv F¥v ]Xn-k-‘n-bmWv D≠m-°n-bn-cn-°pI? Kq∏n¬ N¿®

sNbvXv Ipdn-∏m-°-Ww.

A[ymbw c≠vv

ChnsS Pohn-°p-∂-h¿

51BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-߃ F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Irjn-bn-S-߃ CS-bv°nsS am‰n-s°m-≠n-cp-

∂Xv?

$ am‰m≥ kz-X-¥-y-ap≈ hn[-Øn¬ [mcmfw `qan e`-y-am-bn-cp-∂p.

$ Htc ÿeØv Irjn sNbvXm¬ th≠X hnfhv e`n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

$ ImSns‚ X\na \jvS-s∏-SmØ coXn-bmbncp∂p CXv.

CØcw ]Xn-I-c-W-߃ Ip´n-bn¬ \n∂v hc-Ø° hn[-Øn¬ Hcp N¿® ¢m n¬

kwL-Sn-∏n-°-Ww. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Irjn coXn C∂v \mw Ah-ew-_n-°m-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈

Imc-W-ßfpw IS-∂p-h-cp-a-t√m.

$ `£y-]-Xn-k‘n

$ sXmgn¬ \jvS-s∏-S¬

$ PohnX ]Xn-k‘n

$ a‰p taJ-e-bn-te°v IpSn-tb-d¬

$ Nqj-W-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ hnt[-b-s∏-S¬

XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn Ipdn∏v tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 3 ImSn\p tN¿∂ hoSv

s]mXp-k-aq-l-Ønse hoSp \n¿ΩmW coXn-sb-°p-dn®v ¢m n¬ N¿® kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.

]W-s®-e-hv, D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒv, ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-]-cw, B¿`m-Sw, Imem-h-

ÿ-bv°-\p-krXw XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ N¿®-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. N¿®bv°v

tijw ImSn\p tN¿∂ hoSv F∂ `mKw Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-]-c-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p. B[p-\nI

hoSp \n¿ΩmWhpambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv hy‡n-K-X-ambn Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°m≥ Bh-iy-

s∏-Sp-∂p. Kq∏n¬ sa®-s∏-SpØn Ht∂m ct≠m Ip´n-Iƒ s]mXphmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

Kq∏n¬ tImUo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ Imcy-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ ian-°-Ww.

$ emfn-Xyw

$ ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-w

$ sNehv

$ Imem-h-ÿ-bv°-\p-krXw

$ \n¿amW hkvXp-°ƒ

$ kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y.

XpS¿∂v B¿`m-Sc-ln-X-amb hoSv F∂ Bibw hcp∂ apZm-hmIy cN\ Kq∏p-I-fn¬ Bh-

iy-s∏-Smw.

hnhm-l-coXn

]c-º-cm-KX hnhm-l-co-Xn-I-fnse sshNn-X-yhpw, sshhn-[-yhpw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ ]pkvX-I-

߃ e`-y-am-Wv. cho-µ≥ cNn® "AI-e-ß-fnse a\p-j-y¿' Ah-bn-sem-∂m-Wv. Ip´n-Iƒ

kzbw tiJ-cn-®-tXm, A[--ym-]n-I-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS Xbm-dm-°n-btXm Bb Ipdn-∏p-

Iƒ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.

]Xm-kn-Øncn Im´m-\mbn

tIm¨Ios‰m-Øncn hmcn-s∏mØn

]e e£-߃ hmcnhnX®v

Np´p]pIbv°pw hmkw thtWm?

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

52 ]h¿Ø\w˛ 4 H∂mbv tN¿s∂mcp t]cv

BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ]pe¿Øn-t∏m∂ kmaq-ly-t_m-[hpw Iq´m-bvabpw ]cn-

N-b-s∏-SemWv Cu `mKw sIm≠p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. s]mXp-k-aq-l-Ønse hnhm-lw, t]cn-S¬

XpS-ßnb NS-ßp-Iƒ ¢m n¬ s]mXp-hmbn N¿® sNøp-∂p. ]mT-`mKw Ip´nIƒ hmbn-®-

Xn-\p-tijw ]mtZ-in-I-amb Iq´m-bva-Iƒ N¿® sNømw. ]pc-sI´n tab¬, Irjn-bnSw Hcp-

°¬ hnhm-l-®-S-ßp-Iƒ XpSßn ]≠v \ΩpsS \m´n¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Iq´m-bva-I-sf-°p-

dn®v ]d-bmw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn ]g-b-Ime hnhm-l-®-SßpIfn¬ \ne\n∂n-cp∂ Nne Iq´m-

bva-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. ]≠p ImeØv ]mtZ-inI hn`-h-߃ tiJ-cn®v Ab¬°m¿

IqSn-tN¿∂mWv hnhm-l∏-¥¬ Hcp-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. hnhml∏¥¬ Ae-¶-cn-®n-cp-∂Xpw

Cßs\ Xs∂. `£Ww ]mIw sNøm-\p≈ ]mX-߃ tiJ-cn-®n-cp-∂Xpw ]mIw sNbvXv

hnfºn-bn-cp-∂Xpw A-b¬hm-kn-Iƒ Xs∂. Cu Iq´mbva sNehv Ipd-°¬ amX-a√ kmaq-

ly_‘-ßsf \ne-\n¿Øp∂ ]c-kv]c klm-b-Øns‚ ]m[m-\yw hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂-Xp-

am-bn-cp-∂p. CØcw Iq´m-bva-bpsS [mcmfw sXfn-hp-Iƒ ]mtZ-in-I-ambn At\-z-jn®v Is≠-

Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn D≠m-bn-cp∂ Iq´mbva-I-fpsS \√ hi-ßsf \ne-

\n¿Øm≥ Fs¥√mw \n¿t±-i-߃ Is≠-Øm-\m-hpw.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 5 BZn-hmkn Ie-Iƒ

Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS ]tZ-i-Øp≈ Iem-cq-]-߃ enÃv sNø-s´. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw ]tXy-

I-X-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-∂p. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Iem-cq-]-ß-fmtWm BZn-hmkn taJ-e-bn-ep-≈Xv?

Ie-Ifpw Pohn-X-I-ahpw XΩn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw _‘-apt≠m? CØcw tNmZy-߃ D∂-bn-

®-tijw Ie-Ifpw kwkvIm-chpw XΩn-ep-≈ _‘w F∂ Ipdn∏v Kq∏-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

Xøm-dm-°-s´.

sXøw

Xpemw apX¬ FShw hsc-bp≈ Ime-b-f-hn-emWv sXøw Ac-tß-dp-∂-Xv. sImbvØv Ign™v

kar≤n \ne-\n¬°p∂ ka-b-am-Wn-Xv. Imhp-I-fnepw `mK-h-Xn-tIm-´-ß-fnepw hb-ep-I-fn-ep-

am-bmWv sXøw sI´n-bm-S-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. sXø-Øns‚ thj-Ønepw Nne ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ D≠v.

apJ-sØ-gpØv CXn¬ ][m-\-amWv. ]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb Nmb-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv apJ-

sØ-gpØv \S-Øp-∂-Xv. Ipcp-tØm-e-sIm-≠-e-¶-cn-®Xpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb apSn-, Ip-cp-tØm-e-

sIm-≠pw Nph∂ ]´p-sIm-≠p-ap≈ BS-Iƒ, acw-sIm≠pw temlw sIm≠p-ap≈ B`-c-W-

߃, Hme-°m-Xv, ZwjvSw, Nne¶ XpS-ßnbh sXø-Øns‚ thj-`q-jm-Xn-I-fm-Wv. sN≠,

_o°v, No\n°pg¬, sNdnb Ce-Ømfw XpS-ßn-bh sXø-Øns‚ hmZ-y-ß-fmWv. tXm‰w

]m´n-eq-sS-bmWv sXøw P\-ß-fp-ambn kwh-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. tXm‰w ]m´v sXø-Øns‚ kmln-

X-y-cq-]-am-sW∂v ]d-bmw. ae-bm-fhpw kwkvIr-Xhpw Ie¿∂ `mj-bn-eq-sSbpw ]mtZ-inI

`mj-bn-eq-sSbpw BWv tXm‰w ]m´-h-X-cWw. Ign-™-Ime kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Ncn-Xhpw

kvac-W-IfpamWv tXm‰w ]m´n-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. CXp-t]mse

$ Imew

$ thjw

$ Irjn

$ P\-ß-fp-ambn kwh-Zn-°p∂ coXn

$

A[ymbw c≠vv

ChnsS Pohn-°p-∂-h¿

53XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ Ipdn-∏n¬ hcm≥ i≤n-°-Ww.

ska-n\m¿

tIcf kwkvIm-c-Øn\v BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ \¬Inb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ F∂ hnj-bsØ B[mc-

am°n Hcp skan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°-Ww. ¢m nse Ip´n-Isf \mep Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xncn-®v,

Iem-cq-]-ß-ƒ, Irjn-coXn Krl-\n¿Ωm-W-co-Xn, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-߃ F∂o hnj-b-߃

tIµo-I-cn®v Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww. XpS¿∂v Kq∏p-Iƒ BZn-hm-kn-Po-

hnXw hnhn[ apJ-߃ F∂ Npa¿]-XnI D≠m-°-s´.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 6 - qan \jvS-am-hp∂ ImSns‚ a°ƒ

kz¥w InS-∏m-Shpw `qanbpw \jvS-s∏-´m¬ \n߃°p-≠m-Im-hp∂ Zpcn-X-߃/]iv\߃

Fs¥√mw? Cu tNmZyw A[ym-]nI ªm°v t_m¿Un¬ Fgp-Xp∂p. CXn-t\m-Sp≈ ]Xn-

I-cWw Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Fgp-X-s´. ct≠m aqt∂m Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

hnZym-`ym-k-]-iv\w, Btcm-Ky-]-iv\-߃, kpc-£n-X-Xz-an-√m-bva, A`n-am-\-Øn\v £X-ap-

≠m-I¬, sXmgn¬ ]Xn-k-‘n, IpSpw-_-_-‘-ß-fn¬ hcp∂ am‰ßƒ XpS-ßnb Imcy-

߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn Ah tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.

CXv k¶¬∏n-s®-gp-Xn-b-Xm-sW-¶n¬ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Cßs\ kw`-hn® Hcp hn`m-K-°m-

cpsS A\p-`hw hmbn-°m≥ Ip´n-tbm-Sm-h-iy-s∏-SWw. "-`qan \jvS-am-Ip∂ ImSns‚ a°ƒ',

"\nb-a-k`m D]-k-an-Xn-bpsS Is≠-ج' F∂o `mK-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-]-c-ambn hmbn-

°p-∂p. Ip´n-I-fpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ Hcp Ipdn-∏mbn Fgp-X-s´.

$ `qan Xp—-amb hnebv°v X´n-sb-SpØp

$ \nc-£-cX NqjWw sNbvXp

$ Ah-cpsS kmaq-ly-]n-∂m-°m-h-ÿsb apX-em°n

$ Itø-‰-Øn-eqsS `qan ssI°-em°n

$

XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn Ipdn∏v tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.

]mT--]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]X-hm¿Ø-bvs°m∏w CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ a‰p Nne ]X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ

A[ym-]nI \n›nX Kq∏p-I-fn¬ sImSp-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v Kq∏n¬ ""BZn-hmkn PohnXw

A∂pw C∂pw'' Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm°n s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww.

]›n-a-L-´-Øn-eqsS F∂ ]mT-Øn¬ ae-tbm-c-ta-J-e-bn¬ \S∂ Itø-‰-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]d-

™n-´p-≠t√m? `qan-bpsS Itø‰w ÿnc-Xm-a-k-°mcmb BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-ßsf Fßn-

s\-sb√mw _m[n-®n-cn°pw F∂ ]h¿Ø\w ChnsS sImSp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ Bhm-k-hy-hÿ \jvS-s∏-S¬

$ Irjn-ÿew C√m-sX-bm-I¬

$ sXmgn¬ \jvS-s∏-S¬

$

XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ tImUo-I-c-W-Øn¬ hc-Ww.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

54 BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ Nne¿

$ Ccp-f¿ $ ImS¿ $ Ipdn-Ny¿

$ ASn-b¿ $ Ipdp-a¿ $ ae-b-c-b≥

$ ae-°m-c≥ $ apUp-K¿ $ Fc-h-≈m¿

$ ImWn-°m¿ $ Icnw-]m-e≥ $ sIm®p-th-e≥

$ I≠p-h-Sn-b¿ $ ae-a-e-k¿ $ ae-th-S≥

$ ae-b-Sn-b¿ $ amhn-em≥ $ hng-h≥

$ Ducm-fn-°p-d-a¿ $ Bfm¿ $ Ac-Wm-S¿

$ Nnß-Øm¿ $ apXp-hm≥ $ \mbmSn

$ ]Wn-b¿ $ ]Xn-b≥ $ Dcn-U-h¿

$ I\-emSn $ Ic-hgn $ Im´p-\m-bv°¿

$ sImdK¿ $ ae-Ip-d-h≥ $ ae-∏-≠mcw

$ ae-]-Wn-°m¿ $ ae-k¿ $ ae-th-´p-h≥

$ ae-b≥ $ D≈m-S¿ $ X®-\m-S≥ aq∏≥

(d^-d≥kn\p amXw)

d -d≥kv ]pkvX-I߃

1. tIc--f-Ønse B^n°

sI. ]m\q¿, \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ

2. tIc-f-Ønse Ata-cn°

sI. ]m\q¿, \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ

3. Ipdn-Ny-cpsS temIw

Sn. Nmt°m, ItÆm-´p-tam-Sn, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

4. ae-bnse amhn-e-am¿

B¿.-kn. Idn-∏Øv, tIcf kmwkvIm-cnI ]kn-≤o-I-cW hIp∏v

5. tIc-f-Ønse BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ h\-hm-kn-Iƒ

kn.sI. Icp-Wm-I-c≥, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

6. ImWn-°m¿

kn.sI. Icp-Wm-I-c≥, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

7. CSp°n ˛ aÆpw a\p-jy\pw

sI. Sn. cmPo-hv, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan

8. tIc-f-Ønse BZn-hmkn Iem-]m-c-ºcyw

knÿ knkn-enb tXma-kv, tIcf kmwkvIm-cnI ]kn-≤o-I-cW hIp∏v

9. tIc-f-Ønse BZn-hmkn Pohn-Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw

knÿ knkn-enb tXma-kv, tIcf kmwkvIm-cnI ]kn-≤o-I-cW hIp∏v

$

3. £y-kp-c£

]iv\taJe : Irjn Hcp kwkvIm-c-ambn ImWmØ Ahÿ

D]-]iv\w : $ `£y-kp-c-£sb°pdn-®p≈ Xncn-®-dn-hns‚ A`m-hw.

]T-\-e-£y-߃ : $ `£y-kp-c-£bpw `£y-kzbw ]cym-]vX-Xbpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

$ `£y-kp-c£ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ Dev]m-Z-\w, kw`-c-Ww, hnX-cWw

F∂n-h-bv°p≈ ]¶v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

$ s]mXp-hn-X-cW kº-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw a\- n-em-°p∂Xn\v.

$ `£y kzbw ]cym-]vX-Xbv°v X\n°pw Xt‚-Xmb ]¶p hln-°m-\p-

s≠∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

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58 BapJw

`£y-kp-c£ hym]-I-ambn N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp∂ hnj-b-am-Wv. Hcp ]tZ-isØ P\-߃°v

Bh-iy-amb £y-h-kvXp-°ƒ e`n-°p∂p F∂p-d-∏p-h-cp-Ø-emWv £y-kp-c-£. Hcp cmPy-

Øn\v Bh-iy-amb `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ Ahn-sS-Øs∂ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°m-\p-f-f Xohia-߃

Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂tXm-sSm∏w, AXv F√m-hn-`m-K-°m-cn-te°pw \oXn-]q¿∆-ambn hnX-cWw sNøp-

∂-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX-bn-te°v IqSn Cu A[ymbw hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂p. `£y kzbw]cym-

]vXXbpw `£y-kp-c£bpw hnth-Nn-®-dn-bp-I-bpw, `£ykpc£ F∂ Bi-b-Øns‚

ssh]peyw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-I-bm-Wv Cu A[ym-b-Øns‚ apJy-e-£yw. `£y-kp-

c£ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ Dev]m-Z\w, kw`-c-Ww, hnX-cWw F∂o LS-I-߃ Fßs\

kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-sh∂pw hni-Z-ambn N¿® --sN-ø-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.

Hcp cmP-y-Ønse £-y-[m-\-y-ß-fpsS Dev]m-Z\w B cmP-ysØ apgp-h≥ P\-߃°pw £y-

h-kvXp-°ƒ Bh-i-y-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v e`-y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ia-am-Wv. CXn\v Du∂¬ sImSp-

Øp-sIm-≠mWv Im¿jnI cwKsØ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. F∂m¬ B cmP-ysØ

F√m ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw AXm-Xn-S-ß-fnse P\-߃°mh-i-y-amb `£-y-h-kvXp-°ƒ Dev]m-

Zn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-b-W-sa-∂n-√. aÆns‚ LS-\, Pe-e-`-y-X, Imem-hÿ XpSßn \nc-h[n LS-

I-߃ CXn\v A\p-Iq-e-am-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. F∂m¬ Hcp cmP-y-Øns‚ samØw B`-y-¥c

`£y-[m-\y Dev]m-Z\w B cmP-ysØ apgp-h≥ P\-ß-fp-sSbpw `£-y-[m-\y Bh-i-y-Øn\v

XnI-bp-∂-Xm-sW-¶n¬ B cmPyw `£y kzbw-]-cym-]vXX t\Sn-b-Xmbn ]d-bmw. F∂m¬

D¬]m-Z\w amXw ap≥\n¿Øn £ykpc£sb \n¿h-Nn-°m-\m-hn-√. Hcp cmP-ysØ hnhn[

kmaq-lnI kml-N-c-y-ß-fn¬ Ign-bp∂ F√m Bfp-Iƒ°pw Bh-i-y-amb `£-y-[m-\-y-

e-`yX Dd-∏m-°p-∂Xv \oXn-]q¿∆-amb hnX-cWw IqSn-bm-Wv. CXn-\mWv Ãm‰-yq-´dn tdj-

\nwKv kºZmbw \ne-hn¬ h∂Xv AYhm Dev]m-Z-\-tØm-sSm∏w Xs∂ ][m-\y-a¿ln-

°p-∂-XmWv `£-y-h-kvXp-°-fpsS kw`-c-Ww, \oXn ]q¿h-I-amb hnX-cWw F∂n-h-bpw.

Hmtcm LS-I-Ønepw Hcp cmPyw FhnsS \n¬°p-∂p? AXn¬Øs∂ Hmtcm kwÿm-\-

Øns‚bpw Ahÿ F¥v? Cu hy-X-ykvX kml-N-c-y-ßsf Fßs\, GXp \S-]-Sn-I-fn-

eqsS adn-I-S-°m≥ ian-°p∂p. C°m-c-y-߃ Cu A[-ym-b-Øn¬ N¿® sNø-Ww. tIc-f-

Øns‚ khn-ti-j-amb kml-N-c-y-ßsf a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ayw sNbvXv £y

Dev]m-Z-\-Ønse Ah-ÿbpw `£y kzbw-]-cym-]vXX-bn¬ FØn-\n¬°p∂ Ah-ÿbpw

`£ykpc-£-bpsS hnhn[ LS-I-ßfpw kw_-‘n® Bi-b-ß-fn-te-°v Ip´n-Isf \bn-°-

Ww. CXn-\m-h-i-y-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv D≠m-tI-≠-Xv.

tIc-f-Ønse Im¿jnI Dev]m-Z-\-cwKw t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw AXv \sΩ Fßs\

_m[n-°p-∂p-sh∂pw A©mw ¢mkn¬ Ip´n ]Tn-®n-´p-≠v. `£y-[m\-y-ß-fpsS Dev]m-Z-\-

Øn¬ kzbw]cym-]vX-a-√mØ kwÿm-\-ambn tIcfw Fß-s\ -amdn F∂ ap∂-dn-hv CXn-

eqsS e`n-®n-´p-≠v. CXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn `£-y-kp-c£ F∂ Bibw Ah-X-cn-∏n°mw

tIµ-kw-ÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ `£y-kp-c£ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Gs‰-SpØp \S-∏m-

°p∂ \nc-h[n ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw N¿® sNøp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS ka-

Im-enI hnI-k\ ]≤XnIsf-°p-dn®v Ip´n°v Ah-t_m[w D≠m-Ip-∂p. ZmcnZyw cmPy-hn-I-

k\sØ Fßs\ ]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p--∂p-sh∂pw Zmcn-Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]cn-]m-Sn-

Iƒ \S-∏m-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-i-y-IX Fs¥∂p hnhn[ ]tZ-i-ß-fpsS tIkp-Iƒ FSpØv

hni-Ie\w sNøp-tºmƒ -Ip´n°v Ahkcw e`n-°-Ø°-hn-[-amWv Cu A[ymbw kwhn-

[m\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

A[ymbw aq∂vvv

`£y-kp-c£

59]h¿Ø\w˛ 1

$ \ΩpsS ASn-ÿm\ Bh-iy-߃ GsXms°? \ΩpsS kaq-l-Øn¬ tPmen sNøm≥

Ign-hn-√mØ hn`m-K-߃ GsXms°? Ah¿°v `£Ww \¬Im-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw

B¿°m-Wv?

$ Cu ]iv\w D∂-bn-®p-sIm≠v kuay-bpsS AΩ-bpsS A\p-`hw Ip´n-Iƒ hy-‡n-]-c-

ambn hmbn-®v N¿® sNøs´.

$ N¿®-bn¬ Db¿∂p-h-cp∂ hy-‡n-KX Bi-b-ßsf s]mXp-[m-c-W-I-fm-°m≥ CXp-t]m-

ep≈ A\p-`-h-߃ \n߃°pw ]¶p-h-bv°m-\pt≠m? kuay-bpsS AΩ°v tPmen-°p-

t]m-Im≥ Ign-bm-ØXv F¥p-sIm-≠mhmw? as‰-s¥√mw Imc-W-߃ tPmen-sbbpw thX-

\-sØbpw _m[n-°p-∂p? AXv Pohn-XsØ Fßs\ _m[n-°p-∂p? BcmWv Ahsc

klm-bn-t°-≠-Xv.

$ s]mXp-hmbn FØn-t®¿∂ [mc-W-Iƒ tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.

tImUo-I-cWw

$ Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ Bh-iy-߃ e`y-am-°p-∂-Xns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw `c-W-

Iq-S-Øn\pw kaq-l-Øn-\p-am-Wv.

$ Cu DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzw k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Fß-s\-bmWv \n¿h-ln-°p-∂Xv?

]h¿Ø\w˛ 2

Ah-iX A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h¿°pw ÿnc-h-cp-am-\-an-√m-Ø-h-¿°pw k¿°m-dp-Iƒ Fs¥ms°

klm-b-amWv \¬Ip-∂-Xv?

$ Ip´n-Iƒ ]mY-anI Dul-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.

$ s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ Dul-߃°v sXfn-hp-Iƒ Is≠-Øm≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Smw.

hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn\v hyXy-kvXKq∏pIƒ°v Hmtcm Dulhpw \¬Imw. Ch-bv°m-h-iy-

amb hmb\m kmaKn \¬Imw. (A∂-]q¿W, At¥ym-Z-b, A∂-tbm-P-\, tZiob KmaoW

sXmgn-ep-d-∏p-]-≤Xn, tPmen°p Iqen `£-Ww, D®-`-£W ]cn-]m-Sn, kwtbm-PnX inip

hnI-k\w) (]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ c≠p `mK-ØbmWv hmb\m kma-Kn-Iƒ \¬In-bn-cn-

°p-∂-Xv.)

$ Hmtcm Kq∏pw Ah¿°v In´nb ]≤-Xn-bpsS e£y-߃, KpW-t`m-‡m-°ƒ, ]h¿Ø-

\-߃, KpW-^-e-߃ F∂nh N¿®-sNbvXp Ipdn-∏p-≠m-°p-∂p.

$ Kq∏p-I-fpsS Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ s]mXp-hmb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ _n_n-bn¬ Ipdn-°-Ww. kaq-l-Ønse Ah-i-hn-`mKß-

fpsS kwc£WØn\v klm-b-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ ˛ F∂ Bibw tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p. F√m

]≤-Xn-Ifpw tN¿Øv "klm-b-Øns‚ hgn-Iƒ' F∂ ]Xn∏v \n¿an-°p-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 3

Ah-iX A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-hsc klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv "hnhn[ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ' F∂v \n߃

Is≠Øn. Hmtcm ]≤-Xnbpw AXns‚ KpW-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v FX-amXw klm-b-I-amWv?

Ah FX-amXw e£yw t\Sp-∂p≠v? \ap°v Is≠Ømw?

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

60 Ip´n-Iƒ t\Snb hnh-c-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hmtcm Kq∏pw Xß-fpsS ]≤-Xn-Iƒ

sa®-s∏-SpØn Fgp-X-Ww. KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fp-ambn A`n-apJw \S-Øn, GsX-¶nepw ]≤-Xn-

bpsS Imcy-£-a-X-sb-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.(kwL--]-h¿Ø-\-ambn \¬In-bm¬

aXn)

$ ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS ]Jym-]nX e£yw, KpW-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v FX-amXw ^e-]-ZamWv?

]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-°p-∂pt≠m? XS- -߃ F∂nh At\z-jW hnt[-b-am-°-Ww.

Hmtcm ]≤-Xn-bp-sSbpw Ipd-™Xv 3 KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fn¬ \ns∂-¶nepw hnhcw tiJ-cn-

°-Ww.

$ tNmZym-hen Xøm-dm-°¬, hnh-c-ti-J-cWw, A]-K-Y-\w, dnt∏m¿´v F∂o L´-߃ Dd-

∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww.

$ F√m ]≤-Xn-Ifpw F√m-h¿°pw e`-y-amtWm? Cs√¶n¬ F¥p sIm≠v? hy-X-ykvX

]≤-Xn-I-fpw, Ah-bpsS KpW-t`m-‡m-°fpw F¥-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-

Sp-∂Xv?

$ ZmcnZy tcJ, F.]n.¬, _n.]n.-F¬ F∂o hn`-P--\-߃, Ah-bpsS bp‡n Ch ¢mkn¬

N¿® sNø-Ww. s]mXp [mc-W-Iƒ tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.

$ ZmcnZy tcJbv-°p≈ am\-Z-fi-߃

$ _n.]n.F¬ Im¿°v ]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-bpsS Bh-iy-IX N¿®-bneqsS hy-‡-am--°-s∏-

SWw ˛ Cu [mc-W-Iƒ tIm-Uo-I-cn-°-Ww.

$ CØ-c-°msc s]mXp PohnX \ne-hm-c-Øn-se-Øn-°m≥ \ΩpsS \m´nepw hnhn[ ZmcnZy

\n¿Ωm¿P\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∂p-h-cp-∂p. Ch FX-amXw e-]-Z-am-Wv˛ At\zjn°mw.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 4 A`n-apJw

]©m-bØv ]cn-[n-bn¬ \S-°p∂ tIµm-hn-jvIrXhpw ]©m-b-Øns‚ B`n-ap-J-yØn-

ep≈Xp-amb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS e£y-߃, ^e-]m]vXn Ch Xncn-®-dn-bpI F∂-

XmWv Cu A`n-apJw sIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. ]©m-b-Ønse Kma tkh-I-s\-tbm, ]kn-

U‚n-t\tbm, ]©m-bØv saº-sdtbm A`n-apJw \SØmw-. ]©m-b-Ønse F√m ZmcnZ

\n¿am-÷\]≤-Xn-I-sfbpw Ipdn®p≈ hnh-c-߃ tNmZym-h-en-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 5 `£y-kp-c£

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse "cmPym¥c Xe-Øn¬' F∂ hmb-\m-km-aKn hy-‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-

°p-∂p.

$ Cu Ahÿ F¥p-sIm-≠p-≠mbn?

$ Cu Ah-ÿ°v Fßs\ ]cn-lm-c-ap-≠m°mw?

$ temI-Øp≈ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw Bh-iy-Øn-\p≈ £Ww Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m?

Ds≠-¶n¬ F√m-h¿°p-ambn AXv hnX-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m?

$ Cu tNmZ-y-߃ Db¿Øn hmb\m kma-Kn-bn¬ \n∂pw In´nb Bibw ASn-ÿm-\-

am°n Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°-s´.

$ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ hmbn-°p∂p. £-y-kp-c£ F∂ Bibw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p. Xmsg \¬In-

bn-´p≈ hni-Zo--I-cWw So®¿ _n_n-bn¬/Nm¿´n¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v CXn-

t\mSv Ip´n-Iƒ ]Xn-I-cn-°-s´.

A[ymbw aq∂vvv

`£y-kp-c£

61"" F√m P\-߃°pw F√m --Im-eØpw kPo-hhpw Btcm-Ky-I-c-hp-amb PohnXw \bn-°p-∂-

Xn\v Bh-iy-amb Xmev]-cy-ap≈ `£Ww e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ `uXn-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-

amb ]m]vXn Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv `£y-kp-c£. P\-߃°m-h-iy-amb `£-

W-Øns‚ e`y-X-bpw, F√m-h¿°pw AXp e`y-am-°m-\-h-iy-amb Ah-ÿ-bpw, AXv hmßm-

\p≈ Ign-hp-amWv `£y-kp-c-£.''

Food & agricultural organisation (FAO) - 1983 `£y-kp-c-£-sb-°p-dn®v (1983) ]d-™n-cn-

°p-∂Xv Xmsg ]dbpw hn[-Øn-em-Wv.

F√m-h¿°pw F√m ka-bØpw Bh-iy-ap≈ t]mj-I-k-ar-≤-amb £Ww e`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw

AXp hmßp-∂-Xn\v Ign-bp-∂-Xp-amb Ah-ÿ-bmWv `£y-kp-c-£.

`£y-kp-c-£-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ kqN-I-߃

1. `£y-h-kvXp-°-fpsS e`yX

2. Ah hmßp-∂-Xn-\p-≈-I-gnhv

3. t]mj-I-k-ar-≤-amb `£Ww

]h¿Ø\w˛ 6 `£y-kzbw ]cym-]vX-Xbpw `£y kpc-£bpw

$ Hmtcm ]tZ-i-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ Ahn-sSØs∂ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-

∂pt≠m? Ip´n-Iƒ ]Xn-I-cn-°-s´.

]Xn-I-c-W-߃ ˛ \ym-b-߃˛ DZm-l-c-W-߃ ˛ _n_n-bn¬ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. CXn¬

\n∂pw kz¥w ]tZ-isØ `£-y-e-`-yX Is≠-Øm-\p≈ am¿Kw \n¿t±-in-°m≥ Bh-i-y-

s∏-Sp-∂p. \n¿t±-i-߃ N¿® sNøp-∂p˛Aw-Ko-I-cn® coXn Hmtcm Kq∏p-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-°-s´.

Hcp coXn:

$ Hcmƒ°v Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb PohnXw \bn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂p. ([m\y-߃, ap´, ]gw, ]®-°-dn, a’yw, amwkw)

$ Ch-bpsS Dev]m-Z\w, e`-yX˛ \nß-fpsS ]tZ-iØv Fhn-sS- \n∂v, FX-amXw ˛ Is≠-

Øp-∂p.

$ hnhctiJ-cWw, k¿t∆

$ Hmtcm hkvXphpw hcp∂ kwÿm\w enÃv sNøp-∂p.

Dev]m-Z\w

$ `t£ym¬]mZ-\-Øn¬ kzbw ]c-ym-]vXX- t\Snb kwÿm-\-߃ enÃv sNøp-∂p.

GsXms° `£y C\-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ F∂p hy‡-am-°Ww

tImUo-I-cWw

]´nI hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ip´n-IƒXs∂ \nK-a\w ]d-b-s´. So®¿ tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.

$ Hmtcm `£-y-h-kvXphpw hy-X-y-kvX ]tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°ps∏Sp∂-Xv.

$ F√m ]tZ-i-ßfpw tN¿Øv IW-°m-°n-bm¬ C¥y `t£-ym¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ kzbw

]cym-]vX-am-Wv.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

62 ]h¿Ø\w˛ 7 `£y kpc-£ FX-tØmfw

`£y-kzbw ]cym-]vX-X-bp≈ F√m ÿe-ßfpw `£y-kp-c£ Dd-∏m-°p-∂pt≠m?

Cu ]iv\-amWv N¿®-sN-øp-∂-Xv. DØ¿]tZ-ins\ Ipdn®v \¬In-bn-´p≈ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-

Ønse hmb-\m-°p-dn∏v hy-‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°-s´. Xmsg \¬Ip∂ tNmZ-y-߃ Ipdn-∏p-

I-fmbn \¬In Hmtcm Kq∏pw Ah-c-h-cpsS \nK-a\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.

$ `£y-[m\y Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ DØ¿]-tZiv ap≥]-¥n-bn-se-Øm-\p≈ Imc-W-߃

Fs¥ms°?

$ GsX√mw Im¿jn-I-hn-f-I-fn-emWv DØ¿]-tZiv ap∂n-´p-\n¬°p-∂Xv?

$ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ Bh-iy-Øn-epw A[nIw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ hnf-Iƒ GsXms°?

$ DØ¿]-tZ-inse Zmcn-Zytc-J-bn¬ Xmsg-bp-≈-h-cpsS iX-am\w FX?

$ `£y-[m-\y-e- y-X-bpsS Ipdhv/A\-¥-c- -e-߃ Bsc-bmWv IqSp-X¬ _m[n-°p-∂Xv?

Kq∏p-I-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\p- tijw So®¿ tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.

tImUo-I-cWw

`£ykzbw]cym-]vX-amb ]e kwÿm-\-ßfpw `£y-kp-c£ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂n-√. `£y-

kp-c£bn√m-Ø-Xns‚ A\-¥-c- -e-߃ IqSp-X¬ A\p- -hn-°p-∂Xv Zp¿_e hn`m-K-ßfpw,

kvXoI-fpw, Iq´nI-fp-am-Wv. -

]h¿Ø\w˛ 8 `£y-kp-c£bpsS LS-I-߃

`£y-kp-c-£-bpsS aq∂p-L-S-I-ß-fmWv Devv]m-Z-\w, kw`-c-Ww, hnX-cWw F∂nh. Cu

aq∂p LS-I-߃ sa®-s∏-SpØn Fßs\ `£y-kp-c£ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p-sh-∂mWv N¿®-

sN-tø-≠-Xv. Hmtcm LS-I-Øn-s\-∏-‰nbpw Bh-i-y-amb d^-d≥kp-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°-Ww.

tImUo-I-cn-t°≠ Bi-b-߃.

Dev]m-Z\w

`£y-kp-c-£-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-L-SIw Dev]m-Z\w BWv. C¥y-bnse Im¿jntIm-ev]m-Z\

h¿≤-\-hn\v th≠n \nc-h[n ia-߃ \S-∂n-´p-≠v.

lcn-X-hn-πhw

`t£ym-ev]m-Z-\-cw-KØv IpXn-®p-Nm-´w lcnX hnπ-h-Øn-eqsS km[-y-ambn. b¥-h¬°-c-

Ww, anI® Pe-tk-N\kuI-cy-߃, cmk-hfß-fp-sSbpw IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fp-sSbpw D]-tbm-

Kw, AXyp-ev]m-Z-\-ti-jn-bp≈ hnØn-\-߃ F∂nh lcnX hnπ-h-Øn-te°v \bn-®p.

C¥y `£y-cw-KØv kzbw ]cym-]vXX t\Sn.

[h-f-hn-πhw

£oc-cw-KØv h≥ h¿≤-\-hv, ]mepw ]mep-ev]-∂-ßfpsSbpw Dev]m-Z\w h≥tXm-Xn¬

IqSn. kl-I-c-W-cw-KØv anIhv

kw -cWw

^pUv tIm¿]-td-j≥ Hm^v C¥y

A[ymbw aq∂vvv

`£y-kp-c£

63`£y [m\y-߃ imkvXo-b-ambn kw`-cn®v kq£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\w. anI®

tKmUu¨ irwJe ˛ `£y-an-®-ap≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v `£y IΩn-bp≈ ÿe-ß-fn-

te°v FØn-°p-∂p.

