Use of Water Quality Index As A Tool for Urban Water Quality
Prediction of Mumbai, India
Ms. Swapnali D. Mahadik
PhD Research Scholar,Computer Science Department,TMV,Pune
Assistant Professor, MCA Department,Navinchandra Mehta Institute of Technology and Development,
DES Mumbai Campus, Kirti Off-, College St, ChandrakantDhuruWadi, Dadar,Mumbai,India
Dr.AnupGirdhar
CEO-Founder, Sedulity solutions & Technologies, Ph.D.Guide, TMV,Pune, India
Abstract
Mumbai, India is a port city located on the western
coast of the Indian headland. It is a one of the prime
and most heavily populated city in the world. The
quality of water resources such as surface water and
ground water in urban areas like Mumbai has
undergone degradation due to discharge of domestic
and industrial wastewaters and urbanization among
other factors. The main objective of this paper is to
reviews Water Quality Index technique to water
quality modeling and monitoring as much as to
manage the water quality.
Keywords: Water Quality Index, Surface Water,
Ground Water, Water Resources, Water Quality
Modeling
Introduction
As per the Safe Water Network Mumbai City Report
(2016), stated that the recent census, which has been
conducted in the year 2011, Mumbai, has a
population of 12.5 million, out of which 6.5 million
inhabit slums. The main goal of continuous piped
water in Mumbai slums area is a big challenge due to
high infrastructure needs and reducing water
resources. The situation is aggravated by a quick
increase in population and shocking rise in pollution
levels in surface water bodies as well as groundwater
[8].
Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) being
the state nodal agency under the Central Pollution
Control Board (CPCB) regularly monitors the water
quality under the various water quality management
systems (WQMS) under two programs of National
Water Quality Monitoring Program (NWMP) and
State Water Quality Monitoring Program (SWMP)
[9][11].
Literature Review
As per the Water Quality Maharashtra report 2017-18
Surface water samples are supervised once in every
month where the ground water samples are monitored
annually twice. As per CPCB (Central Pollution
Control Board), discharge of untreated sewage from
urban areas, the release of industrial discharges is the
major suppliers of water pollution. Along with
human activities, various micro-organisms like
bacteria, viruses and protozoa also cause water
infection which may cause various water-borne
diseases [10].
As suggested by A.R. Finottiet.al , Application of the
water quality index allowed interpretations of the
results and also WQI can designate the degree of con-
tamination of waters impacted by domestic waste at
urban areas [1]. LongqinXu et.al has proposed a
model which is a combination of the wavelet
transform with the BP neural network whichbuilds
the short-term wavelet neural network water quality
prediction model, so this model helps to predict water
quality of freshwater [4].
As per the recommendation of MosaadKhadr ,
ANFIS models are capable of simulating the water
quality parameters and providingdependable
prediction of total phosphorus and also nitrogen [7].
Ye Liu et.al proposed model with two alignment i.e.
spatial alignment among stations which captures their
spatial correlations and performs co predictions by
incorporating these correlations and Extensive
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 7, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
Page 79 of 83
experiments on real-world datasets which
demonstrates the effectiveness the given approach
[6].
Daniel P. Loucks et.al has worked onurban water
matters and present ways of recognizingand
evaluating alternatives for addressing multiple-
purpose and multiple objectives water quantity and
quality management tasks. [3]
Organization and Presentation of Data
This study presents the use of Water Quality Index
tool for management of urban water resources
through a monitoring network. The water quality
testing under the GEMS and MINARS program
under NWMP in Maharashtra is monitored by MPCB
(state nodal agency). Monitoring is carried out in
Mumbai Urban area around twelve stations. Which
are shown below in Table 1.
8
2811
Sea
water
Sea water at
Shivaji park (
Dadarchoupathy),
VillageDadar,
Taluka-Dadar, District- Mumbai.
Sea
water
9
2168
River
Mithi river near
Road bridge,
Village- Mahim,
TalukaBandra, District- Mumbai.
Mithi
River
10
2169
Marine
Sea water at
Versova beach,
Village- Versova,
TalukaAndheri,
District- Mumbai.
Sea
water
11
2812
Sea
Water
Sea water at Juhu
beach, Village-
Juhugaon,
TalukaSantacruz, District- Mumbai.
Sea
water
12
1317
creek
Thane creek at
Elephanta Island,
Village-
Elephanta,Island , Taluka- Mumbai,
Thane
creek
Table 1: NWMP Station Details ( GEMS / MINARS)
Surface Water [14]
Sr
No
Stati
on
Cod
e
Type
Station Name
Water
Body
1
2165
Marine
Sea water at
Gateway of India,
Village- Colaba,
TalukaColaba, District- Mumbai.
