Use of Water Quality Index As A Tool for Urban Water Quality

Prediction of Mumbai, India

Ms. Swapnali D. Mahadik

PhD Research Scholar,Computer Science Department,TMV,Pune

Assistant Professor, MCA Department,Navinchandra Mehta Institute of Technology and Development,

DES Mumbai Campus, Kirti Off-, College St, ChandrakantDhuruWadi, Dadar,Mumbai,India

Dr.AnupGirdhar

CEO-Founder, Sedulity solutions & Technologies, Ph.D.Guide, TMV,Pune, India

Abstract

Mumbai, India is a port city located on the western

coast of the Indian headland. It is a one of the prime

and most heavily populated city in the world. The

quality of water resources such as surface water and

ground water in urban areas like Mumbai has

undergone degradation due to discharge of domestic

and industrial wastewaters and urbanization among

other factors. The main objective of this paper is to

reviews Water Quality Index technique to water

quality modeling and monitoring as much as to

manage the water quality.

Keywords: Water Quality Index, Surface Water,

Ground Water, Water Resources, Water Quality

Modeling

Introduction

As per the Safe Water Network Mumbai City Report

(2016), stated that the recent census, which has been

conducted in the year 2011, Mumbai, has a

population of 12.5 million, out of which 6.5 million

inhabit slums. The main goal of continuous piped

water in Mumbai slums area is a big challenge due to

high infrastructure needs and reducing water

resources. The situation is aggravated by a quick

increase in population and shocking rise in pollution

levels in surface water bodies as well as groundwater

[8].

Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) being

the state nodal agency under the Central Pollution

Control Board (CPCB) regularly monitors the water

quality under the various water quality management

systems (WQMS) under two programs of National

Water Quality Monitoring Program (NWMP) and

State Water Quality Monitoring Program (SWMP)

[9][11].

Literature Review

As per the Water Quality Maharashtra report 2017-18

Surface water samples are supervised once in every

month where the ground water samples are monitored

annually twice. As per CPCB (Central Pollution

Control Board), discharge of untreated sewage from

urban areas, the release of industrial discharges is the

major suppliers of water pollution. Along with

human activities, various micro-organisms like

bacteria, viruses and protozoa also cause water

infection which may cause various water-borne

diseases [10].

As suggested by A.R. Finottiet.al , Application of the

water quality index allowed interpretations of the

results and also WQI can designate the degree of con-

tamination of waters impacted by domestic waste at

urban areas [1]. LongqinXu et.al has proposed a

model which is a combination of the wavelet

transform with the BP neural network whichbuilds

the short-term wavelet neural network water quality

prediction model, so this model helps to predict water

quality of freshwater [4].

As per the recommendation of MosaadKhadr ,

ANFIS models are capable of simulating the water

quality parameters and providingdependable

prediction of total phosphorus and also nitrogen [7].

Ye Liu et.al proposed model with two alignment i.e.

spatial alignment among stations which captures their

spatial correlations and performs co predictions by

incorporating these correlations and Extensive

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 7, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Page 79 of 83

experiments on real-world datasets which

demonstrates the effectiveness the given approach

[6].

Daniel P. Loucks et.al has worked onurban water

matters and present ways of recognizingand

evaluating alternatives for addressing multiple-

purpose and multiple objectives water quantity and

quality management tasks. [3]

Organization and Presentation of Data

This study presents the use of Water Quality Index

tool for management of urban water resources

through a monitoring network. The water quality

testing under the GEMS and MINARS program

under NWMP in Maharashtra is monitored by MPCB

(state nodal agency). Monitoring is carried out in

Mumbai Urban area around twelve stations. Which

are shown below in Table 1.

8

2811

Sea

water

Sea water at

Shivaji park (

Dadarchoupathy),

VillageDadar,

Taluka-Dadar, District- Mumbai.

Sea

water

9

2168

River

Mithi river near

Road bridge,

Village- Mahim,

TalukaBandra, District- Mumbai.

Mithi

River

10

2169

Marine

Sea water at

Versova beach,

Village- Versova,

TalukaAndheri,

District- Mumbai.

Sea

water

11

2812

Sea

Water

Sea water at Juhu

beach, Village-

Juhugaon,

TalukaSantacruz, District- Mumbai.

Sea

water

12

1317

creek

Thane creek at

Elephanta Island,

Village-

Elephanta,Island , Taluka- Mumbai,

Thane

creek

Table 1: NWMP Station Details ( GEMS / MINARS)

Surface Water [14]

Sr

No

Stati

on

Cod

e

Type

Station Name

Water

Body

1

2165

Marine

Sea water at

Gateway of India,

Village- Colaba,

TalukaColaba, District- Mumbai.

Sea

water

2

2166

Marine

Sea water at Charni

road choupathy,

Village-

Girgaon,Taluka- Mumbai,

Sea

water

3

2167

Marine

Sea water at

Worliseaface,

Village- Worli,

TalukaWorli, District- Mumbai.

Sea

water

4

1318

Creek

Mahim creek at

Mahim Bay,

Village- Mahim,

TalukaMumbai,

District- Mumbai.

Mahim

creek

5

2808

Sea

water

Sea water at

Nariman Point,

Village- Colaba,

TalukaColaba, District- Mumbai.

Sea

water

6

2809

Sea

water

Sea water at

Malabar Hill,

Village-

Walkeshwar,Taluk

aMumbai,District- Mumbai.

Sea

water

7

2810

Sea

water

Sea water at Haji

Ali, Village- Worli,

Taluka-

Worli,District- Mumbai.