Buffer Stock

`£y an®-ap≈ ka-b-ß-fn¬ kw -cn-°p-∂p. Xmßp-hne \¬In I¿j-Isc klm-bn-°p∂p.

Dev]m-Z-\-kw-hn-[m-\hpw tiJ-chpw `£y-kp-c£°pth≠n Kh¨sa‚ v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂p.

hnX-cWw

s]mXp-hn-X-cW kº-Zmbw

^pUv tIm¿∏-td-jbv°pw e`n-°p-∂p.

Cd-°p-a-Xn-bpsS ]m[m-\yw. cmPyØv `£y-[m-\y-°p-d-hp-≠m-bm¬ a‰p cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v

Cd-°p-a-Xn-sN-øp-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 9 tdj≥ Im¿Uns‚ ]m[m-\yw

Ip´n-Iƒ \S-tØ-≠, Hcp k¿t∆-bmWv CXv. Hcp Ip´n A©v IpSpw--_ßfpsS tdj≥

Im¿Up-I-fmWv ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-t°-≠-Xv. k¿t∆-bn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ hnhn-c-

߃ tiJ-cn-°-Ww.

$ tdj≥Im¿Un-ep≈ Bfp-I-fpsS FÆw

$ tdj≥Im¿Un-ep≈ IpSpw-_-sØ-°p-dn-®v Is≠-Øm-hp∂ hnh-c-߃

$ A\p-h-Zn® tdj≥˛ bqWn‰v Af-hn¬

$ Im¿Up-]-tbm-Kn®v e`n-°p∂ Blmc hkvXp-°ƒ? hnX-cWw sNøp-∂-Xns‚ ka-b-

]-cn-[n.

$ IpSpw-_-Øn\v AXv XnI-bp-∂pt≠m?

$ F√m Im¿Up-Iƒ°pw Htc hne-bv°mtWm Dev]-∂-߃ e`n-°p-∂Xv?

$ Cu Dev]-∂-߃°v s]mXp hn]-Wn-bnse icm-icn hne˛ tdj≥ hne.

e`n® hnh-c-߃ ¢mkn¬ tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww. s]mXp [mc-W-Iƒ _n_n-bn¬ enÃv sNø-

Ww. tImUo-I-cWw: tdj≥Im¿Uv-˛-`-£-y-kp-c£ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ][m\ D]m-[n-

bm-Wv˛ AXns‚ ]m[m-\yw hy-‡-am-°-Ww.

Ãm´yq-´dn tdj-\nwKv

1969 se \nb-a-]-Imcw C¥ym-K-h¨sa‚ v tIc--f-Ønse P\-߃°v `£y-h-kvXp-°-

fpsS e`y-X-D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v \S-]-Sn-Iƒ FSp-Øp. \mWy-hn-f-I-fpsS Ib-‰p-aXn aqew

hntZ-i-\mWyw t\Sp∂ tIc-f-Øn\v tIµ-Kh¨sa‚ v G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb `£y-kp-c£m

]≤-Xn-bmWv Ãm´yp-´dn tdj-\nw-Kv.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 10 s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-kw-hn-[m\w

`£y Dev]m-Z-\-cw-KØv tIc-f-Øn\p≈ ]cn-anXnIƒ adn-I-S-°p-∂Xn\v s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-

kw-hn-[m\w D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp∂pt≠m N¿®?

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

64 tIc-f-Øns‚ t£ym-ev]m-Z\w Ipd-hmWv F∂pw tIc-f-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb £y-h-kvXp-°ƒ

`qcn-`m-Khpw a‰p -kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p- h-cp-∂-Xm-sW∂pw \mw I≠p. Cu ]iv\w ]cn-

l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv s]mXp-hn-X-c-W kwhn-[m\w. tIc-f-Øns‚ s]mXp-hn-X-cW kwhn-

[m\w CXpambn _‘-s∏´ ÿm]-\-߃ F∂nh Ip´n-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-SpØn ¢mkn¬ Ah-

X-cn-∏n-°-Ww.

s]mXp-hn-X-cW kwhn-[m-\-L-S\ N¿®-bn-eqsS tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww. ASp-Øp≈ Hcp s]mXp

hnX-cW tIµ-Øn-te°v kµ¿i\w kwL-Sn-∏n-°mw.

s]mXp hnX-cW e`-y-am-Ip∂ tkh\

tIµ-߃ hn`mKw

]´n-I-bn¬ enÃv sNbvX GsX-¶nepw Hcp ÿm]-\-Øn¬ kµ¿i\w \SØn hnh-c-ti-J-

cWw \S-Ø-Ww. Kq∏v ]h¿Ø-\w) Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw kµ¿in-°p∂ tIµ-Øn¬ \n∂v

Fs¥ms° tiJ-cn°mw? kz-¥-ambn \nco-£W ]XnI Xbm-dm-°p-I. ]XnIbn¬

Dƒs∏-SptØ≠h.

$ e`-y-am-Ip∂ tkh-\-߃ ˛ B¿s°ms°?

$ s]mXp-hn-]-Wn-bnse hne-\n-e-hm-chp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNø¬.

$ hnX-cWw sNøp∂ C\-߃, Afhv

$ hne \ne-hmcw ˛Kp-W-ta∑

$ Fßs\ hne Ipd-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p? KpWhpw Ipd-bp-∂pt≠m?

$ BcmWv s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-tI-µ-ßsf IqSp-X-embn Bi-bn-°p-∂Xv?

$ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ sa®s∏Sm-\p≈ \n¿tZ-i-߃

tImUo-I-cWw

i‡-amb s]mXp-hn-X-cW kwhn-[m\w Fßs\ D≠m°mw. tiJ-cn® hnh-c-߃ tImUo-

I-cn®v \n¿t±-i-߃ Xbm-dm-°-s´˛N¿® sNø-s´. Is≠-Ønb Imc-y-߃ tImUo-I-cn®v

Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°-Ww. "s]mXp hnX-cW tIµ-߃ Fs‚ \m´n¬'

tIc-f-Ønse i‡-amb s]mXp-hn-X-cW kº-Zm-b-Øn\v s]mXp-hn-]-Wn-bpsS NpjWw

XS-bp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hkvXp-°ƒ Bh-iy-°m¿°v hne-Ip-d-hn¬ FØn-®p-

sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. `£y-kp-c£ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-tI-µ-߃

henb ]¶v hln-°p-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 11 H´pw ]mgm-°-cptX?

`£y-kp-c-£bpw Zmcn-Zy-\n¿am¿÷-\hpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ \ΩpsS tdmƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-

I-bmWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w sIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse "Zmcn-Zy-

A[ymbw aq∂vvv

`£y-kp-c£

65\n¿Ωm¿÷\w as‰mcp amXr-I-bpw', "H´pw ]mgm-°-cp-sXbpw' tIkp-I-fmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°mw.

\mw ]mgm-°p∂ `£-W-Øns‚ IW°v Xøm-dm°mw ˛ Aßs\ Hcp kvIqfn¬ BsI

]mgm-°p∂ `£Ww IW-°m-°s´ ˛ Pn√-bnepw kwÿm-\-Øp-ambn ]mgm-°p∂ `£-W-

Øns‚ Af-hns‚ `oI-cX t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]mgm-°p∂ £Ww cmjvS-Øns‚ \jvSw N¿®

$ FX-Ip-´n-Iƒ `£Ww In´msX _p≤n-ap-´p∂p?

$ hoSp-I-fnepw k¬°m-c-th-f-I-fnepw BtLm-j-߃°pw `£Ww ]mgm-

°p∂pt≠m?

$ \ΩpsS kvIqfn¬ F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw `£Ww In´p∂p F∂v \ap°v Fßs\

Dd-∏m-°mw.

$ D®-`-£Ww sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \ap-s°¥p sNøm-\mhpw?

$ kvIqfn¬ ]`mX `£Ww IqSn \¬tI-≠-Xpt≠m?

Cu D]-tNm-Z-y-߃ D∂-bn-®p-sIm-≠v s]mXp N¿® ˛ tImUo-I-cWw

¢mkv Bdv

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4. hyh-kmb hntijw

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߃°v \n¿Æm-b-I-amb ]¶p-s≠∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bmØ Ahÿ.

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\ne-sIm-≈p-∂Xv F∂v Adn-bp-∂p.

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$ hyXykvX DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep≈ hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ D≠v.

$ C¥y-bn¬ hnhn[ Dev]-∂-߃ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ hyh-kmbime-Iƒ

D≠v.

$ cmPy-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ hyh-km-b-߃ hln-°p∂ ]¶v Is≠-

Øp-∂p.

$ B[p-\nI kmt¶-XnIhnZy-Iƒ hyh-kmbime-I-fpsS aen-\o-I-cWw

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69BapJw

GsXmcp cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ hyh-kmb ime-Iƒ°p≈ ]¶v hep-Xm-Wv.

h≥InS hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ apX¬ sNdp-InS hyh-kmb bqWn-‰p-Iƒ hsc ]e-hn-[-Øn¬

kºZvLS-\sb i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ]Ir-Xn-hn- -h-ßfpw a\p-jys‚ A[zm-\-ti-jnbpw _p≤n-

i-‡nbpw ^e-]-Z-ambn CgpInt®¿s∂-¶n¬ amXsa Hcp Dev]∂w \ap°v e`n-°p-I-bp-

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sb∂p-amWv \Ωƒ Cu ]mT-`m-KØv N¿® sNøp-∂-Xv.

hyhkmb Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS hn]-W-\w, AXn-\m-h-iy-amb ]›m-Ø-e-ku-I-cy-߃, kmt¶-

XnI hnZy XpS-ßn-b-hbpw Ip´n-Iƒ N¿® sNøp-∂p. Cu ]mT-`mKw hn\n-abw sNøp-tºmƒ

Dev]m-Z-L-S-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw ]›m-Øe kuI-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ [mc-W-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ

t\Sn-bn-cn-°-Ww.

]cn-k-c-ku-lr-Z-]-c-amb \K-c-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw hyh-kmbh¬°-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw

A`mhw ]cn-ÿn-Xn°v sNdpXpw hep-X-amb tZmj-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂p. hyh-km-b-߃

Fßn-s\-sb√mw ]cn-kc kulr-Z-]-c-am°mw F∂pw Ch \ΩpsS \m´n¬ Fßns\

]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw Ip´n-Iƒ Xncn-®dn-bp-∂p.

\mSns‚ hnI-k\-]-In-b-bn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Im\pw kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v hyh-kmb hnI-

k\w Bh-iy-amWv F∂ at\m-`m-hhpw Ip´n-I-fn¬ hf¿∂p htc-≠-Xp-≠v.

]mT- m-K-Øp≈ hmb-\m-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw ssI∏p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn- p≈ hmb-\m-°p-dn∏pw

D]-tbm-Kn®v Kq∏v N¿®-bn-eq-sS-bmWv ]mT-`m-K-߃ hn\n-abw sNø-s∏-tS-≠-Xv. ]mT-Øn-

s\m-Sp-hn-embn N¿® sNbvX Imcy-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw t\cn´v a\- n-em-°m-\p-ambn

^o¬Uv Sn∏pw Gs‰-SpØv \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.

]h¿Ø\w˛1

\ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ hyh-km-b-߃°pw Irjn°pw ]¶p-≠v F∂v Ip´n-

Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. \ΩpsS \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \nc-h[n Dev]-∂-߃ \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°-

∂p. Ah GsX-√m-am-sW∂v N¿® sNbvXp-sIm-≠v ]mT-`m-K--tØ°v ]thin°mw. Ip´n-Iƒ

]d-bp∂ Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS t]cv A[ym-]nI ªm°v t_m¿Un¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

$ \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Dev]-∂-ßsf Im¿jnI Dev]-∂-ß-sf∂pw hymh-km-bnI Dev]-

∂-ß-sf∂pw th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Smw.

Ip´n-Iƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp t]mse Im¿jnI Dev]-∂-߃, hymh-

km-bnI Dev]-∂-߃ F∂nh ImWn-°p∂ ]´nI t\m´v _p°n¬ hc®v tN¿Øv ]´n-I-s∏-

Sp-Øm≥ ]d-bp-∂p. Kq∏n¬ \S-°p∂ N¿®-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-

s\m-Sp-hn¬ Ah-X-c-Whpw \S-°p-∂p. A[ym-]n-Ibv°v ªm°vt_m¿Un¬ Cßs\ tImUo-

I-cn-°mw.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

70Im¿jnI Dev]-∂-߃ hyh-km-bnI Dev]-∂-߃

Icnºv acp-∂p-Iƒ

s\√v hkvX-߃

tXß _°‰v

[m\y-߃ _mKv

]®-°-dn-Iƒ hml-\-߃

]g-h¿§-߃ sSen-hn-j≥

b¥-߃

¢m nse F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw DØcw In´n-bn-´p-s≠∂v A[ym-]nI Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww.

$ hymh-km-bnI Dev]-∂-߃ Fßn-s\-bmWv \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xv? AXn-\mbn Fs¥√mw

kuI-cy-߃ th≠n hcpw?

]h¿Ø\w 2 hyh-km-b-߃ tIc-f-Øn¬

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn- p≈ hnhn[ hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fpsS NnX-߃ \nco-£n-°m≥

]d-bp-∂p. Ah GsX-√m-am-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂ ]h¿Ø\w \¬Imw. tIc-f-Ønse a‰v

hyh-kmb ime-I-fpsS hnh-cWw A©mw-X-c-Ønse kmaq-ly-imkvXw lm‚ v_p-°n¬

\¬In-bn-´p≈Xv D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

$ \Ωƒ \ntXy\ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Hcp Dev]-∂-am-Wt√m ]©-km-c. ]©-kmc D≠m-

°m≥ Fs¥ms° LS-I--߃ Bh-iy-amWv?

Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNbvXv ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Ah-X-cW ka-bØv A[ym-]nI ªm°v

t_m¿Un¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

Icn-ºv, sshZyp-Xn, ]Ww, sXmgnem-fn, hml-\w, ]ckyw ........................

]mT--`m-KØv \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ ^vtfmNm¿´v \nco-£n-°m≥ Ip´n-I-tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.

AXn\p tijw B LS-I-߃ ªm°vt_m¿Un¬ A[ym-]nI tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. t\csØ

Is≠-Ønb LS-I-ßfpw ^vtfmNm¿´nse LS-I-ßfpw XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ip´n-

Isf klm-bn-°q.

Ip´n-Iƒ tiJ-cn-®Xpw Ah¿°v \¬I-s∏- -Xp-amb hnh-c-ßsf A]-K-Yn-°p-Ibpw ]ckv]cw

_‘-s∏-SpØn hymJym-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Adn-hns‚ \n¿Ωm-W-X-e-Øn¬ CXv

aqey-\n¿Æbw sNø-s∏-S-Ww. Dev]m-Z\ LS-I-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ FÆ-Øn¬ _‘w Is≠-

Øn-b-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ aqey-\n¿Æbw \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 3 Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°ƒ

$ \ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-XX-Øn¬ Fs¥√mw hkvX-°-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv?

hkvX-߃, t\m´v _p°v, t]\, s_©v

$ Ch-sbms° \n¿Ωn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ GsX∂v ]d-bmtam?

\qev, ]cp-Øn, Cud, apf, ac-߃

A[ymbw \mev

hyh-kmb hntijw

71$ Irjn°v AXym-h-iy-amb Hcp LS-I-am-W-t√m cmk-h-f-߃. tIc-f-Ønse ][m\

cmk-hf \n¿Ωm-W-im-e-bmb FACT bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°ƒ

GsX-√m-am-sW∂v Is≠-Ømtam?

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°ƒ F∂ hmb-\m-°p-dn∏v Kq∏n¬ hmbn®v

FACT bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°ƒ GsX-√m-am-sW-∂v Is≠-Øp-∂p.

Hcp hyh-km-b-im-e-bn¬ Dev]-∂-߃ \n¿Ωn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hkvXp-°-fmWv Akw-

kvIrX hkvXp-°ƒ F∂v Ip´n Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

$ \nß-fpsS ]tZ-isØ ][m\ hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ GsX-√m-amWv? AhnsS \n¿Ωn-

°p∂ Dev]-∂-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-Wv ? Ah \n¿Ωn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb Akw-kvIrX

hkvXp°ƒ GsX-√m-am-sW∂v Is≠-Ømtam?

(kvIqƒ ]cn-kc ]tZ-i-ß-fnse sNdp-In-S, h≥InS hyh-km-b-im--e-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww)

Kq∏n¬ N¿®°v hnt[-b-am-°p-∂p.

hyh-km-b-߃ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp

ssπhpUv hyh-kmbw acw

ssIØdn ]h¿eqw \qev

shfn-s®Æ sIm]

Iip--h≠n Iip--h≠n

Ib¿ NIncn \mcv, sXm≠v

]∏Sw Dgp∂v s]mSn

A®m¿ amß, \mcß

aqey-\n¿Wbw

\n¿ΩnX Adn-hns\ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn Xs‚ Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw IqSp-X¬ sXfn-hp-

Ifpw DZm-l-c-W-ßfpw Is≠-Øp-∂p. IqSp-X¬ hyh-km-b-߃ Is≠-Øepw Akw-kvIrX

hkvXp-°ƒ Xncn-®-dn-bepw aqey-\n¿W-b-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°m\mIpw.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 4 sXmgn¬

$ hyhkm-b-im-e-I-fn¬ tPmen-sN-øp-∂-h¿ Bsc-¶nepw \nß-fpsS ]cn-k-c-]-tZ-i-ß-fn-

ept≠m? hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fn¬ tPmen-sN-øp∂ Ah¿°v F¥m-Wv ]Xn^-e-ambn e`n-

°p-∂-Xv?

Ip´n-I-fpsS ]Xn-I-c-W-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬ sXmgn¬ F∂ hmb-\m-°p-dn∏v hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-

°m\mhiy-s∏-Smw.

$ FACT bn¬ GsXms° hn`m-K-Øn-ep≈ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fmWv tPmen-sN-øp-∂-sX∂v ]d-

bmtam? ]´n--I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Smw.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 5 hyh-kmbw XpS-ßm≥ ]Ww, hnf-°n-tN¿°¬

$ \nß-fpsS ]tZ-i-Øp-≈- hn-hn[ ÿm]-\-߃ XpS-ßm≥ ]Ww apS-°n-bXv BcmWv?

(kvIqƒ, hnhn[ hyh-km-b-߃, ]e-N-c°v IS-Iƒ, hy‡n-Iƒ, Kh¨sa‚ v XpS-ßnbh)

hyh-kmbw XpS-ßm≥ ]Ww, hnf-°n-tN¿°¬ F∂o ]mT-`m-K-߃ Kq∏n¬ hmbn®v

kwLm-S-I≥, aqe-[\w F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v eLp- Ip-dn∏v Xøm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Bh-

iy-s∏-Sp∂p.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

72 $ \ΩpsS \m´n¬ Bsc-√m-amWv hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ XpS-ßm≥ ]Ww apS-°p-∂Xv?

Nne Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ aqe-[\w e`y-am-°p-∂Xv hy‡n-tbm, Hcp Iq´w hy‡n-I-tfm, k¿°m-

tcm,-k¿°mcpw kzIm-cy-hy-‡n-Ifpw tN¿t∂m BImw. ]mT-`m-KØv \¬In-bn-´p≈ hyh-

km-b-im-e-Iƒ DS-a-ÿX F∂ ^vtfmNm¿´v Kq∏n¬ \nco-£n®v N¿® sNøp-∂p. hyh-km-

b-im-e-I-fpsS DS-a-ÿ-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ah-X-cWw \S-Øp-∂p. A[ym-]nI

ªm°vt_m¿Un¬ tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 6 Pn√-bnse ][m\ hyh-km-b-߃

Hmtcm ]tZ-i-tØbpw hyh-km-b-߃ kµ¿in®v Ip´n-Iƒ t\Snb Adn-hp-Iƒ Fßns\

hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p∂p F∂v Is≠-Øp∂ ]h¿Ø\amWn-Xv. So®-dpsS

klm-b-tØmsS Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS Pn√-bnse hyh-km-b-ßsf ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. (Pn√m

hyh-km-b-tI-µ-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ eLp-te-Jbpw A©mw-X-c-Ønse kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Øns‚

lm‚ v_p°pw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw)

h≥In-S sNdp-In-S- hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

hyh-km-b-Øns‚ t]cv Dev]∂w Akw-kvIrX DS-a-ÿX

hkvXp

1. shtè C¥ym ssπhpUv ssπhpUv acw kzImcyw

2. sNm∆ tIm˛-Hm∏td-‰ohv

kv]n∂nßv an¬ \qev, XpWn, ]cpØn kl-I-cWw

3. sI¬tSm¨ I∏mkn‰¿, knenI¨

I≠≥k¿ t¢ Kh¨sa‚ v

4. an¬a ]m¬, ssXcv,

s\øv ]m¬ klIcWw

aqey\n¿Æbw

¢mkv apdnbn¬ hyhkmbimeIfpsS hnhn[ LSIßsf°pdn®v Ip´n t\Snb AdnhpIƒ

Ahs‚ ]cnkcØp≈ hyhkmbimeIfn¬ \n∂pw Is≠Øs´. hyhkmbime-bn¬

\n∂p≈ Dev]∂߃ GsXms°sb∂pw, D]tbmKn°p∂ AkwkvIrX hkvXp°ƒ

GXmsW∂pw, DSaÿX GXp hn`mKØn¬s∏Sp∂XmsW∂pw Ip´n Xncn®dnbp∂p.

IqSpX¬ Imcy߃ Is≠Øn ]´nIs∏SpØn aqey\n¿ÆbØn\v hnt[bam°mhp∂XmWv.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 7 hn]W\w

\ΩpsS \m´nepw ho´nepw D]tbmKn°p∂ Dev]∂߃ FhnsS \ns∂√mw

Dev]mZn∏n°p∂hbmsW∂pw Ah Fßns\ \ΩpsS ssIIfn¬ FØp∂p F∂pw AXn\v

GsX√mw X¥ßfmWv D]tbmKn°p∂sX∂pap≈ ]h¿Ø\amWv ChnsS sNtø≠Xv.

$ \n߃ ssZ\wZn\ PohnXØn¬ \nch[n Dev]∂߃ D]tbmKn°p∂hcmWt√m?

Ch FhnsSbmWv \n¿Ωn®sX∂v At\zjn°mdpt≠m?

]mT`mKØv \¬Inbn´p≈ ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°p∂ ]h¿Ø\w Kq∏pIfn¬ \¬Imw.

Dev]∂ßfpsS \n¿ΩmWÿew a\ nem°p∂Xn\v dm∏dpIƒ D]tbmKn°mhp∂XmWv.

A[ymbw \mev

hyh-kmb hntijw

73Dev]∂w Dev]mZn∏n°p∂ ÿew

CeIvtSmWnIv P∏m≥, ssN\

D]IcW߃ kn¶∏q¿, tImbºØq¿

hm®v P∏m≥, atejy, _wKfqcp

acp∂v apwss_, AlΩZm_mZv, tImgnt°mSv

t]\ apwss_, ssN\, P¿Ω\n, ^m≥kv

tkm∏v apwss_, tImgnt°mSv

tImUoIcWw

$ \Ωƒ D]tbmKn°p∂ Dev]∂߃ ]e ÿeØpw \n¿Ωn°p∂hbmWv.

$ hntZiØp \n∂v \n¿Ωn°p∂ Dev]∂ßfpw \mw D]tbmKn°p∂p≠v.

$ ]e coXnIfnemWv Dev]∂߃ \ΩpsS ssIIfn¬ FØp∂Xv.

aqey\n¿Wbw

hyXykvX hnhctkmX n¬ \n∂pw hnhctiJcWw \SØn hnhcßsf ]ckv]c-

_‘Øns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ IaoIcn°p∂p. hnhctiJcWw \SØnb hnhc߃

aqey\n¿Wbw sNøp∂p.

$ ]e ÿeßfnembn \n¿Ωn°p∂ Dev]∂߃ \ΩpsS ssIIfnseØp∂Xv

Fßns\bmWv? Fs¥√mw klmbLSI߃ CXn\mhiyamWv?

Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNbvXv AhXcn∏n°p∂p.

N¿®m kqNI߃

$ KXmKXw

$ hm¿Ømhn\nabw

$ I®hSÿm]\߃

$ kmt¶XnI hnZy

(Cu Imcy߃ ]cma¿in°p∂ NnXßfpw ]XI´nwKpIfpw Kq∏n¬ \¬IWw)

hn]W\w F∂ ]mT`mKhpw CXnt\mS\p_‘n®v hmbn°m≥ \n¿t±-in-°-Ww.

KXmKXw:˛ (tdmkv, sdbn¬th, PeKXmKXw, thymaKXmKXw)

$ \n¿Ωn® Dev]∂߃ Hcp ÿeØp\n∂pw as‰mcp ÿetØ°pw I®hS

tIµØnte°pw FØn°m≥.

$ AkwkvIrXhkvXp°ƒ hyhkmbimeIfn¬ FØn°m≥

kmt¶XnhnZy

$ Dev]∂߃ sNehv Ipd®v \n¿Ωn°m≥

$ hn]W\Øn\v th≠n

$ Dev]∂ßfn¬ sshhn[yw D≠m°m≥

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

74 $ kmºØnI CS]mSpIƒ kpKaam°m≥

$

aqey\n¿Æbw

hyXykvX hnhctkmX n¬ \n∂pw ]k‡amb hnhc߃ tiJcn°p∂p. tiJcn®

hnhc߃ A]KYn®v ]ckv]c_‘w Is≠Øp∂p. bp‡amb hnhctiJcWw \SØn

icnbmb coXnbn¬ _‘w Is≠Øn AhXcn∏n®n´p≠v F∂Xv aqey\n¿ÆbØn\v

hnt[bam°mw.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 8 hyhkmbßfpsS ]m[m\yw

$ \ΩpsS \m´nse hyhkmb߃ \ap°v Fßns\sb√mw ]tbmP\s∏Sp∂p.

kzX¥amb ]XnIcWw Ip´nIfn¬ \n∂v ]Xo£n°mw.

$ sXmgn¬h¿[\

$ \KchnIk\w

$

]mT`mKØv \¬Inbn´p≈ hyhkmbßfpsS ]m[m\yw F∂ hmb\m°pdn∏pw

lm‚ v_p°n¬ \¬Inbn´p≈ hmb\m°pdn∏pw Kq∏n¬ \¬Ip∂p. Hcp kºZv

hyhÿbpsS ASnÿm\LSIamWv hyhkmb߃.cmPyØns‚ kmºØnI

hnIk\Øn¬ hyhkmb߃°p≈ ]¶v hfsc hepXmWv. hyhkmbßfpsS hf¿®

ImWn°p∂Xv B kºZvhyhÿbpsS ]ptcmKXnbmWv. C¥y Hcp Im¿jnI

cmPyambXn\m¬ Im¿jnI taJebn¬ A[njvTnXamb hyhkmbßfmWv IqSpXep≈Xv.

]cpØnØpWn, NWw, ]©kmc,ISemkv, kna‚ v, Ccpºpcp°v, s]tSmsIan°¬kv

XpSßnbhbpambn _‘s∏´mWv C¥ybnse hyhkmbßfne[nIhpw.

cmkhyhkmbßfpw hnhn[ `mKßfn¬ ImWmhp∂XmWv. ]cpØnØpWn

hyhkmb߃ amXw 20 aney¨ t]¿°v sXmgn¬ \¬IpIbpw hntZi\mWyØns‚ 33%

\ap°v t\SnØcnIbpw sNøp∂p≠v. hyhkmbßsf i‡ns∏SpØm≥ H´\h[n \b߃

Kh¨sa‚ v ap≥ssI FSpØv \S-∏n-em-°pIbpw h≥InS hyhkmbßtfmS\p_‘n®v

H´t\Iw sNdpInS hyhkmbßfpw \ΩpsS \m´n¬ hnIkn®p hcp∂p. XpdapJ߃,

sdbn¬th, hm¿Ømhn\nab kuIcy߃ XpSßnbh sa®s∏SpØn hyhkmbßsf

Kh¨sa‚ v klmbn°p∂p. C¥ybnse Ccpºpcp°v taJebn¬ Kh¨sa‚pw

kzImcyhy‡nIfpw amXa√ hntZi cmjvS߃ t]mepw apX¬apS°v \SØnbn´p≠v.

C¥ybnse F√m kwÿm\ßfnepw sNdpXpw hepXpamb hyhkmb߃

]h¿Øn°p∂p≠v. ]©m_v, almcmjvS, Xangv\mgv XpSßnb kwÿm\߃

hymhkmbnIambn ap∂n´p \n¬°ptºmƒ tIcfw, B‘]tZiv, Hdok, hS°v Ing°≥

kwÿm\߃ XpSßnbh hymhkmbnIambn ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂ kwÿm\ßfmWv.

hmb\s°mSphn¬ \ΩpsS kºZvhyhÿbn¬ hyhkmbßfpsS ]m[m\yw F∂ Ipdn∏v

Xbmdm°n AhXcn∏n°p∂p.

Kq∏ns‚ AhXcWw A[ym]nI ªm°vt_m¿Un¬ tImUoIcn°p∂p.

$ tZiob hcpam\Øn¬ KWyamb ]¶v hyhkmb߃°v D≠v.

A[ymbw \mev

hyh-kmb hntijw

75$ P\߃°v sXmgn¬ e`yamIp∂p.

$ \Kch¬°cWIØn\v klmbIamIp∂p.

$ \mSns‚ hnIk\w km[yamIp∂p.

$ KXmKXkuIcyw h¿[n°p∂p

$ Bip]XnIƒ, hnt\mZ tIµßƒ, kvIqfpIƒ F∂nh h¿[n°p∂p.

$ _m¶nwKv taJe i‡ns∏SpØp∂p.

aqey\n¿Æbw

s]mXpkaqlØns‚ XmXv]cy߃ ]cnKWn®v hkvXpXIƒ hniIe\w sNbvXv

hkvXpXIfpsSbpw sXfnhpIfpsSbpw ASnÿm\Øn¬ \ne]mSv kzoIcn°p∂p. kmaqly

]ptcmKXn°v hyhkmbßfpsS hf¿® A\nhmcyamsW∂v \ne]mSnte°v Ip´n

FØnt®cp∂p. AXn\mbn Ip´n Is≠Ønb hkvXpXIƒ aqey\n¿Æbw sNøp∂p.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 9 C¥ybnse hyhkmb `q]S߃

]mT]pkvXI`mKØv \¬Inbncn°p∂ hyhkmb q]S߃ \nco£n®v C¥ybnse ][m\

hyhkmb߃ GsXms° kwÿm\ßfnembn hym]n®pInS°p∂p F∂v Is≠Øp∂p.

$ A‰vekv \nco£n®v IqSpX¬ hyhkmb߃ Is≠ØpI. hyhkmbßfpsS A‰vekv

\n¿Ωn°m≥ ]mT]pkvXIØn¬ sImSpØ ]h¿Ø\w aqey\n¿Æbw sNtø≠XmWv.

Xbmdm°nb A‰vekn¬ \n∂pw ]mT]pkvXIØnse hyhkmb`q]SØn¬ \n∂pw

hymhkmbnIambn apt∂m°w \n¬°p∂ kwÿm\߃ GsX∂v Is≠Øp∂p.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 10 aen\oIcW \nb¥Ww km[yamWv

Nne hyhkmbimeIfpsS ]h¿Ø\߃ aen\oIcWØn\v ImcWamImdp≠v.

A©mw¢m n¬ hyhkmbßfpsS ^eambp-≠m-Ip∂ aen\oIcWsØ°pdn®v Ip´nIƒ

N¿® sNbvXn´p≠v. Pew, hmbp, aÆv,XpSßnbh aen\oIcn°s∏Sp∂Xn¬ hyhkmb

imeIƒ amXa√ P\kwJymh¿[\hpw ImcWambn´p≠v.

$ \nßfpsS ]tZiØp≈ GsX¶nepw hyhkmbimeIƒ aen\oIcWw

\SØp∂pt≠m?

FACT Fß-s\-bmWv aen-\o-I-cW\nb-¥Ww km[y-am-°n-bXv F∂ ]mT]pkvXIØnse

°pdn∏v Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNøm≥ \n¿t±in°p∂p. tImUoIcW kabØv \ΩpsS \m´nse

hyhkmb߃°pw CØcw aen\oIcW \nb¥Ww km[yamWv F∂v A[ym]nI

kqNn∏n°p∂p. hyhkmb߃°v kz¥ambnØs∂ aen\oIcW \nb¥Ww km[yamWv.

aen\oIcW \nb¥WØn\v Bhiyamb \nbaßfpw \nehnep≠v.

ao\amXmtcmKw

P∏ms‚ sXt° A‰Øp≈ Iypjp F∂ Zzo]nse Hcp ]tZiamWv ao\amXm. Cu ]tZiØv

]h¿Øn®ncp∂ Hcp ^mIvSdnbn¬ \n∂pw ]pdtØs°mgp°nb amen\y߃ an\amXm

Dƒ°Sen¬ sNs∂Øn. Dƒ°Sense a’y߃ CS°nsS NØps]mßp∂Xpw

Im°Ifpw IS¬Im°Ifpw NØp hogp∂Xpw Bcpw i≤n®n√. ItaW ]q®Isf Hcp

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

76 ]tXyIXcw tcmKw _m[n®Xv P\߃ i≤n®p. Ah D∑mZ\rØw sNøm≥ XpSßn.

a\pjycn¬ CtX e£W߃ ]n∂oSmWv I≠pXpSßnbXv. Bbnc°W°n\v BfpIsf

Cu tcmKw _m[n®p. a’yßfn¬ FØnt®¿∂ sa¿°pdn (ckw)bmWv Cu tcmKØn\v

ImcWsa∂v imkvX⁄¿ Is≠Øn. BlmcØneqsSbpw izk\ØneqsSbpw sa¿°pdn

kwbp‡ßƒ a’yßfn¬ FØnt®¿∂v, Xet®mdnepw Icfnepw hr°bnepw Xßn

\n¬°p∂p. ssIImepIƒ XfcpIbpw, Ne\߃ XIcmdnemIpIbpw, hndb¬

A\p`hs∏SpIbpw, kwkmcn°m≥ hnjaw t\cnSpIbpw sNøp∂p. am\knI

Akzmÿy߃ D≠mIpIbpw CXv amcIamb Ahÿbnte°v amdn BfpIƒ acn°pIbpw

sNøp∂p. AΩamcpsS c‡Øn¬ \n∂pw K¿`ÿiniphn\v t]mepw Cu tcmKw

]nSns]Sp∂p.

kaqlØns‚ XmXv]cy߃ ]cnKWn®v ]iv\߃ hniIe\w sNbvXv hkpXIfpsSbpw

sXfnhpIfpsSbpw ASnÿm\Øn¬ aen\oIcWw \nb¥n°s∏tS≠XmWv F∂ [mcW

Ip´nIfn¬ D≠mth≠XmWv.

aqey\n¿Æbw

\ne]mSv kzoIcn°¬. aen\oIcW \nb¥WØneqsS hyhkmbimeIfm¬

krjvSn°s∏Sp∂ ]iv\߃ Hcp ]cn[nhsc C√mXm°mw F∂ Is≠ØepIƒ

aqey\n¿Æbw sNøWw.

