US VS WINDSOR 570 US ___ NO 12-307 JUNE 26, 2013

7/25/2019 US VS WINDSOR 570 US ___ NO 12-307 JUNE 26, 2013

1/43

OCTOBER TERM, 2012

1 Syllabus NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is

being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued. The

syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the ourt but has been prepared by

the !eporter of "ecisions for the con#enience of the reader. $ee %nited $tates #."etroit Timber & 'umber o., %. $. *+, **.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED

STATES

Syllabus

UNITED STATES v. WINDSOR, EXECUTOR OF THE ESTATE OF SPER, ET A!.

CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEA!S FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

N". 12#$0%. A&'u() Ma&*+ 2%, 201$D(*-)() u/( 2, 201$

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a/) T+(a S7y(&, 3+" 3() -/ O/a&-", Ca/a)a, -/ 200%. W+(/ S7y(& )-() -/ 2008,

s+( l( +(& (/-&( (sa( " W-/)s"&. W-/)s"& s"u'+ " *la-6 +( ()(&al (sa( a9

(9(67-"/ "& su&v-v-/' s7"us(s, bu 3as ba&&() &"6 )"-/' s" by :$ " +( ()(&al

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" +( H"us( " R(7&(s(/a-v(s +a +( D(7a&6(/ " us-*( 3"ul) /" l"/'(&

)((/) :$s *"/s-u-"/al-y. I/ &(s7"/s(, +( B-7a&-sa/ !('al A)v-s"&y &"u7

;B!A< " +( H"us( " R(7&(s(/a-v(s v"() " -/(&v(/( -/ +( l--'a-"/ " )((/)

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+( *"u& &ul() a'a-/s +( U/-() Sa(s, =/)-/' :$ u/*"/s-u-"/al a/) "&)(&-/'

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*"/*&(( )-sa'&((6(/ b(3((/ "77"s-/' 7a&-(s +a 3as su-abl( "& Gu)-*-al

&(s"lu-"/ -/ +( D-s&-* C"u&, bu +( E9(*u-v(s )(*-s-"/ /" " )((/) :$s

*"/s-u-"/al-@ 2 UNITED STATES v. WINDSOR Syllabus y -/ *"u& 3+-l( *"/-/u-/'

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2/43

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3/43

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7&(ss. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES N". 12#$0% UNITED STATES,

PETITIONER v. EDITH SCH!AIN WINDSOR, IN HER CAPACIT AS EXECUTOR OF THEESTATE OF THEA C!ARA SPER, ET A!. ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED

STATES COURT OF APPEA!S FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT Ku/( 2, 201$L USTICE

ENNED )(l-v(&() +( "7-/-"/ " +( C"u&. T3" 3"6(/ +(/ &(s-)(/ -/ N(3 "&4

3(&( 6a&&-() -/ a la3ul *(&(6"/y -/ O/a&-", Ca/a)a, -/ 200%. E)-+ W-/)s"& a/)

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>s7"us(? as +a (&6 -s us() -/ ()(&al sau(s. W-/)s"& 7a-) +( a9(s bu =l()

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(.'., Ba(+& v. !(3-/, % 2 UNITED STATES v. WINDSOR O7-/-"/ " +( C"u& Ha3.

$0, J2 P. 2) ;188$


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6/43

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s(9ual "&-(/a-"/, as b"+ +( D(7a&6(/ a/) W-/)s"& +a) C-( as %0 U. S.

;201$< O7-/-"/ " +( C"u& u&'(). T+( U/-() Sa(s +as /" *"67l-() 3-+ +(

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" :$ " DOMA, +( C"u& &(u(s() a&'u6(/ "/ 3" a))--"/al u(s-"/s 3+(+(&

+( U/-() Sa(s a'&((6(/ 3-+ W-/)s"&s l('al 7"s--"/ 7&(*lu)(s u&+(& &(v-(3

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a77"-/() P&"(ss"& -*4- a*4s"/ as a6-*us *u&-a( " a&'u( +( 7"s--"/ +a +(

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(*"/"6-* -/Gu&y " +( -/)-v-)ual a97ay(&.? H(-/ v. F&(()"6 F&"6 R(l-'-"/

F"u/)a-"/, I/*., 1 U. S. J%, 88 ;200%< ;7lu&al-y "7-/-"/< ;(67+as-s )(l(()


7/43

P&(s-)(/ a'&(() 3-+ W-/)s"&s l('al 7"s--"/ a/) +( D-s&-* C"u& -ssu() -s

Gu)'6(/, +( 7a&-(s 3(&( /" l"/'(& a)v(&s(. F&"6 +-s sa/)7"-/ +( U/-()

