Vozila s nultom emisijom ispušnih plinova

7/30/2019 Vozila s nultom emisijom ispušnih plinova

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vozila-s-nultom-emisijom-ispusnih-plinova 1/40

SMQKIB X OTIPMG

DGKXKAMG

KXUTťOKN UIKOMSB

Xpt`dopk1 Nzsmad Ubo`ſb 5284:20::8

Lzkxpkbo @zsm`dikĆ 5284:2020>

Gbpda MzdŢlmskĆ 5284:28044

2

XSDTĉKIKťPD T QBFZDJT

CBLTIPDP UZMGDPOKN QOBOMXPK

Gdopmz1 Pknmgkz UidŢb) `kui/ kof/ Qbfzdj) :52:/



TSM@

:

Umfmo ob didlpzkćot dodzfkat

Umfmo ob fmzksd Ćdikad .sm`kl+

Umfmo ob xpibćdok qzbl

Umfmo ob pdltĆk `tŢkl



Hdxpmsob smqkib

8

Tobuzkadďksboadg pdnokld k pdnomimfkad) zbqskadok xtxiad`dĆk umfmok QDS.Qdzm Dgkxxkmo Sdnkhid+1 Smqkib umfmoadob didlpzkćomg dodzfkamg

Smqkib umfmoadob sm`klmskg fmzkskg Ćdikabgb

Smqkib umfmoadok xpibćdokg qzblmg Smqkib umfmoadok pdltĆkg `tŢklmg



Smqkib umfmoadob didlpzkćomg dodzfkamg

0

Zbqikltadgm `skad sdzqkad utoadoab di/ btpmgmjkib1

Uitf'ko

Mo'xpzddp

Jbpdzkab ‘ didlpzmdodzfdpxlb obuzbsb zbqikćkpmf lbubhkpdpb k xobfd lmab

mgmftĆbsb umnzbot di/ dodzfkad .kxpmxgadzob xpztab+/ Xbxpbsiadob ad m` umad`kobćokn Ćdikab k skŢdxpztlkn xkpokn `kadimsb uibxpkld) bitgkokab)kqmibhkaxlmf gbpdzkabib k di/ smìakskn gbpdzkabib/

@m xb`b xt xd obatćkolmskpkakg jbpdzkabgb umlbqbib ikpka'kmoxlb k

ikpka'kmoxlb umikgdzob jbpdzkab/

Ikpka'kmoxlb jbpdzkab xd obaskŢd lmzkxpk qjmf sdikld xobfd k zbhkmobiomftpzmŢlb dodzfkad) pd kgb ftxpmĆt di/ xobfd m` :45 `m 845 Vn-lf

Ikpka'kmoxlb umikgdzob jbpdzkab ad tćkolmskpkab) bik k gomfm xltuiab m` ikpka'kmoxld jbpdzkad ‘ ftxpmĆb lmohdopzkzbod di/ dodzfkad mlm :55 Vn-lf



Smqkib umfmoadob didlpzkćomg dodzfkamg

4

Didlpzmgmpmz ‘ xzhd xtxpbsb

Didlpzmgmpmzk xt bxkolzmok xpzmadsk

T xdzkaxlma uzmkqsmòak kqibqd `sb pkub didlpzmgmpmzb1

Kxpmxgadzok didlpzmgmpmz .obazbŢkzdokak t tumzbjk+

Kqgadokćok didlpzmgmpmz

Umfmoxlk xpzma gmſd zb`kpk lbm didlpzmgmpmz .didlpzkćot dodzfkat uzdpsbzb tgdnbokćlt+ k lbm fdodzbpmz .lkodpkćlt dodzfkat uzdpsbzb t didlpzkćot+

*Gmqbl xtxpbsb* ad tuzbsiabćlb didlpzmokćlb ad`kokhb) lmab ob pdgdiatkocmzgbhkab xdoqmzb ob `kobgklt smſoad) mòmxom uzkpkxlboad ubutćkhd fbxbk lmćokhd m`zdďtad nmĆd ik didlpzmgmpmzok xlimu zb`kpk lbm umfmoxlk

didlpzmgmpmz kik fdodzbpmz



3



Smqkib umlzdpbok xmibzomg dodzfkamg

6

Btpmgmjki x umfmomg ob xmibzot dodzfkat ad didlpzkćom smqkim umlzdpbom xtoćdsmg

dodzfkamg lmab xd uzdpsbzb t kxlmzkxpkst dodzfkat uzdlm xmibzokn uimćb lmad xd obibqdob smqkit/