^o¬Uv Sn∏v

H∂mw ]mT`mKØneqsS Ip´nIƒ N¿® sNbvXXpw, Is≠ØnbXpamb Imcy߃

]cntim[n°m≥ A\ptbmPyamb Cu ]h¿Ø\ambmWv ^o¬Uv Sn∏v BkqXWw

sNtø≠Xv. Dev]mZ\LSIßfpw ]›mØekuIcyßfpw Fßns\bmWv Hcp

hyhkmbimebn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂sX∂pw aen\oIcW \nb¥WØn\pth≠n

kzoIcn®n´p≈ IaoIcW߃ Fs¥ms°sb∂pw Ip´n°v t\cn´v a\ nem°m\p≈

Ahkcw IqSnbmWnXv. mIvSdn kµ¿i\Øn\nSbn¬ Fs¥ms° Imcy߃ Ip´nIƒ°v

e`n°Ww.

$ hyhkmbimebpsS t]cv

$ \n¿Ωn°p∂ Dev]∂w

$ D]tbmKn°p∂ AkwkvIrX hkvXp°ƒ

$ ^mIvSdn ÿnXn sNøp∂Xv FhnsS?

$ FX sXmgnemfnIƒ tPmensNøp∂p; GsXms° hn`mKØnemWv sXmgnemfnIƒ

tPmen sNøp∂Xv?

$ \n¿Ωn°p∂ Dev]∂߃ FhnsSbmWv hn‰gn°p∂Xv.

$ kmt¶XnIhnZy Fßs\ ]tbmP\s∏SpØp∂p.

$ Dev]∂߃ hn‰gn°m≥ kzoIcn°p∂ X¥ßƒ

$ hyhkmbimebpsS ÿm\w B ]tZiØns‚ hnIk\sØ Fßns\sb√mw

kzm[o\n®n´p≠v.

A[ymbw \mev

hyh-kmb hntijw

77$ aen\oIcW \nb¥WØn\v ^mIvSdn \S∏nem°nb ]h¿Ø\߃

$ Is≠Ønb Imcy߃ ¢m n¬ skan\mdmbn AhXcn∏n°p∂p.

hnjb߃

1. Dev]mZ\LSI߃

2. ]›mØe kuIcy߃

3. hnIk\ ]h¿Ø\߃

4. aen\oIcWw

skan\m¿

1. Dev]mZ\LSI߃

2. ]›mØe kIcy߃

3. hnIk\ ]h¿Ø\߃

4. aen\oIcWw.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

78

5. qan-bn¬ \ΩpsS ÿm\w

]iv\taJe : hniz-am-\-h≥ F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv cq]-s∏-SmØ Ahÿ

D]-]iv\w : $ `q]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Isf hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn¬ t•m_v, `q]Sw

F∂n-h-bpsS ]¶v Xncn-®-dn-bm-\m-hmØ Ah-ÿ.

]T-\-e-£y-߃ : $ `qanimkvX-]-T-t\m-]m-[n-Iƒ F∂ \nebv°v t•m_v, `q]Sw F∂n-h-

bpsS ]m[m\yw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\v.

$ t•m_v, `q]Sw F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn®v `qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb hnh-c-ßsf

hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\v.

$ Cu kt¶-X-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v `qanimkvX]c-amb Bi-b-ßsf ]I-

Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v.

A[ymbw A©vvv

`qan-bn¬ \ΩpsS ÿm\w

79

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p-∂p.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

80 BapJw

`qan-im-kvX-]-T-t\m-]m-[n-Iƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ t•m_v, `q]Sw F∂n-h-bpsS ]m[m-\yw Xncn-

®-dn-bp-Ibpw Ah D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn `q-]-c-amb hnh-c-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn\v

Ip´n-Isf ]m]vX-cm-°pIbpw sNøpI F∂-Xv Cu bqWn‰ns‚ e£yamWv.

h≥I-c-Iƒ, -k-ap-Z-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS ÿm\w, [ph-߃, A-®p-X-≠v, A£mwi-

tcJmwitcJ-Iƒ, Ah D]-tbm-Kn®p≈ ÿm\-\n¿Wbw, hnhn[ Xcw `q]-S-߃ XpS-

ßnb hn-h-c-ß-fmWv CXn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu hkvXp-X-Iƒ Ip´n-I-fn¬ FØn-

°p-∂-Xn\v t•m_v, A‰vekv F∂nh ^e]-Z-ambn Fßs\ D]-tbm-Kn°msa∂pw Cu

bqWn‰v N¿® sN-øp-∂p.

t•m_v, `q]-S-߃ Ch \nco-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v ]c-am-h[n kµ¿`-߃ So®¿ ¢mkn¬ Hcp-°p-

∂-Xn-eqsS amXta `q]-c-amb hkvXp-X-Iƒ th≠ hn[w a\-kn-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Ip´n-Iƒ°v

Ign-bq. Adn-hp-\n¿amW ]In-b-bn-eqsSt]mIp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w kzbw ]T-\, XpS¿]-T\ km[y-

Xbpw ]tbm--P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Bh-i-y-amb kma-Kn-I-fpsS e`-yX Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.

Pn√, kwÿm-\w, Ch-bpsS `q]-S-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ Ign™ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.

tIc-f-Ønse Pn√-Iƒ, AXn-cp-Iƒ, `q]-IrXn, hn`-h-߃ XpS-ßn-bh `q]-S-߃ \nco-

£n®v a\-kn-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

IqSp-X¬ \nco-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Xmc-X-ayw sNøp-∂-Xn\p A]-K-Yn®v \nK-a-\-߃ cq]-s∏-

Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ ]c-am-h[n Ah-k-c-߃ Hcp°ns°mSp-°p-hm≥ So®¿ i≤n-°p-at√m?

\ΩpsS sl¿°p-eo-kns\ ImWp-∂n√

`qan-im-kv-X-]-T\ D]m-[n-I-fn¬ H∂mb "A‰ve-kn\v' B t]cv In´m-\n-S-bmb IY-bmWv

ChnsS ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. ]mT-Øn-tebv°v ]th-in-°m-\p≈ Hcp kµ¿`-ambn CXns\

]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

$ ¢mkn¬ A‰vekv ]cn-tim-[n°m\p≈ Ah-kcw Ip´n-Iƒ°v \¬Ip-Ibpw GsX√mw

Xc-Øn-ep≈ `q]-S-߃ ImWm≥ Ignbpw? F∂ tNmZy-Øn-\p≈ DØcw Is≠-Øm≥

klm-bn-°p-Ibpw thWw.

apI-fnepw Xmsgbpw

`qan-bn¬ \mw Fß-s\-bmWv \n¬°p-∂Xv F∂v a\-kn-em-°m≥ DX-Ip∂ Hcp ]h¿Ø-

\-am-Wn-Xv˛ tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bmb `qan-bpsS adp-`m-KØv a\p-j-y¿ Fßs\ \n¬°p∂p F∂

kwibw Ip´n-Iƒ°p-≠m-Imw.

]h¿Ø\ coXn

$ F√m Ip´n-Ifpw hy-‡n-K-X-ambn NnXw hcbv°p∂p.

$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ sImSp-Øn-´p≈ 4 NnX-ß-fn¬ GXn-t\m-sS-¶nepw kmayw Ds≠-

¶n¬ AXv Is≠-Øs´.

$ NnX-Øns‚ ]n∂n-ep≈ bp‡n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ N¿®.

A[ymbw A©vvv

`qan-bn¬ \ΩpsS ÿm\w

81]h¿Ø\w

t•m-_n¬ \nßfpsS ÿm\w (a-\p-j-y¿) Xos∏-´n-sIm-≈n-Iƒ H´n®v ImWn-°p-∂-Xv.

th≠ kma-Kn-Iƒ

$ t•m_v.

$ Xos∏´ns°m≈n-Iƒ

$ Ccp--h-ihpw ]i-bp≈ tS∏v (sN-dnb Ij-W-߃)

Ip´n-Iƒ sNtø≠Xv

$ `qan-bn¬ a\p-jy¿ F]-Im-c-amWv \n¬°p-∂Xv F∂v a\-kn-em-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn

t•m_n¬ hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn¬ Xos∏-´n-s°m-≈n-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ H´n-°-s´.

$ Cßs\ \n¬°m≥ Ign-bpsam?

$ N¿®

Fs‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ

$ `qanbv°v apIƒ`mKw Fs∂m Xmgv`mKw Fs∂m C√.

$ `qan-bn¬ Fhn-sSbpw a\p-j-y≥ ew_-am-bmWv \n¬°p-∂-Xv.

$ `qan-bpsS `qKp-cp-Xz _e-am-Wn-Xn\v Imc-Ww.

`qKp-cp-Xz _ew

`qan F√m hkvXp-°-sfbpw AXns‚ tI-µ-Øn-tebv°v BI¿jn-°p-∂p. `qan-bpsS Cu

khn-ti-j-X-bmWv `qKp-cp-X-z-_-ew.

h≥I-c-Iƒ, alm-k-ap-Z-߃

sSIvÃv _p°nse q]Sw ]cn-tim-[n®v h≥I-c-Ifpw alm-k-ap-Z-ßfpw ]´n-I-s-∏Sp-Øm-\mWv

Cu ]h¿Ø-\w.

]h¿Ø\ coXn

$ `q]Sw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.

$ h≥I-c-Iƒ/alm-k-ap-Z-߃ Ch enÃv sNøp-∂p.

$ t•m_n¬ Ah-bpsS ÿm\w Is≠-Øp-∂p.

h≥I-c-Iƒ˛ Gj-y, B^n-°, hSs° Ata-cn-°, sXs° Ata-cn-°, bqtdm-∏v, BkvtS-

enb, A‚m¿´n°.

alm-k-ap-Z-߃ ˛ ]k-^nIv (im-¥) k-ap-Zw, A‰vem‚nIv -k-ap-Zw, C¥y≥ -k-apZw,

B¿´nIv k-apZw.

sNbvXp t\m°p

[ph-߃ F∂ Bibw t_m[-y-s∏-Sp∂Xn\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-Xv.

$ ]h¿Ø\w Ip´n-Isfs°m≠v ¢mkn¬ sNøn-t°≠XmWv.

$ th≠ kma-Kn-Iƒ ˛ πmÃnIv ]¥v, IpS-°-ºn, hnhn[ \nd-Øn-ep≈ s]m´p-Iƒ.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

82 ]h¿Ø\ coXn

]¥n-eqsS Zfiv IS-Øn-bn´v ]¥v Id-°p-tºmƒ a[-y-`m-KsØ s]m´v IqSpX¬ Zqcw k©-

cn-°p-Ibpw Ccp hi-ß-fn-tebv°v t]mIp-t¥mdpw s]m´p-I-fpsS k©mc Zqcw Ipd™p

Ipd™p h∂v HSp-hn¬ k©-cn-°msX \n∂n-SØv \n∂v Id-ßp∂ c≠v s]m´p-Iƒ ImWm-

hp-∂-XmWv. Cu `mK-amWv ]-¥ns‚ [ph-߃. CXp-t]mse Xs∂-bmWv kzbw `aWw

sNøp∂ `qan-bpsS [phhpw. [phtØmSv tN¿∂v ImWp∂ ]tZ-i-amWv [ph-]-tZiw.

`qan-bpsS BIrXn

`qan-bpsS BIrXn [ph-ß-fn¬ sX√p-]-c∂pw a[y`mKw Aev]w ho¿Øn-´pam-Wv. Cu

BIrXn Pntbm-bnUv (geiod) F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. `qan-bpsS tIµ-Øn¬ \n∂v

`qa-[-y-tc-J-bn-te-bv°p≈ Zqcw 6378 In. ao‰dpw [ph-ß-fn-te-bv°p≈ Zqcw 6357 In.-ao-‰-dp-

amWv.

A®p-X≠v

NnXw \nco-£n®v `qan-bpsS A®p-X-≠ns\°pdn®v [mcW t\Sp-∂p.

$ NnXw hc®v A®p-X-≠v, DØ-c-[p-hw, Z£n-W-[phw F∂nh AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

`qan°v AXns‚ A-®p-X-≠n¬ Hcp ]mh-iy Id-ßp-∂-Xn\v GI-tZiw 24 aWn-°q¿ Bh-

i-y-amWv (b-Ym¿Y kabw 23 aWn-°q¿ 56 an\n´v 4 sk°‚ v) qan-bpsS `aWthKw qa-

[-y-tc-J-bn¬ aWn-°q-dn¬ 1667 Intemao‰-dm-Wv. [ph-ß-fn-tebv°v t]mIp-t¥mdpw `a-

W-thKw Ipd-™p-h-cp-∂p.

]Z-£n-W-X-e-Øns‚ ew_-Øn¬ \n∂pw 23½0 Ncn-™n-´mWv `qan-bpsS A®p-X-≠ns‚

ÿm\w. AXn-\m¬ a[-y-tc-J-bn¬ \n∂pw 23½0 hSt°m´pw sXt°m´pap≈ ]tZ-iw

amXta kqc-ycivan ew_ambn ]Xn-°p-∂p-f-fp. `qan-bpsS DØ-c-[phw Ft∏mgpw [ph

\£XØns‚ t\¿°m-bn-cn°pw

A¿[ tKmf-߃

t•m_v \nco-£n®v DØ-cm¿[-tKm-f-Øns‚bpw Z£n-Wm¿≤-tKm-f-Øns‚bpw ]tX-y-I-X-

Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bp≈ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.

]h¿Ø-\-coXn

$ t•m_v \nco-£n-°p∂p (h-y-‡n-K-X-ambn/Kq∏m-bn)

$ ]mT-`m-KØv sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ tNmZ-y-߃°v DØcw Is≠-Øp-∂p.

sNbvXp-t\m°mw

$ A£mw-i-tc-Jmwi tcJ-I-fpsS Bh-i-y-I-Xbpw ][m-\-yhpw t_m[-y-s∏-Sm≥ klm-bn-

°p∂ Hcp ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.

$ tcJ-I-fn-√mØ ]X-e-Øn¬ I∏-ens‚ ÿm\w IrX-y-ambn ]d-bm≥ Ign-bn-√msb∂pw

Xpey AI-e-Øn¬ hc-Iƒ hc-®n-´p≈ ]X-e-Øn¬ hkvXp-hns‚ (I-∏-ens‚) ÿm\

\n¿Wbw Ffp-∏-am-sW∂pw Ip´n-Iƒ°v t_m[-y-s∏-S-Ww.

$ I∏-ens‚ ÿm\w am‰n ]h¿Ø\w Bh¿Øn-°-Ww.

A[ymbw A©vvv

`qan-bn¬ \ΩpsS ÿm\w

83tImUo-I-cWw

`qan-bpsS D]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ ÿe-ß-fpsS ÿm\w \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v CØcw hc-Iƒ (tc-

J-Iƒ) Bh-i-y-am-Wv.

A£mwitcJ-Iƒ

A£mwi-tc-J-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS ]tX-y-I-X-Iƒ, ][m\ A£mwitcJ-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS UnKn

Af-hp-Iƒ, ÿm\-\n¿W-b-Øn¬ Ah-bv°p≈ ]m[m-\yw F∂nh Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬

N¿®-sN-tø-≠-Xm-Wv.

$ t•m_v \nco-£n®v `qa-[-y-tcJ Is≠-Øp-∂p.

$ a[-y-tc-Jbv°v hS°pw sX°p-ap≈ A£mw-i-tc-J-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p. Hmtcm tcJbpw

IS∂p t]mIp∂ GsX-¶n-epw Hcp cmPyw enÃv sNøp-∂p.

][m-\-s∏´ A£mw-i-tc-J-Iƒ NnX-Øn¬ CS-Xp-h-i-Øm-bmWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. 30° hS°v 60°hS°v 30° sX°v, 60° sX°v F∂n-ßs\ tcJ-s∏-SpØnbncn-°p-∂Xv

A£mw-i-tc-J-Iƒ 0° apX¬ XpS¿®-bm-bn- 90° hsc Ccp-h-i-tØbv°pw D≠v F∂v kqNn-

∏n-°m-\m-Wv.

0° A£mwitcJ-bmb `qa-[-y-tcJ `qan-bpsS a[-y-`m-K-Øp-IqSn IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\mepw

`qansb c≠v A¿[-tKm-f-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-°p-∂-Xn-\mepw ][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.

23 ½° hSs° A£mwitc-J-bmb DØ-cm-b\ tcJbpw 23½° sXs° A£mw-i-tc-J-bmb

Z£n-Wm-b-\-tc-Jbpw 66½0 hSs° A£mw-i-tc-J-bmb B¿´nIv hrØhpw 66½0 sXt°

A£mw-i-tc-J-bmb A‚m¿´nIv hrØhpw a‰v ][m-\-s∏´ A£mw-i-tc-J-I-fm-Wv.

]h¿Ø\w

$ t•m_v/A‰vekv ]cn-tim-[n®v a[-y-tc-Jbv°v hS°pw sX°p-ap≈ 150 , 300 , 450 F∂o

Ia-Øn-ep≈ A£mw-i-tc-J-Iƒ Is≠Øn, Hmtcm tcJbpw IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ G-sX¶nepw

Hcp cmPyw enÃv sNø-s´.

$ Hcp cmP-yØp IqSnbpw IS-∂p-t]m-ImØ GsX-¶nepw tcJ-bpt≠m? Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-

Ø-s´.

Nne tNmZ-y-߃

(t•m_v/A‰vekv t\m°n Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ tNmZy-߃ DØcw Is≠-Øm≥ Ip´n-Isf klm-

bn-°p-a-t√m.

$ G‰hpw henb A£mw-i-tcJ GXv?

$ C¥-y-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ ][m\ A£mw-i-tcJ GXv?

$ DØ-cm-b\tcJ- I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ C¥-y≥ kwÿm-\-߃?

$ `qa-[ytcJ, DØ-cm-b\tcJ, Z£n-Wm-b\tcJ F∂o aq∂v tcJ-I-fpw IS-∂p-t]m-

Ip∂ h≥I-c.

t•m_v ]cn-tim-[n®v Rm≥ Is≠-Øn-bXv

C-hnsS Xmsg ]d-bp∂hsb-°p-dn®v eLp Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°m-\p≈ ]h¿Ø\w \¬In-

bm¬ aXn.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

84 $ `qa-[-y-tcJ

$ A£mwi-tc-J-Iƒ

$ DØ-cm-b\tcJ

$ Z£n-Wm-b\tcJ

tcJmwitcJ-Iƒ

$ t•m_v/A‰v-ekv/`q]Sw \nco-£n®v tcJmwi tcJ-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p. (h-y-‡n-KXw/

Kq∏v)

$ 0° tcJmwitcJ-bmb Ko\n®vtcJ Is≠-Øp-∂p.

$ Ko\n®vtcJbv°v t\sc FXn¿ Zni-bn-ep≈ 180° tcJmwitcJ (A-¥¿tZ-iob Zn\m¶-

tc-J) Is≠-Øp-∂p.

$ 0°tcJmwitcJbv°v Ko\n®v tcJ-sb∂v t]cv In´m-\n-S-bmb ImcWw N¿® sNøp∂p.

$ t•m_n¬ "ssh‰v t_m¿Uv am¿°¿ s]≥' sIm≠v 0° tcJmw-i-tc-J- 180° tcJmwi

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$ ]mT-`m-K-sØ tNmZ-y-߃°v Ip´nIƒ Xs∂ DØcw Is≠-Ø-s´.

00 tcJmwitcJ Cw•-≠ns‚ Xe-ÿm\-amb e≠≥ ]´-W-Øn\v kao-]-ap≈ Ko≥hn®v

F∂ ÿeØpIqSnbmWv IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv.

t•m_n¬ C¥-y-bpsS ÿm\w

A£mw-i-tc-J-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ hSs° A£mwiw 8 UnKn°pw 38 UnKn°pw

CS-bnepw Ings°-tc-Jmwiw 680 UnKn°pw 980 UnKn°pw CS-bn-ep-amWv C¥y-bpsS ÿm\w.

]h¿Ø\w

t•m_v/A‰vekv/`q]Sw \nco-£n®v ]mT-`m-KØv sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ tcJmw-i-tc-J-Iƒ IS-

∂p-t]m-Ip∂ GsX-¶nepw Hcp cmPyw enÃv sNø-s´.

6. A[n-Imcw P\-߃°v

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∂n-√.

]T-\-e-£y-߃ : $ ]mtZ-inI `c-W-Iq-S-߃ (Kmahpw, \K-c-hpw ˛ Ah-bpsS `c-W-kw-

hn-[m-\w) F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v [mc-W-bp-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\v.

$ ]mtZ-inI c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fpsS Npa-X-e-I-sf-°p-dn®v [mc-W-bp-≠m-

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$ ]-©m-b-Øns‚/ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-bpsS/tIm¿∏-td-js‚ `q]-S-Øn¬

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$ tIc-f-Ønse ]©m-bØvcmPv kwhn-[m-\hpw a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fnse

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b-Øp-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ hn`-Pn--®n-´p-s≠∂pw Hmtcm Xe-Ønepw P\-Iob `cW kan-Xn-I-fp-

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i-`-cW hm¿Uv GXm-sW∂pw a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

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em-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ÿm]-\-ßsf∂ \ne°v Xt±-ikzbw- -cW-ÿm-]-\-߃°p≈ ]k‡n

hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. Ahn-SsØ P\-]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, DtZ-ymKÿ¿ F∂n-h-cpsS t\Xr--]-c-amb

]¶v h¿≤n-®p-h-cp-∂p. cmPysØ ]uc-s\∂ \ne°v P\-߃°pw apJy-]¶v hln-°m-\p-

≠v. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ t\Snb ap∂-dn-hp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Ipsd-°qSn Db¿∂ Xe-Øn-ep≈

[mc-W-I-fn-te°v Ip´n-Isf FØn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Xt±i kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-߃, Ah-

bpsS A[n-Im-c-߃, Npa-X-e-Iƒ, ]mtZ-in-I-ambn Gs‰-Sp-°p∂ hnI-k-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃

XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-°p-dn®v ka-K-[m-cW \¬Ip-∂-XmWv Cu ]mT-`mKw. Ip´n-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂

]tZ-i-ß-fnse Xt±i kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-߃ Gs‰-SpØp \S-Øp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃

t\cn- p-Im-Wp-∂-Xn\pw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp∂-Xn\pw \n¿t±-i-߃ hbv°p∂-

Xn\pw Ah-kcw \¬Ip∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]T-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

\mSns‚ kºØpw hn`hßfpw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ AXns‚ KpW-^ew F√m-h-

cnepw FtØ-≠-Xp-s≠∂pw \mSns‚ hnI-k-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Ah-kcw e`y-am-Ip-tºmƒ

Rm\pw ]¶m-fn-bm-tI-≠-Xp-s≠-∂p-ap≈ at\m-`mhw Ip´n-I-fn¬ cq]-t∏-tS-≠Xp-≠v.

Xt±i`cWÿm]-\-߃ F∂ ]tbmKw sIm≠v Cu ]mT`mK-Øn¬ Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv

Kma]tZ-i-Øns‚ cW kwhn-[m-\-ß-fmb Kma ]©m-b-Øv, tªm°p ]©m-b-Øv, Pn√m

]©m-bØv F∂o aq∂p-X-e-ß-fn-ep≈ ÿm]-\-ßfpw, \Kc`cW kwhn-[m-\-ß-fmb

tIm¿∏-td-j≥, ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n F∂nhbpam-Wv.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 1

P\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\m-h-iy-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Kma-˛-tªm-°v-˛-Pn-√m-X-e-Øn-ep≈

]©m-b-Øp-I-fpsS kwbp‡ CS-s]-S-ens‚ Hcp DZm-l-c-W-amWv ]mT-`m-K-Øns‚ Bcw-

`w. hnZym-eb ]tZ-iØv P\-ßfp-sS Bh-iy-]-Imcw Xt±ikzbw`c-W-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS

kwbp‡ CS-s]-S-en-eqsS ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏´ Hcp ]iv\w DZm-l-c-W-ambn FSp-Øp-sIm≠v

N¿®-bn-eqsS ]mT-`m-K-tØ°v IS-°mw. NnX-߃-˛-hn-h-c-߃ F∂nh ap≥Iq´n tiJ-cn-

t°-≠Xp≠v. Xmsg ]d-bp∂ taJ-e-Iƒ ap≥\n¿Øn CXns‚ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Ømw.

Cu A\p-`-h-߃ ]me-°mSv Pn√-bnse IÆmSn ]©m-b-Ønse A\p-`-h-hp-ambn _‘-

s∏-Sp-Ømw. Xt±-i- kz-bw-`-cW ÿm]-\-߃ Fßs\ ]mtZ-inI hnI-k\ ]h¿Ø-\-

߃°v t\XrXzw \¬Ip∂p F∂ [mc-W-bmWv tImUo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xv.

$ ]iv\w A[n-Im-cn-I-fn-se-Øn® coXn

$ ]cn-lcn°p-∂-Xn\p kzoI-cn® \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

A[ymbw Bdvvvv

A[n-Imcw P\-߃°v

89$ ]cn-l-cn® coXn

$ Xt±-i -`-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS ]¶v

$ P\-]-¶m-fnØw

kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Bh-iy-amb tImUo-I-cWw \S-Ømw.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 2 Kmak - -A-[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw

Hcp ]tZ-isØ P\-ß-fpsS ]iv\w Xt±-i -`-cWÿm]-\-Øns‚ i≤-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-

∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂p \n߃ I-≠t√m?

P\-ß-fpsS ]iv\-߃ N¿®-sN-øp-∂-Xn\pw Bh-iy-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ P\-

Io-b-thZn F∂ \ne°pw P\m-[n-]-Xy -]-In-b-bn¬ P\-]-¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ ASn-

ÿm-\-L-S-Iw F∂ \ne-bn-epamWv Kma-k-`sb ImtW-≠-Xv.

Sn._n bnse Kma-k-`-bpsS NnXw, hnh-cWw Ch Ip´n-I-fpsS i≤-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cn-I.

Kma-k- , LS\, ]h¿Ø\w, ]¶m-fnØw XpS-ßn-bh hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-

\-am-Wn-Xv. Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Sn._n-bnse NnXhpw, hmb-\m-Ip-dn∏pw hmbn®v hni-

I-e\w sNø-s´. Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-߃ kw_-‘n®v Hmtcm Ip´n-bpw Xß-fpsS [mc-

W-Iƒ ¢m n¬ ]d-bs´. XpS¿∂v Kq∏p-I-fm-bn, Hmtcm [mc-Wbpw kw_-‘n® Ipdn∏v

Xøm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.

1. Kma-k-`-bpsS LS\

2. hnfn®p tN¿°p∂ coXn

3. \S-Øn∏p coXn

4. A[n-Imcw ˛ Npa-X-e-Iƒ

5. hnI-k\]h¿Ø-\-Ønse tdmƒ

Hmtcm Kq∏pw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´. Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n® Imcy-߃, \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-

Øns‚bpw N -ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ (A\p-_-‘-hn-hcw t\m°p-I) So®¿ tImUo-

I-c-Ww. Hmtcm ssS‰nepw Dƒs∏-SpØn "Fs‚ Kma-k`/ hm¿Up-k`' Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ hy‡n-

]-c-ambn Xøm-dm-°-s´. ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n/tIm¿∏-td-j≥ ]tZ-isØ hyXymkw i≤-bn¬s∏Sp-

ØWw. (hm¿Up-k-`-I-fpsS \S-Øn∏p coXnbn¬ hyXym-k-ap-≠v. \K-c-]men-Im-_n¬

t\m°pI).

XpS¿ ]h¿Ø\w

$ ASpØ Kmak-`m-/ hm¿Uvk` \S-°p-tºmƒ, AXn¬ ]s¶-SpØv Hcp dnt∏m¿´v

Xøm-dm-°-s´. anI® dnt∏m¿´n\v kΩm\w \¬I-Ww.

A\p-_-‘-hn-h-cw˛ Kma-k`

]©m-b-Øo-cmPv \nb-a-Ønse G‰hpw khn-ti-j-amb Hcp kwhn-[m-\-amWv Kmak`.

P\m-[n-]Xy ]In-b-bn¬ km[m-cW P\-߃°v `c-W-Øn¬ t\cn´v ]¶m-fnØw e`n-

°p∂ GI-kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wn-Xv. Hcp Kma ]©m-b-Øns‚ \ntbm-PI afiew (hm¿Uv

]cn-[n) ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv Kma-k` cq]o-I--cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ahn-SsØ apgp-h≥

thm´¿amcpw B Kmak`-bnse AwK-ß-fm-Wv. hm¿Up-sa-º-dmWv k`-bpsS I¨ho-\¿.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

90 Kma-]-©m-bØp ]kn-U‚mWv Kmak -bpsS A[y-£≥. \n›-bn-°p∂ ÿeØv aq∂p-

am-k-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ (h¿j-Øn¬ 4 ]mh-iyw) tbmKw tNc-Ww. B hm¿Up-]-tZ-isØ

]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂ tªm°v/Pn√m ]©m-bØv AwK-tØbpw \nb-a-k-`mw-K-tØbpw

I¨ho-\¿ £Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. BsI thm´¿am-cpsS 10% amWv Izmdw. 10% Øne-[nIw

AwK-߃ tcJm-aqew Bh-iy-s∏- m¬ km[m-c-W-tbm-K-߃°nS°v ]tXy-I-tbm-Khpw

tNcm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. aq∂p-am-k-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ tbmKw hnfn-°p-∂-Xn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn c≠p-

X-hW hogvN-h-cp-Øn-bm¬ _‘-s∏´ AwK-Øns‚ AwKXzw \jvS-am-Ipw. Cßs\

h¿j-Øn¬ 4 ]mh-iy-sa-¶nepw Xß-fpsS hm¿Uv saº-dp-ambn kwh-Zn-°m≥ Kma-k`

Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p-∂p. ap≥h¿jsØ hnI-k\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS sNehpw kw_-

‘n® dnt∏m¿´pw \S-∏p-h¿j-Øn¬ \S-Øm-\p-t±-in-°p∂ `mhn ]h¿Ø\ \n¿t±-i-

ßfpw Kma-k`bn¬ N¿®bv°v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. Kma-k`bpsS \n¿t±i-߃°v XnX-

e-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ A¿l-amb coXn-bn¬ ]cn-K-W\ \¬I-Ww. Kma-k-` -X-øm-dm-°p∂

ap≥K-W-\m-I-aØn¬ am‰w hcp-Øm≥ ]mSn-√. ]≤-Xn-bm-kq-X-W-Ønepw \S-Øn-∏nepw

Kma-k-`-Iƒ°v \n¿Wm-bI ÿm\w \nbaw hyh-ÿ-sN-bvXn-´p-≠v.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 3 ¢mkv hnI-k-\-sk-an-\m¿

Kma-k`/hm¿Up-k`bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-߃ a\- n-em-°n-b-s√m. Kma-k-`-bn¬ D∂-bn-°-

s∏´ ]mtZ-inI ]iv\-߃, Fß-s\-bmWv ]©m-b-Øns‚/ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fpsS ]≤-

Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. CXns‚ coXn t_m[y-s∏-Sm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-ambn ¢mkvhn-I-k\

skan\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS ¢mkp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[

Bh-iy-߃ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Ipdn-°s´. Ah _n._n bn¬ tImUo-I-cn-®v ]´n-Ibm°mhp-

∂-Xm-Wv. ]´n-I-s∏Sp-Ønb Bh-iy-ßsf hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fm°n (ipNn-Xzw, D®-`-£-Ww,

]T\w) Xncn-°mw. ]n∂oSv Hmtcm taJ-e-Ifpw Hmtcm Kq∏p-I-fmbn D∂-bn-°-s∏´ ]h¿Ø-

\-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v N¿®-sN-ø-s´.

Hmtcm Kq∏pw CØ-c-Øn¬ ]´nI Xøm-dm-°-Ww.

D∂-bn-°-s∏´ ]iv\w ]cn-lm-c-\n¿±iw

C\n hnI-k\ skan-\m¿

$ tamU-td-‰¿ D≠m-I-Ww, A[y-£≥ D≠m-hWw

$ \n¿t±-i-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-h-°-Ww. (an\p-´vkv)

tImUo-I-c-W-Øn¬, Kma-k-`-bnse \n¿t±-i-߃ tImUo-I-cn®mWv ]©m-bØv hnI-

k\ skan-\m-dn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv F∂pw Is≠-Ønb hnI-k\ Bh-iy-߃ ap≥K-

W-\m-I-a-Øn-em°n Xt±i `cW ÿm]-\-Øns‚ `c-W-k-an-Xn°p \¬Ip-∂p-sh∂pw ]d-

b-Ww. CXn¬ \n∂mWv ]n∂oSv Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]\w hm¿jnI ]≤Xn Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xv.

¢m v hnI-k\ skan-\m-dn¬ D∂-bn-°-s∏´ ]iv\-߃ tImUo-I-cn®v slUvam-ÿ°v

\¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]n.‰n.F bn¬ ¢mkv So®¿°v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bp-am-Imw.

A[ymbw Bdvvvv

A[n-Imcw P\-߃°v

91]h¿Ø\w˛ 4 ]©m-b-Øo-cmPv kwhn-[m\w

\ΩpsS cmPyw, kwÿm-\w, Pn√, tªm°v, ]©m-bØv Ch- GsX∂v N¿®-sN-bvXp-sIm≠v

]h¿Ø-\-Øn-te°v IS-°mw.

]mT-`m-KØp \¬In-bn-´p≈ hmb-\m-Ip-dn∏v Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn®v ][m\ Bi-

b-߃ Ipdn-°s´. ]n∂oSv Kq∏p-I-fmbn Hmtcm Kq∏pw Xmsg ]d-bp∂ tNmZy-߃°v hni-

Zo-I-c-W-°p-dn∏v Xøm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww.

$ F¥mWv ]©m-bØo cmPv?

$ ]mtZ-in-I-ambn hnI-k-\-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ P\]¶m-fnØw D≠m-°p-∂-Xns‚ ta∑-

Iƒ Fs¥√mw?

$ \K-c-ß-fn¬ CXn-\p-k-am-\-amb kwhn-[m\w F¥mWv?

Kq∏p-I-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\p-tijw So®¿ Bh-iy-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I-tfmsS [mc-W-Iƒ

sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. tImUo-I-cWw \S-ØWw. Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Bi-b-߃ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-

Sp-Ømw.

$ Bkq-XnX Kma-hn-I-k-\-Øn\pw P\-]-¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ambn `c-W-L-S-

\-bpsS 73, 74˛mw t`Z-K-Xn-]-Imcw \ne-hn¬h∂ \nb-a-Øns‚ `mK-ambn tIc-f-Øn¬

]mkm-°nb \nb-a-amWv tIcf ]©m-b-Øo-cmPv \nb-aw. Cu \nb-a-Øn¬ Kma tªm°v -

Pn-√m-X-e-Øn¬ XnXe `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-amWv hn`m-h\w sNbvXn´p≈Xv. aq∂p-`-cW

Xe-ßfpw kzX-¥-am-bmWv ]h¿Øn-°p--∂-Xv. CXns‚ `mK-ambn sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-eqsS

\ne-hn¬h∂ `cW kwhn-[m\amWv ]©m-bn-Øo-cmPv kwhn-[m-\w.

$ P\-߃°v hnI-k\ ]iv\-߃ ]mtZ-inIambn ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ bYm¿∞ hnI-k\ Bh-iy-߃ Is≠-Øm\pw, P\-]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS kpXm-cy-ambn

]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw Ign-bp-∂p.

$ tIµ-K-h¨sa‚ v apX¬ ]©m-b-Øp-hsc hnhn[ X´p-I-fn-embn DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-߃ hn`-

Pn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ P\m-[n--]Xy ]Inb hntI-µo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw, ]¶m-fn-Ø-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ Ah-kcw

e`n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

$ ]©m-b-Øo-cmPv kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ kam-¥c kwhn-[m-\-amWv \K-c-]m-en-Im-_n¬. ap\n-

kn-∏¬ tIm¿∏-td-j\pIƒ, ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-Iƒ, F∂n-h-bmWv \K-c-ß-fn¬ \ne-hn-ep-

≈- `cW kwhn-[m-\w.