Sa(s 3as a 7&(va-l-/' 7a&y b(l"3, Gus as W-/)s"& 3as. A**"&)-/'ly, +( a6-*us

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Wa&+ v. C-( as %0 U. S. ;201$< % O7-/-"/ " +( C"u& S(l)-/, 22 U. S. 80,

8J ;18%(ss(/-ally 6a(&s " Gu)-*-al s(l@'"v(&/a/*(.? I)., a

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3(l*"6( +-s "&)(& " 7ay +( &(u/) - - -s a**"67a/-() by +( *"/s-u-"/al &ul-/'

- 3a/s )"(s /" (l-6-/a( +( -/Gu&y " +( /a-"/al T&(asu&y - 7ay6(/ -s 6a)(,"& " +( a97ay(& - - -s /". T+( Gu)'6(/ "&)(&s +( U/-() Sa(s " 7ay 6"/(y

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Sa(s +as a val-) l('al a&'u6(/ +a - -s -/Gu&() (v(/ - +( E9(*u-v( )-sa'&((s

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*la-6 "& u/)s +a +( U/-() Sa(s &(us(s " 7ay +us (sabl-s+(s a *"/&"v(&sy

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a4(/ +( u&+(& s(7 " 7ay-/' W-/)s"& +( &(u/) " 3+-*+ s+( 3as (/-l() u/)(&


8/43

+( D-s&-* C"u&s &ul-/'. T+-s C"u& *"/&"/() a *"67a&abl( *as( -/ INS v.

C+a)+a, 2 U. S. 818 ;18J$+( INS 7&(s(/() +( E9(*u-v(s v-(3s "/ +(

*"/s-u-"/al-y " +( H"us( a*-"/ " +( C"u& " A77(als.? I)., a 8$0. T+( INS,+"3(v(&, *"/-/u() " ab-)( by +( sau(, a/) >+( INS b&-( " +( C"u& "

A77(als )-) /" al(& +( a'(/*ys )(*-s-"/ " *"67ly 3-+ +( H"us( a*-"/

"&)(&-/' )(7"&a-"/ " C+a)+a.? Ib-). T+-s C"u& +(l) >+a +( INS 3as su*-(/ly

a''&-(v() by +( C"u& " A77(als )(*-s-"/ 7&"+-b--/' - &"6 a4-/' a*-"/ - 3"ul)

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3( u7+"l) K+( sau(L, +( INS 3-ll (9(*u( -s "&)(& a/) )(7"& +-6.? I)., a 8$8#

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;1J82


9/43

s+a&7(/s +( 7&(s(/a-"/ " -ssu(s u7"/ 3+-*+ +( *"u& s" la&'(ly )(7(/)s "&

-llu6-/a-"/ " )-*ul *"/s-u-"/al u(s-"/s.? Ba4(& v. Ca&&, $8 U. S. 1J, 20

;182+(&( 6ay b( 7&u)(/-al, as "77"s() " A&. III, *"/*(&/s ab"u sa/*-"/-/' +(

a)Gu)-*a-"/ " K+-s *as(L -/ +( abs(/*( " a/y 7a&-*-7a/ su77"&-/' +( val-)-y

" K+( sau(L. T+( C"u& " A77(als 7&"7(&ly )-s7(ll() a/y su*+ *"/*(&/s by

-/v--/' a/) a**(7-/' b&-(s &"6 b"+ H"us(s " C"/'&(ss.? 2 U. S., a 80.

C+a)+a 3as /" a/ a/"6aly -/ +-s &(s7(*. T+( C"u& a)"7s +( 7&a*-*( "

(/(&a-/-/' a&'u6(/s 6a)( by a/ a6-*us 3+(/ +( C-( as %0 U. S. ;201$3+(/ a/ A* " C"/'&(ss -s all('() " *"/-*

3-+ +( C"/s-u-"/, K-L -s (67+a-*ally +( 7&"v-/*( a/) )uy " +( Gu)-*-al

)(7a&6(/ " say 3+a +( la3 -s.? -v""s4y v. Cl-/"/, U. S. , ;2012- -s b"+ a77&"7&-a( a/)

/(*(ssa&y "& C"/'&(ss " )" 3+a - *a/ " )((/) +( -/s-u-"/ " &a)--"/al

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&uly &a)-*al 7&"7"sal +a 3"ul) u/)a6(/ally al(& +( -/s-u-"/ " 6a&&-a'(.? H.