@kqbao btpmgmjkib ob xmibzot dodzfkat ad sdmgb xudhkckćbo qjmf pmfb Ţpm ad fmzoabxpzbob btpmgmjkib umutoadob xb umszŢkomg mxadpiaksmg ob xtoćdsd qzbld/ Pb umszŢkob xd xbxpmak m` xpmpkob cmpmobumoxlkn Ćdikab lmad kgbat qb`bĆt uzdpsbzbpk

xtoćdst dodzfkat t xpztat/



Smilxvbfdo'ms gm`di di/ jkhklib

>

Lbzblpdzkxpkćbo ad um pmgd Ţpm odgb ud`bid

Obubab xd kq ikpka'kmoxld jbpdzkad

Umfmoxlk xlimu didlpzmgmpmz-fdodzbpmz

Uzkgadob zdfdodzbpksomf lmćdoab

Jbpdzkad xd utod umgmĆt b`bupdzb

X adòkg utoadoadg gmſd uzkadĆk :5 lg tqgblx/ jzqkot m` :5 lg-n

Dcklbxom xlibuboad k xgadŢpba t txlmg

uzmxpmzt

http://www.pcpress.info/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/vw-bike-04-29-2010.jpg



Smqkib umfmoadob xpibćdokg qzblmg

;

Btpmgmjki ad umfmoado xpibćdokg qzblmg kqxuzdgoklb um` piblmg m` 825 jbzb) b xuzdgokl xdutok mjkćokg lmguzdxmzmg ob didlpzkćot dodzfkat)mpuzkikld ćdpkzk xbpb/ Tq lmguzdxmz ad tfzbďdo gbiklmosdohkmobiok gmpmz) obubabo ikpka'kmoxlkgjbpdzkabgb) lmak Ćd qbfzkabsbpk xuzdgokl xb qzblmg)pkgd xpsbzbatĆk sdĆk pibl t xuzdgoklt) umsdĆboad

gblxkgbiod jzqkod tq lmosdohkmobiok gmpmz k)`blblm) umsdĆboad btpmomgkad/ Qb umćdpbl) lmzkxpkmjk xd xbgm umfmo xpibćdokg qzblmg lmak zbqskabjzqkot `m 43 lg-n) b qb umxpkqboad sdĆkn jzqkob)tliatćtad xd zb` lmosdohkmobiomf gmpmzb ćkab jkdodzfkab qbfzkabsbib qzbl t xuzdgoklt) od jk ik pblmmxpsbzkm sdĆk pibl ob mot szkadòmxp) lmab jk gmfibumlzdotpk liku t hkiko`zt gmpmzb) adz qb umpkxlksboad

likub umpzdjbo ad m`zdďdo pibl/Ob mxomst xudhkcklbhkab msmf btpmgmjkib) qb 0'xbpomutoadoad xpibćdokg uikomg) umpzdjbo ad lmguzdxmz4)4 lV lmak jk qb pm szkadgd umpzmŢkm :: lVndidlpzkćod dodzfkad) `mxpbpom qb xsib`bsboadutpmsboab ̀ tiakod 8: lkimgdpbzb



25



Smqkib umfmoadob pdltĆkg `tŢklmg

22

Gdďt obagibďkg pdnomimfkabgb t zbqskaboat btpmgmjkib jt`tĆomxpk

Gmpmz jk pzdjbm jkpk umfmoado pdltĆkg `tŢklmg) lmak ad umnzboado txuzdgoklt/ Gmpmz ctolhkmokzb ob uzkohkut qbfzkabsboab pdltĆdf `tŢklb tkqgadoaksbćt pmuikod lmak m`tqkgb pmuikot kq mlmiomf qzblb) `mjksbatĆkumpzdjbo pibl qb umpkxlksboad likub) mòmxom qb zb` gmpmzb/

Blm xd smqkim obibqk t xibjm uzmsadpzbsbomg uzmxpmzt umxpmak odlk mjikl

zkqklb m` htzdoab `tŢklb lmak jk gmfbm zd`thkzbpk lmohdopzbhkat lkxklb tqzblt k tqzmlmsbpk ftŢdoad/