\K-c-Øn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ cW kwhn-[m-\-߃

ap\n-kn-∏¬ tIm¿∏-td-j≥

\K-c-]m-en-Im-_n-√ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwÿm\ \nb-a-k` AwKo-I-cn® \nba]Imcw

cq]o-Ir-X-am-Ip-∂p. IqSnb tXmXn-ep≈ kzbw-`-c-Wm-[n-Imcw D≠v. sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-\p-

th≠n \nc-h[n hm¿Up-I-fmbn Xncn-®n-´p-≠v. Ahn-sS-\n∂p ]mb-]q¿Øn thm´-h-Im-i-

ØneqsS sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-h¿ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Iu¨kn-e¿am¿ AS-ßp∂ k`-bmWXv.

Iu¨kn-e¿am¿ sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ tab-dmWv Xe-h≥. 5˛10 e£w P\-kw-Jy-bp≈

\K-c-ß-fm-Wv tIm¿∏-td-j≥. tIm¿∏-td-j≥ IΩo-j-W-dmWv c-W-\n¿h-l-Wm-[n-Im-cn.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

92 ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-Iƒ

kwÿm-\Øv \ne-hn-ep≈ "ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰okv BIvSv' A\p-k-cn®v cq]o-Ir-X-ambn. Xmc-

X-tay\ sNdp-]- -W-ß-fm-Wv. ] -W-Ønse thm´¿am¿ sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ hm¿Up I¨ho-

\¿am-cpsS k`-bmWv \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-Ww \S-Øp-∂-Xv. Iu¨kn-e¿am¿ sXc-s™-SpØ

sNb¿am-\mWv `c-W-k-an-Xn-bpsS Xe-h≥. ap\n-kn-∏¬ skI-´-dn-°mWv `cW \n¿h-

lW Npa-X-e. 3 apX¬ 5 e£w hsc P\-kwJybp≈ ]tZ-i-am-Wv ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-Iƒ.

tImUo-I-cW tijw Sn._n-bn¬ \¬Inb ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°-s´.

Assk≥-sa‚v

$ kz¥w Pn√-bpsS `q]Sw ]cn-tim-[n®v AXn-epƒs∏-Sp∂ tªm°p-Iƒ, ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-

Iƒ Ch Is≠-Øn- AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. hnZym-ebw ÿnXn-sN-øp∂Xv. ]©m-b-Øn-em-

sW-¶n¬ AXpƒs∏-Sp∂ tªm°v ]©m-b-Øv, AXn-epƒs∏-Sp∂ a‰p ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ

Ch Is≠-Øp-I.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 5 \nd-bp∂ `q]Sw

Pn√-bpsS `q]Sw sSbvkv sNbvXv sSIvÃv_p°n¬ \n¿t±-in® ]h¿Ø\w sNø-s´.

Cu ]h¿Ø\w sNøm≥ Bh-iy-amb d^d≥kv KŸ-߃, am∏p-Iƒ, a‰p-hn-h-c-߃

¢m n¬ e`y-am-°-Ww. Xøm-dm-°nb am∏p-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ XΩn¬ ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cpØn

sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 6 \nd-bp∂ `q]-Sw-˛-Km-a-]-©m-bØv/ap≥kn-∏m--en‰n

Sn._n bn¬ \¬In-bn-´p≈ ]h¿Ø\w sNø-s´. kz¥w ]©m-b-Ønse hnI-k-\-˛-hn-`h

`q]-S-߃ ap≥Iq´n tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw d^-d≥kn-\mbn Bh-iy-amb tIm∏n-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ°v

e`y-am-°-Ww. Kq∏v ]h¿Ø-\-ambn sNbvXm¬ aXn.

]©m-b-Ønse s]mXp ÿm]-\-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw kvsI®n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈

kqN-I-ßfpw ap≥¢m-kn¬ ]Tn--®n-´p-≈Xv ChnsS D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

$ Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ

$ hnZym-e-b-߃

$ hmb-\-im-e-Iƒ

$ hnt√Pv Hm^okv

$ ]©m-bØv Hm^okv

XpS-ßnb ][m-\-s∏´ s]mXp-ÿm-]-\-߃ amXw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ aXn-bm-Ipw. Kq∏p-

Iƒ Xøm-dm-°nb `q]-S-߃ ssIamdn \¬In sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. ]n∂oSv ¢m n¬ ]Z¿in-

∏n-°-Ww. Hmtcm Kq∏pw hyXy-kvX-ambn sNbvXh ]cn-tim-[n®v B[n-Im-cnI tcJ-I-fpsS

klm-b-tØmsS ]cn-jv°-cn-t°-≠Xv So®-dpsS IS-a-bm-Wv. Cu ]h¿Ø--\-ß-fpsS XpS¿®-

bmbn Ip´n Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]tZ-isØ Pn√m-]-©m-b-Øv, tªm°v ]©m-b-Øv-˛-Km-a-]-©m-

bØv/ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n/tIm¿∏-td-j≥ XpS-ßnb Xt±ikzbw`cW ÿm]-\-Øn\v t\XrXzw

\¬Ip∂ ]kn-U‚ v/sNb¿am≥, hm¿UpUnhn-j≥-sa-º¿ F∂n-h-cpsS enÃp-Iƒ Xøm-dm-

°m-\p≈ Assk-≥sa‚ v \¬Imw. (hnh-c-߃ FhnsS \n∂v e`y-am-Ip-sa-∂v Ip´n-Iƒ

hnhcw \¬I-Ww)

A[ymbw Bdvvvv

A[n-Imcw P\-߃°v

93]h¿Ø\w˛ 7 ]´nI

$ Fs‚ Pn√-bn¬ FX Xt±-i-`cWÿm-]--\-߃ D≠v?

$ Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS FÆw, Pn√-bpsS hnkvXrXn/P\-kw-Jy-bp-am-bp≈

_‘w

$ Xt±-i-`-c-W-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-te°v BsI FX P\-]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-

Sp∂p?

Ch Is≠Øn ¢m n¬ AhX-cn-∏n-°-s´. Kq∏p ]h¿Ø-\w.

tImUo-I-cWw

P\m-[n-]Xy kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ hn]p-e-amb P\-]-¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-XmWv ]©m-b-Øo-

cmPv/\K-c-]m-en-Im-\n-b-a-߃. IqSp-X¬ P\-]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, cW ÿm]-\-߃ ChbneqsS

P\-ß-fpsS A`n-]mbw `c-W-Øn¬/hnI-k-\-]-h¿Ø-\--ß-fn¬ D≠m-Ip-∂p. Agn-a-Xn-bpw,

sISp-Im-cy-ÿbpw Hgn-hm-°m≥ kml-b-I-am-Ip-∂p. kpXm-cy-amb ]≤Xn \n¿∆-l-W-Øn\pw

hnI-k\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃°pw km[yX Hcp-°p-∂p.

A\p-_‘ hnhcw˛ ]©m-b-Øp-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-Whpw AwK-kw-Jybpw

2001˛se P\-kw-Jym-I-W-s°-Sp-∏-\p-k-cn®v ]©m-bØp Ub-d-IvS¿ DØ-c-hn≥ ]Imcw

999 Kma ]©m-b-Øp-I-fpw 152 tªm°p-]-©m-b-Øp-I-fpw 14 Pn√m ]©m-b-Øp-Ifpw

]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. tªm°p-]-©m-b-Øp-I-fn¬ 12˛22 hsc AwK-ßfpw Pn√m-]-©m-b-Øn¬

16˛32 hsc AwK-ß-fp-amWv D≈-Xv.

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 28 12 160 78 1332 1 86 4 135

sIm√w 27 12 163 71 1226 1 52 2 61

]Ø-\w-Xn´ 17 9 110 54 757 - - 3 90

Be-∏pg 23 12 147 73 1113 - - 5 172

tIm´bw 23 11 142 75 1151 - - 4 118

CSp°n 16 8 96 52 750 - - 1 32

Fd-Wm-Ipfw 28 15 185 88 1363 1 71 8 229

Xriq¿ 30 17 209 92 1481 1 52 6 170

]me-°mSv 29 13 173 91 1451 - - 4 139

ae-∏pdw 32 14 210 102 1845 - - 5 198

tImgn-t°mSv 28 12 165 78 1326 1 55 2 85

hb-\mSv 16 3 46 25 434 - - 1 25

IÆq¿ 26 9 133 81 1264 - - 6 227

Imk¿tKmUv 16 4 65 39 646 - - 2 75

BsI : 14 339 152 2004 999 16139 5 316 53 1756

FÆw hm¿Up-Iƒ FÆw hm¿Up-Iƒ FÆw hm¿Up-Iƒ FÆw hm¿Up-Iƒ

\K-c-k- -Iƒ

Pn√Pn√m ]©m

-b-Øv hm¿Up-

Iƒ

tIm¿∏-td-j-\p-Iƒ

Kma

]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ

tªm°v

]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰nIƒ

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

94 ]h¿Ø\w˛ 8 A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw

$ ]©m-b-Øn\v/ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n°v Fs¥ms° A[n-Im-c-ß-fp≠v?

$ Ip´n-Iƒ X߃°-dn-bm-hp∂ Imcy-߃ enÃv sNø-s´.

$ s]mXp Ah-X-c-Ww. ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج

$ Kma-]-©m-bØv/ap\n-kn-∏¬ Hm^okv kµ¿i\w

$ ]kn-U‚p-am-bp≈ A`n-apJw ˛ tNmZym-hen

$ skI-´-dn-bp-am-bp≈ A`n-apJw ˛ tNmZym-hen

Kma-]-©m-b-Øns‚/\K-c-k`-I-fpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ: ˛ Hmtcm Kq∏pw Xøm-dm-°n s]mXp

Ah-X-cWw ˛ s]mXp enÃv Xøm-dm-°¬

$ So®¿ ]©m-bØocmPv_n-√nse/ \K-c-]m-enIm _n√nse Npa-X-e-Iƒ hnh-cn-°p∂ mKw

\¬In Ip´n-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°nb enÃnse Imcy-ßfpw \nbaw \n¿h-ln-°p∂ A[n-Im-c-

ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw/kmayw N¿® sNø-s´.

tImUo-I-cWw

Xt±-i- -cW ÿm]--\-Øns‚ A[n-Im-c-߃, Npa-X-e-Iƒ Ch-sb-∏‰n GI-tZ-i-[m-cW Ip´n-

Iƒ°v D≠m-I-Ww. \nb-a-]-c-ambn \¬In-bn-´p≈ A[nImc-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw [mcW D≠m-I-

Ww.

Npa-X-e-Iƒ

Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°v 1999˛se t`Z-KXn \na-a-\p-k-cn®v 27 A\n-hm-cy-Np-a-X-e-Ifpw 14 s]mXp

Npa-X-e-I-fpw taJ-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 19 hIp-∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ Npa-X-e-I-fpw \n¿∆-ln-t°-

≠-Xp-≠v. tªm°p-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°v s]mXp-hmb 3 Dw taJ-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 14 Dw hIp-

∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ Npa-X-e-I-fp-≠v. Pn√m ]©mb-Øn\v s]mXp-hmb 3 Dw taJ-em-Sn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ 16 Npa-X-e-Ifpw D≠v. \nIpXn ]ncn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw Kma-]-©m-bØv/

tIm¿∏-td-j≥/ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-Iƒ°v amX-am-Wv.

Ãvm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-Iƒ

hnhn[ Npa-X-e-Iƒ°mbn Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v ]©m-bØv cmPv

\nb-a-Øn¬ hyh-ÿ-bp-≠v. 1999˛se t`Z-KXn \nb-a-]-Imcw Kma-˛-tªm°p ]©m-b-

Øp-Iƒ°v [\-Imcyw, hnI-k-\w, t£a-Imcyw F∂nßs\ aq∂p-hoXw Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-

‰n-Ifpw Pn√m ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°v ta¬]d-™h IqSmsX s]mXp-a-cm-a-Øv, Btcm-Kyhpw

hnZym-`ym-khpw F∂nh IqSn tN¿Øv A©v Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-Ifpw D≠m-Ipw. 2000

HIvtSm-_¿˛1 \v \ne-hn¬ h∂ \nb-a-]-Imcw Hcp ]©m-b-Ønse F√m AwK-ßfpw

GsX-¶nepw Hcp IΩn-‰n-bn¬ AwK-am-bn-cn-°pw. sshkv]-kn-U‚ v [\-Im-cy-I-Ωn-‰n-

bpsS sNb¿am-\m-Wv. ]kn-U‚ v F√m IΩn-‰n-bnepw AwK-am-Wv.

ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fn¬ Ãm‚nwKv IΩn‰n Pn√m ]©m-b-Øn-te-Xp-t]m-se-X-s∂-bm-Wv.

tIm¿∏-td-j≥ `c-W-k-an-Xn-bn¬ \K-cm-kq-X-Ww, \nIpXn/A∏o¬ Imcy-߃ F∂o

c≠p IΩn-‰n-Iƒ IqSn-t®¿Øv 7 Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-I-fp-≠v.

A[ymbw Bdvvvv

A[n-Imcw P\-߃°v

95Pn√m Bkq-XW kanXn

Hmtcm Xt±-i-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw `q]-c-amb ]cn-[nbpw kmº-ØnI ]cn-[nbpw ]cn-an-X-

am-bn-cn-°mw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]e-t∏mgpw H∂n-e-[nIw ÿm]-\-߃ tN¿∂p-sIm-≠p≈

]≤-Xn-I-fpsS Bkq-X-Whpw GtIm-]-\hpw Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cpw. CØcw ]iv\-߃ ]cn-

l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Pn√ H∂m-bp≈ hnI-k-\--]-h¿Ø-\-߃ GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈

thZn F∂ \ne-bn-emWv Pn√m Bkq-X-W-k-anXnsb ImtW-≠-Xv. ]mT-`m-KsØ Ipdn∏v

Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn-°-s´. Bh-iy-amb Iq´n-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ Bhmw.

]h¿Ø-\w˛9

Pn√m Bkq-XW kanXn

Pn√m ]©m-bØv ]kn-U‚ v A[y-£\pw Pn√m Ie-IvS¿ sNb¿am-\p-am-Wv. Hmtcm

Kma ]©m-bØpw Kma-k-`-bpsS \n¿t±-i-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-

Iƒ Xøm-dm°n Hcp tIm∏n Pn√m Bkq-XW kan-Xn°v \¬Ip-∂p. AXns‚ ]I¿∏v

_‘-s∏´ tªm°p-]-©m-b-Øn\v \¬Ip-∂p. Ch ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v tªm°p-]-©m-b-

Øns‚ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Xøm-dm°n Hcp tIm∏n Pn√m Bkq-XW kan-Xn°pw ]I¿∏v Pn√m

]©m-b-Øn\pw \¬Ip-∂p. Pn√m ]©m-b-Øv, tªm°p ]©m-b-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ ]≤-Xn-

Iƒ IqSn ]cn-K-Wn®v Pn√m ]©m-b-Øns‚ hm¿jnI ]≤Xn Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw Pn√m

Bkq-XW kan-Xn°v \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fpw tIm¿∏-td-j\pw CXp-t]mse hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Xøm-dm°n

Pn√m Bkq-XW kan-Xn°v t\cn´v \¬Ip-Ibpw AwKo-Imcw t\Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 10 Xt±-i-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw hcp-am-\hpw

]h¿Ø\ \n¿t±iw : ]©m-bØv/ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n/tIm¿∏-td-j\n¬ \¬Ip∂ \nIp-Xn-

Iƒ GsX-√msa∂v At\z-jn®v hcm≥ \n¿t±-in-°mw. cio-XvsIm-≠p-h-cm≥ Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬

AXp-am-Imw. eLp-N¿®bv°v tijw ]mT-`m-Kw Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn-°-s´.

$ GsX√mw \nIpXnIfmWv ASbv-°p-∂Xv?

$ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ IqSmsX Fs¥√mw hcp-am-\-am¿K-ß-fm-Wv Xt±-i- -c-W-ÿm-]-\-߃°p-

≈Xv?

$ Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]-\-Øn\p e`n-°p∂ \nIpXn Fßs\ sNe-h-gn-°p-∂p.

$ \nIpXn/^okp-Iƒ ]ncn-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬ hcp∂ ]bm-k-߃

apI-fn¬ sImSpØ Imcy-߃ hni-Z-am-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ Hcp tNmZym-hen Xøm-dm°n sXm´-

SpØ Xt±-i - -cWÿm]-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øp-I. CXn\v Hcp kwLsØ

Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬aXn.

$ CtXm-sSm∏w Ign™ kmº-ØnI h¿jsØ Xt±-i --`-c-W-ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ hnhn[

C\-ß-fn-ep≈ hcp-am-\w, sNe-hp-Iƒ Chbpw tiJ-cn-°-Ww.

$ XpS¿∂v e`n® hnh-c-߃ ¢m n¬ hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.

$ Xt±-i -`-cWÿm]-\-Øns‚ hcp-am-\w, sNe-hp-Iƒ Ch kw_-‘n® [mc-W-Iƒ Ip´n-

Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

96 kwi-b-\n-hm-c-W-Øn\v ]©m-bØv skI-´dn/\ntbm-Kn-°p∂ Bƒ ˛ Bbn A`n-ap-Jhpw

\S-Ømw.

tImUo-I-cWw

Xt±-i- `cWÿm]-\-Øns‚ hc-hp-sN-e-hp-I-sf-∏‰n [mcW e`n-°¬.

d -d≥kv _p°v

1. tIcf ]©m-bØo cmPv \nb-a-ßfpw N´-ßfpw

tem _p°vkv ˛ Fd-Wm-Ipfw

2. tIcf ap\n-kn-]m-en-‰okv BIvSpw N´-ßfpw

tem _pIvkv ˛ Fd-Wm-Ipfw

3. ]©m-b-Øo-cm-Pns‚ Xncp-ap-‰Øv

io. cmPp \mcm-bW kzm-an˛ sF.-F.-Fkv

4. ]©m-bØv hnI-k\ ssKUv˛ 2008

Xt±i kzbw`cW hIp-∏v.

$

7. \mSv hcbv°mw

]iv\taJe : hniz-am-\-h≥ F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv cq]s∏SmØ Ahÿ

D]-]iv\w : $ `q]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Isf hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn¬ t•m_v, `q]Sw

F∂n-h-bpsS ]¶v Xncn-®-dn-bm-\m-hmØ Ahÿ

]T-\-e-£y-߃ : $ `qanimkvX-]-T-t\m-]m-[n-Iƒ F∂ \nebv°v t•m_v, `q]Sw F∂n-h-

bpsS ]m[m\yw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\v.

$ t•m_v, `q]Sw F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn®v `q-]-c-amb hnh-c-ßsf hni-I-e\w

sNøp-∂-Xn-\v.

$ Cu kt¶-X-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v `q]c-amb Bi-b-ßsf ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-

Xn-\v.

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99BapJw

Ip´n-Iƒ°v Xs‚ Np‰p-]m-Sn-s\-°p-dn®v hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°pI F∂Xv s]mXpsh Ffp-∏-

am-bn-cn-°pw. F∂m¬ Hcp ]tZ-i-Øns‚ cq]-tcJ hc-®p Xbm-dm°p-∂-Xv AX Ffp-∏-am-

bn-cn-°n-√. Ip´n-Iƒ \mev, A©v ¢mkp-I-fn¬ tIc-f--Øn-s‚bpw C¥y-bp-sSbpw `q]-S-߃

]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. `q]-S-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ Ip´n-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ -]m-Y-anI [mc-W-

Iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. Xs‚ ]tZ-i-Øns‚ cq]-tcJ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\pw hnhn[ `q]-S-߃

]cn-tim-[n®v tXmXv F∂ Bibw hy‡-am-°p-∂n\pw Dt±-in-®mWv Cu A[ymbw Xbm-

dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

Hcp ]tZ-isØ sI´n-S-߃, ac-߃, tdmUp-Iƒ XpS-ßnb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Nn”-ß-

fpsS klm-b-tØmsS hmbn-s®-Sp-°m\pw hc-bv°m\pw D≈ A\p-`hw Ip´n-Iƒ°v Cu

]mT-Øn-eqsS e`n-°-Ww. Cu ]]-©-Øn¬ Xs‚ ÿm\w Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw AS-bm-fs∏Sp-

Øm-\p-ap≈ Ign-hp-t\Sp-∂-tXmsS hniz-am-\-h≥ F∂ k¶¬∏-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn

kzmwio-I-cn-°m≥ Ip´n°v km[y-am-hpw. Xt‚-Xp-t]mse a‰p-≈-h¿°pw Ah-c-h-cp-tS-Xmb

ÿm\-ap-s≠∂ Xncn-®-dnhv `mhnPohn-X-Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Gsd ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Spw. "hniz-

am-\-hs\∂ Imgv-N-]mSv cq]s∏SmØ Ahÿ' F∂ kmaq-ly-]-iv\sØ Cu coXn-bn-

emWv ]mT-`m-KØv ssIImcyw sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv.

kvIqƒ cq]-tcJ

kvIqƒ cq]-tcJ hc-bv°m≥ Ip´n-I-tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p apºv kvIqfns‚ Np‰p-a-

Xn¬, sI´n-S-߃, Ifn-ÿ-ew, hy£-߃ apX-em-b-h-sb-°p-dn®v So®¿ ¢m n¬ kqNn-∏n-

t°-≠-Xm-Wv. kqtcym-Z-bw, kqcy-mkvX-a-bw, F∂o ÿe-߃ kqNn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Ing-°v,

]Sn-™mdv F∂nh Fhn-sS-bm-sW∂v Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°-Ww. Cu ]h¿Ø\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\mbn

Ip´n-Isf ¢mkv dqan\v ]pd-tØ°v hnSm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. `q]S-Øn¬ Zn°p-I-fpsS ]m[m-\yw,

sI´n-S-߃ XΩn-ep-f-f AI-ew, hen∏w F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ [mc-W-Iƒ Dd-∏n-°p-∂-

Xn\v th≠n-bmWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\sØ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv. XpS¿]-h¿Ø\w F∂

\nebv°v Xs‚ hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw CØ-c-Øn¬ hc-bv°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]mT--`m-KØp \¬Inbn-´p≈ kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hc® cq]-tcJ hne-bn-cp-Ø-

Ww. A©p-t]-cpsS Kq∏n¬ cq]-tc-J-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v sa®-s∏-´Xv ¢mkn¬ Nm¿´n¬

hc®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww.

¢mkvXe Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\ptijw cq]-tc-J-bn¬ Fs¥√mw hkvXp-X-Iƒ CXn¬ hcptØ-

≠-Xp≠v F∂ N¿® \S-Ø-Ww. N¿®-bn¬ D≠mb Bi-b-߃ So®¿ _n._n. bn¬

tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.

$ AXn¿Øn-Iƒ hy‡-am-Wv.

$ ][m\ sI´n-S-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v

$ Zn°p-Iƒ ImWn-®n-´p-≠v.

$ sI´n-S-߃ XΩn-ep≈ AI-ew, hen∏w F∂nh Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p-≠v.

¢mkvXe tImUo-I-c-W-tijw Xs‚ cq]-tcJ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂--Xn\v i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-

߃ t\m´p-_p-°n¬ Fgp-X-s´. ¢mkvXe tImUo-I-c-W-am-bn-cn°pw Ip´n-bpsS t\m´p-_p-

°n¬ D≠m-hp-I. tImUo-I-c-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Bh-iy-amb Iq´n-t®¿°-ep-I-

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

100 tfmsS ]pXnb cq]-tcJ Ip´n-Iƒ hc°-s´. XpS¿∂v Ip´n-Iƒ hc® cq]-tc-Jsb ]mT-`m-

KØp \¬Inb cq]-tc-J-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNø-Ww.

]mT-`m-KsØ cq]-tcJ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ]pkvX-I-Ønse tNmZy-߃ D]-tbm-K-

s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. CXneqsS Zn°v, Zni F∂n-h-bpsS hyXym--k-Øn-tebv°v Ip´n-bpsS i≤ hc-

Ww.

CStØm hetØm

]mT-`m-K-Øn¬ sImSp-Øn-´p≈ ]h¿Ø\w ¢m nse F√m-Ip-´n-Iƒ°pw Ah-kcw In´-

Ø° hn[-Øn¬ \S-Øp-hm≥ ian-°-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ \n¬°p∂ ÿm\hpw Zn°p-ambn

_‘-s∏-Sp∂ ]c-am-h[n tNmZy-߃ Ip´n-I-sf-sIm-≠p-X∂ tNmZn-∏n-°p-Ibpw DØcw Is≠-

Øp-Ibpw thWw. jmln\ GXv `mK-tØ°v Xncn-™mepw Zn°p-Iƒ°v am‰w hcp-∂n√

F∂pw. F∂m¬ he-Øp-`m-KØpw CS-Øp-`m-KØpw \n¬°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ amdn hcm-sa-∂p-

ap≈ [mcW Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS Ip´n-I-fn-se-Ø-Ww.

sX°pw hS°pw

CStØm hetØm F∂ ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn AjvS-Zn-°p-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn Cu ]h¿Ø\w D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ip´n-I-fpsS ÿm\w

t\m´p-]p-kvX-I-Øn-te°v ]I¿Øn. ]´nI ]qcn-∏n-°-Ww.

\nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ F´p-Zn-°p-Ifpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-tØ≠ kµ¿`-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-

Ww. CØcw kµ¿`-ß-fpt≠m F∂v Ip´n-I-tfmSp tNmZn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. XpS¿∂v kvIqƒ

hf-∏nse ac-Øns‚ (at‰-sX-¶nepw hkvXp-°tfm) ÿm\w ]d-bm-\m-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXp-

t]mse \mep-aq-e-Ifpw hymJym-\n-°m-\-hkcw \¬Im-hp-∂-Im-Wv.

hS-°p-t\m-°n-b¥w

Zn°v a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \Ωƒ ]e- am¿§-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-s≠-¶nepw Zn°v

\n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v hS°pt\m-°n-b-¥-Øns‚ D]-tbmKw ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂-XmWv

Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Dt±iyw. hS-°p-t\m-°n-b¥w D]-tbm-Kn®v kvIqƒ sI´n-Sw, ac-

߃ F∂n-h-bpsS Zn°p-Iƒ Is≠-Øm-\p≈ Ah-kcw Ip´n-Iƒ°v \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.

]I¬ ka-b-ß-fn¬ Ing°pw ]Sn-™mdpw kqcys\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Is≠-Øm-\m-hpw.

F∂m¬ sX°pw hS°pw Fß-s\-bmWv Xncn-®-dn-bpI F∂ ]iv\w Ip´n-IfpsS apºn¬

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww. s]mXp-hmbn kzoI-cn-°p∂ Nne coXn-Iƒ ]d-b-s´.

$ Ing-t°m´v A`n-ap-J-ambn \n¬°p∂ Ip´n-bpsS heXphiw sX°pw CS-Xp-hiw hS-°p-

am-bn-cn-°pw.

$

hS-°p-t\m-°n-b¥w F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-kcw

\¬IWw.

sa®-s∏-SpØn hc® cq]-tcJ Zn°pIƒ IrXy--am-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ tai-∏p-dØp hc-°-s´.

AXn-\p-ap-I-fn¬ hS-°p-t\m-°n--b¥w h®v cqt]-J-bnse Zn°p-Iƒ IrXy-amtWm F∂p

hne-bn-cp-Ø-s´. (kb≥kv em_n¬ hS-°p-t\m-°n-b¥w e`y-am-Wv)

A[ymbw Ggv

\mSv hcbv°mw

101BZy-Ime `q]-S-߃

]mT-`m-KØv X∂n-´p≈ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ hmbn®v ap≥Ime P\-hn-`m-K-߃°v q]Sw Fs¥ms°

]tbm-P-\-ß-fmWv D≠m-°nbsX∂ N¿® ¢mkv ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \SØn ][m\ Bi-

b-߃ _n._n. bn¬ tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.

FX Zqcw

Ip´n-I-tfmSv GsX-¶nepw Hcp hkvXp-hns‚ NnXw hc-°m≥ Bh-iy--s∏-Sp-∂p. (DZm:˛ Im¿,

_kv, t_m¿Uv) kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw hkvXp-°sf bYm¿∞ hen-∏-Øn-em-bn-cn°n√ hc-®n-

´p-≠m-hp-I. NnX-Øn¬ \n∂pw hkvXp-hns‚ bmYm¿∞ hen∏w Xncn-®-dn-bm-\m-hp-∂pt≠m

F∂ tNmZy-ap-b¿Øp-∂p. bYm¿∞ hen∏w Cs√-¶nepw cq]w a\- n-em-°m≥ NnXw

klm-bn-°p-∂p. CsX-ßs\ km[y-am-hp∂p? Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-c-h-cpsS A`n-]mbw ]d-b-s´.

Cu ]iv\sØ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v \¬In-bn-´p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-amWv ]mT-`m-KsØ "FX

Zqcw' F∂ `mKw.

Cu ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Ip´n-bn¬ cq]-s∏-tS≠ Bi-b-w ""tXmXp-]m-en-

®mWv `q]Sw Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xv F∂-XmWv.''

]h¿Ø-\-߃ sNbvX-Xn-\p-tijw So®¿ tImUo-I-cn-°-≠-XmWv ]mT- m-KØv t_mIvkn¬

\¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

Af-∂p-h-c-bv°mw

Ip´n-Iƒ kz¥w ¢mkvap-dn-bpsS cq]-tcJ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hc-°s-´. AXn¬ kz¥w

ÿm\hpw hkvXp-°fpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øs´. GXm-\pw-t]¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.

$ cq]-tc-J-bn¬ ¢mkns‚ hmXnepw Ip´n-bpsS ÿm\hpw IrXy-X-tbmsS a\-kn-em-hp-

∂pt≠m?

$ ªm°vt_m¿Upw Ip´n-bpsS ÿm\hpw XΩn-ep≈ AIew FX-tØmfw IrXy-X-bp≠v?

$ Imdpw _kpw hc-®-Xn¬ \n∂pw cq]-tcJ hc-®-t∏m-gp≈ hyXymkw F¥v?

ta¬tNm-Zy-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ XpS¿∂v ¢mkvapdn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-´p-

≈-Xp-t]mse tXmXv ]men®v NnXo-I-cn-°p-I.

tImUo-I-cWw

tXmXv ]men®v Xøm-dm-°p∂ NnX-Øn¬ c≠p ÿm\-߃ XΩn-ep≈ bYm¿∞ Zqcw/

AIew I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p. Cßs\ tXmXv ]men®v hc® `q]-S-Ønse c≠p

_nµp-°ƒ XΩn-ep≈ AI-ew c≠p ÿesØ bYm¿∞ AI-e-Øn\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-am-

bn-cn-°pw.

]mtZ-inI `q]Sw

Ip´n-Iƒ BZyw hc® cq]-tc-J-bn¬ ac-߃, InW¿ F∂n-hbv°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Nn”-

߃ sImSp-°p-hm-\m-h-iy-s∏-SpI. AXn-\p-tijw ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ sImSpØn´p≈ ]mtZ-

in-I-`q-]-S-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ Nn”-߃ hni-I-e\w sNøp-hm-\p≈ Ah-kcw

sImSp-°-Ww. Ahbv°v ]Icw \¬Im-hp∂ Nn”-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ Xs∂ Is≠Øn t\m´p-

]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

102

8. A[-zm\w kºØv

]iv\taJe : A[zm-\-tijo hnIm-k-Øns‚ A`mhw

D]-]iv\w : $ ]c-º-cm-KXsXmgn¬taJe t\cn-Sp∂ oj-Wn, Ah ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈

am¿K-߃ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v [mc-W-bn-√m-bva.

]T-\-e-£y-߃ : $ ]c-º-cm-KXsXmgn¬taJ-e-I-fn¬ Adn-hp-I-fpsS ssIam-‰-sØ-°p-dn®v

At\z-jn®v Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Xt‚-Xmb coXn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-

∂-Xn-\pw.

$ AXmXv ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]c-º-cm-KXsXmgn¬taJe cq]-s∏-Sm-\n-S-bmb

kml-N-cy-߃ hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn\pw kaq-l-Øn¬ sNep-Ønb

kzm[o\w Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\pw.

$ Xs‚ ]tZ-isØ ]c-º-cm-KXsXmgn¬ taJ-e-I-fpsS XI¿®-bv°n-S-

bm-°nb kml-Ncyw At\z-jn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.

$ ]c-º-cm-KXsXmgn¬taJ-e-Iƒ kmaq-ly-am-‰-Øn\v A\p-kr-X-ambn \ne-

\n¿tØ-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v.

$ a\p-jy-hn-`-hti-jn-bpsS ]c-am-h[n D]-tbmKw hnI-k-\-Øn\v th≠n

D]-tbm-K-s∏-SptØ-≠-Xm-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.

$ ]mtZ-in-I-ambn e`y-amb hn`-h-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-Khpw sXmgn-e-h-k-c-

ß-fpsS krjvSnbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.

$ ]c-º-cm-KXsXmgn¬taJ-e-bn¬ imkvX-km-t¶-XnIt\´-߃ ^e-]-

Z-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØnbmep≈ t\´-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.

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A[ymbw F v

A[-zm\w kºØv

105BapJw

hnhn[ sXmgn-ep-I-sf°p-dn®pw, sXmgn-ens‚ al-X-z-sØ-°p-dn®pw ap≥¢m-kp-I-fn¬ Ip´n-

Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. A[zm-\-ti-jn-bpsS ^-e-]-Z-amb hn\n-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS kmaq-lnI

]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw F∂ [mcW Ip´n t\Sn-bn-´p-≠v. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn \ne-

\n∂p t]mcp∂ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ, A[-zm-\-tijn GXp hn[-Øn-emWv ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂Xv F∂m-Wv Cu ]mT-Øn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

a\p-j-y≥ \mtSm-Sn-kw-kvImcw hn v Irjnbpw A\p-_‘ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn Iq -tØmsS

Xma-kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXp apX¬ AXp-hsc C√m-Xn-cp∂ ]e Bh-i-y-ßfpw ]pXp-Xmbn

h∂p tN¿∂p. Irjn∏Wn, Im¿jnI hn -h-߃ tiJ-cn-°¬, Ah-bpsS hnX-c-Ww, ]pXnb

Im¿jnI D]-I-c-W-߃ \n¿Ωn-°¬ F∂nh A°q-´-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. Xs‚ A-[-

zm-\-tijn amX-am-bn-cp-∂p Hmtcm ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚bpw ASn-ÿm\w. Hmtcm ]h¿Øn-

°pw \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\pw th≠ kmt¶-XnI ⁄m\w ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v Is≠-Øp-I-bm-bn-

cp-∂p. D≈-Xns\ ]pXp-°m-\p-ff a\p-j-ys‚ tijnbpw as‰mcp ][m-\-L-S-I-am-Wv. tKmXß-

fpw, Ipe-ßfpw, h¿§ßfpw, PmXn-Ifpsa√mambn amdnb-t∏mgpw t\Snb Adn-hp-I-fpw,

\n¿amW coXn-Ifpw ssIhn-Sm-Xn-cp-∂p. s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øns‚ Bhi-y-߃°\p-k-cn®v

]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw \n¿amW ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXpsIm≠mWv a\p-

j-y≥ A[-zm-\-tijn hn\n-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. X\n-a-bm¿∂-Xpw ]mtZ-in-I-ambn hnI-kn-®p-h-

∂-Xp-amb kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-I-fmWv Hmtcm \n¿amW ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv.

Cu A[-zm-\-ti-jnbpw kmt¶-Xn-IhnZy-Ifpw Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏n\v FX-amXw

klm-b-Iam-bn-cp∂p F∂pw C∂v CXns‚ Ahÿ F¥mWv F∂o Imc-y-ß-fpamWv ]mT-

`m-KØv N¿® sNøp-∂-Xv. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn \ne-\n∂p t]mcp∂ ]e- sXm-gn-ep-I-fp-ap-≠v.

Pohn-X-co-Xn-bn¬ h∂ am‰w CXn¬ ]e-Xn-s\bpw ]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-®n-´p-≠v. C°q-´-

Øn¬ AXn-Po-h\ km[-y-X-bp≈h GsX-√m-am-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ip´n°v Ign-b-Ww.