Sea
water
2
2166
Marine
Sea water at Charni
road choupathy,
Village-
Girgaon,Taluka- Mumbai,
Sea
water
3
2167
Marine
Sea water at
Worliseaface,
Village- Worli,
TalukaWorli, District- Mumbai.
Sea
water
4
1318
Creek
Mahim creek at
Mahim Bay,
Village- Mahim,
TalukaMumbai,
District- Mumbai.
Mahim
creek
5
2808
Sea
water
Sea water at
Nariman Point,
Village- Colaba,
TalukaColaba, District- Mumbai.
Sea
water
6
2809
Sea
water
Sea water at
Malabar Hill,
Village-
Walkeshwar,Taluk
aMumbai,District- Mumbai.
Sea
water
7
2810
Sea
water
Sea water at Haji
Ali, Village- Worli,
Taluka-
Worli,District- Mumbai.
Sea
water
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 7, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
Page 80 of 83
𝑖=1
𝑖=1
Surface Water Quality:
𝑊𝑄𝐼 = ∑𝑝 𝑊𝑖𝐼𝑖 (Eq.1)
Where;
Ii = sub index for water parameter
Wi = weight associated with water parameter
P = number of water parameters [10]
Ground water Quality:
𝑊𝑄𝐼 = ∑𝑛=9 𝑞𝑖. 𝑤𝑖
Where; qi = quality rating
(Eq.2)
wi = relative of each weight [10]
Figure 1: National water quality Monitoring Program
(Surface water location) [13]
As per the report for specified urban area generally
considered 44 parameters including field observations,
general parameters, core parameters and trace metals.
Such as under field observations weather, depth of
water body, color, odor can be considered, also
Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, pH, BOD can be
considered as core parameters, General Parameters are
like turbidity, COD, Potassium , Fluoride .And last
Trace metals covers cadmium, Copper, Zinc, Iron etc
[2] [10]. Few parameters are pair to soil type or land
use also [5]. The data sets can be organized in spread
sheets for further analysis and illustrative presentation.
Methodology
As per the report of E- Bulletin of Water Quality
National Water Monitoring Programme (NWMP), The
National Sanitation Foundation, USA developed the
Water Quality Index (NSFWQI), a method for
comparing the water quality of different water bodies
[12].
The WQI has been determined based on the formula
developed by National Sanitation Foundation (NSF)
and modified by Central Pollution Control
Board(CPCB). The formula for surface water and
ground water has been shown below:
Given parameters monitored in India under the NWMP
and to maintain the uniformity while comparing the
water quality index values across the nation. Upon
determining the water quality index, the water quality is
described for easy interpretation. It also helps in
determining the ongoing and future problem with the
water in the region. Based on this there is water quality
classification for best designated use (surface water)
which is been shown in given table 2 and table 3 for
Ground water classification based on the Water Quality
Index.
WQI Quality
Classificat
ion
Class
By
CPCB
Class
By
MPCB
Remarks
63 - 100
Good to excellent
A A-I Non Polluted
50-63 Medium to
Good
B Not
Prescrib ed
Non
Polluted
38-50 Bad C A-II Polluted
38
and
less
Bad to very
bad
D,E A-III,
A-IV
Heavily
Polluted
Table 2: water quality classification for best designated
use (surface water) [10]
WQI Value Water Quality
<50 Excellent
50-100 Good Water
100-200 Poor Water
200-300 Very Poor water
>300 Water Unsuitable for Drinking
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 7, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
Page 81 of 83
Table 3: Water Quality Classification and Best
Designated use (Ground water) [10]
Conclusion
This study suggest Water Quality Index is tool which
provides a unique number like a grade that gives overall
water quality of a certain water sample as per the
location and time specifications for various water
quality parameters. As per the E- Bulletin of Water
Quality National Water Monitoring Programme
(NWMP) of MPCB 2017-18 , Mumbai Region is at the
level of quality classification is at Bad to very Bad
because of Mithi River which is very much near to
Mahim, TalukaBandra and District Mumbai. So the
main objective is to developing anDirectory is to
streamline the complex water quality parametric data
into comprehensive information for easy access and
understanding.
References:
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Yogendra , E.T.
Puttaiah.,2008, The 12th Lake
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[3]. Water quality Modeling and
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van Beek, 2017, Water Resource
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44234-1
[4]. Study of short-term water quality
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Mathematical and Computer
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4, August 2013, Pages 807-813
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(Hydrological Predictions for the
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GöranLindström, CharlottaPers,
JörgenRosberg, Johan Strömqvist,
BeritArheimer, Hydrology Research
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Shuming Liu, David S. Rosenblum,
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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 7, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
Page 82 of 83
[11]. http://www.mpcb.gov.in/envtdata/
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[12]. E- Bulletin of Water Quality
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[13]. http://mpcb.gov.in/envtdata/maps
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[14]. http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/nw
mp_06042017.pdf
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 7, 2019 (Special Issue) © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
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