Dodzfdpxlb ftxpmĆb) lmab xd gmſd `mjkpk m` pdltĆdf `tŢklb uzkbpgmxcdzxlmg piblt k uzk xmjoma pdgudzbptzk m` 5µH) ad mlm ;6 Vn-lf/ Zb`ktxumzd`jd) ikpka'kmoxlb jbpdzkab kgb 255':45 Vn-lf) b 8555 Vn-lf kgb XTK

gmpmz/ Uzdòmxpk k od`mxpbhk1 odgb dgkxkab) okxlk pzmŢlmsk m`zſbsboab) xuzdgokl xd

utok ćdŢĆd k lzbĆd m` jbpdzkab) odtćkolmskpm kxlmzkŢpbsboad uzkgbzoddodzfkad) ftjkphk dodzfkad kp`/




2:

Sm`klmsd fmzksd Ćdikad xd obubabat fibsokg umfmoxlkgfmzksmg ‘ sm`klmg) kq xuzdgoklb) lmak ad uzdpdſom xgadŢpdo obxpzbſoadg ̀ kadit btpmgmjkib/

Qb uzkgadot sm`klmskn fmzkskn Ćdikab) sm`kl xd obauzkad gmzblmguzkgkzbpk) qjmf okxld dodzfdpxld ftxpmĆd) t uikomskpmxpboad/ Lmguzkgkzbok sm`kl xd obibqk t xuzdgokhkgb) uzk piblt

m` 655 jbzb/

Lmohdup gmſd jkpk kqsd`do t lmgjkobhkak x didlpzmgmpmzmg/




28

Fmzksd Ćdikad ctolhkmokzbat ob uzkohkut ldgkaxlmf uzmhdxb kqgdďt lkxklb ksm`klb) b lbm uzm`tlp `bat sm`t k di/ dodzfkat/

Fmzksd Ćdikad xbxpmad xd m` bom`d) lbpm`d k didlpzmikpb lmak mgmftĆbsb utpmsboad objmab kqgdďt bom`d k lbpm`d/ Didlpzmok xd lzdĆt m` bom`d uzdgblbpm`k sboaxlkg lztfmg k ob pba obćko uzmkqsm`d kxpmxgadzot xpztat/




20

@mjksdob di/ dodzfkab kxpmxgadzod xpztad didlpzm'ldgkaxlkg uzmhdxmg) mìbqk

t BH-@H kosdzpdz fàd xd pzboxcmzgkzb t kqgadokćot xpztat lmab umlzdĆddidlpzmgmpmz/ Didlpzmgmpmz gmſd zb`kpk k lbm fdodzbpmz lmak fdodzkzbdidlpzkćot dodzfkat k pmg dodzfkamg obubab jbpdzkad/

Xumadsk lkxklb k sm`klb uzmkqsm`d zbqikćkpd lmikćkod dodzfkad ćkak kqomx mskxk mbfzdfbpomg xpboat obxpbikn uzm`tlbpb kqfbzboab) b obaćdŢĆd ad pm sm`dobubzb/

Uzk kqfbzboat 2lf sm`klb x lkxklmg `mjksb xd 0): utpb skŢd dodzfkad) odfmkqfbzboadg 2lf tfiaklb/

Mìkltad xd skxmlmg dodzfdpxlmg szkadòmxpk k xptuoadg kxlmzkxpksmxpk) pd

lzbplmpzbaokg utoadoadg xuzdgoklb .xsdfb 4 gkotpb) mskxom m qbuzdgkok+/



JGV'ms lmohdup

24



Btpmjtx

23

Xuzdgokhk xd obibqd kqob` uzmxpmzb qb utpokld) koxpbibhkab zdfdodzbpksomf

lmćdoab) utod xd t absokg fzb`xlkg utokmokhbgb/



Gmpmhkli

26

Xuzdgokl x lzkmfdoxlkg sm`klmg

Ikpka'cmxcbpob jbpdzkab

Didlpzmokćlm lmćdoad k tuzbsiaboad

Didlpzmgbfodpxlk tjibſksbćk t`bzbhb

Didlpzmgmpmz xobfd 255 lV

Pkadim m` bitgkokab

http://auto.infoniac.com/2010/02/hydrogen-powered-bmw-bike-concept/



Jkhkli

2>

Obuzbsiado t Lkok

:5’ lmpbćk

Pdſbl 8: lf

Umfmoado UDG fmzkskg Ćdikabgb x`sb hkiko`zb qbuzdgkod 355 I k

didlpzmgmpmzmg jdq ćdplkhb

Gblxkgbiob jzqkob :4 lg-n

@mgdp mlm 255 lg



QZBLMUIMSK



Xmibzok qzblmuimsk

:5

Uzkohku zb`b1

Xmibzod ubodid

Lmosdzpdz

Jbpdzkad Gmpmz k didlpzmoklb



@kqbao xmibzod idpadikhd

:2



Uzmjidgk `kqbaokzboab idpadikhd

::