]c-º-cm-K-X-sXm-gn-ep-I-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn\v GXp coXn-bn-emWv CS-s]-Sm≥ Ign-bpI

F∂ \n¿t±-i-߃ apt∂m-´p-sh-°m≥ Ip´n°v IgnbWw. B[p-\nI imkvX kt¶-XnI

t\´-߃ Fßs\ ]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bn¬ ]tbmP\-s∏-SpØmw F∂ Kth-

jW Nn¥ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ ]mT-`mKw Dt±-in-°p-∂p-≠v. ]-c-º-cm-KX sXmgn-en-t\m-Spw

sXmgn-em-fn-I-tfmSpw _lp-am\w D≈hcmbn Ip´n-Iƒ amd-Ww. Npcp-°-Øn¬ ]c-º-cm-KX

hy-h-km-b-߃ kwc-£n-°m≥ Xm≥ Dƒs∏--Sp∂ kaqlw i≤n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v F∂pw, CXn-

\mbn Xs‚ Pohn--X-ssi-en-bn¬ Xs∂ am‰-߃ hcp-ØWw F∂pap≈ ImgvN-∏m-SmWv

Ip´n-bn¬ hnI-knt°-≠-Xv. ]c-º-cm-K-X-sXm-gn¬ taJ-e-bpsS kwc-£-W-Øn\v k¿°mcpw

CXc GP≥kn-Ifpw sNøp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Ip´n°v Xncn®-dn-bm≥ Ign-b-Ww. PohnX

kµ¿ -ß-fp-ambn \nc-¥cw _‘n-∏n-®p-sIm≠pthWw ]mT- mKw Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°-≠Xv. tIc-

f-Øns‚ ap°nepw aqe-bn-epw ]e-Xcw ]mc-º-c-y-sXm-gn-epI-fn¬ G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-h¿ [mcm-

f-ambn Ds≠-∂n-cns° At\-z-j-Wm-flI ]T-\m-\p-`hw Hcp-°p-∂-Xn\v henb ]bmkw

t\cn-Sp-I-bn-√.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 1

Ib¿ taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘s∏´ GXm\pw NnX-߃ ImWn®psIm≠mWv ]mT-`mKw Bcw-

`n-°p-∂-Xv. XpS¿∂p hcp∂ tNmZ-y-Øn-t\mSv Ip´n-Iƒ ]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂p. Ib¿ taJ-e-bp-

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

106 ambn _‘-s∏´v InS-°p∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-ep≈ Ip´n-Iƒ°p-am-Xta t\cn´v A\p-`-h-ap-≠m-hp-

I-bp≈q AXn-\m¬ CXn\v A\p-_-‘-ambn Xmsg ]d-bp∂ tNmZ-y-߃ IqSn tNmZn-°p-

∂Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn°pw

$ \ΩpsS ]tZ-iØv a\p-j-ym-[-zm\w amXw (b¥k-lm-b-an-√m-sX) D]tbmK-s∏-SpØn

sNøp∂ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ Dt≠m?

$ a¨]m-X-\n¿Ωm-Ww, Ccp-ºp-]Wn, kz¿Æ-∏-Wn, s\bvØv, ]∏-S-\n¿Ωm-Ww, sXßv˛-

]\ sNØv, Ip´˛h´n s\bvØv, Hme-°p-S-\n¿ΩmWw, Iip-h≠n taJ-e-bnse sXmgn¬,

a’yw ]nSn-°¬, ]mb˛]p¬∏mb \n¿Ωm-Ww, -C-ßs\bp≈ taJ-e-bn¬ tPmen sNøp-

∂-h¿ \ΩpsS ]tZ-i-Øpt≠m?

Cu tNmZ-y-߃ t\cn´v A\p-`-h-ap≈ Imc-y-߃ ]d-bm≥ Ip´n°v t]c-W-\¬Ipw. ]mT-`m-

K-Øn-te°p≈ ]t-h-in-Ibmbn Cu tNmZ-y-߃ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ aXn. NnX-ß-

fpsS km[-yX ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn Cu Imcy-ßfpw

N¿®sNøp-∂p.

$ Fs¥√mw D]-I-c-W-ß-fmWv CØcw sXmgn-en¬ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv?

$ Dev]∂-߃ Fs¥-√m-aWv?

$ sXmgn¬ime-bpsS kz-`m-h-sa¥v?

Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]Xn-I-cn-°m≥- A-h-kcw \¬Ip-∂p. Ip´n-I-fpsS ]Xn-I-c-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ ]c-º-cm-K-X, sNdp-InS hy-h-km-b-߃ Fs¥∂v tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 2 aÆv ]m-X-am-hp-tºmƒ

]c-ºm-c-KX sXmgn-ep-Ifn¬ ]tbm--P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \mS≥ kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-Isf Ip´n-

Iƒ°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu `mKw- Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p-≈Xv. Nne ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬

C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p∂ CØcw kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-Iƒ Fs¥ms°sb∂pw Ah GtXXp

taJ-e-I-fn-emWv ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv F∂pw At\-z-jn-®p-I-s≠-Øm≥ Ip´n°v Ah-

k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww. ]mT-`mKw hmbn-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬Inb tijw Ip´n-Iƒ°v Adn-bm-

hp∂ CØcw kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-Iƒ N¿® sNøp-∂p.

^o¬Uv Sn∏v

hnZ-ym-ebw ÿnXn sNøp∂ ]tZ-iØv a¨]mX \n¿Ωm-W-im-e-bp-s≠-¶n¬ Ip´nIƒ°v

Ahn-tS°v Hcp ^o¬Uv Sn∏v kwL-Sn-∏n-°-Ww. a¨]m-X-\n¿am-W--Øns‚ hnhn[ L´-

߃ t\cn´v a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v CXv D]-I-cn-°pw. ^o¬UvSn∏v \S-Ønb tijw I≠-Im-

c-y-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ Ipdn-∏mbn Fgp-Xp-∂p.

kmt¶-XnI hnZ-ybpw Adnhpw

H∂ne[nIw D]I-c-W-߃ Iq´ntbmPn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v a\p-j-ym-[-zm-\sØ eLq-I-cn-°m≥

Xbm-dm-°p∂ D]-I-c-W-߃ \ap°v ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Adn-

hns\ kmt¶-XnI hnZy F∂p hnfn-°mw. DZm. sh≈w tXhm-\p≈ tX°p-Ip-´, Ipi-

hs‚ NIw, sIm√s‚ De, Fen-s°-Wn.

F√m Adnhpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Z-y-I-f-√, ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn ssIamdn hcp∂ tIhe hnh-c-

ß-fm-Wn-h. kz¿Æw shfp-∏n-°m≥ Ddp-h-©n-°mb D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xpw, kz¿Æw hnf-

°m≥ Ip∂n-°pcp∏i D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw Adnhp amX-am-Wv.

A[ymbw F v

A[-zm\w kºØv

107sXm≠n¬ \n∂v Ib-dn-te°v

]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bn¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-I-fpw, Adn-hp-

Ifpw Fs¥m-s°-sb∂v Cu `mKØv hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.

t\csØ a¨]mX \n¿ΩmW ime-bn-te°v \S-Ønb ]T-\-b-X-bn¬ Is≠-Ønb

Imc-y-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]d-bm≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p. Xp-S¿∂v ]mT-`mKw Ip´n h-y-‡n-K-X-

ambn hmbn-°p-∂p.

]mT-`m-KØv ImWn-®n-´p≈ tNmZ--y-ßtfmSv ]XnI-cn-°m≥ Ip´n°v Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p.

\mS≥ kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v \n¿Ωn-°p∂ Dev]-∂-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ hy-‡n-K-X-

ambn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. XpS¿∂v HmtcmcpØcpw C°q-´-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Dev∏-∂-

߃ t\sc SnIv CSp-∂p. s]mXp-hmbn N¿® sNbvXv tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

]c-º-cm-KX coXn-bn¬ Xbm-dm-°p∂ Dev]∂-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \mw hnap-JX

ImWn-°p-∂Xv F¥p sIm≠v F∂ tNmZ-y-Øn-t\mSv Ip´n-Iƒ ]XnIcn-°p-∂p.

X\n-a-bm¿∂Xpw ]IrXn kulr-Z-]-c-hpamb CØcw Dev]∂-߃ D-]-tbm-Kn-°pI F∂Xv

\ΩpsS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. ]c-kv]cw Bi-bn®p Pohn-®n-cp∂ a\p-j-y-k-aq-l-

Øns‚ X∂n-te°v IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ HXp-ßpI F∂ ]p-Xnb kz- m-h-Øns‚bpw ]pXnb

D]-t`m-K-co-Xn-bp-sSbpw ^e-amWv CØcw Dev]∂-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ aSn. Cu coXn-

bn¬ N¿® tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.

]h-¿Ø\w˛ 3

hnhn[ ]c-º-cm-K-X-sXm-gn-ep-I-fpsS NnX-ß-fmWv XpS¿∂v sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu NnX-

߃ Ip´n-Iƒ kq£-a-ambn \nco-£n-°p∂p. Fs¥√mw Imc-y-ß-fmWv Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-

bp-∂Xv?

$ a\p-j-ym-[-zm\w amXw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Hmtcm sXmgnepw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv.

$ X\n-a-bm¿∂ sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-W-ß-fmWv ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.

$ ]Ir-X-ym-bp≈ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°-fmWv D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.

$

]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn-ep-I-fp-ambn _-‘s∏´ IqSp-X¬ NnX-߃ amkn-I-Iƒ, ]Xw F∂n-

hn-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂v tiJ-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu Nn-X߃ tN¿Øv ¢mkv Xe-Øn¬ Npa¿Nn-

X-∏-Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

]c-º-cm-K-X-sXm-gn¬ taJ-e-bnse ]c-kv]-cm-i-b-Xzw

]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn¬ taJe ]c-kv]cw Bi-bn®p sIm≠mWv \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv F∂v

hkvX \n¿-Ωm-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v ImWn-®n-´p≈ NnX-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ a\ n-em-

Ipw. \q¬ hkvXambn amdp-∂Xphsc-bp≈ ]In-b-Iƒ NnX-Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS

Ip´n-Iƒ ]d-b-s´.

]c-ºm-c-KX sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bnse Cu Iq´m-bvasb°pdn®v Ip´n-Ifn¬ [mc-W-bp-≠m-°p-

∂-Xn-\mWv NnX-hpw XpS¿∂p hcp∂ ]mT-`mKhpw e£yw sh°p-∂-Xv.

Xs‚ ]tZ-isØ ]c-º-cm-KX sXmgnte¿s∏-Sp-∂-h-cn¬ CØcw Ip´m-bva-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-

∂pt≠m? F∂ At-\-z-j-Ww \S-Øp-hm≥ Ip´n-I-tfmSv Bh-i-y-s∏-Smhp-∂-XmWv.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

108 \q¬h-kvX-ambn amdp-∂p

]cp-Øn-bn¬ \n∂pw hnhn[ Xcw \qep-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-s®-Sp-°p∂p Cu \qep-Iƒ Bh-i-y-

ap≈ Nmbw ap°n-sb-Sp-°p-∂p. Nmbw ap°nb \q¬ shbn-eØv sh®v DW-°n-sb-Sp-°p-

∂p. bm¥-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v DW-°n-sb-Sp-°p∂ coXn-bpw \ne-hn-ep-≠v. DW-°n--sb-Sp-

°p∂ \qep-Iƒ dm´v (N¿°, NIw) D]-tbm-Kn®v \√n-bn¬ (\q¬ Np‰p-∂-Xn\v acw

sIm≠v \n¿Ωn® D]-I-c-Ww) Np‰n-sb-Sp-°p-∂p. Cßs\ \q¬ Np‰nb \√n-Iƒ tN¿Øv

sh®v ]mhv Np‰p-∂p. ]mhp Np‰p∂Xn\v acw-sIm≠v \n¿Ωn® ]tX-yI D]-I-cWw D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. ]mhv Np‰n-sb-SpØ tijw CXv a§-Øn-te°v (X-dn, eqw) am‰n HmSw

(j´n¬) D]-tbm-Kn-®v XpWn -s\-bvsX-Sp-°p∂p. XpWn-I-fn¬ B-h-i-y-amb Unssk≥

cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv XdnI-fn¬ D≈ ]tX-yI kwhn[m\w D]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv. Xd-nbn¬ D]-

tbm-Kn-°p∂ HmS-Øn¬ hnhn[ \nd-Øn-ep≈ \q¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv hy-X-ykvX \nd-ß-

fn-ep≈ XpWn-Iƒ s\øp-∂-Xv.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 5 Atßm-f-an-tßmfw

tIc-f-Øn¬ hnhn[ Pn√-I-fn-embn hym-]n-®p-In-S-°p∂ ]c-ºm-c-KX hy-h-km-b-߃ GsXm-

s°-sb∂v Is≠-Øp∂Xn\pw Xs‚ ]tZ-i-Øp≈ ]c-ºm-c-K-X-h-y-h-km-b߃ IqSn Iq´n-

t®¿Øv `q]Shpw ]´n-I-bpw hnIkn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-amWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w sIm≠v e£-y-am-

°p-∂-Xv.

Ip´n-Isf Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xncn-®p-sIm-≠mWv ]h¿Ø\w \S-tØ-≠-Xv. `q]-S-Øn¬ ImWn-

®n-´p≈ ]c-º-cm-K-Xhy-h-km-b-߃ GsXms° Pn√-I-fn-emWv hym-]n®pInS-°p-∂Xv F∂v

Is≠Øn ]´nI ]q¿Øn-I-cn-°p-∂p. `q]-S-Øn¬ ImWn-®n-´p≈Xn\p-]p-dsa AXm-Xp-]-tZ-

iØv \ne-\n¬°p∂ ]c-º-cm-KX hy-h-km-b-߃ ]tX-yI AS-bmfw D-]tbmKn®v `q]-S-

Øn¬ tN¿°p-Ibpw Ah ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]h¿Ø\w XpS¿∂v \¬Im-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv.

]c-º-cm-KX sXmgnepw ]-c-º-cm-K-X-h-y-h-km-bhpw

]c-º-cm-K-X-sXm-gnepw, hy-h-km-bhpw XΩn¬ hy-X-ym-k-ap-≠v. kaq-l-Ønse hyXykvX

Bh-i-y-߃ \nd-th‰p∂Xn\p th≠n ]tX-yI Pm-Xn-Iƒ°v sXmgn-ep-Iƒ hn`-Pn®p

\¬In-bn-cp-∂p. Xm¬]-c-y-an-s√-¶nepw Cu sXmgn-ep-Iƒ sNøm≥ _‘-s∏´ PmXn-

bn¬s∏´-h¿ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Hme-°p-S-\n¿am-Ww, XpWn s\bvØv, a¨]m-X-

\n¿am-Ww, ac-∏-Wn, tem-l-∏Wn F∂nhsb√mw CØcw Ipe-sØm-gn-ep-I-fmbn hnI-

kn-®p-h-∂-h-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-km-b-߃ Hcp ]tZ-isØ Hcp Iq´w

Bfp-Iƒ H∂n®p sNbvXp-h-cp∂ sXmgn-ep-I-fm-Wv. CXv ]tX-yI kaq-Zm-b-Øns‚ amXw

sXmgn-ep-I-f-√. Ib¿, s\bvØv, Iip-h≠n F∂n ]c-ºm-cm-KX sXmgn-cp-Iƒ C°q-´-

Øn¬s]Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. D]-Po-h-\-am¿K-ambn Cu sXmgnepIsf D]-tbm-Kns∏Sp-Øm≥

IqSp-X¬ Bƒ°m¿ Xbm-dm-b-tXmsS Ch ]c-º-cmK-X-hy-h-km-b-ambn hf-cp-I-bm-bncp∂p.

Icp-s∏´n (]\w N°-c)

]\-bpsS ]q¶pe ]tX-yIw ]cp-h-s∏-Sp-Øn aq¿®-bp≈ IØn D]-tbm-Kn®v hrØm-Ir-

Xn-bn¬ NoIn-am-‰p-∂p. NpÆm-ºp-tX® a¨IpSw apdn-hm-bn¬ sI´n-sh-°p-∂p. ]\-bn¬

\n∂v hogp∂ \ocpw NpÆmºpw tN¿∂v D≠m-°p∂ anin-X-amWv A°m-\n. Cu ]m\obw

XIc ]mX-Øn¬ Acn-s®m-gn®v Db¿∂ Dujvam-hn¬ NqSm-°p-∂p. Cßs\ Ipdp-°n-sb-

Sp-°p∂ ]m\obw ]tX-yI A®p-I-fn-sem-gn®v XWp-∏n-°p-∂p. \∂mbn XWp-Ø-tijw

A®n¬ \n∂pw ]\w N°c Cf°nsbSp-°p-∂p.

A[ymbw F v

A[-zm\w kºØv

109]\wI¬°≠w

A°m\n D]-tbm-Kn®p Xbm-dm-°p∂ Dev]-∂-amWv CXv. A°m\n hnkvXm-cta-dnb XI-

c-]m-X-Øn¬ Acns®mgn°p-∂p. Db¿∂ Dujvam-hn¬ NqSm°n Ipdn-°n-sb-Sp°p∂

]m\obw Zo¿L-hr-Øm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ ]mX-Øn¬ ap°m¬ `mKw hsc \ndbv°pw. Cu

]mX-Øn-\p-≈ne s\SpsIsh®n- p≈ s^bnan¬ [mcmfw \q¬sI- n-bn-cn-°pw. apIƒ`mKw

\∂mbn aqSn-s°´n ]mXw Cf°w X´m-Ø-co-Xn-bn¬ sh°p-∂p. 45 Znhkw Ign-bp-tºm-

tg°pw Inì cq]-Øn-ep≈ ]\w I¬°≠w \qen¬]‰n-∏n-Sn-®n´p-≠m-hpw. ]pd-sØ-Sp-

°p∂ I¬°≠w ip≤-P-e-Øn¬ Igp-Ip-∂p. kqc-y-]-Im-i-Øn¬ DW-°n-sb-Sp-°p∂p.

]\w-I¬°≠w \√ Huj-[-Kp-W-ap-≈-Xm-Wv.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 6 `q]Sw \ndbv°mw

Pn√-bpsS q]-S-Øn¬ Xs‚ ]tZ-isØ ]c-º-cm-K-X-h-y-h-km-b-߃ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 7

tIc-f-Øns‚ kz¿Æ-\q¬ F∂ ]mT-`mKw hmbn-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse

][m\ ]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn-embn Ib¿ hy-h-km-bw amdn-bXv Fßns\ F∂pw Ib¿

taJe ][m\ hy-h-km-b-ambn hnI-kn®p hcp-∂-Xn\v CS-bm-°nb `q]-c-amb Imc-W-߃

Fs¥m-s°-sb∂pw Cu `mKØv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-K-X-h-y-h-km-b-

߃ hnI-kn®ph∂-Xn\v `q-]-c-amb Imc-W-߃ Fs¥m-°-bm-sW∂v At\-z-jn-®-dn-bp-∂-

Xn\v Ip´nsb ]m]vX-bm-°pI F∂-XmWv Cu ]mT- mKw sIm≠v Dt±-in-®n- p-≈-Xv. IqSmsX

Ib¿h-y-h-km-b-Øn-eqsS tIcfw ssIh-cn-®n-´p≈ kmº-ØnI t\´w Ip´n- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-

∂p. ]c-º-cm-KX hy-h-kmbw tIc-f-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI cwKØv sNep-Øp∂ kzm-[o\w

a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Ip´n°v Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.

tIc-f-Ønse `q-]-c-amb Fs¥√mw ]tX-yIXI-fmWv Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ hy-h-km-b-ß-fpsS

hf¿®°v klm-b-I-am-bn-Xo¿∂Xv? F∂ tNmZ-y-Øn-t\mSv Ip´n ]Xn-I-cn-t°-≠Xv CXn-\p-

apºv a\- n-em-°nb ]mT-`m-K-ß-fpsS IqSn- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv

$ Irjn°v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb Imem-hÿ

$ CjvSw t]msebp≈ Pem-i-b-߃

$ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°-fpsS e`-y-X.

$ hnim-e-amb h\-]-tZ-i-߃

$ aÆns‚ ]tX-y-I-X.

Cu Imc-y-ß-sf√mw Ip´n-I-fp-ambn N¿® sNøp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ F√m ]c-º-

cm-K-X-h-y-h-km-b-ß-sfbpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠mWv N¿®-\-S-tØ-≠-Xv. XpS¿∂v Ip´n-Iƒ

tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn¬ taJe t\cn-Sp∂ ]iv\-߃ F∂-Xns\°pdn®v hy-

‡n-K-X-ambn Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°p-∂p. Adn-hns‚ \n¿Ωm-W-Xew F∂ taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-

s∏-SpØn Ipdn-∏p-Isf hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.

A\-y-am-Ip∂ ]c-º-cm-KX taJ-e, Imew amdn ioew amdn, A-[-zm\w amXw an®-am-Ip-∂-h¿

F∂o-]m-T-`m-K-߃ hy-‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

110 ]c-º-cm-KX taJ-e-t\-cn-Sp∂ ]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ Ip´n°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-b-Ww. CXp adn-

I-S-°p-∂-Xn\v \n¿t±-i-߃ apt∂m-´p-sh-°m\pw, Nne ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Gs‰-Sp-°m\pw

Ip´n°v Ign-b-Ww. Cu Imcy-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww Ipdn-∏p--Iƒ hne-bn-cp-

tØ-≠-Xv.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 8 amdn-h-cp∂ D]-t`mKioe-߃

Kq∏v ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w \S-tØ-≠-Xv.

\ΩpsS amdn-h∂ D]-t`m-K-io-e-߃ ]c-º-cm-KX taJ-e-bpsS XI¿®°v GsX√mw hn[-

Øn-emWv CS-bm-°n-bn-´p-f-fXv? ]cn-lm-c-߃ Fs¥ms°?

Cu tNmZ-y-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]mT`mKØns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNbvXv

Imc-W-߃ Is≠-Øp-∂p. XpS¿∂v Kq∏p-I-fpsS Ah-X-cWw. ]iv\-߃ Xncn-®-dn-™v

]cn-l-c-W-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb \ne]mSp-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ°v apt∂m-´p-sh-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww.

Ah-X-c-W-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬ A[-ym-]n-I-bpsS tImUo-I-cWw D≠mth≠-Xp≠v. ]cn-k-c-ku-

lr-Z-]-c-am-bXpw AXn-Po-h\-km-[-y-X-bp-≈-Xp-amb ]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn-ep-Iƒ \ne-\n¬t°-

≠-Xp-≠v. [mcmfw t]cpsS D]-Po-h-\-am¿§-am-b-Xpw, tIc-f-Øns‚ kº-ZvL-S\-bn¬ kzm-

[o\w sNep-Øp-∂-Xp-amb ]c-º-cm-K-X-sXm-gn-ep-Iƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v \ap-t°-h¿°pw

DØ-c-hm-Zn-X-z-ap-≠v.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 9 k¿°m¿ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ

]c-ºm-cm-KX sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bn¬ kl-I-c-W-kw-L-ß-fp-sSbpw Kh¨sa‚ns‚bpw CS-

s]-S¬ F∂ ]mT-`mKw hmbn-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p. Im™n-tcmSv s\bvØv kl-I-c-

W-kw-L-Øns‚ amXr-I-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p∂ kl-I-c-W-kw-L-߃ Xs‚ ]tZ-iØv

Dt≠m F∂v Ip´n At\-z-jn-°-s´. kl-I-c-W-ta-J-e-bnse DtZ-ym-Kÿ\pambn A`n-apJw

\S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ kµ¿`w Hcp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ta-J-e-bnse kl-I-cW

kwLß-fn¬ sXmgn-se-Sp-°p-∂-h-scbpw hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn\v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-

Xm-Wv.

¢Ã¿ ao‰nw-Kn¬ CØcw ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS ]´nI Xbm-dm-°p∂ ]h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-∂Xv

KpW-I-c-am-hnt√?

CØcw ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS ]h¿Ø\w sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Fs¥√mw t\´-ß-fmWv D≠m-

°p-∂Xv? A`n-ap-J-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°-s´. Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-

°p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-amb N¿®m kqN-I-߃ NphsS sImSp°p∂p.

$ kwL-t_m-[-tØmsS sXmgn-se-Sp-°m≥ Ah-kcw e`n-°p-∂p.

$ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°-fpsS e`-yX Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.

$ Dev]∂߃°v hn]-Wn-e-`n-°p-∂p.

$ \ym-b-amb Iqen ÿnc-ambn e`n-°p-∂p.

$ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v s]≥j≥, t£a-\n[n, NnIn¬km B\p-Iq-e-y-߃ Ch e`n-°p∂p.

$ sXmgn¬ kwc-£-Ww-˛-sXm-gn¬ B\q-Ip-e-y-߃ F∂nh e`n-°p-∂p.

]c-º-cm-KX taJ-e-bnse A[-zm\tijn ]tbmP-\-s∏-SpØn kaq-l-y-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v D]-bp-

A[ymbw F v

A[-zm\w kºØv

111‡-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ kl-I-c-W-kw-L-߃ henb ]¶p-h-ln-°p-∂p≠v F∂ Xncn-®-dnhv Ip´n°v

D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 10

kmt¶-XnI hnZy ]c-º-cm-KX taJ-e-bn¬ F∂ ]mT-`mKw hy-‡n-K-X-hm-b-\°v \¬Ip∂p.

XpS¿∂v tNmZ-yw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ ]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bn¬ B[p\nI imkvX-km-t¶-XnI t\´-߃ D]-tbm-K-

s∏-Sp-ØpI hgn Fs¥√mw am‰-ß-fmWv D≠m-hp-∂-Xv.

hmb-\m°p-dn-∏ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ tNmZ-y-Øn-t\mSv ]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂p.

klmb kqN-I-߃

$ A[-zm-\-`mcw eLq-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ IqSp-X¬ Dev]∂-߃ D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ Dev]∂-߃ hne Ipd®v \¬Im≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

$ IqSp-X¬ ]q¿Æ-X-bp≈ Dev]∂-߃ D≠m°nsbSp-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

]Xn-I-c-W-Øn\p tijw Hcp Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°-s´.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 11

]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Ip´n-Iƒ t\Snbn- p≈ Adn-hp-I-fpsS sXfn-

hp-Iƒ ]tZ-in-I-ambn Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ t]mPIvSv ]h¿Ø-\-amWv CXv. Hmtcm ]tZ-

iØpw ]c--º-cm-K-X-sXm-gn-en¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂ [mcmfw sXmgn-em-fn-Isf ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Ch-cp-ambn A`n-apJw \S-Ønbpw, sXmgn-en-S-߃ kµ¿in®pw hnh-c-߃ ti-J-cn-°-Ww.

Ip´n-Isf Kq∏p-I-fm-bn- Xn-cn-°p-∂p. Xmsg ]d-bp∂ taJeIfp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]T-\-amWv

Hmtcm Kq∏pw \S-tØ-≠-Xv.

$ Hmtcm ]tZ-i-Øp-ap≈ ]c-ºcm-K-X-sXm-gn-ep-Iƒ.

$ FX-t]¿ Cu sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p?

$ D≈h ]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn¬ amX-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-I-bmtWm? GsX-¶nepw taJe

hy-h-kmbambn hf¿∂n-´pt≠m?

$ Fs¥√mw kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-I-fmWv D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv?

$ ]≠p-≠m-bn-cp∂ kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y AXpt]mse ]n≥Xp-S-cp-I-bm-tWm. AtXm am‰-

߃ hcpØnbn´pt≠m?

$ Fs¥√mw D]-I-c-W-ß-fmWv Hmtcm-sXm-gn-en\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv?

$ kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-Ifpw, Adn-hp-Ifpw GXp coXnbnemWv ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv?

$ ]c-ºm-cm-KX sXmgn-en¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ Fs¥√mw ]bm-k-ß-fmWv t\cn-Sp-∂-Xv?

$ ]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn¬ apJy Poh-t\m-]m-[n-bmtWm? As√-¶n¬ F¥p-sIm≠v?

$ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂pw, CXc GP≥kn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Gs¥√mw klm-b-߃ e`n-°p-

∂p-≠v?

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

112 $ k¿°m¿ kl-bsØ°pdn®v FX-amXw Adn-bmw?

$ Cu taJe sa®s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Fs¥-¶nepw \n¿tZ-i-߃ apt∂m-´p-sh-°m-\pt≠m?

$

tNmZ-y-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn t^m¿am‰v Xbm-dm-°m≥ Hmtcm Kq∏n\pw Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p.

XpS¿∂v At\-z-jW ]h¿Ø-\w \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]mc-º-c-m-KX taJ-e-bn¬ sXmgn-se-

Sp-°p-∂-hsc ¢mkn-te°v sIm≠p-h∂v A`n-ap-J-Øn\v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°mw. sXmgn-en-S-߃

t\cn´v kµ¿in®pw hnh--c-ti-J-cWw \S-Ømw. Hmtcm Kq∏pw _‘-s∏´ taJ-e-bnse

tNmZ-y-߃ D∂-bn®v hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øp-∂p. XpS¿∂v tiJ-cn-®-hn-h-c-ßsf ASn-

ÿm--\-am°n "Fs‚ \m´nse ]c-º-cm-K-X-h-y-h-km-b-߃' F∂ skan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-

∂p. Hmtcm Kq∏pw Ah-cpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Isf skan-\m¿ t]∏¿ cq]-Øn¬ Xbm-dm-°p-

∂p. skan-\m-dns‚ Ah-X-c-W-Øn¬ Hmtcm Kq∏n\pw Hmtcm taJe hn`-Pn®p \¬Ip-∂Xv

IqSp-X¬ hy‡hpw Bg-Øn-ep-ap≈ Ah-X-c-W-Øn\v klm-b-I-am-hpw. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬

Cu taJ-e-sb Xmsg ]dbpw ]Imcw hn`-Pn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

a. AXmXp ]tZ-isØ ]mc-ºcysXmgn-ep-Iƒ

b. ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy

c. t\cn-Sp∂ ]bm-k-߃

d. k¿°m¿ CXc GP≥kn-Iƒ sNøp∂ klm-b-߃

e. kaqlw F¥p-sN-øWw ˛ A`n-]m-b-߃

]h¿Ø\w 12

kmaq-l-y-imkvX ¢_ns‚ B`n-ap-J-y-Øn¬ ]c-º-cmKX Dev]-∂-߃, sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-W-

߃ (kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-Iƒ, \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ, NnXw, Nm¿´v) F∂n-hsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n

]Z¿i\w kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$

9. tIc-f-kw-ÿm-\-cq-]o-I-cWw

]iv\taJe : kmwkvIm-cn-I-Ø-\n-a-sb-°p-dn®pw AXns‚ kzX-¥-hn-Im-k-sØ-°p-

dn-®pap≈ [mc-W-°p-dhv

D]-]iv\w : $ sFIy-tI-c-f-Øn-te°p \bn® cmjvSob]ÿm-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw

]t£m-`-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw [mc-W-bn-√mbva.

]T-\-e-£y-߃ : $ `q]S hmb-\-bn-eqsS sFIy-tI-c-f-Øn-\p-ap-ºp≈ `c-W-]-tZ-i-ß-sf-

°p-dn®v [mcW t\Sp-∂-Xn-\v.

$ e`y-amb hnh-c-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ cmP-`-c-W-sØbpw Ct∏m-

gsØ `c-W-co-Xn-tbbpw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂-Xn\v.

$ \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \S∂ Ah-Im-i-]-t£m-`-ß-sf-°p-dn®v [mc-W-cq-]o-

I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

$ tIcfkwÿm\cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-te°p \bn® kml-N-cy-ßsf Xncn-®-

dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.

$ h¿Ø-am\ImetIcfw t\tS≠ ]ptcm-K-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v Xt‚-Xmb \n¿t±-

i-߃ hbv°p-∂-Xn-\v.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

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A[ymbw HºXv

tIcf kwÿm\ cq]o-I-cWw

115kmaq-lnI \oXn°pw ka-Xz-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ t]mcm-´-Øn¬ F√m-bvt∏mgpw ap∂n-´p-\n-

∂n-´p≈ Hcp ]tZ-i-amWv \Ωp-tS-Xv. Cu t]mcm-´-ß-fneqsS cq]-s∏´ hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp

kmwkvIm-cnI A¥-co-£hpw AXns‚ kzX-¥-amb hnIm-khpw tIc-f-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-

X-IfmWv. F∂m¬ C∂sØ Xe-ap-dbv°v CXn-s\-°p-dn®p th≠X [mc-W-bn-√. CXv

tIc-f-Øns‚ apt∂m- p≈ ]bm-WsØ ]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-∂p-≠v. Cu ]Xn-k-‘nsb

adnIS°p-∂-Xn\pw tIc-f-Øns‚ ka-Im-en-Im-h-ÿsb Ncn-X-]›m-Ø-e-Øm¬ hne-bn-cp-

Øp-∂-Xn\pw Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ian°p-∂p.

kwÿm\w cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºp≈ tIcfw hnhn[ `c-W-]-tZ-i-ß-fm-bn-´mWv \ne-\n-

∂n-cp-∂-Xv. Ch ]n∂oSv tIc-f-ambn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂-Xn\v CS-bm-°nb ]t£m-`-߃, `cW

\S-]-Sn-I-ƒ, cmjvSob ]h¿Ø-\-߃ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v Ip´n°v [mcW D≠m-I-Ww.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n, ae-_m¿ ]tZ-i-ß-fnse c-W-co-Xn-Ifpw Ah P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¬°-

cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \S-Ønb P\-Iob ka-c-ßfpw hni-I-e\w sNø-s∏-S-Ww. CØ-c-Øn-

ep≈ \nc-h-[n-bmb ]t£m- -ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp-amWv B[p-\nI tIcfw

cq]-s∏-´Xv F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv Ip´n-bn¬ cq]-s∏-tS-≠-Xv. AtXm-sSm∏w hnhn[ taJ-e-I-

fn¬ tIcfw ssIh-cn® ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw h¿Ø-am\Ime -tI-cfw t\cn-Sp∂ ]iv\-ßsf

XcWw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§-ßfpw hna¿i-\-]-c-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm\pw \nK-a-\-߃

cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-am-I-Ww.

sFIy-tI-c-f-∏n-d-hn-°p-th≠n \S∂ ]t£m-`-ß-tfmSpw AXn\p t\XrXzw \¬In-b-h-

tcmSpw BZ-chp ]I-S-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ at\m-`mhw Ip´n-bn¬ D≠m-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. `mhn-bn¬

kmaq-ln-Im-h-iy-߃°v th≠n-bp≈ ]h¿Ø-\-߃°v t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-

Im-h-t_m[w ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Ip´n-bn¬ Dcp-Øn-cn-b-Ww.

BapJw

C¥y-bn¬ kzX-¥y-k-ac ]ÿm-\-tØm-sSm-∏w-Xs∂ hf¿∂p-h∂ Hcm-h-iy-am-bn-cp∂p

`mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww. C¥y kzX-¥-bm-btXmsS Cu

Bhiyw IqSp-X¬ i‡-am-bn. cmjvSob ]ÿm--\-ß-tfm-sSm∏w kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-

cnI cwK-ß-fn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂hbpw sFIy-tI-c-f-sa∂ Bibw D∂-bn-®p. Cu Ime-L-

´-Ønse ]X-ß-fpsS/B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fp-sS t]cp-Iƒ i≤n-°q.

tIcf ]XnI, tIc-f-cmPyw, ae-bm-f-\mSv, tIcfZ¿∏Ww, tIcf]©nI, ae-bmfn

Nne Ihn-Xm `mK߃ i≤n-°q.

tIc-f-sa∂ t]¿ tI´mtem Xnfbv°Ww

tNmc -\-ap°p Rc-ºp-I-fn¬ .........................