Sea

water

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 7, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Page 80 of 83

𝑖=1

𝑖=1

Surface Water Quality:

𝑊𝑄𝐼 = ∑𝑝 𝑊𝑖𝐼𝑖 (Eq.1)

Where;

Ii = sub index for water parameter

Wi = weight associated with water parameter

P = number of water parameters [10]

Ground water Quality:

𝑊𝑄𝐼 = ∑𝑛=9 𝑞𝑖. 𝑤𝑖

Where; qi = quality rating

(Eq.2)

wi = relative of each weight [10]

Figure 1: National water quality Monitoring Program

(Surface water location) [13]

As per the report for specified urban area generally

considered 44 parameters including field observations,

general parameters, core parameters and trace metals.

Such as under field observations weather, depth of

water body, color, odor can be considered, also

Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, pH, BOD can be

considered as core parameters, General Parameters are

like turbidity, COD, Potassium , Fluoride .And last

Trace metals covers cadmium, Copper, Zinc, Iron etc

[2] [10]. Few parameters are pair to soil type or land

use also [5]. The data sets can be organized in spread

sheets for further analysis and illustrative presentation.

Methodology

As per the report of E- Bulletin of Water Quality

National Water Monitoring Programme (NWMP), The

National Sanitation Foundation, USA developed the

Water Quality Index (NSFWQI), a method for

comparing the water quality of different water bodies

[12].

The WQI has been determined based on the formula

developed by National Sanitation Foundation (NSF)

and modified by Central Pollution Control

Board(CPCB). The formula for surface water and

ground water has been shown below:

Given parameters monitored in India under the NWMP

and to maintain the uniformity while comparing the

water quality index values across the nation. Upon

determining the water quality index, the water quality is

described for easy interpretation. It also helps in

determining the ongoing and future problem with the

water in the region. Based on this there is water quality

classification for best designated use (surface water)

which is been shown in given table 2 and table 3 for

Ground water classification based on the Water Quality

Index.

WQI Quality

Classificat

ion

Class

By

CPCB

Class

By

MPCB

Remarks

63 - 100

Good to excellent

A A-I Non Polluted

50-63 Medium to

Good

B Not

Prescrib ed

Non

Polluted

38-50 Bad C A-II Polluted

38

and

less

Bad to very

bad

D,E A-III,

A-IV

Heavily

Polluted

Table 2: water quality classification for best designated

use (surface water) [10]

WQI Value Water Quality

<50 Excellent

50-100 Good Water

100-200 Poor Water

200-300 Very Poor water

>300 Water Unsuitable for Drinking

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 7, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Page 81 of 83

Table 3: Water Quality Classification and Best

Designated use (Ground water) [10]

Conclusion

This study suggest Water Quality Index is tool which

provides a unique number like a grade that gives overall

water quality of a certain water sample as per the

location and time specifications for various water

quality parameters. As per the E- Bulletin of Water

Quality National Water Monitoring Programme

(NWMP) of MPCB 2017-18 , Mumbai Region is at the

level of quality classification is at Bad to very Bad

because of Mithi River which is very much near to

Mahim, TalukaBandra and District Mumbai. So the

main objective is to developing anDirectory is to

streamline the complex water quality parametric data

into comprehensive information for easy access and

understanding.

References:

[1]. Use of water quality index as a tool

for urban water resources

management, A.R. Finotti1, R.

Finkler2, N. Susin3 & V.E.

Schneider4,2015, Int. J. Sus. Dev.

Plann. Vol. 10, No. 6 (2015) 781–794

[2]. Determination of water quality index

and suitability of an urban waterbody

in Shimoga Town, Karnataka, K

Yogendra , E.T.

Puttaiah.,2008, The 12th Lake

conference :342 -346

[3]. Water quality Modeling and

Prediction, Daniel P. Loucks, Eelco

van Beek, 2017, Water Resource

Systems Planning and Management.

Springer, Cham, ISBN 978-3-319-

44234-1

[4]. Study of short-term water quality

prediction model based on wavelet

neural

network,LongqinXu,ShuangyinLiu,

Mathematical and Computer

Modelling, Volume 58, Issues 3–

4, August 2013, Pages 807-813

[5]. Development and testing of the HYPE

(Hydrological Predictions for the

Environment) water quality model for

different spatial scales,

GöranLindström, CharlottaPers,

JörgenRosberg, Johan Strömqvist,

BeritArheimer, Hydrology Research

(2010) 41 (3-4): 295-319.

[6]. Urban Water Quality Prediction based

on Multi-task Multi-view Learning,

Ye Liu, Yu Zheng, Yuxuan Liang,

Shuming Liu, David S. Rosenblum,

Proceedings of the 25th International

Joint Conference on Artificial

Intelligence | June 2016, Published by

IJCAI

[7]. Data-driven modeling for water

quality prediction case study: The

drains system associated with

Manzala Lake,

Egypt,MosaadKhadr,MohamedElshe

my, December 2017,Ain Shams

Engineering Journal,Volume 8, Issue

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es/default/files/Safe%20Water%20Net

work_Mumbai%20City%20Report.pd

f

[9]. http://www.teriin.org/sites/default/file

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02/2016MC03%20Water%20Quality

%20Report_MPCB_2015-16.pdf

[10]. http://www.mpcb.gov.in/ereports/

pdf/Water_Quality_Maharashtra_201

7_18_report_09012019.pdf

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 7, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Page 82 of 83

[11]. http://www.mpcb.gov.in/envtdata/

Ebulletin_pdf/E_Bulletin_Eng_Dece

mber_02032019.pdf

[12]. E- Bulletin of Water Quality

National Water Monitoring

Programme (NWMP) - 2018

[13]. http://mpcb.gov.in/envtdata/maps

ofwq.php

[14]. http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/nw

mp_06042017.pdf

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 7, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

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