Uzmjidg zbxumàdid dodzfkad Dodzfkab xltuiadob pmlmg `bob pzdjb jkpk `mxpbpob qb

obubaboad idpadikhd pmlmg `bob k qb utoadoad jbpdzkab

Uzmjidg xkid tqfmob Umpzdjob ad lmoxpbopob xkib tqfmob lblm jk idpadikhb mxpbib

uzk xpbioma ob`gmzxlma skxkok



Didlpzkćok qzblmuimsk

:8



:0

Xikćomxp xb didlpzkćokg btpgmjkimg .umlzdĆt xddidlpzmgmpmzkgb+

Jbpdzkad xt obasdĆk uzmjidg

Adòb m` uzdòmxpk ad pqs/ Zdfdodzbhkaxlm idjàdoad

Obubabok xt kxpmxgadzokg .@H+ didlpzmgmpmzmg



Didlpzkćok gmpmz .@H+

:4

Uzkohku zb`b1

Lb`b kqsmz xpztad .jbpdzkat+

xumakgm ob ćdplkhd

didlpzmgmpmzb) lzmq lmidlpmz k qbsmaokht umćkoad pdĆk

xpztab lmab t gbfodpxlmg

umiat .xpbpmzb+ xpsbzb xkit

lmab mlzdĆd qbsmaokht .zmpmz+

k xpsbzb gdnbokćlt dodzfkat

lmab xd uzdomxk mxmskomg/



Idpadikhd x umfmomg ob fmzksd Ćdikad

:3



Idpadikhd x umfmomg ob fmzksd Ćdikad

:6

Lmzkxpd sm`kl k lkxkl) b lbm uzm`tlp `bat sm`t kdidlpzkćot dodzfkat

Kqsm`d xd x `skad szxpd umfmob

Fmzksd Ćdikad

Ikpkatg'kmoxld jbpdzkad Jbpdzkad xt odmunmòd adz idpadikhb pzdjb `m`bpok

umpkhba qb udoaboad ob umpzdjot skxkot

Uzmxadćom szkadgd idpb ad 85 gko



:>



SIBLMSK

:;



Didlpzkćob imlmgmpksb

85

lmzkxpk stćod didlpzmgmpmzd lmak xd obubabat uzdlm

lmopblpod gzdſd uzdlm ubpomfzbcb

gmſdgm um`kadikpk ob ćdpkzk obćkob1

uzdgb obumot t lmopblpoma gzdſk

uzdgb szxpk stćokn didlpzmgmpmzb uzdgb jzmat gmftĆkn kxpmszdgdokn xtxpbsb obubaboab

obćkot umsdqksboab t lmopblpot gzdſt



Gbfodpom idskpbhkaxlk sibl

82

Gbfodpom'idskpbhkaxlk sibl .Gbfids+ ad umxdjob)

gm`dzob szxpb ſdiadqokćlmf smqkib) lmab idj`k ob`

sm`kikhmg lb` ad t umlzdpt umgmĆt gbfodpxld xkid

Umxdjomxp msblsmf obćkob zb`b ad t pmgd Ţpm t

umlzdpt sibl xbg od `m`kztad umìmft) odfm idj`k obszim pbolmg zbqgblt m` sm`kikhd umgmĆt

gbfodpmm`jmaod xkid

Umfmo xd szŢk umgmĆt uzkohkub ikodbzomf gmpmzb



8:

Pzdotpom xt umqobpk msk fibsok

xtxpbsk kqsd`jd1

didlpzmgbfodpxlb xtxudoqkab '