Pb Pb tIcf tImaf [cWn

Pb Pb amaI ]qPnX P\\n ...................................

t]a-Z-amIpw ]a-Z-h\w Xm≥

iymaf kpµ-c-sa-∂psS cmPyw

ae-b-P-kp-c-`ne amcp-X-t\¬°pw

ae-bmfw lm! amaI cmPyw

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

116 tIc-f-∏n-dhn Zn\-amb 1956 \hw-_¿ 1\v amXr-`qan Zn\-∏-Xw ]kn-≤o-I-cn® hnti-jm¬

]Xn-∏ns‚ apJ-]-kw-K-amWv ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv. hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]q¿W-

ambpw Is≠Øn ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Ip´n-Iƒ°v ckm--h-l-am-bn-cn-°pw. AXp-

t]mse tIc-f-∏n-dhn Zn\-Øn¬ a‰p ]X-ß-fn¬ h∂ hm¿Ø-Ifpw Ip´n-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°-s´.

Cßs\ tiJ-cn® hm¿Ø-Iƒ, NnX-߃, Ihn-X-Iƒ XpS-ßnbh Dƒs∏-SpØn sFIy-

tI-c-f-∏-Xn∏v Xøm-dm°mw. Ip´n-Iƒ ssIamdn hmbn-°s´

`q]-S-߃

tIcf kwÿm\ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-\p-ap-ºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n F∂o \m´p-

cm-Py-ß-tfbpw _n´ojv `c-W-Øn-em-bn-cp∂ aZmkv ]hn-iybpsS `mK-amb ae--_m¿ Pn√-

tbbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂-XmWv `q]-S-ß-fpsS e£yw. 1949¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ˛

sIm®n kwtbm-P\w \S-∂p. 1956 ¬ ae-_m¿ Pn√bpw IqSn Iq´n-t®¿Ø-t∏mƒ C∂sØ

tIc-f-am-bn.

$ Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS hoSv Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]tZiw tIc-f-∏n-d-hn-°p-apºv GXp ]tZ-i-Øm-

bn-cp∂p sh∂v (Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿/sIm®n/ae--_m¿)Is≠-Ø-Ww.

$ kvIqƒ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ ]tZ-ihpw CXp-t]mse Is≠-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ Nne-t∏mƒ hyXykvXamb c≠p-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hcp-∂-h¿ kvIqfn-ep-≠mIpw.

Ah Is≠-Øp-∂Xv ckm-h-l-am-bn-cn-°pw.

$ Ip´n-bpsS kmaq-lyimkvX ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ `q]-S-߃ hc-®p-tN¿Øv Hmtcm ]tZ-

iØpw hcp∂ C∂sØ Pn√-Iƒ Is≠-Øp∂ ]h¿Ø\w sNøWw.

P\-]-Xn-\n[n k -Iƒ ˛ A∂pw C∂pw

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ P\-]-Xn-\n-[n-k-`-sb-°p-dn-®mWv Cu `mKØv hnh-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. CXns\ tIc-f-Ønse Ct∏m-gsØ \nb-a-k-`-bp-ambn Ip´n-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNø-Ww.

$ GXp c-W-I-a-amWv IqSp-X¬ kzoIm-cy-am-bn- p-≈Xv? F¥p-sIm≠v? F∂ ]iv\w A[ym-

]nI D∂-bn-°-Ww.

$ ssIh-i-ap≈ kzØn-s‚bpw AS-bv°p∂ \nIp-Xn-bp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ thm´-h-

Imiw A\p-hZn-°p-∂Xv \ymb-amtWm?

$ kzØns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv C∂pw thm´-h-Im-i-sa-¶n¬ \nß-fpsS ]Xn-I-cWw

F¥m-bn-cn°pw?

Cu ]iv\-߃ Kq∏n¬ N¿®-sNbvXv tImUo-I-cWw \SØn ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-

hm≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.

thm -h-Im-i-Øn\p th≠n

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw- -Øn¬ Xs∂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ P\m-[n-]-Xym-h-I-mi-߃°p

th≠n-bp≈ ]t£m-`-߃ Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂p. kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n≈ A∂sØ

Znhm≥ cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-s°-Xnsc kztZ-im-`n-am\n ]X-Øn-eqsS cq£hna¿i-\-߃

\S-Øn. AXns‚ t]cn¬ 1911 ¬ At±-lsØ \mSp-I-S-Øn. 1922 ¬ P\-Io-bm-`n-]mbw

am\n®v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ \nb-a-k` sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-h¿°v `pcn-]-£-ap≈ Hcp P\-]-Xn-

\n[n k`-bm-°n. ]t£ thm´-h-Imiw Ic-sam-Sp-°p-∂-h¿°v amX-ambn ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-

A[ymbw HºXv

tIcf kwÿm\ cq]o-I-cWw

117b-Xn-\m¬ Cug-h, ap…ow, InkvXy≥ kap-Zm-b-°m¿°v Xp—-amb ]mXn-\n-[y-amWv e`n-®-

Xv. 1932 ¬ ioNnØncXncp-\mƒ ]Jym-]n® `cW]cn-jvIm-c-Ønepw P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-

I-ambn t\m°p-tºmƒ Cu kap-Zm-b-°m¿°v \ymb-ambn Int´≠ ko‰p-Iƒ e`n-°p∂ hn[-

Øn-em-bn-cp-∂n√ \ntbm-P-I-a-fie hn`-P-\hpw thm´-h-Im-ihpw \n¿W-bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Cu

kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Cugh˛ap-…ow-˛-In-kvXy≥ kapZm-b-߃ tbmPn®v kwbp‡ cmjvSob

kanXn cq]o-I-cn®v ]h¿Ø\w Bcw- n-®p. kn. tIi-h≥, ]n.sI Ip™v, F≥.kn tPmk^v

F∂n-h¿ t\XrXzw \¬In. Ah-Im-i-ß-fw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc \nb-a-k- -bn-te-°p≈ sXc-

s™-Sp∏p _ln-jv°-cn-°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. CXn\v Ah¿ \¬Inb t]cmWp "\nh¿Ø\

]t£m-w.'

hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eqsS Icp-Øn-te°v

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øns‚ XpS-°hpw hym]-\hpw ChnsS ]cm-a¿in-

°p-∂p. cmPm-°-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w InkvXy≥ anj-\-dn-amcpw hnZym-`ymk hym]-\-Øn¬ hln-

®n-´p≈ ]¶v kqNn-∏n-°-Ww. hnZym-`ymkw e`n-®-h¿ kmaq-lnI A\o-Xn-Iƒs°-Xn-scbpw

Ah-k-c-߃ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbpw \S-Ønb ia-߃°v Du∂¬ \¬I-Ww.

$ GsX-¶nepw Imc-W-Øm¬ hnZym-`ymkw \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ \ΩpsS kaq-l-Øn¬

C∂p-apt≠m F∂ hnjbw ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn N¿® sNø-Ww.

$ C∂sØ hnZym-`yk kº-Zm-bw, Xncp--hnXmwIqdnse hnZym-`ymk kº-Zm-b-hp-ambn

Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.

anj-W-dn-am-cpsS hnZym- ymk ]h¿Ø-\-߃

dmWn ]m¿∆-Xn-`m-bn-bpsS Ime-L-´-Øn¬ F¬.Fw Fkn\v (e≠≥ anj≥ skmssk-‰n)

\mK¿tImhnenepw kn.Fw.-F-kn\v (N¿®v anj≥ skmssk-‰n) tIm´-bØpw hnZym-`ymk

]h¿Ø-\-߃°p th≠ klmbw sNbvXp sImSp-Øp. Ah¿ BwK-e-`mjm ]T-\-Øn-

\p≈ kuI-cy-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. BZy-Ime kn.Fw.-Fkv anj-W-dn-am-cpsS Iq´Øn¬

_©-an≥ s_bven, t_°¿ F∂o t]cp-Iƒ ]tXyIw ]kvXm-hy-ß-fm-Wv. tIm´--bsØ

]i-kvX-amb t_°¿ satΩm-dn-b¬ kvIqƒ Ct±-l-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p. dh.-

sP.-Um-k¨ F∂ anj-\-dn a´m-t©-cn-bn¬ ÿm]n-®-XmWv sIm®n-bnse BZysØ hnZym-

e-bw. ae-_m-dn¬ ]m›mXy hnZym-`ymk ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ ][m\ ]¶v hln-®Xv _mk¬

Chm-©-en-°¬ anj-\m-bn-cp-∂p. _mk¬ Chm-©-en-°¬ anjs‚ ]h¿Ø-\-߃°v

t\XrXzw sImSp-Øn-cp∂ tUm.sl¿a≥ Kp≠¿´ns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ 1839 ¬ Xe-t»-cn-

bnepw 1848 ˛ ¬ I√m-bn-bnepw hnZym-e-b-߃ Bcw-`n®p. 1862 ˛¬ Xe-t»-cn-bn¬ ÿm]n-

X-amb _Æ≥ kvIqƒ ]n∂oSv k¿°m¿ Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw C∂sØ _Æ≥ tImtf-

Pmbn Db¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. F¬.Fw F nse sP.tdm-_¿´vkv Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv

BZysØ Cw•ojv hnZym-ebw ÿm]n-®p. Hcp h¿j-Øn-\Iw B hnZym-ebw His Highnessthe Maharaja's free school F∂ t]cn¬ 1835 ¬ kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ k¿°m¿ Gs‰-Sp-Øp.

1866 ¬ CXp tImtf-Pmbn Db¿Øn. AXmWv C∂sØ bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtf-Pv.

A¿l-am-bXv t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥

hnZym kº-∂-cm-b-h¿°v k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ß-fn¬ th≠X ]mXn-\n[yw e`n-®n-cp-∂n-√.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

118 Cu Ah-ÿ--bvs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ tcmj]-I-S-\-am-bn-cp∂p ae-bmfn satΩm-dn-bepw Cugh

satΩmdn-b-epw.

c≠p satΩm-dn-b-ep-Ifpw ¢mkn¬ ]q¿Æambpw hmbn®hX-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv, B Ime-L-´-

Ønse hnZym-k-º-∂-cmb XmW-Pm-Xn-°m--cpsS Ahÿ a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ D]-I-cn-°pw.

satΩm-dn-b-ep-I-fn¬ D]--tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ `mj ]tXyIw ]cm-a¿i hnj-b-am-I-Ww. ]P-I-

fpsS hnt[-bXzw mj-bn¬- BZy¥w ap‰n \n¬°p-∂p-sh∂ hkvXpX Ip´n-Iƒ°v X\nsb

Is≠-Øp-hm-\p≈ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. C∂v \mw \¬Ip∂ \nth-Z-\-ß-fp-ambn CXns\

Xmc-Xayw sNø-s´. \nth-Z-\-߃°v ]pdsa \man∂v kzoI-cn-°p∂ a‰p ka-c-ap-d-Iƒ GsXm-

s°-sb∂v Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. (satΩm-dn-b-ep-I-fpsS tIm∏n hmb-\bv°v

\¬I-Ww.)

$ kXy-K-lw $ [¿W

$ ]Wn-ap-S°v $ \ncm-lmcw

$

kwhmZw: hnhn[ P\-Io-bm-h-iy-߃ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-hm-\mbn \ΩpsS \m´n¬ \S-∂n-´p≈

ka-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v s]mXp N¿® \S-Ø-Ww. AXn-\p-tijw C∂p \S-°p∂ hnhn[ P\-

Iob ka-c-am¿§-ß-sf-°p-dn®p kwhm-Z-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-hm≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.

CXn-\mbn hnjbw Xocp-am-\n-°Ww ""P\-Io-bm-h-i-y-߃ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]k-‡-

a-√mØ ka-c-co-Xn-I-fpt≠m?'' F∂ ]iv\w ¢mkn¬ Ah--X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. D≠v F∂pw C√

F∂pw A`n-]m-b-߃ hcp-a-t√m. Cu c≠v hn`m-K-°msc c≠p `mK-Ømbn Ccp-Ø-Ww.

A\p-tbm-P-y-amb Hcp Ip´nsb tamtUtd‰dm°-Ww. c≠p hn`m-K-Øn\pw amdn amdn hmZ-

߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. tamU-td-‰-dpsS A`n-]mb ]I-S-\-Øn\p

tijw So®¿ kwhmZ N¿®s-b tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ N¿® sNøm-\n-S-bn-√mØ

`mK-߃ IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bm-IWw tImUo-I-c-Ww. ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\p tijw Hmtcm

Ip´nbpw hy-‡n-KX Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°-s´. hy-X-ykvXXbm¿∂ GXm\pw Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ ¢mkn¬

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.

$ \nh¿Ø\ ]t£m-`w, ae-bm-fn-sa-tΩm-dn-b¬, Cug-h-sa-tΩm-dn-b¬ XpS-ßnb Ah-Imi

ka-c-߃ \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ hnZym-`ymkw hln® ]¶v Ip´n-Iƒ N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v

Xøm-dm-°-Ww. hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI [¿Ωw Ip´n-Iƒ Xncn-®dn-bp-Ibpw AXn-

\p-th≠n ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ at\m-`mhw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.

ae-bmfn satΩm-dn-b¬

sI.]n. i¶-c-ta-t\m-\mWv Cu `oa l¿Pn cmPm-hn\v ka¿∏n-®-Xv. l¿Pn ka¿∏-W-Øn-

\p-tijw hS-°≥ ]d-hq¿ apX¬ \mK¿tIm-hn¬ hsc s]mXp-tbm-K-߃ kwL-Sn-∏n®v

l¿Pnbnse Bh-iy-߃ P\-ß-tfmSv hni-Zo-I-cn-®p. Cu \nth-Z-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb

]tXy-IX `mc-X-Øn¬ BZy-ambn PmXn-kw-h-c-W-Øn-\p≈ \nth-Z\w ae-bmfn satΩm-

dn-b¬ Bbn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu Iq‰≥ \nth-Z\w FgpXn Xøm#m-°nbXv kn.hn.-cm-

a≥]n-≈-bm-bn-cp-∂p. \nth-Z-\-Øns‚ ^e-ambn GXm\pw t]¿°v k¿°m¿ tPmen e`n-

®p. CsXm-gn-hm-°n-bm¬ Imcy-amb Ne-\-sam∂pw k¿°m-cn-ep-≠m-°m≥ \nth-Z-\-Øn-

eqsS km[n-®n√.

A[ymbw HºXv

tIcf kwÿm\ cq]o-I-cWw

119ae-bmfn satΩm-dn-b-ens‚ GXm\pw mK-߃

alm-cm-P-cm-P-am\y io ]fl-\m-`-Zmk h©n-£n-Xn-]m-eI _me-cm-a-h¿Ω Ipe-ti-J-c-

Ir-]m-]Xn ass∂-kp¬Øm≥ alm-cmP cma-cmP _l-Zq¿ jwtj¿PwKv Pn.Un.-F-kv.sF

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-cm-Pmhv Xncp-a-\- n-te°v Ahn-SpsØ al-Øz-Øns‚ apºn¬ Zb-

hmbn Xmsg H∏n-´n-cn-°p∂ Xncp-a-\- nse ]P-I-fmbn R߃ Atß-b-‰sØ _lp-

am-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn ASn-bn¬ ImWp∂ \nth-Z\w bmN-\m-]q¿∆w ka¿∏n-°p-∂p. Bh-iy-

ß-fpsS Xo£-W-X-b-\p-k-cn®v Xncp-a-\- n¬ \n∂v CXn\v ]cn-K-W-\bv°v i≤-bp-≠m-

I-W-sa∂ KmV-amb hnizm-k-tØm-sS-bmWv Aß-bpsS k¿°m-cn-s‚bpw Aß-bp-sSbpw

ssII-fn¬ CXv ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-ep≈ Aß-bpsS ]P-I-fn¬ ][m-\-s∏´ hn`m-K-ßsf _m[n-°p∂

Cu ZpxJw Rß-fn¬ Ipd-®p-t]¿ tN¿∂v \n¿_-‘-]q¿∆-amb bmN-\-tbm-Sp-IqSn Xncp-

a-\- nse Zb-]q¿W-amb i≤bv°v hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

kz¥w cmPy-Øp≈ c-W-Iq-S-Ønse tkh-\-Øn¬ A¿l-amb hnlnXw R߃ \ntj-

[n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp sIm≠pw Rßsf k¿ho-kn-ep≈ Db¿∂ XkvXn-I-I-fn¬ \n∂v hyh-

ÿm-]nX X¥-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-am-Wv...............................

............................................................................................................................................................................................

R߃ bmN-\m-]q¿∆w kzbw ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.

Xncp-a-\- nse `‡cpw Zmk-cp-amb ]P-Iƒ

sI.]n. i¶-c-ta-t\m≥ _n.F; _n.F¬

]Xn-\m-bn-cØn ap∏Øn Ggp a‰p ]P-Ifpw

Cugh satΩm-dn-b¬

ae-bmfn satΩm-dn-b-en-s\-t∏mse Zo¿Lhpw IW-°p-Iƒ hni-Zam-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂X√

Cugh satΩm-dn-b¬. tUm. ]ev]phmWv Cug-h-sa-tΩm-dn-b¬ Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv. Cug-

h¿°msI Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ Hcp k¿°m¿ kvIqƒam-X-amWv A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

k¿°m¿ hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ ]T\w \S-Øp-hm\pw k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ß-fn¬ kap-Zm-b-

Ønse tbmKy-X-bp-≈-hsc \nb-an-°m-\p-ap≈ At]-£-bmWv satΩm-dn-b-ens‚ D≈-S-

°w. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse A∂sØ cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ ioaqew Xncp-\mƒ cma-h¿Ω-bv°mWv

At]-£ ka¿∏n-®-Xv.

Cugh satΩm-dn-b-ens‚ GXm\pw mK-߃

io ]fl-\m-`≥ XpW,

s]m∂p Xºp-cm≥ Xncp-ap-ºmsI Xr∏mZw sIm≠v Iev]n®p ]cn-]m-en-®p-t]m-cp∂ ]P-

Ifpw AK-Xn-Ifpamb Xmsg-t]-sc-gpXn ssIsbm-∏n-´n-cn-°p∂ Cug-h¿ G‰hpw Xmgva-

tbm-Sp-IqSn Ibv°p-‰-∏mSv sNbvX Xncp-hp-≈-ap-W¿Øn-®p-sIm-≈p∂ k¶Sw

ASn-b-߃ kwÿm-\-sam-´p-°p≈ P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ A©n-sem-t∂m-f-ap-≈-hcpw ]c-º-c-

bmbn Xr∏mZß-fn¬ hfsc `b-`‡n hniz-k-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn cmPy-\o-Xn-Isf Iogvhgßn

acym-Z-bmbn Imew Ign-®p-t]m-cp-∂-hcpw cmPy-Øn\p kam-[m-\-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ Ime-ß-

fn¬ F√mw s]m∂p Xºp-cm-°-∑m¿°p th≠n ]mW≥ If-™n-´p≈ ]g-h-∑m-cpsS

k¥m-\-ßfpw Ct∏mgpw cmPy-t£a Imcy-ß-fmbn Irjn, ssIsØm-gn¬, I®-hSw apX-

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

120 em-b-h-bn¬ ]cn-i-an®v CXc PmXn-°m-sc-°mfpw k¿°m-cn\v apX¬°q- p-∂-h-cp-am-Ip∂p

F∂p≈ hmkvXhw ASn-b-߃ Xncp-hp≈apW¿Ønt® Xocp F∂n-√. F∂m¬

Kh¨sa‚n¬ \n∂pw ]P-I-fpsS t£a-Øn\pw A`n-hr-≤n-°p-ambn sNbvXp hcp∂

Nne kuI-cy-ßfpw klm-b-ßfpw ASn-b-߃°v C∂pw kn≤n-°p-∂-Xn\v kwKXn

Bbn-´n-√.

Cl-]-c-kp-J-߃°p \nZm-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂ hnZym- ymkw PmXn-t`Zw IqSmsX kIe ]P-

Iƒ°pw H∂p-t]mse kn≤n-°-Ø-°-hÆw Xncp-hp-≈-ap-≠mbn kwÿm-\-sam-´p°pw

]mT-im-e-Iƒ ÿm]n®p \S-Øn-h-cp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw ASn-b-ß-fpsS InSm-ßfpw ]Tn-Ø-

Øn¬ t]m’m-ln-∏n-t°≠ Kh¨sa‚ v C∂pw Ahsc an° ]mT-im-e-I-fnepw IS-

°m≥ kΩ-Xn-°msX \n¿±bw B´n-°-f-bp-I-bmWv sNbvXp-h-cp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ ASn-

b-ß-fn¬ hnZym-`ym-k-ap-≈-h¿ ]TnØ hnj-b-Øn¬ kIe kuI-cy-ap≈ CXc PmXn-

°m-tcm-sSmØp t\m°n-bm¬ hfsc tamihpw hnti-jn®pw C°m-esØ ]cn-jvIm-c-

Øn\v Bhiyw th≠-Xmb Cw•ojv ]TnØw D≈-h¿ Xosc Npcp-°-hp-am-Wv. CXn\p

ImcWw ]Tn-Ø-Øn\v kuI-cy-an-√mbva H∂p amX-a-√, hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ]tbm-P-\-

sa∂p km[m-cW P\-߃ hnNm-cn-®p-h-cp-∂Xpw hnZym-`ym-k-Øn¬ Ahsc ]tXyIw

t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-amb k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ß-fn¬ ASn-b-߃°v \nt»jw A¿l-X-bn-

s√∂p h®n-cn-°p-∂Xpw ][m-\-amb Hcp Imc-W-am-Wv. ................

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tÉv tIm¨K v

P\-Iob Bh-iy-߃ D∂-bn®p \S∂ hnhn[ ]t£m-`-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw In´nb Du¿÷-

amWv Hcp ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bn-te°v \bn-®-Xv. Ah-Im-i-߃ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥

kwL-SnX ]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS A\n-hm-cyX Ip´n-Isf t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

\nh¿Ø\ ]t£m-`-Øn-\p-ti-jw, 1932 ¬ io NnØnc Xncp-∂mƒ ]Jym-]n® `cW ]cn-

jvIm-c-Ønepw ]n∂m° kap-Zm-b-߃°v `c-W-Øn¬ th≠X ]mXn-\n[yw e`n-®n-√.

Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Cug-h, ap…ow, InkvXy≥ kap-Zm-b-߃ HØp tN¿∂v cq]o-I-cn-®-

XmWv kwbp‡ cmjvSob kan-Xn. kwbp‡ cmjvSob kan-Xn-bn¬ a‰p kap-Zm-b-ß-sf-

°qSn Dƒs∏-SpØn ]´wXmWp-]n-≈-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ 1938 ¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tÉv

tIm¨K v cq]o-Ir-X-am-bn.

]p∂] hb-em¿ kacw

1946 ¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Znhm-\m-bn-cp∂ kn.]n. cma-kzman Aø¿ kzX¥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿

hmZ-ap-∂-bn-®-Xns\ XpS¿∂mWv Iem]w Bcw-`n-®Xv "kzX¥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿' F∂-Xp-

sIm≠v Dt±-in-®Xv C¥y kzX-¥-am-bm¬ C¥y≥ bqWn-b-\n¬ tNcmsX Hcp kzX-¥-cm-

Py-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ XpScpw F∂m-Wv. P∑n-Xz-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ ka-chpw CtX kabw

Be-∏p-g-bn¬ \S-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-bmWv CXn\p t\XrXzw \¬In-

bn-cp-∂-Xv. Znhm≥ IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´nsb \ntcm-[n-®p. F∂m¬ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ IqSp-X¬

i‡-cm-Ip-Ibpw cmjvSob s]mXp ]Wn-ap-S°v Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ

hmcn-°p-¥-(apf-Iodn AXns‚ AK- mKw Iq¿∏n® GXm≠v F´Sn \of-ap≈ Bbp[w)hpambn

t]meokns\ t\cn-´p. t]meo-kns\ klm-bn-°p-hm≥ ]´m-f-hp-sa-Øn. ]´mf \nb-a-Øns‚

Adn-bn∏v k¿°m¿ hnam-\-Øn¬ tN¿Ø-e, Aº-e-∏p-g Xmeq-°n¬ hnX-cWw sNbvXp.

F∂m¬ Bcpw ]ncn-™p-t]m-bn-√. \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fmb a\p-jy¿°p t\sc kn.]n.-bpsS ]´mfw

\nd-sbm-gn-®p. GXm≠v aqhm-bn-c-Øn-e-[nIw t]¿ sIm√-s∏-´-Xmbn Icp-Xp-∂p. acn-®-h-sc-

sb√mw H∂n®v Hcp Ipf-Øn¬ Iq´n-bn´v s]tSmƒ Hgn®p IØn°pIbm-bn-cp-∂p. B Ipfw

A[ymbw HºXv

tIcf kwÿm\ cq]o-I-cWw

121C∂v Hcp Ip∂mbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. "shSn-°p∂v' F∂ t]cn-emWv CX-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

C¥y≥ kzmX-¥y-k-ac Ncn-X-Ønse Pzen-°p∂ \nW-a-Wn™ A[ym-b-amWv ]p∂] ˛

hb-em¿ ka-cw.

$ ]p∂] hb-em¿ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v ]T-\-bmX kwL-Sn-∏n®v hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øm-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ \nh¿Ø\ ]t£m-`w, satΩm-dn-b-ep-Iƒ, ]p∂] hb-em¿ kacw F∂nh Ip´n-Iƒ

CXn-\Iw ]cn-N-b-s∏- p. P\-Io-bm-h-iy-߃ t\SnsbSp-°p-∂-Xn¬ Cu ka-c-߃ hln®

]¶v Is≠Øn Ipdn∏p Xøm-dm-°p-I.

$ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ \S∂ ka-c-ß-fpw ]t£m`-ß-fp-w \S∂ Ime-I-a-Øn¬ Xøm-dm°n

¢m n¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-I.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse cmPm-°-∑m¿

t]cv `c-W-Imew

1. A\ngw Xncp-\mƒ am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω 1729 ˛ 1758

2. Im¿ØnI Xncp-\mƒ cma-h¿Ω ([¿Ω-cm-P) 1758 ˛ 1798

3. Ahn´w Xncp\mƒ _me-cma h¿Ω 1798 ˛ 1810

4. Bbneyw Xncp-\mƒ dmWn Kucn e£van `mbn 1810 ˛ 1815

5. DXr-´mXn Xncp-\mƒ dmWn Kucn ]m¿∆Xn `mbn 1815 ˛ 1829

6. kzmXn Xncp\mƒ cma-h¿Ω 1829 ˛ 1847

7. DXw Xncp-\mƒ am¿Ømfi h¿Ω 1847 ˛ 1860

8. Bbneyw Xncp\mƒ cma-h¿Ω 1860 ˛ 1880

9. hnimJw Xncp-\mƒ cma-h¿Ω 1880 ˛ 1885

10. ioaqew Xncp-\mƒ cma-h¿Ω 1885 ˛ 1924

11. ]qcmSw Xncp-\mƒ dmWn tkXp e£van `mbn 1924 ˛ 1931

12. io NnØnc Xncp-\mƒ cma-h¿Ω 1931 ˛ 1949

sIm®n ˛ ]Pm-a-fiew

1941˛¬ hn.-B¿ IrjvW≥ Fgp-Ø-—s‚ t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ sIm®n-bnse hnhn[ cmjvSob

I£n-I-fn¬ ]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-h¿ tbmKw tN¿∂v sIm®n cmP-y-]-Pm-a-fiew cq]o-I-cn-®p.

Chsc√m-h-cpw Xs∂ tIm¨K v A\p-`m-hn-Iƒ Bbn-cp-∂p. ]mb-]q¿Øn thm´-h-Imiw

hgn Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ AwK-߃ amX-a-S-ßnb \nb-a-k-`-tbmSv ]cn-]q¿W DØ-c-hm-

Zn-X-z-ap≈ k¿°m¿ cq]o-I-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p ]Pm-a-fi-e-Øns‚ e£yw 1946 BKÃv 17-

˛\p Ia-k-am-[m-\-]m-e-\hpw [\-Im-c-y-hp-sam-gnsI F√m-h-Ip-∏p-Ifpw P\-Io-b-a-¥n-am-¿°v

\¬In-s°m-≠p≈ ktµiw alm-cm-Pmhv \na-b-k-`bv°v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. CtX XpS¿∂v

]\-ºn≈n tKmhn-µ-ta-t\ms‚ t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ BZysØ P\-Iob a¥n-k` sIm®n-bn¬

A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂p. 1947 BKÃv 14 \v sIm®n alm-cm-Pmhv Hcp ]J-ym-]-\-Øn-eqsS

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

122 \nba--k-am-[m-\w, [\-Im-c-yw- F∂o hIp-∏p-Iƒ IqSn Znhms‚ \nb-¥-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw P\-

Iob a¥n-am-cpsS Iogn-em°n. CXn¬ ]Xn-tj-[n®v Znhm≥ kn.]n Icp-Wm-Im-c-ta-t\m≥

cmPn-sh®p. CtXmsS sIm®n-bn¬ Znhm≥ `c-W-Øn\v Ah-km-\-am-bn.

1948 ¬ apwss_-bn¬ tN¿∂ ]Pm-a-fi-e-Øns‚ Ãm‚nwKv IΩn-‰n-tbmKw kwL-S\ ]ncn-

®p-hn´v C¥-y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨K-kn¬ ebn-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. Xma-kn-bmsX Xncp-hn-

Xmw-Iq¿ tÉv tIm¨K pw eb-\-Xo-cp-am\w ssIsIm≠p.

$ Xncp-hnXmwIq¿ tÉv tIm¨K- nt‚bpw sIm®n cmP-y-]-Pm-a-fi-e-Øns‚bpw ]h¿Ø-

\-߃ Xmc-X-ayw sNøm\p≈ ]h¿Ø\w Ip´n-Iƒ°v \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.

_n´ojp-Im¿ t\cn-´p-`-cn® ae-_m¿

\nc-h[n \m´p-cm-P-y-ß-fmbn InS-∂n-cp∂ ae-_m¿ ]tZiw _n´o-jp-Im-cpsS `c-W-Øn≥

Iogn-emb kml-N-c-yw Cu ]mT-`m-KØv hni-Z-am-°-Ww. AtXm-sSm∏w kmam-PyØ A[n-

\n-th-i-Øn-s\-Xnsc \S∂ i‡-amb ka-c-߃ ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNø-Ww. ae-

_m-dns‚ hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bn¬ Inkv-X-y≥ anj-W-dn-am¿ hln® ]¶pw hne-bn-cp-Ø-

s∏-S-Ww.

1921 se ae-_m¿ Iem]w hS-°≥ tIc-f-Ønse it≤-b-amb Hcp ka-c-am-bn-cp-∂p.-

Xp¿°nbnse Jmen-^ns\ _n´¨ \njvIm-k\w sNbvX-Xn¬ ]Xn-tj-[n®p ap…ow t\Xm-

°fpw Ah-tcm-sSm∏w \n∂ Gd-\mSv, h≈p-h-\mSv ]tZ-i-ß-fnse ap…ow I¿j-I-cpw IpSn-

bm-∑mcpw tN¿∂mWv _n´ojv B[n-]-X-y-Øn-s\-Xnsc kacw kwL-Sn-∏n-®-Xv.

_mk¬ anjs‚ ae-_m-dnse ]h¿Ø-\-߃°v t\Xr-Xzw \¬In-bn-cp-∂Xv tUm. sl¿a≥

Kp≠¿´v Bbn-cp-∂p. 1839˛¬ Xe-t»cnbn¬ ÿm]n® hnZ-ym-ebw ]n∂oSv _Æ≥ tImtf-

Pmbn amdn. 1848˛¬ tImgn-t°mSv ÿm]n® hnZ-ym-ebw ]n∂oSv tImtf-Pmbn Db¿Ø-s∏-´p.

1920˛ Itfm-Sp-IqSn ae-_m-dn¬ [mcmfw kzImcy kvIqfp-Iƒ \ne-hn¬ h∂p. 1921 ˛¬ aZn-

cmin k¿°m¿ sIm≠p-h∂ \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v Hmtcm Pn√-bnepw Hmtcm hnZ-ym- -ymk Iu¨kn-

ep-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn-\mbn ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-

Xn\pw ]pXnb kvIqfp-Iƒ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\pap≈ \n¿t±-i-߃ ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Cu

Iu¨kn-ep-Iƒ°v A[n-Imcw \¬In. CtX Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Xs∂ kz-Im-cy kvIqƒ amt\-

P¿am¿°v [\-k-lmbw \¬Ip-hm≥ th≠n k¿°m¿ Km‚ v˛C≥-˛-FbvUv tImUv ]J-ym-

]n-®p. sh≈n-bmgvN Ah-[n-bmb \nc-h[n am∏nf kvIqfp-Iƒ Ct∏mgpw ChnsS ]h¿Øn®p

hcp-∂p.

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n, ae-_m¿ ]tZ-i-ßfn¬ tIc-f-∏n-d-hn-°p -apºp \S∂ cmjvSob

kmapZm-bnI ]t£m- -ßfpw hnZ-ym- -ymk cwK-Øp-≠mb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-amWv Cu A[ym-

b-Øn¬ CXp-hsc N¿® sNbvXv. Cu aq∂p `q]-tZ-i-ß-fn-sebpw ]t£m-`-ßsf Dƒs∏-

SpØn "sFI-y-tI-c-f-'cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-\p-ap-ºp-≠mb ]t£m-`-ßfpw Ah tIcf kaq-l-Øn-

ep-≠m-°nb am‰-ß-fpw' F∂ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°Ww

$ `c-W-sØ P\-Io-b-am-°m≥ \S∂ ia-߃.

$ Ah-Im-i-߃ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn kwLw tNtc-≠-Xns‚ Bh-i-y-IX.

$ hnZ-ym- -ymkw D≠m-°p∂ kmaq-lnI am‰w F∂o LSI-߃°v ]m[m-\yw \¬In-bmWv

Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xv.

A[ymbw HºXv

tIcf kwÿm\ cq]o-I-cWw

123C¥-y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨K pw tIc-fhpw

tIc-f-Øn¬ \ne-hn¬ ]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ cmjvSob ]m¿´n-Iƒ GsX-√m-sa∂v

Hcp N¿® ¢mkn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-°-Ww. CXn¬ ]e cmjvSob ]m¿´n-Iƒ°pw h¿j-ß-

tfmfw ]h¿Øn® ]m-c-º-c-y-ap-≠v. CØcw ]ÿm-\-߃ \S-Ønb ]t£m-`-ß-sfbpw

kac-ß-tfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xns‚ mK-am-bmWv ""C-¥-y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨Kkpw tIc-

fhpw'' F∂ `mKw hmb-\bv°v \¬tI-≠-Xv.

Xncp-hnXmwIq¿˛sIm®n kwtbm-P\w

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿-˛-sIm®n kwtbm-P-\w, sFI-y-tI-c-fw, ae-bm-fn-Iƒ, `mjm-kw-ÿm-\-߃

F∂o Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn-°-Ww.-A-Xn\p tijw "tIc-f-∏n-dhn" F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬

Hcp eLq-hn-h-cWw Kq∏n¬ Xbm-dm-°p-hm≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp-I. `mjm ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈

kwÿm-\-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]tbm-P-\-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

$ kmwkvIm-cnIamb H∂n-°¬

$ `cW \n¿∆-lWw Ffp-∏-am-°¬

$ sFI-y-t_m[w

$

tIcf kwÿm-\-cq-]o-I-cWw

tIc-f-Øn¬ C∂v P\m-[n-]-Xy-`-cW coXn-bmWv \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. tIc-fsØ 140 \nb-a-k-

`m-a-fi-e-ß-fmbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu afi-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw `qcn-]-£m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

sXc-s™-Sp-°s∏Sp-∂-h-cmWv Fw.F¬.F am¿. Ch¿ AwK-ß-fmb k`-bmWv \nb-a-

\n¿amW k`. kwÿm-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb \nb-a-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ k`-bm-Wn-Xvv. 5 h¿j-

Øn-sem-cn-°¬ \nb-a-\n¿am-W-k-`-bn-te°v sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-°pw. PmXn-˛-a-X-˛-enwK t`Z-

at\y GsXm-cmƒ°pw \nb-a-k-`-bn-te°v a’-cn-°mw. kzX-¥-cm-bpw, cmjvSob ]m¿´n-

bpsS t]cnepw ap∂-Wn-bpsS t]cnepw C∂v hy‡n-Iƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ a’-cn-°p-∂p.

]´n-I-Pm-Xn-˛-]-´n-I-h¿K hn`m-K-°m¿°v \nb-a-k-`-bn¬ ]mXn-\n[yw Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Nne

afi-e-߃ B hn`m-K-°m¿°mbn ]tXyIw kwh-cWw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. 18 hbkv

]q¿Øn-bmb GsXmcp hy‡nbv°pw C∂v thm´-h-Im-i-ap-≠v.

tIc-f-Ønse BZ-ysØ a¥n-k`

1957 s^_p-hcn ˛ am¿®v amk-ß-fn-emWv tIc-f-Ønse BZ-ysØ s]mXp sXc-s™Sp∏v

\S-∂-Xv.

¢mkv ˛ BdvA[ym-]Iklmbn

124 a¥n-amcpw hIp-∏p-Ifpw

1. Sn.-F.- a-PnZv s]mXp-a-cm-aØv

2. tPmk^v ap≠-t»cn hnZ-ym-`-ym-kw, kl-I-cWw

3. sI.-kn. tPm¿÷v `£-yw, h\w

4. Sn.-hn.-tXm-akv sXmgn¬, Sm≥kvt]m¿´v

5. tUm. F. B¿. tat\m≥ Btcm-Kyw

6. kn. A®p-X-ta-t\m≥ [\-Im-cyw

7. sI. B¿. Kucn dh-\-yq, FIvsskkv

8. hn. B¿. IrjvWø¿ \nb-aw, Ce-IvSn-kn‰n

9. sI.]n tKm]m-e≥ hy-h-kmbw

10. ]n.-sI. NmØ≥ amÿ Xt±-i-k-z-bw-`-cWw

$ BZ-ysØ a¥n-k-`-bn¬ AwK-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ Bs-c-√m-amWv C∂v Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂XvF∂v Ip´n-Iƒ At\-z-jn®p Is≠-Øs- .

$ BZ-y-a-¥n-k-`-bpsS GsX√mw cwK-ß-fnse ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv P\-i-≤-bm-I¿jn-®Xv F∂p≈ hnhcw Hcp A`n-ap-J-Øn-eqsS Is≠Øn Ipdn∏p Xbm--dm-°p-I.

tIcfw: A∂v ˛ C∂v

]mT]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn´p≈ ]´nI Ip´n-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°Ww AXn\p tijw, tIc-f-Ønse hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ D≠mb am‰-ßfpw hf¿®-Ifpw Xmc-X-ayw sNø-Ww. GsX√mwtaJ-e-I-fn-emWv \ΩpsS kwÿm\w C\nbpw apt∂-dp-hm-\p-≈Xv F∂v kzbw \nK-a-\-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®-cp-hm≥ Ip´n°v Ign-b-Ww. "tIcfw C\nbpw apt∂-td≠ taJ-e-Iƒ' F∂Hcp Ipdn∏v Kq∏n¬ Xbm-dm°n ¢m n¬ s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww.

skan-\m¿

Cu bqWn-‰ns‚ ka-K-amb D≈-S-°sØ ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ hn[-Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ hnhn[Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xncn-™v ]c-am-h[n hnh-c-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn skan-\m¿ ]_‘w Xbm-dm-°-Ww.

$ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n, ae-_m¿ ]tZ-i-ß-fnse hnhn[ ]t£-m`-߃

$ kmaq-lnIam‰-Øn¬ hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øns‚ ]¶v

$ C¥-y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨Kkv \S-Ønb ]h¿Ø-\-߃

$ IΩ-yq-WnÃv ]m¿´n t\Xr-Xzw \¬Inb ]t£m`-߃

$ sFI-y-tI-cf cq]o-I-cWw

F∂o D]-hn-j-b-߃°v ]m[m-\yw \¬In "\h tIc-fsØ krjvSn® ]h¿Ø-\-߃,]t£m-`-߃' F∂-Xm-IWw skan-\m¿ hnjbw.

A[ymbw HºXv

tIcf kwÿm\ cq]o-I-cWw

125kmaq-lyimkvX ¢_v ]h¿Ø-\-߃

1. t^mt´m B¬_w ˛ tIc-f-Ønse apJ-y-a-¥n-am¿, a¥n-am¿.

2. tIc-f-∏n-dhn Zn\-Ønse (1956 \h-_w¿ 1) hnhn[ ]X-߃ tiJ-cn®v ]Z¿i\w.

3. ae-_m¿ Iem-]w, ]p∂-]-˛-h-b-em¿ kacw F∂nht]mse \ΩpsS \m´n¬ hnhn[ P\-

Iob ka-c-߃ \S-∂n-´p-≠v. Ah-sb-°p-dn®pw ]c-am-h[n hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-I. Ah

Hcp-an®p tN¿Øv "tIc-f-Ønse P\-Iob ka-c-߃' F∂ ]Xn-∏p-X-bm-dm-°¬.

d -d≥kv ]pkvX-I-߃

1. tIcf NcnXw

Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿

2. tIc-f-N-cnXw

F. io[-c-ta-t\m≥

3. B[p-\nI tIcfw

F. io[-c-ta-t\m≥

4. tIc-f-N-cn-Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw

Sn.-sI. KwKm-[-c≥

5. ae-_m¿ Iem-]w-˛-]-`p-X-z-Øn\pw cmP-hm-gvN-bv°p-sa-Xnsc

sI. F≥. ]Wn-°¿

6. tIcf kmwkvIm-cnI NcnXw

]n.-sI. tKm]m-e-Ir-j-W≥

7. tIcf kwkvImcw

CS-a-dpIv

8. tIcf kwkvImcw

s]m^. F. A®p-X-hm-c-y¿

9. tIcfw ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS amXr-`qan

C.-Fw. Fkv \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

10. ae_m¿ ]T-\-߃

tUm. sI. tKm]m-e≥ Ip´n

11. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ NcnXw

i¶pÆn tat\m≥

$

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

126

10. BtcmKyw ]q¿W-am-hm≥

]iv\taJe : imkvXob Btcm-Ky˛s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKy ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚ A`mhw

D]-]iv\w : $ hy‡n-KX Btcm-Kyhpw s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-Kyhpw ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-´-

Xm-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm-\m-hp-∂n-√.

]T-\-e-£y-߃ : $ Xs‚ Np‰p-]m-Snse s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-KysØ A\p-Iq-ehpw ]Xn-Iq-e-hp-

ambn _m[n-°p∂ LS-Ißsf hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\v.

$ s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-Ky-Øns‚ LS-I-ß-fmWv sshIm-cn-Im-tcm-Kyw, kmaq-

lym-tcmKyw F∂nh F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.

$ s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKyw i‡-am-Ip-∂-Xn-eqsS amXta hy‡n-K-Xm-tcmKyw

]cn--c-£n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp≈q F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.

$ s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKyw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ kwhn-[m-\-ß-sf-

°p-dn®pw ÿm]-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw \nK-a-\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.

A[ymbw ]Øvv

BtcmKyw ]q¿W-am-hm≥

127

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BtcmKyw ]q¿W-am-hm≥

129BapJw

imkvXo-b-amb Btcm-Ky-˛-s]m-Xp-P-\m-tcmKy ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚ A`mhw F∂ ]iv\-ta-J-e-

bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Cu ]mT-`mKw Xbm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. hy‡n-KX BtcmKyw sa®-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w kmaq-ly-B-tcmKyw IqSn sa®-s∏-SptØ≠-XmWv F∂

BibamWv Ip´n-bn¬ D≠m-tI-≠-Xv. hy‡n-KX Btcm-Ky-Ønepw ipNn-Xz-Øn-ep-sams°

C¥y-bnse CX-c-kw-ÿm-\-ß-sf-°mƒ tIcfw hfsc ap≥]-¥n-bn-em-sW∂v IW-°p-

Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. km£-c-X-bn¬ G‰hpw ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ Hcp kaq-l-amWv

tIc-f-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. F∂n´pw kmaq-ly-ip-NnXzw, kmaqlymtcmKyw F∂n-h-bn¬ \mw th≠X

ipjvIm¥n ImWn-°p-∂n√ F∂ hkvXpX \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.

Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ tijn-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ B¿÷n-t°-

≠-Xp-≠v.

$ s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-KysØ ]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p∂ LS-I-߃ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv

AXv ]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb ]Xn-I-cW ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ Ign-b-Ww.

$ Btcm-Ky-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI sshIm-cnI LS--I-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKyw

sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ah-bpsS kzm[o\w FX-tØm-f-ap-s≠∂v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww.

$ kaq-l-Ønse Hcp hy‡n F∂ \nebv°v kmaq-lym-tcmKyw sa®-s∏-Sp-tºmtg hy‡n-

KX BtcmKyw kºp-jvS-am-Iq F∂ Bibw Ip´n-°p-≠m-h-Ww.

$ Xs‚ ]tZ-isØ s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKy kwhn-[m--\-ß-fp-sSbpw ÿm]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw

]h¿Ø-\-߃ \nco-£n-°m\pw Ah--cpsS tkh\w sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Bh-iy-amb

\n¿t±-i-߃ apt∂m-´p-h-bv°m\pw Ign-b-Ww.

$ s]mXp P\m-tcmKyw kwc-£n-°m-\mbn Nne kmaqly \nb-a-߃ ]men-°m≥ Xm≥

_m[y-ÿ-\m-sW∂ t_m[yw Ip´n-°p-≠mh-Ww.

$ kmaq-lym-tcm-Ky-Øn\pw kmaq-ly-ip-Nn-Xz-Øn\pw XS- -amb kmaqlyhn-cp≤ Iq´m-bva-

I-fn¬ \n∂pw hn´p-\n¬°m\pw Ah-bvs°-Xnsc \ne-]mSp kzoI-cn-°m\pw Ip´n°v Ign-

b-Ww.

$ A\- n-e-j-Wo-b-amb kmaq-ly-]-h-W-X-Isf hni-I-e\w sNbvXv kmaq-lym-tcm-Ky-Øn\v

hnLm-X-am-Ip∂ LS-I-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Ah-bvs°-Xnsc ]Xn-I-c-W-]-h¿Ø-\-

ß-fn-te¿s∏-Sm-\pap≈ tijn Ip´n-Iƒ°p-≠m-h-Ww.

CØcw tijn-Iƒ t\Sn--sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv A[ym-]nI Cu bqWn-

‰n¬ Hcp-°n-sb-Sp-t°-≠Xv

]h¿Ø\w˛ 1

¢mknse apgp-h≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°pw kvIqƒ ]cn-kcw \nco-£n-°m-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-tØmsS

Cu bqWn‰v Bcw- n--°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ¢mkvap-dn-Iƒ, Ãm vdqw, D®- -£Ww Ign-°p∂ ÿew,

D®-`-£W km[-\-߃ kq£n-°p∂ ÿew, ssII-gp-Ip∂ ÿew, hm´¿ Sm¶v, I°q-kv,

bqdn-\-ep-Iƒ, kvIqfnse Hgn™ apdn-Iƒ F∂nh kµ¿in® tijw Btcm-Ky-Øn\v KpW-

I-c-am-b-h, tZmj-I-c-am-bh F∂n-ßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn-°-s´. Cu \nco-£-W-ßsf A[ym-]nI

t_m¿Un¬ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. kvIqfnepw ]cn-k-c-Øp-ap≈ Btcm--Ky-I-c-amb Pohn-X-Øn\v

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

130 tZmjw sNøp∂ hkvXp-°sf C√mbva sNøm-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNøs´.

Ch ]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb ]Xn-I-c-W-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ A[ym-]n-I-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬

Bkp-XWw sNbvXv \S∏nem-t°-≠XmWv.

Fs¥m-s°-bmhmw?

$ D®-`-£-W-km-a-Kn-Iƒ kq£n-°p∂ ÿesØ Fen ieyw

$ hm´¿ Sm¶v ipNo-I-cn-°mØ Ahÿ

$ N∏p Nh-dp-Iƒ \nd™ ]cn-kcw

$

]h¿Ø\w˛ 2

XpS¿∂v ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse NnXw ]cn-tim-[n®v hy‡n-]-c-ambn Xcw-Xn-cn-°-s´. hy‡n-

K-X-ambn ]qcn-∏n® ]Z-kq-cy≥ Kq∏v N¿®--bn¬ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°-s´. Kq∏ns‚ Is≠-Ø--ep-

Iƒ So®-dpsS klm-b-tØmsS Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb PohnXw F∂ ]q¿Øo-I-cn® ]Z-kq-cy≥

t]∏-dn¬ Xbm-dm°n ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-at√m.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 3

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ ]kvXm-h\Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw

¢mknse a‰p Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-ÿ-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøm-\p-ap≈ ]h¿Ø-\-amWv "Rm≥

FhnsS' F∂-Xv.

Cu `mKsØ A©v ]kvXm-h-\-I-tfm-Sp≈ ]Xn-I-c-W-߃ F√m Ip´n-I-fpw ]tXyIw

IS-em-kn¬ \º-cn´v tai-∏p-d-Øp≈ t_mIvkn¬ \nt£-]n-°-s´. (Fgp-Xnb Bsf Xncn-

®-dn-b-W-sa-∂n-√). Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Iq´n-I-e¿Øn Kq∏p-I-fn¬ hnX-cWw sNbvXv tImUo-I-cn-

°p-I. Hmtcm ]kvXm-h-\-tbmSpw A\p-Iq-ehpw ]Xn-Iq-e-hp-amb ]Xn-I-c-W-߃ \¬In-

b-h-cpsS FÆw So®¿ t_m¿Un¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. A©v t]c-S-ßnb Kq∏n¬ CXv

hne-bn-cpØn amtd≠ ioe-ß-sf-°p-dn®v [mc-W-Iƒ cq]-s∏-SpØn hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-

b-am-°-Ww.

Kq∏v ]h¿Ø\w \S-°p-tºmƒ So®-dpsS kPo-h-amb CS-s]-S¬ Bh-iy-am-Wv. sX‰mb

Btcm-Ky-io-e-ß-fpsS hy]-I-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp Ime-L-´-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv \mw IS-

∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv. tIhew Hcp ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-sa-∂-Xn-e-∏pdw Ip´n-I-fpsS A\m--tcm-Ky-I-c-

amb ioe-߃ Xncp-Øn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ iaw So®-dpsS `mK-Øp-\n-∂p-≠m-I-Ww. hne-bn-cp-

Øm\pw kz¥w Pohn-X-Øn¬ AXn\-\p-kr-X-amb am‰-߃ hcp-Øm\pw Ip´nsb Xbm-dm-

°m-\p≈ ssIØm-ßmWv Kq∏n-en--S-s]-´p-sIm≠v A[ym-]nI \¬tI-≠-Xv. Hmtcm ]kvXm-

h-\bpw hni-Z-amb N¿®bv°v hnt[-b-am-°-Ww. imco-cnI hymbm-a-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX

t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w AXv kzPo-hn-X-Øn¬ ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°m-\p≈ t]cW

Ip´n-Iƒ°v e`n-°-Ww.

Ip∏n-∏m-\o-b-ß-fp-sSbpw t_°-dn-˛-]m-°‰v Blm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw D]-tbmKw Ct∏mƒ \m´n¬

hym]-I-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-bm-Wv. ho´p-]-d-ºn¬ Irjn-sN-øp∂ Im¿jnI hn`-h-ßsf Dt]-

£n®v ^mÃv^p-Uns‚ t\sc Xncn-bp∂ ioew \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Kq∏v ]h¿Ø\-

Øn¬ So®¿ CS-s]-S-Ww. CØcw Blm-c-߃ D≠m-°p∂ tZmj-^-e-ß-sf-°p-dn®p≈

A[ymbw ]Øvv

BtcmKyw ]q¿W-am-hm≥

131]X-hm¿Ø-Ifpw a‰v hmb-\m-km-a-Kn-I-fn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ Ipdn-∏p-Ifpw Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-

]-c-ambn tiJ-cn-°-s´. AXp-]-tbm-Kn®v Kq∏v Xe-Øntem ¢mkv Xe-Øntem sImfmjv/

Npa¿am-kn-I-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°-s´. Adn-hns‚ ]tbmKw F∂ taJ-e-bnse ]k-‡-amb

kqNIw D]-tbm--Kn®v Cu ]h¿Ø-\-߃ \nc-¥c aqey-\n¿W-b-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°m-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 4

`£-W-io-ehpw Btcm-Kyhpw F∂ hmb-\m-°p-dn∏v Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-]-c-ambn hmbn-°-s´.

ssZ\w-Zn-\-Po-h-X-Øn¬ A\n-hm-cy-ambn e`n-t°≠ t]mj-Im-lm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhv

Ip´n imkvX-¢m-kn¬ \n∂v t\Sn-bn-´p-≠t√m. X\n°v Ct∏mƒ e`y-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂

t]mj-Im-lm-csØ CXp-ambn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNø-s´. t]mj-Im-lm-c-°p-dhv

]cn-l-cn-°m≥ henb kmº-ØnI Nne-hn-√msX Xs∂ Ip´n-Iƒ Gs‰-SpØp \S-Øm-hp∂

]h¿Ø-\-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv?

¢mkn¬ F√m hnZym¿∞n-I-fp-sSbpw hoSp-I-fn¬ ]®-°-dn-Ifpw apcn-ß, ]∏mb XpS-ßn-b-

hbpw Irjn-sN-øp-∂p-s≠∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Hcp I¿Ω-]-≤Xn Bkq-XWw sNbvXm-tem.

]®-°-dn hnØp-Iƒ, apcn-ßm-°-ºv, ]∏m-b ssXIƒ F∂nh hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw

ssIam-d-s´. ¢mkn-s\ aqt∂m \mtem Kq∏m°n Xncn®v Hmtcm Kq∏pw a‰v Kq∏v AwK-ß-

fpsS hoSpIƒ kµ¿in®v ho´nse ]®-°-dn-tØm-´-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ hne--bn-cp-Ø-s´.

Irjn-`-h-\nse Irjn DtZym-K-ÿs\ ¢mkn¬ £Wn-®p-h-cpØn _‘-s∏´ hnj-b-Øn¬

Hcp A`n-apJw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-a-t√m. Ip´n-Iƒ°v hoSp-I-fn¬ ]®-°-dn-tØm´w \n¿an-°m≥

t]cW \¬I-Ø° coXn-bn¬ kvIqfn¬ amXrIm ]®-°-dn-tØm´w \n¿an°m≥ kmaq-ly-

imkvX ¢∫ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m-a-t√m.

CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ IqSp-X¬ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ `£y-kp-c£ F∂ A[ym-b-Øn¬ N¿®-

sN-bvXn-´p-≠-t√m. Hcp At\z-j-W-t]m-PIvSv Ip´n°v \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Hmtcm ho´nepw

Znh-khpw Xbm-dm°p∂ £-W-Øns‚ Af-hv, D]-t`m-Kw, ]mgm-°n-°-fbp∂ £-W-Øns‚

Afhv F∂-Xns‚ IW-°p-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°-s´. hy‡n-]-c-amb Is≠-Ø-epIƒ

Kq∏vN¿®bv°v hnt[-b-am°n s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-a-t√m.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 5

""Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e-\hpw ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw'' F∂ `mKØv BtcmKy kwc-£-W-Øn¬ ]cn-

ÿnXn hln-°p∂ ]¶n-s\-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. CXn\v

th≠p∂ ]›m-Øew Hcp-°n-sIm-Sp-°m≥ A[ym-]nI i≤n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

Pew aen-\o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-h-gn-bp-≠m-Ip∂ hb-dn-f-°-tcm-K-߃, A¥-co£w aen-\-am-

Ip-∂-Xp-h-gn-bp-≠m-Ip∂ izmk--tIm-i-tcm-K-߃, aen-\-Pew sI´n-°n-S-°p-∂-Xp-hgn sImXpIv

s]cpIn sU¶n-∏-\n, Nn°≥Kp-\nb XpS-ßnb ]pXnb tcmK-ß-ƒ IS-∂p-h-cm≥ CS-bm-Ip-

∂Xpw icn-bmb Btcm-Ky-io-e-߃ ]men-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xp-h-gn-bp-≠m-Ip∂ hnc-ieyhpw N¿®-

sN-ø-s∏-S-Ww.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 6

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKyw F∂ hmb-\-°p-dn∏v Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ Ip´n°v

hy‡-amb Hcp ImgvN-∏mSv cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Dt±-in-®p-≈-Xm-Wv. Kq∏vX-e-Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

132 hmb-\m-°p-dn∏v hmbn®v N¿® sNø-s´. N¿®-bn¬ Dcp-Øn-cn-bp∂ ][m-\m-i-b-߃ s]mXp-

hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n®v t_m¿Un¬ enÃv sNøp-a-t√m. Btcm-Ky-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ bp.F≥.-H-˛-

bpsS \n¿h-N-\-amb imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb kpÿnXn F∂ Bi-

b-Øn¬ tIµo-I-cn-®m-IWw Cu `mKw tImUo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xv.

Btcm-Ky-h-e-bnse Hmtcm LS-Ihpw Ip´n hy‡n-]-c-ambn ]cn-tim-[n®v Ch Hmtcm∂pw

hy‡n-bpsS Btcm-KyØns‚ GtXXp taJ-e-sb-bmWv _m[n-°pI F∂p Is≠-Ø-s´.

XpS¿∂v Kq∏v N¿®bn-eqsS ]kvXpX taJ-e-I-fn-tem-tcm∂pw Fß-s\-bmWv hy‡n-]-c-

amb Btcm-KysØ _m[n-°p-∂Xv F∂pw Is≠Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww. Cu kqNI-߃

Hmtcm∂pw sh®v Xs‚ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Btcm-Ky-ÿnXn hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ip´n°v Ah-

kcw In´-Ww. Hcp hy‡n F∂ \ne-bnepw kaq-l-Øns‚ HcwKw F∂ \ne-bnepw Xm≥

amtd-≠-Xp-s≠∂ t_m[w Ip´n-°p-≠m-h-Ww. Kq∏v Xe-Øn¬ N¿®-sN-tø≠ Imcy-߃

imco-cn-Iw am\-kn-Iw kmaq-lnIw F∂v Xcw-Xn-cn®v F√m-hcpw t\m´p-_p°n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Ø-Ww. hy‡n-]-c-amb Btcm-Kyhpw kmaq-ln-Im-tcm-Kyhpw ]c-kv]cw ]qc-I-am-sW∂

coXn-bn¬ Cu `mKw tImUo-I-cn-°-s∏-S-Ww.

`uXnIw am\-knIw/sshIm-cnIw kmaq-lnIw

hrØn-bp≈ hoSpw kl-I-cW at\m-`mhw kpc-£n-XXzw

]cn-k-chpw

tSmbve‰v kuIcyw kln-jvWpX Ab¬]-°-_-‘-߃

t]mj-Im-lmcw kvt\lw ]c-kv]-cm-in-XXzw

ip≤hmbp bp‡n-t_m[w P\m-[n-]-Xy-t_m[w

ip≤-Pew

]h¿Ø\w˛ 8

\n¿±njvS kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hmtcm hnZym¿∞n-bp-sSbpw sshIm-cnI _p≤n

kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw Xs∂-°p-dn-®p≈ Xs‚ hne-bn-cp-ج a‰p-≈-h-cpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-

en¬ \n∂v FX-amXw hyXy-kvX-am-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Ip´nsb klm-bn-°p∂ ]T-\-

]-h¿Ø-\-am-Wv "Btcm-Ky-Øns‚ hnhn[ apJ-߃' F∂ io¿j-I-Øn-ep-≈Xv. Ip´n kqN-

I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®v kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww. Hmtcm Ip´nbpw \n¿±njvS \ne-hm-c-Øn-se-

Øp-hm≥ th≠ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ XpS¿∂v A[ym-]nI \S-Ø-Ww. Hmtcm kqN-Ihpw s]mXp-

hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n®v N¿®bv°v hnt[-b-am-°-Ww. ssZ\w-Zn\ kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈

DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sS Hmtcm kµ¿`-Ønepw Ip´n-sb-Sp-t°≠ \ne-]m-Sp-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈

[mcW ¢mkn¬ h®v cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.

sNdn-b-Im-cy-߃ t]mepw sNøm≥ as‰m-cm-fpsS klmbw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Ip´n-bn-ep≈

Bfl-hn-izm-k-°p-dhns\bpw Xt‚S-an-√m-bvasbbp-amWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. c£n-Xm-°fpsS

Aan-X-em-f-\, Ip´n-bpsS F√m Imcy-Ønepw CS-s]-Scp-sX∂ at\m-`mhw F∂n-h-sbms°

CXn\v Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≠m-hmw. CØcw Ip´n-I-fpsS c£n-Xm-°-fp-ambn ¢mkv ]n.‰n.F tNcp-

tºmtgm at‰m A[ym-]nI C°mcyw N¿®-sNbvXv t_m[y-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. s]mXp-\n-b-

a-߃ A\p-k-cn-°p-I-sb-∂Xv P\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-Py-Ønse ]ucs‚ ][m\ Npa-X-e-bm-Wv.

¢mknepw kvIqfnepw hoSnepw A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ \nb-a-߃°pw \nb-¥-W-߃°pw

hnt[-b-\m-Im≥ Ct∏mtg ]cn-io-en-®mte `mhn-bn¬ anI® Hcp ]uc-\mbn Ip´n°v hf-cm-

\mhq. ¢mkv apdn-bnse kPoh-amb CSs]-S-ep-I-fn-eqsS A[ym-]n-Ibv°v C°m-cy-Øn¬

A[ymbw ]Øvv

BtcmKyw ]q¿W-am-hm≥

133hen-b-]-¶p-h-ln-°m-\m-hpw. sNtø≠ Imcy-߃ bYm-k-abw sNøp-I-sb-∂-Xv PohnX

hnPbw ssIh-cn-°m≥ AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. "Do IT Now" F∂ XXzw Ip´nsb sNdp-∏-Ønte

A`y-kn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. kvIqfn-em-bmepw ho´n-em-bmepw A∂∂v sNtø≠ Imcy-߃

Ip´n A∂∂v sNbvXp-Xo¿°p-∂ps≠∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\p≈ X¥w A[ym-]nI cq]-s∏-Sp-

tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Iq´p-Im-cp-samØv CS-s]-SmsX amdn-\n¬°p∂ Nne hnZym¿∞n-Isf \ap°v

ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. A¥¿ap-J-Xz-Øns‚ e£-W-am-Wn-Xv. Hcp kmaq-ly-Pn--hn-sb∂ coXn-

bn¬ DØ-a-amb kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn-\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amb Hcp tijn-bmWv a‰p-≈-h-

cp-ambn CS-]-gIn Pohn-°p-I-sb-∂-Xv. CXn\v hncp-≤-ambn s]cp-am-dp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS a\-im-

kvX-]-c-amb Imc-W-߃ Is≠Øn AXv ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. ho´nepw kvIqfnepw

Ah-\-hs‚ Npa-X-e-Iƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw `wKn-bmbn \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p-s≠∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-

Ww. ]iv\-ßfpw ]bm-k-ßfpw a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn ]¶ph-bv°p-Ibpw ]cn-lm-c-\n¿t±-i-߃

N¿®-sNbvXv Xocp-am-\n-°p-I-bp-sa-∂Xv DØ-a-amb kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ e£-W-am-Wv.

a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn ]¶p-h-bv°mØ ]iv\-߃ a\-kn-en´v \o‰n∏p-I®v HSp-hn¬ Bfl-l-Xy-bn-

te°v FSp-Øp-Nm-Sp∂ Iuam-c-]m-b-°m-cpsS IY-Iƒ hm¿Øm-am-[y-a-ß-fn¬ \nd-™p-sIm-

≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-W-t√m. Xs‚ A[ym-]n-I-tbmSpw c£n-Xm-°-tfmSpw Xpd-∂p-]-d-™m¬ Xs‚

]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂ Bfl-hn-izmkw Ip´n-bn-ep-≠m-I-Ww. F√m hnZym-e-b-

ß-fnepw CXn-\p-th≠n Iu¨k-enwKv bqWn-‰p-Iƒ cq]-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. Iq´p-Imsc sXc-

s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ip´n-bpsS hnthN\-io-ehpw N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.

Xs‚ \nb-¥-W-Øn-ep≈ hkvXp-°fpw tkh-\-ßfpw a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn ]¶p-h-bv°p-I-sb∂

ioew Ip´n-I-fn¬ hf-tc-≠-Xp-≠v. hniz-am-\-h≥ F∂ Xe-Øn-tebv°v FØn-t®-cp-hm-\p≈

BZy-]-Sn-bmbn CXv hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww. ASn-]nSn cwK-ß-fnepw AI-a-ß-

fnepw amXw Xmev]cyw ImWn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ tcmKmXpc-amb am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-

bpsS DS-a-bm-bn-cn-°pw. Ip´n-bpsS Cu kz`m--h-ssh-I-ey-Øns‚ Imc-W-߃ Is≠Øn

k¥p-en-X-amb am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-bn-te°v Xncn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cp∂-Xn\v a‰m-tc-°mfpw A[ym-

]n-I-bv°v henb ]¶v hln-°m-\m-hpw. £a, kln-jvWp-X, ]Xn-]£ _lp-am\w XpS-

ßnb P\m-[n-]-Xy-aq-ey-߃ Ip´n-bn¬ cq]-s∏-tS-≠-Xn-te-bv°mWv ]Øm-asØ ]kvXm-

h\ hnc¬Nq-≠p-∂-Xv. Ip´n-Iƒ sXm´mhm-Sn-I-fmbn s]cp-am-dp∂ kµ¿`߃ I≠-dn™v

Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb CS-s]-S¬ \S-Øm≥ \ap°v Ign-b-Ww.

Npcp-°-Øn¬ ]mTw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ Hcmƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ \n∂v Db¿∂v Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂mw

\q‰m-≠ns‚ sh√p-hn--fn-Isf t\cn-Sm≥ Ip´nsb ]m]vX-cm-°p∂ Hcp tkmjy¬ F©n-\o-

bdpsS Xe-Øn-te°v A[ym-]nI Db-cp-tºmtg hna¿i-\m-flI t_m[-\Øn-\m-bp-≈ hnZym-

`ymk ]Inb-bn¬ Xs‚ ]¶v \nd-th-‰-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v A[ym-]n-Ibv°v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\m-

hq.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 9

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ c≠v ]X-ßfpsS X-e-s°´pI-fmWv \¬In-bn-´p-≈Xv. hy‡n-]-c-ambn

hni-I-e\w sNbvXv CØcw kw`-h-߃ \S-°p∂ kaq-l-Øn¬ kmaq-lyhpw am\-kn-I-

hp-amb BtcmKyw \ne-\n¬°p-tamsb∂v Ip´n-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°-s´. XpS¿∂v kvIqfn¬

kmaq-lyhpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb BtcmKyw \ne-\n¬°m-\mh-iy-amb ASn-ÿm--\-L-S-I-߃

Is≠Øn s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

134 tIc--f-Ønepw C¥ybn-epw GsX√mw kmaq-ly-L-S-I-ß-fmWv kºp-jvShpw am\-kn-I-hp-

amb Btcm-Ky-Øn\v XS w \n¬°p∂sX∂v Kq∏vX-e-Øn¬ Is≠Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°s´.

$ h¿Ko-bX

$ sX‰m-b-co-Xn-bn¬ ]Ww kºm-Zn-°m-\p≈ BKlw

$ aZyw, ab-°p-a-cp∂v F∂n-h-tbm-Sp≈ Bk-‡n.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 10

Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-Øn-\mbn BtcmKyhIp∏v \S-Øp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ a\-kn-em-°m≥

BtcmKyhIp∏v DtZym-K-ÿ∑m-sc- ¢mkn-te°v £Wn-®p-h-cpØn A`n-apJw kwL-Sn-∏n-

°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. A`n-ap-J-Øn-\mbn tNmZn-t°≠ tNmZy-߃ Kq∏vX-e-Øn¬ N¿®-sNbvXv

Xøm-dm-°-Ww. tNmZy-ß-fpsS ap≥K-W-\m-Iaw \n›-bn-°p-∂Xpw Bcv, GXv tNmZyw

Ft∏mƒ tNmZn-°p-sa∂v ap≥Iq´n Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw thWw. A`n-ap-J-Øn-\p-tijw F√m

Ip´n-Ifpw Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-Øn-\mbn Btcm-Ky-h-Ip∏v \S-Øp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ F∂

Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°-Ww.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 11

kmaq-lym--tcmKy kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn ]h¿Øn°p∂ ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ GsX-√m-sa∂v Hmtcm-

cp-Øcpw hy‡n-]-c-ambn ]Z-kq-cy-\n¬ enÃv sNø-s´. XpS¿∂v Hmtcm ÿm]-\-hpw

Fßs\bmWv kmaqly BtcmKyw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-hp-∂-sX∂v Kq∏n¬

hni-I-e\w sNø-Ww. Kq∏ns‚ hni-Zmw-i-߃ s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n®v A[ym-]n-I-

bpsS CS-s]-S-temsS Ip´nIƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-Ønse ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-I--s´.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 12

"kmaq--lym-tcmKyw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS ]¶v' F∂ skan-\m-dmWt√m

Cu bqWn-‰ns‚ Ah-km-\-ambn \S-t°-≠-Xv. CXn\v Fs¥ms° aps∂m-cp-°-ß-fmWv

Bh-iy-ambXv. kaq-l-Ønse ]h¿Ø-\-߃ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ]X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ

hy‡n-]-c-ambn tiJ-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Ch Kq∏vX-e-Øn¬ N¿®-sNbvXv taJ-e-I-fm°n Xncn-

°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

\n¿±n-jvS-hn-j-b-Øn¬ hy‡n-]-c-ambn skan-\m¿ t]∏¿ Xbm-dm°n Kq∏n¬ N¿®-sNbvXv

sa®-s∏-´Xv skan-\m-dn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.

ÿm]\w

$ t]meokv tÃj≥

$ AwK-\-hmSn

$ tImS-Xn-Iƒ

$ Pe-A-tXm-dn‰n

$ hnZym-ebw

tkh\w

$ Ia-k-am-[m-\-]m-e\w

$ A©p-h -b -kn -\p -Xm -sg -

bp≈ Ip´n-I-fpsS kmaq-ly-

˛-B-tcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e\w

$ \oXn-\ymbw Dd-∏p-h-cp -

ج

$ IpSn-sh≈hnX-cWw

$ hnZym-`ymkw \¬I¬

]k‡n

$ kmaq-ly-kp-c-£n-XXzw Dd-∏p-h-

cp-ج

$ Btcm-Ky-]q¿Whpw kmaq-ly-_-

‘-ß-fp-≈-Xp-amb Xe-ap-dsb

hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°¬

$ kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb

kaqlw \ne-\n¬°m≥ klm-

bn-°p-∂p

$ Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£Ww

$ hy‡n-bpsS k¿h-tXm-∑p-J-amb

hnI-k\w

11. cW\n¿h-lWw Pn√-bn¬

]iv\taJe : hniz-am-\-h≥ F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv cq]-s∏-SmØ Ah-ÿ.

D]-]iv\w : $ HutZym-KnI`c-W-\n¿h-lWw Pn√m-X-e-Øn¬ \S-°p-∂-sX-ßs\ F∂v

Xncn-®-dn-bm-\m-Ip-∂n-√.

]T-\-e-£y-߃ : $ HutZym-KnI `c-W-\n¿h-l-WØ-Øn-\mbn kwÿm-\sØ sNdp-L-S-

I-ß-fmbn am‰n-bn-´p≠v F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

$ `cW \n¿∆-l-Whpw GtIm-]-\hpw Pn√-˛-Xm-eq-°v-˛-hn-t√Pv Xe-ßfn¬

Fßs\ \S-°p∂p F∂ [mcW cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ hnt√-Pv, Xmeq-°v, Pn√ F∂o LS-I-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ c-Wm-[n-Im-

cn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw Ah-cpsS A[n-Im-csØ°pdn®pw [mc-W-Iƒ cq]o-I-

cn-°p-I.