uzksibćob xkib gbfodpb lmak xt kxum`

pzbxd xd lmzkxpk qb idj`doad

didlpzm`kobgkćlb xtxudoqkab ' m`jmaob

xkib gbfodpb lmak xd lmzkxpd qb

m`jkaboad siblb pkgd tqzmltatĆkfkjboad



Imlmgmpksd x fmzkskg Ćdikabgb

88

Mxomsob k`dab obubaboab siblmsb x fmzkskg Ćdikabgb ot`k odlmiklm

sbſokn uzdòmxpk k ad`bo szim mqjkiabo od`mxpbpbl

Liatćod uzdòmxpk lmzkŢpdoab fmzkskn Ćdikab tgadxpm sdiklkn `kqdixlkn

gmpmzb tliatćtat qobpom xgboadoad modćkŢĆtatĆkn psbzk) tliatćtatĆk k

ćbĒt) tq gomfm pkŢk zb`/ ObasdĆk od`mxpbpbl ad skxmlb hkadob/

Blm qbodgbzkgm pzmŢlmsd fmzksb) imlmgmpksd x fmzksmg Ćdikamg Ćd xd

xtmćkpk xb gboad uzduzdlb sdiklkn zbqgadzb qb kguidgdopbhkat m`

btpmgmjkib xb fmzksmg Ćdikamg/ Ad`bo m` pkn uzmjidgb ad umnzbob

sm`klb) obasdĆk uzmjidg btpmgmjkib) lmak okad uzmjidg t msma xkptbhkak/

Blm ad umpzdjom) sibl gmſd xuzdgokl fmzkskn Ćdikab omxkpk t ̀ m`bpomg

sbfmot'hkxpdzok xb lmguzkgkzbokg sm`klmg kqb imlmgmpksd) k pm od jk

qobpom uzmgkadokim udzcmzgboxd kik hkadod siblb/ Pm jk pblmĒdz xgboakim umpzdjt qb ćdxpmg ob`mutomg fmzksb/



80



JZM@MSK

84



Jzm`msk ob sadpbz .ad`zkikhd+

83

Ad`zkikhb ad jzm`khb lmab xd `kadimg kik umputom umlzdĆd

ad`zkgb

Zbqiklb t sdikćkok okad xpzmfm m`zdĒdob k mom Ţpm m`zdĒtad

ad`zdoabl) ad`zkikht kik gboad uimskim ad zbqikćkpm t zbqikćkpkg

`kadimskgb xskadpb

Xsblb ad`zkikhb xd xbxpmak m` pztub) adòmf kik skŢd abzjmib k

ad`zkiab



Xmibzom didlpzkćok jzm`msk

86

Tfibsomg xt pm nkjzk`k lmak lmzkxpd xmibzod ubodid qb

uzkltuiaboad xtoćdsd dodzfkad) uzkszdgdom ad

xlib`kŢpd t bltgtibpmzxld jbpdzkad) b qb umfmo

uzmudidzb xd lmzkxpd didlpzkćok gmpmzk

Smikpbo



Jzm`msk x fmzkskg Ćdikabgb

8>

Uzsk jzm` x fmzkskg Ćdikabgb ad tumzbjiado pdl :55;/

fm`kod

ObasdĆk zbqimf tsmĒdoab fmzkskn Ćdikab Ţpm xd jzm`msb

pkćd ad mfzmgob lmikćkob kxutŢpdokn uikomsb umutp

xtgumzomf `kmlxk`b k `tŢkćomf mlxk`b/ Dgkxkab`tŢklmskn mlxk`b kq adòmf `kqdixlmf jzm`b t fm`kok

ad sdĆb m` mokn kq ::/555 btpmgmjkib/ Mxpbik zbqimqk

tliatćtat okſt zbqkot jtld) odgb skjzbhkab) sdĆb

dcklbxomxp uzkadomxb xobfd



8;

Umfmoxlk xtxpbs tliatćtad `sb xtxpbsb fmzkskn Ćdikab) xuzdgokld

sm`klb) xtxpbs jbpdzkab k dodzfdpxlk lmopzmiok xtxpbs/



Qbliatćbl

05

Gmſdgm mćdlksbpk `b Ćd t xlmzma jt`tĆomxpk msblsb

smqkib utom jmiad lmoltzkzbpk umxpmadĆkg mjikhkgbuzkadsmqb bik t pzdotpomg xpboat mob xt t umćdpltgbxmsomf lmgdzhkabiomf lmzkŢpdoab

Pdnomimfkab xd zbqskab bik pm ad `tfmpzbabo uzmhdx k oadqkom

lmzkŢpdoad odĆd qbſksadpk txlmzm/ Uzdibqbl ob `ztfk pkufmzksb) umfmpmsm t hdxpmsomg uzmgdpt ad sdiklbuzmgadob k qbnpkadsb kopdikfdopom lmzkŢpdoad umxpmadĆdkoczbxpztlptzd kik fzbĒdoad omsd

Uzmjidg ad xbgb hkadob pblskn smqkib lmab ad sdĆb m`

umxpmadĆkn Szkad`k xumgdotpk `b kblm smqkib x otipmg dgkxkamg

xpdpokn uikomsb xbgb um xdjk od qbfbĒtat mlmikŢ) mob odgkokgkqkzbat qbfbĒdoad obxpbim t uzmkqsmòak dodzfkad

Documents

Vozila s nultom emisijom ispušnih plinova