$ P\-t£a ]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hm^okv kwhn-[m-\-ß-

sf-°p-dn®v [mc-W-bp-≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v

$ Poh\pw, kzØn\pw kwc-£Ww \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ t]meo-kns‚ ]¶v

Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

$ Pn√m-`-c-W- (\n¿h-lW) kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ LS\ th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂-

Xn-\v.

¢mkv Bdv

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A[ymbw ]Xns\m∂v

`cW\n¿h-lWw Pn√-bn¬

137kwÿm\sØ Pn√-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-´p-s≠-∂pw Pn√m-X-e-Øn¬ P\-Iob kwhn-[m-\-ap-

s≠∂pw Ip´n-bv°-dn-bmw. hyXykvX Xt±-i-kz-bw- -c-W-ÿm-]-\-ß-fmb Pn√m ]©m-bØv/

ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n/tIm¿∏-td-j≥ F∂o kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS ]h¿Ø\w Ip´n a\- n-em-°n-

bn-´p-≠v. \sΩ klm-bn-°m≥ [mcmfw ÿm]-\-ß-fp-s≠∂ Adnhpw Ah-bp-ambn _‘-

s∏´ A\p-`-h-ßfpw Ip´n°p≠v.

k¿°mcn-te°p≈ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ ]ncn-s®-Sp-°m\pw Ia-k-am-[m\w ]men-°m\pw t£a-hn-I-

k-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øm\pw Fs¥√mw Hm^okv˛DtZym-Kÿ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fmWv

Pn√bv°p Iogn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv F∂v Ip´n Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. apgp-h≥ kwhn-[m-\-

ß-fp-sSbpw ]h¿Ø\w kw_-‘n® hnh-c-߃ hni-I-e\w sNøpI Ffp-∏-a-√. ][m-\-

Pn√m kwhn-[m-\-ß-sfbpw G‰-hpw ASpØ ]cn-k-c-Øn-ep≈ ÿm]-\-ß-sfbpw kw_-

‘n® hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \ΩpsS Pohn-XsØ Ah Fßs\ kzm[o-

\n-°p∂p F∂ Adn-hmWv Ip´n \n¿Ωn-s®-Sp-t°-≠-Xv. Cu Adn-hp-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v klm-

b-I-amb ]In-b-bneqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ Ip´n°v al-Ømb tkh\w \S-Øp∂ kwhn-

[m\ßtfmSpw DtZym-K-ÿ-tcmSpw aXn∏pw BZ-chpw t£a-]-h¿Ø-\-ßtfmSv kl-I-cn-

°m-\p≈ at\m-`m-hhpw D≠m-hpI F∂Xpw A[ym-]-I¿ e£yw hbv°-Ww.

CXn-\p -k-lm-b-I-amb ]X-hm¿Ø-Itfm NnX-ßtfm sXc-s™-SpØv ]mT-`m-K-Øn-te°p

]thin-°mw.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 1

]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Kma-]-©m-b-Øn¬/ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-bn¬/tIm¿∏-td-j-\n¬ D≈ k¿°m¿

ÿm]-\-ßsf ]´nI-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. hy‡n-]-cambn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xns\

Kq∏Snÿm-\-Øn¬ tImUo-I-cn®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p. Cu Ah-X-c-W-

sØ A[ym-]nI tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p. tImUo-Icn-°p∂ hnh-c-߃ t\m´p-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬

tcJ-s∏-SpØn F∂p-d-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. Adn-hp-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-te-°p≈ Hcp-°-]-h¿Ø-\-ambn

ÿm]-\-]-´n-Im-cq-]o-I-c-WsØ Icp-Xn-bm¬ aXn.

kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øp∂ Fs¥√mw s]mXpÿm]-\-߃

Ip´n-bpsS \nco-£-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-´p≠v F∂-XmWv aqey-\n¿W-b-Øn\p hnt[-b-

am-t°-≠-Xv.

¢mkvdqw ]h¿Ø\ tImUo-I-cWw CXn\p klm-bn-°p∂ hn[-Øn-em-bn-cn-°-Ww.

]h¿Ø-\w˛ 2

]h¿Ø\w H∂n-eqsS Is≠-Ønbh Xcw-Xn-cn®v ]´n-I-bm-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-am-WnXv.

CXn-\v klm-b-I-amb hn[-Øn¬ ]iv\m-h-X-cWw \S-Ø-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ ]´n-I-bm-°nb

ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ F√m ]©m-bØp ]cn-[n-bnepw ]h¿Øn-°p∂ s]mXp-hmb ÿm]-\-

taXv? F∂ tNmZy-Øn-eqsS ]iv\-a-h-Xn-cn-∏n-°mw. F√m Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-I-fnepw (ap\n-

kn-∏m-en‰n/tIm¿∏-td-j-\p-I-fnepw) kam-\-ambn ImWp∂ ÿm]-\-߃ ]©m-bØv

\nb¥WØn-ep-≈-h-bm-bn-cn-°mw F∂ Dulw Ip´n-Iƒ \S-Øp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXn¬

\n∂pw hnt√Pv Hm^o-kv, t]mÃv Hm^o-kv, sSen-t^m¨ FIvkvtN-©p-Iƒ F∂n-hsb

Imcyw t_m[y-s∏-SpØn Hgn-hm-°-Ww.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

138 Kma-]-©m-bØv \nb-¥-W-Øn-ep-≈h A√m-Øh

ss]adn sl¬Øv sk‚¿ F.C.-H. Hm^okv

Bbp¿thZ Unkvs]≥kdn k_vS-jdn

hnt√Pv Hm^okv

bp.]n./F¬.-]n. hnZym-e-b-߃ tªm°v Hm^okv

tlmantbm Unkvs]≥kdn t]meokv tÃj≥

Irjn- -h≥

AwK-\-hm-Sn-Iƒ

arKm-ip-]Xn

XcwXn-cn-°¬ ]h¿Ø\w Kq∏p-]-h¿Ø-\-ambn \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]©m-b-Øns‚ -\n-b-¥-W-Øn-ep≈ ÿm]-\-߃°v Cu \nb-¥-W-Øn-\p-]p-dta

k¿°m¿ hIp-∏ns‚ t\cn-´p≈ \nb-¥Ww IqSn-bp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn F¬.-]n./bp.]n.

kvIqfp-Iƒ ]©m-bØpIƒ°p Iogn-em-sW-¶nepw F.C.-H. Hm^o-kns‚ \nb-

¥WØnepw IqSn-bm-Wv.

Kma-]-©m-b-Øns‚ \nb-¥-W-Øn\p Iogn-en-√mØ ÿm]-\-߃, DZm-l-c-W-ambn

t]meokv tÃj≥, k_vS-j-dn, tªm°v Hm^okv, ... XpS-ßn-bh k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-I-

fpsS t\cn-´p≈ \nb-¥-W-Øn-em-Wv.

Cu c≠v Bi-b-ßfpw Ip´n-I-ƒ kzbw cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ klm-b-I-amb tNmZy-ß-fn-eqsS

A[ym-]-I¿ CS-s]-S¬ \S-Ø-Ww. Xcw-Xn-cn® ]´n-I tcJ-s∏-SpØens‚ `mK-ambn t\m´p-

]p-kvX-I-ج hc-Ww.

A]-K-Y-\-Øn\v klm-b-I-amb hn[-Øn¬ Xcw-Xn-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂pt≠m F∂-

XmWv aqey-\n¿Wbw sNtø-≠-Xv. Hcp Ipdn∏vv Ip´n-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°-s´.

Db¿∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ Xmc-X-ayhpw Ipdn-∏n¬ ImWp-∂pt≠m F∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw ChnsS

aqey-\n¿Wbw sNtø-≠-Xv.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 3

kz¥w Pn√-bnse Xmeq-°p-Ifpw Xs‚ Ab¬ hnt√-Pp-Ifpw Is≠-Øn-h-cm≥

Assk≥sa‚p \¬Ip-∂p. Cu ]h¿Ø\w Hcp ]iv\-k-t¶-X-Øn-em°n \¬I-Ww. DZm-

l-c-W-ambn Hcp D’-h-Øn\v ]tXyI Xmeq-°n\v Ah[n ]Jym-]n-®m¬ \n߃°p

_m[-I-am-hptam? F∂ a´n¬ ]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ip´n-Iƒ tiJcn® hnh-

c-ßsf ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬Inb-tijw tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww. Cu hnh-

csØ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn XpS¿®bmbn ASpØ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-tebv°v ]th-in-°m-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv. Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]iv\ kµ¿`-Øn¬ Ah ]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb hnh-

c-ti-J-cWXm¬]-cyhpw At\z-j-W-km-a¿∞yhpw hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

A[ymbw ]Xns\m∂v

`cW\n¿h-lWw Pn√-bn¬

139hnt√-Pp-Iƒ c-W-\n¿h-l-W-Øns‚ Poh-hmbp

tIc-f-Ønse 63 Xmeq-°p-Isf 1572 hnt√-Pp-I-fmbn hn -Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. kwÿm\˛Pn√m

`cW\n¿h-l-W-hn`m-K-Øn¬ P\-ß-fp-ambn G‰hpw ASp-Øp-\n¬°p∂ ÿm]-\-

amWv hnt√-Pv. hnt√Pv Hm^o-k-dmWv ÿm]-\-ta-[m-hn. km[m-c-W-°m-cmb P\-߃°v

k¿°m-cns‚ kwc-£-Whpw B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw bYm-k-abw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb

]e-Xcw k¿´n-^n-°-‰p-Iƒ \¬Im-\p≈ A[n-Imcw hnt√Pv B^o-k¿°m-Wv. AXp-

t]mse k¿°m-cn-tebv°v sImSp-°m≥ _m[yX-s∏´ \nIpXn-Iƒ P\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw

]ncn-s®-SpØv k¿°m-cn\v \¬IpI F∂Xpw hnt√Pv Hm^o-kns‚ Npa-X-e-bmWv.

hnt√Pv Hm^o-kn¬ \n∂pw ]tXyI Bh-iy-߃°mbn At]-£n-®m-¬ e`n-°p∂

k¿´n-^n-°-‰p-Iƒ

$ PmXn-k¿´n-^n-°‰v

$ AKXn k¿´n-^n-°‰v

$ ^manen saº¿jn∏v k¿´n-^n-°‰v

$ hcp-am\ k¿´n-^n-°‰v

$ Xncn-®-dn-b¬ k¿´n-^n-°‰v

$ semt°-j≥ k¿´n-^n-°‰v & semt°-j≥ am∏v

$ t\‰n-hn‰n k¿´n-^n-°‰v

$ dnte-j≥jn∏v k¿´n-^n-°‰v

$ dkn-U≥jy¬ k¿´n-^n-°‰v

$ ssIh-im-h-Imik¿´n-^n-°‰v

$ t\m¨ A‰m-®vsa‚ v k¿´n-^n-°‰v

$ tkmƒh≥kn k¿´n-^n-°‰v (5 e£w cq] hsc)

$ hmeyp-th-j≥ k¿´n-^n-°‰v (5 e£w cq]hsc)

$ h¨ & tk k¿´n-^n-°‰v

$ hn[hm k¿´n-^n-°‰v

$ t\m¨ Ioan-e-b¿ k¿´n-^n-°‰v (kwÿm-\-k¿°m¿ tPmen-Iƒ°v)

$ BinX k¿´n-^n-°‰v

$ sse^v k¿´n-^n-°‰v

(CXv A[ym-]-IcpsS d^-d≥kn\p amX-amWv)

CXn¬ \mtem At©m k¿´n-^n-°-‰p-Iƒ DZm-l-c-W-ambn FSp-Øp-sIm≠v km[m-c-W-

°m¿°v CXv Fßs\ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CØcw Nne

]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ ¢Ã¿ ao‰nßn¬ Xbm-dm-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

140 hnt√-Pp-Iƒ P\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p∂ \nIp-Xn-Ifpw ^okp-Ifpw

$ `q\n-IpXn

$ tXm´-\n-IpXn

$ hm´¿ SmIvkv ˛ en v‰v Cdn-tK-j≥, ssa\¿ Cdn-tK-j≥ Pew Im¿jnI

Pe-tk-N-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h¿°v

$ _n¬UnwKv SmIvkv ˛ ]pXnb sI´nSw ]Wn-™m¬ H‰-Ø-h-W-amXw

\¬tI-≠-Xv.

$ e£zdn SmIvkv ˛ 3000 NXp-ci ASn-bn¬ IqSp-X-¬ Xd hnkvXo¿W-

ap≈ hoSp-]-Wn-bp-∂-h¿ \¬tI-≠-Xv.

$ k¿th πm≥ ˛ kvsI®v okv

$ ssa\nwKv ^okv

$ If-£≥ Nm¿Pv ˛ dh-\yq-h-Ip-∏n-t‚-X-√mØ IpSn-»n-I-Iƒ ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-

∂-Xn\v XpI-bpsS 5 iX-am\w

$ eokv Fau≠v ˛ k¿°m¿ ]m´-Øn-\p-\¬Inb sI´n-S-ß-fpsS hmSI

$ I¿j-I-sØm-gn-emfn

t£a-\n[n hnln-Xw ˛ `qhp-S-a-I-fn¬ \n∂pw

$ teeØpI ˛ ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p∂ aW¬ t]mep≈ hkvXp°ƒ s]mXp-

teew sNøp-tºmƒ

$ tImSXn Npa-Øp∂ ]ng ˛ Pm-ay-hy-hÿ ewLn-°p-tºmƒ

(d^-d≥kn\p amXw)

k¿°m-cn\v t£a-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øm-\m-h-iy-amb ]W-Øns‚ Hcp hnlnXw ]ncn-

s®-SpØp \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ hnt√-Pp-I-fpsS ]m[m\yw Ip´n-I-fp-ambn N¿® sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]h¿Ø-\w˛ 4

Ip´n-Iƒ Krl-]-h¿Ø-\-ambn sNbvXp-h-cp∂ Xmeq-°p-Iƒ, hnt√-Pp-Iƒ ¢mkvX-e-Øn¬

tImUo-I-cn® tijw apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® A\p-]q-cI hnh-c-߃ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn kqN-

I-߃°-\p-k-cn-®p≈ N¿®-Iƒ \SØm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Cu N¿®-bpsS XpS¿®-bmbn hyXykvX Znh-k-ß-fnse hyXykvX ]X-߃ Kq∏-Sn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[-\bv°p \¬Ip-∂p. Pn√m If-IvS¿ ]s¶-SpØ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ hm¿Ø-

I-fn¬ \n∂pw Is≠-Ø-s´. CXv ¢mkv Xe-Øn¬ tImUo-I-cn-°mw. AXn-\p-tijw ]mT-

Ønse Pn√m-`-c-W-\n¿h-lWw, If-IvS-td‰v F∂o mK-߃ hy‡n-KX hmb-\-bv°p-\¬Ip-

∂p. hy‡n-K-X-ambn If-IvS-dpsS Npa-X-e-I-sf-°p-dn®v Hmtcm Ipdn-∏p-X-bm-dm--°m≥ Bh-iy-

s∏-Smw. CXnse Nne anI® Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Nm¿´n¬ Xbm-dm°n ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn ]Z¿in-

∏n-°mw.

Hcp aqey-\n¿W-b-]-h¿Ø-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ "If-IvS-dmtWm hnt√Pv B^o-k-dmtWm

`c-W-Øns‚ Poh-\mUn' F∂ Hcp kwhmZw ¢mkn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-°mw. P\-ß-fp-

ambn _‘-s∏´ c-W-\n¿∆-l-W-Øn¬ c≠p-tZy-mK-ÿ¿°pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb ]¶p≠v.

Ah-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-amWv F∂-X-c-Øn¬ CXv tImUo-I-cn-

°-Ww.

A[ymbw ]Xns\m∂v

`cW\n¿h-lWw Pn√-bn¬

141]h¿Ø\w˛ 5

¢mkvdqw ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ XpS¿® F∂ \ne-bn¬ \S-Øm-hp∂ ^o¬Uv Sn∏pI-fmWv

ChnsS \n¿t±-in-°p-∂Xv. o¬Uv Sn∏n\v 3 km[y-X-I-fmWv ap∂n-ep-≈-Xv. ÿm]-\-Øns‚

kml-N-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v If-IvS-td-‰v, Xmeq°v Hm^o-kv, hnt√Pv Hm^okv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-te°v

bmX kwL-Sn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXn\p-th≠ aps∂m-cp-°-]-h¿Ø-\-߃, tNmZymhen

Xbm-dm-°¬ XpS-ßn-bh ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ambn ¢mkn¬ \S-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

A\p-tbmPy tNmZym-hen cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Ignhv, e`n® kqN-I-ßsf A]-K-Yn-°m-\p≈

Ignhpw hne-bn-cp-Øen\v hnt[-b-am-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F√m Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw Is≠-ØepIƒ

Ub-dn, bmXm-°p-dn-∏v, Npa¿]-XnI F∂n-ßs\ A\p-tbm-Py-cq-]-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج

\S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CØcw D¬]-∂-ß-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\p≈ Ah-kcw ¢mkn¬ Hcp-

°n-s°m-Sp-°-Ww.

`cWLS-I-߃ (A[ym-]n-I-bpsS d^-d≥kn-\p-am-Xw)

Pn√mIf-IvS¿ Pn√m aPn-kvtS‰p-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. F¥mWv CXp-sIm≠v hnh-£n-°p-∂Xv?

\ne-hn¬ tImS-Xn-°p-amXw \n¿h-l-Wm-[n-Im-c-ap≈ Nne ]h¿Ø-\-ß-ƒ Nne

]tXyI kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ If-IvS¿°pw ]tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ hnti-jm-[n-Im-c-ß-fp-≠v.

k¿°m-cn\S-bv°m-\p≈ \nIp-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p t_m[-]q¿hw Hgn-™p-am-dp∂ hy‡n-

Isf Ad-Ãp-sN-øm--\p≈ DØ-chv If-IvS¿°p ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°mw (dh\yq dn°-hdn BIvSv

sk£≥ 65). kwL¿j-_m-[nX]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \ntcm-[-\m⁄ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m\pw

\nb-a-hn-cp≤ P\-°q-´-Øn-\pt\sc AXym-h-iy-L-´-ß-fn¬ shSn-h-bv°m≥ DØ-c-hn-

Sm\pap≈ If-IvS¿°p≈ A[n-Imcw Pn√m aPn-kvtS‰v F∂ \ne-bn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv.

\º¿ Pn√

Xme

q°p-I

ƒ

dh

\yq

hnt

√-Pp-I

ƒ

tª

m°p

]©

m-b-Ø

p-

Iƒ

Kma

]©

m-b-Ø

p-

Iƒ

ap\

n-kn-∏

m-en-‰

n-

Ifpw

tI

m¿∏

-

td-j

-\p-I

fpw

1 Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 4 116 12 78 52 sIm√w 5 104 13 71 33 ]Ø-\w-Xn´ 5 68 9 54 34 Be-∏pg 6 91 12 73 55 tIm´bw 5 95 11 75 46 CSp°n 4 64 8 52 17 Fd-Wm-Ipfw 7 117 15 88 98 Xriq¿ 5 254 17 92 79 ]me-°mSv 5 158 13 91 4

10 ae-∏pdw 6 135 14 102 511 tImgn-t°mSv 3 117 12 78 312 hb-\mSv 3 49 3 25 113 IÆq¿ 3 129 9 81 614 Imk¿tKmUv 2 75 4 39 2

BsI 63 1572 152 999 58

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

142 ]h¿Ø\w˛ 6

hyXykvX Znh-k-ß-fnse ]X-߃ ¢mkn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ Xte-Zn-hkw Xs∂ Ip´n-I-

tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Smw. \mtem At©m ]X-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v t]meokv kaq-l-Øn¬ \S-

Øp∂ tkh-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf Is≠-Øp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. Kq∏-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv

CXv \¬-tI≠-Xv. Hmtcm Kq∏pw Is≠-Ønb tkh-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

A[ym-]nI CXv ¢mk-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.

CØcw Hcp kwhn-[m\w C√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Fs¥-√mw ]-iv\-߃ D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p?

¢mkn¬ A[ym-]-I≥ s]mXp-N¿® \bn-°p∂p"t]meokv˛ kaq-l-Øns‚ c£m-I-hNw'

F∂ ]mT-`mKw hmbn-°m-\m-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 7

t]meokv tÃj≥ kµ¿i-\-amWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambpw ]n∂oSv

Kq∏-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønepw Bh-iy-amb tNmZym-hen Xbm-dm-°-s´. aps∂m-cp-°-tØm-Sp-IqSn

t]meokv tÃj≥ kµ¿in-°p-∂p. hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®v Xncn®ph∂ Hmtcm Ip´nbpw

"t]meokv tkh-\-an-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬' F∂ Ipdn-∏p Xbm-dm-°-s´. e`y-amb hnh-c-ßsf

A\p-tbm-Py-amb hn[-Øn¬ Iao-I-cn-®n-´pt≠m? A\p-tbm-Py-amb \nK-a-\-߃ \S-Øn-bn-

´pt≠m? \nK-a-\߃ km[q-I-cn-°-Ø-°-XmtWm? F∂o kqN-I-ß-f-\p-k-cn-®v hne-bn-cp-

ج \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Hcp Ip‰-IrXyw \S-∂p-I-gn-™m¬ AXn-\p-Im-c-W-°m-c-\mb hy‡n/hy‡nIƒ in£n-°-

s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ t]meokv kzoI-cn-°p∂ \S-]SnIa-ßsf Cßs\ Npcp-

°n-∏-d-bmw.

$ First Information Report Xbm-dm-°p-∂p. \S∂ kw`hsØ°p-dn®v BZy-ambn Hcp

hy‡n FgpXn Xbm-dm-°nb cq]-Øntem, hm°mtem \¬Ip∂ hnh-c-߃ tcJ-

s∏-Sp-ج. hy‡n CXn¬ H∏n´ncn-°-Ww. tIkv cPn-ÿ sNøp-∂p.

$ sXfn-hp-\-in-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ PmK-X-]p-e¿Øp-Ibpw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p.

A[n-Im-cn-I-sfm-gn-®p-≈-hsc kw`-h-ÿ-eØv ]th-in-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°¬.

Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ hnc-e-S-bmf hnZ-Kv[s‚ tkh\w ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-ج, t^mt´m-

sb-Sp-°¬, t]meokv \mbsb ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-ج, ... XpSßn-bh CXn-\m-bp≈

GXm\pw \S-]-Sn-I-fm-Wv.

$ kw`-h-ÿ-e-Øp-t]mbn al- ¿ Xbm-dm-°p-∂p. kw`hw Ft∏mƒ, Fhn-sS-h®v,

Fß-s\, Bsc√mwIqSn sNbvXp, BcmWv A\-¥-c-^ew A\p-`-hn-®Xv XpS-ßnb

hnh-c-߃ CXn-epƒs∏-´n-cn-°pw.

$ km£n-sam-gn-Iƒ hnkvX-cn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

$ Nm¿Pv jo‰v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ Cu tcJ-I-sf√mw tImS-Xn-bn¬ ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.

A[ymbw ]Xns\m∂v

`cW\n¿h-lWw Pn√-bn¬

143]h¿Ø\w˛ 8

\ΩpsS hnZym-e-bsØ \nb-¥n-°p∂ DtZym-K-ÿ-kw-hn-[m\w GXmWv? F∂ tNmZyw

A[ym]-I≥ ¢mkn¬ tNmZn-°p-∂p. Ip´n-I-fpsS ]Xn-I-c-W-߃ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. CXp-

t]mse as‰¥√mw DtZym-Kÿ Hm^okv kwhn-[m-\-߃ Pn√-bv°p-≈n¬ ]h¿Øn-°p∂p

F∂ tNmZyhpw D∂-bn-°p-∂p. CXn-\p-k-lm-b-I-sa-∂-\n-e-bn¬ ]mT-`m-K-Ønse t£a ˛

hnI-k\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ F∂ `mKw hmbn-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 9

Ht∂m-ct≠m hIp-∏p-I-fnse Pn√m-X-ew-sXm´v Iogvt]m-´p≈ DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS ]´nI Xbm-

dm-°m-\p≈ ]h¿Ø\w Assignment Bbn \¬Ip-∂p. Cu ]h¿Ø\w Ab¬h-°-ho-Sp-

I-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ Ip´n-Isf Kq∏m°n \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F√m Kq∏n\pw ]iv\w ]cn-

l-cn-°m≥ Ign-™p-sIm-≈-W-sa-∂p-an-√.

DZm :

`£y-h-Ip∏v

Pn√m kssπ Hm^o-k¿

Xmeq°v kssπ Hm^o-k¿

tdj-\nwKv C≥kvs]-IvS¿

]h¿Ø\w˛ 10

Hcp Ipdn-∏p-X-øm-dm-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-amWv ChnsS \n¿t±in-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp ]iv\-k-µ¿`w

krjvSn-®mWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w \¬tI-≠-Xv. Ign™ Hcm-gvN-bv°p-≈n¬ Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-

tSbpw ho´p-Im¿ _‘s∏´ ÿm]-\-ta-sX∂pw F¥m-h-iy-Øn-\mWv _‘-s∏-´-sX∂pw

At\z-jn-®p-h-cm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. ASpØ Znh-ksØ ¢mkn¬ Cu hnh-c-ßsf

A[ym-]-I≥ tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p. tImUo-I-cn® hnh-c-ßsf Nm¿´n-em°n ]Z¿in-∏n-°p∂p.

Cu ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏´ tkh-\-߃ Fßs\ e`y-am°mw? Kq∏-

Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ N¿®-sN-ø-s´. AXn-\p-tijw Ah-cpsS \n¿t±-i-߃ Hmtcm

Ipdn-∏mbn Xøm-dm-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. hy‡n-K-X-am-bmWv Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-t°-≠-Xv.

]iv\-k-µ¿`-Øn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb ]cn-lmc \n¿t±-i-߃ apt∂m´p sh®n-´p≠v, kmaq-ly-

\-∑sb e£yw sh®p≈ \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-®n-´p≠v (\ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-°¬) F∂o kqN-

I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v Cu Ipdn-∏ns\ hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 11

Pn√m `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øns‚ LS\ F∂ ]mT-`mKw hni-I-e\w sNøm-\mWv ChnsS

Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv CXn-\mbn A[ym-]-I≥ Hcp tNmZym-hen Xbm-dm-°p-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn-°pw.

Pn√m DtZym-K-ÿsc Fßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn°mw?

$ `q\n-IpXn ]ncn-°¬, tcJ-kp-£n-°¬

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

144 $ Ia-k-am-[m-\-]m-e\w

$ t£a hnI-k\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-ج

GsXmcp ]uc\pw \n¿_-‘-am-bpw, ssZ\w-Zn\ Pnho-X-Øn¬ t\cn´p _‘-s∏-tS-

≠n-h-cnI GXp-hn-`mKw DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-am-bmWv?

$ Ia-k-am-[\ ]cn-]m-e\w s]mXp-P-\-߃ F√m-hcpw ssZ\w-Zn\w _‘-s∏-

Sp∂ hn`m-K-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√.

Cu 3 hn`mKw DtZym-K-ÿcpw XΩn¬ ]c-kv]cw klm-bn-t°-≠n-h-cp∂ Ah-k-c-ß-

fpt≠m?

DZm:˛

$ AI-a-Øntem A]-I-S-Øntem ]cn-t°‰ tcmKn-bn¬ \n∂pw tUmIvS-dpsS klm-

b-tØm-sS-bmWv samgn-sb-Sp-°p-∂Xv

$ A\-[n-Ir-X-a-W-se-Sp∏v dh\yp DtZym-K-ÿ¿ (Xlvkn¬Zm-cp-sS Hm^o-kv) \nb-

¥n-°p-∂Xv t]meokv kbm-l-tØm-sS-bm-Wv.

$ ]e- t£-a-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw A¿lsc \n›-bn-°p-∂Xv hnt√Pv Hm^o-kn¬\n∂pw

\¬Ip∂ k¿´n-^n-°-‰p-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv.

ta¬ kqNn-∏n® Xc-Øn-ep≈ tNmZy-ß-fn-eqsS Pn√m `cWkwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ LS\ F∂

Xe-s°-´n\p Iognse Ub-KsØ hni-I-e\w sNøn-°mw. Cu hnh-c-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-

\pw \n¿t±-in-°mw. hnhn[ DtZym-Kÿ kwhn-[m-\-ßsf ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-SpØn hni-

Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂pt≠m F∂-XmWv hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 12

s]mXp ÿm]-\-ßsf \n¿±njvS am\-Z-fi-Øn¬ Xcw-Xn-cn-°m≥ Hcp ]h¿Ø\w \¬Im-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXn-\mbn Ip´nbv°v At\z-jn-®m¬ hnhcw e`n-°m≥ CS-bp-≈Xpw km[m-c-

W-hp-amb Hcp ]´nI \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. km[y-X-bp≈ ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS Hcp ]´n-I-bmWv

ChnsS \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

$ k_v cPn-kvSm¿ Hm^okv

$ B¿.-‰n. H Hm^okv

$ Irjn- -h≥

$ F.C. H Hm^okv

$ Bbq¿thZ Bip--]Xn

$ t]meokv tÃj≥

$ k_v Pbn¬

$ hnZym-ebw

$ BtcmKy D]-tIµw

$ tªm°v Hm^okv

$ k¿t∆ Hm^okv

$ Kma-]-©m-bØv Hm^okv

A[ymbw ]Xns\m∂v

`cW\n¿h-lWw Pn√-bn¬

145`qtc-J-Iƒ kq£n-°epw \nIpXn ]ncn-°-epw, Ia-k-am-[m-\-]-cn-]m-e-\w, t£a-hn-I-

k\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ F∂o Npa-X-e-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xcw Xncn-°m≥ klm-b-I-

amb ]iv\m-h-X-cWw \S-Ø-Ww. _‘-s∏´ taJe Xncn-®-dn-™n-´pt≠m, AXns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]iv\-]-cnlcWw \S-Øn-bn-´pt≠m F∂-Xp-amWv hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv. Adn-

hns‚ ]tbmKw F∂ taJ-e-bn¬ Cu ]h¿Ø\w Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]h¿Ø\w˛ 13

]mT-`m-K-Øns‚ Hcp kam-]\ ]h¿Ø-\-ambn CXv ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww. Hcp aqey-\n¿Wb

D]m-[n-bmbn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

]Ir-Xn-bpsS Xmfihw

Zpcn-Xm-izmkw sshI-cpXv

tXmc-W-]pcw : Kma-Ønse ]mb-am-b-h¿°p-t]mepw tI´p-tIƒhn-bn-√mØ ISpØ BLm-

X-amWv ]mh-s∏-´-h¿ Xnßn-∏m¿-°p∂ ChnsS sImSp-¶m‰pw t]am-cnbpw hnX-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

aWn-°q-dp-I-tfmfw \n∂p s]bvX s]cp-ag B ]tZ-i-sØ-bmsI sh≈-Øn¬ BgvØn-bn-

cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ip≤-Pew e`y-a-√mØ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ ]S¿∂p ]nSn-°m-

\p≈ km[yX X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-√.

62 hoSp-I-fn¬ ]q¿W-ambpw 124 hoSp-Iƒ mKo-I-ambpw tISp-h-∂-\n-e-bn-em-Wv. h≥a-c-߃

IS-]p-gIn hoWv tdmUn-ep-≠mb XS- -߃ CXp-h-tcbpw \o°n-bn-´n-√. sshZypXn _‘w

]q¿W-ambpw ]p\:ÿm]n-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-sh-´-Øn¬ kvIqfn¬ Ign-

bp-I-bmWv \qdp-I-W-°n\v Bfp-Iƒ. Cu Ah-kcw apX-se-SpØv tamj-Whpw a‰pw e£yw

sh®v kmaq-ly-hn-cp-≤-cpsS cwK-]-thiw Kmao-Wsc `oXn-bn-em-gvØn-bn-cn-°-bm-Wv. Zpcn-

Xm-izmk ]h¿Ø-\-߃ C\nbpw sshIn-bm¬ ]´n-Wn-a-cWw hsc kw`--hn-t®-°p-sa∂v

P\--߃ `b-°p-∂p. bp≤-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Zpcn-Xm-izmk \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv P\-߃

]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xv.

tXmc-W-]pcØp≠mb ]Ir-Xn-Zp-c-¥-Øns‚ A\-¥-c-^-e-߃ hmbn-®p-ht√m.

$ Cu ]tZ-isØ P\-߃°v GsX√mw taJ-e-I-fn-emWv klmbw FØn-t°-≠Xv

$ Pn√m `c-W-\n¿∆-lW hn`m-K-Øn¬ \n∂pw GsX√mw Hm^okv kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw

DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-amWv ChnsS Zpcn-Xm-izm-k-]-h¿Ø-\-߃°v t\XrXzw \¬tI-≠n-h-

cnI?

$ ZpcnXmizmk ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ZpX-K-Xn-bnepw Imcy£aambpw \S-°m≥ B ]tZ-

isØ P\-߃ Fs¥√mw \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv Ah-cpsS `mK-Øp-\n∂pw kzoI-cn-t°-

≠Xv?

Cu ]h¿Ø\w hy‡n-K-X-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ ]iv\-k-µ¿`w hni-I-e\w sNbvXv klmbw FØn-t°≠ taJ-e-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-

™n-´pt≠m?

$ AXn-\-\p-kr-X-amb hn[-Øn¬ hIp-∏p-Itfbpw DtZym-K-ÿ-tcbpw \n¿t±-in-°m≥

Ign-™n-´pt≠m?

$ P\-߃ Ah-cpsS `mK-Øp-\n∂p kzoI-cn-t°≠ \S-]SnIsf-°p-dn®v \n¿t±-i-߃

sh®-n´pt≠m F∂o kqN-I-߃ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

¢mkv Bdv

A[ym-]Iklmbn

146 klm-b-I-ta-J-e-Iƒ

$ ip≤-Pew e`y-am-°¬

$ `£-W-hn-X-cWw /kuP\ytdj≥

$ ASn-b-¥nc ipNo-I-cWw

$ KXm-K-X-]p\:ÿm]\w

$ sshZypXn ]p\:ÿm]\w

$ ]m¿∏nS ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw

$ Ia-k-am-[m-\-]m-e\w

$ ASn-b-¥nc ]Xn-tcm[ ]h¿Ø-\-߃

$ NnIn-’m-Iymºv

$ ASn-b-¥nc kmº-ØnI klmbw

CS-s]-Sm-hp∂ DtZym-K-ÿcpw Hm^o-kp-Ifpw

$ Ie-IvS¿ ˛ Ie-IvS-td‰v

$ Xlkn¬Zm¿ ˛ Xmeq°v Hm^okv

$ hnt√Pv Hm^o-k¿ ˛ hnt√Pv Hm^okv

$ saUn-°¬ Hm^o-k¿/sl¬Øv C≥kvs]-Iv-S¿

Pq\n-b¿ ]ªnIv sl¬Øv t\gvkv ˛ ss]adn sl¬Øv sk‚¿

$ t]meokv ˛ t]meokv tÃj≥

$ ^b¿ k¿hokv DtZym-K-ÿ¿ ˛ ^b¿ tÃj≥

$ F≥Po-\o-b¿am¿ ˛ s]mXp-a-cm-a-Øp-h-Ip∏v

]tZisØ P\-߃°v kzoI-cn-°m-hp∂ \S-]--Sn-Iƒ

$ P\-]-Xn-\n-[n-Isf Adn-bn-°¬

$ Ie-IvSsd Adn-bn-°¬

$ a‰v Hm^o-kp-I-fn¬ Adn-bn-°¬

$ am[y-a-ßsf Adn-bn-°¬

$ Iq´m-bva-tbmsS ipNo-I-cWw

$ `£-Whpw Xma-khpw XmevIm-en-I-ambn s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn-te°v am‰¬

$ DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-ambpw P\-]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-ambpw kl-I-cn-°¬, klm-bn-°¬

$