R. R(7. N". 10#, 77. 12#1$ ;188b"+ 6"&al )-sa77&"val " +"6"s(9ual-y, a/) a 6"&al *"/v-*-"/ +a

+((&"s(9ual-y b((& *"67"&s 3-+ &a)--"/al ;(s7(*-ally u)("C+&-s-a/KL+-s "7-/-"/ a/) -s +"l)-/' a&( *"/=/() " +"s( la3ul 6a&&-a'(s,? a/(, a

2&((&&-/' " sa6(@s(9 6a&&-a'(s +a a Sa( +as al&(a)y &(*"'/-5() as a &(sul

" +( l"*al >*"66u/-ys *"/s-)(&() 7(&s7(*-v( "/ +( +-s"&-*al &""s " +(

-/s-u-"/ " 6a&&-a'( a/) -s (v"lv-/' u/)(&sa/)-/' " +( 6(a/-/' " (ual-y.?

A/(, a 20. USTICE SCA!IA b(l-(v(s +-s -s a >bal), u/&(as"/() )-s*la-6(K&L.?

P"s, a 22. I/ 6y v-(3, +"u'+, +( )-s*la-6(& -s a l"'-*al a/) /(*(ssa&y*"/s(u(/*( " +( a&'u6(/ +( 6aG"&-y +as *+"s(/ " a)"7. T+( )"6-/a/

+(6( " +( 6aG"&-y "7-/-"/ -s +a +( F()(&al "v(&/6(/s -/&us-"/ -/" a/

a&(a >*(/&al " sa( )"6(s-* &(la-"/s la3 a77l-*abl( " -s &(s-)(/s a/) *--5(/s?

-s su*-(/ly >u/usual? " s( "Q ala&6 b(lls. A/(, a 1%, 20. I +-/4 +( 6aG"&-y

'"(s "Q *"u&s(, as I +av( sa-), bu - -s u/)(/-abl( +a -s Gu)'6(/ -s bas() "/

()(&al-s6. T+( 6aG"&-y (9(/s-v(ly *+&"/-*l(s DOMAs )(7a&u&( &"6 +( /"&6al

all"*a-"/ " &(s7"/s-b-l-y b(3((/ Sa( C-( as %0 U. S. ;201$< $ ROBERTS,


19/43

C. ., )-ss(/-/' a/) F()(&al "v(&/6(/s, (67+as-5-/' +a DOMA >&(G(*s +(

l"/'@(sabl-s+() 7&(*(7 +a +( -/*-)(/s, b(/(=s, a/) "bl-'a-"/s " 6a&&-a'(

a&( u/-"&6 "& all 6a&&-() *"u7l(s 3-+-/ (a*+ Sa(.? A/(, a 1J. Bu +(&( -s /"

su*+ )(7a&u&( 3+(/ "/( Sa( a)"7s "& 4((7s a )(=/--"/ " 6a&&-a'( +a )-Q(&s

&"6 +a " -s /(-'+b"&, "& - -s (/-&(ly (97(*() +a sa( )(=/--"/s 3"ul)

>va&y, subG(* " *"/s-u-"/al 'ua&a/((s, &"6 "/( Sa( " +( /(9.? Ib-). T+us,3+-l( >KL+( Sa(s 7"3(& -/ )(=/-/' +( 6a&-al &(la-"/ -s " *(/&al &(l(va/*(? "

+( 6aG"&-ys )(*-s-"/ " s&-4( )"3/ DOMA +(&(, -b-)., +a 7"3(& 3-ll *"6( -/"

7lay "/ +( "+(& s-)( " +( b"a&) -/ uu&( *as(s ab"u +( *"/s-u-"/al-y "

sa( 6a&&-a'( )(=/--"/s. S" "" 3-ll +( *"/*(&/s "& sa( )-v(&s-y a/)

s"v(&(-'/y +a 3(-'+ a'a-/s DOMAs *"/s-u-"/al-y -/ +-s *as(. S(( a/(, a

18. I -s /" Gus +-s *(/&al (au&( " +( 6aG"&-ys a/alys-s +a -s u/-u( "

DOMA, bu 6a/y *"/s-)(&a-"/s "/ +( 7(&-7+(&y as 3(ll. F"& (9a67l(, +( 6aG"&-y

"*us(s "/ +( l('-sla-v( +-s"&y a/) -l( " +-s 7a&-*ula& A*, a/(, a 21 +"s(

sau(@s7(*-=* *"/s-)(&a-"/s 3-ll, " *"u&s(, b( -&&(l(va/ -/ uu&( *as(s ab"u

)-Q(&(/ sau(s. T+( 6aG"&-y (67+as-5(s +a DOMA 3as a >sys(63-)(

(/a*6(/ 3-+ /" -)(/-=() *"//(*-"/ " a/y 7a&-*ula& a&(a " ()(&al la3,? bu a

Sa(s )(=/--"/ " 6a&&-a'( >-s +( "u/)a-"/ " +( Sa(s b&"a)(& au+"&-y "

&('ula( +( subG(* " )"6(s-* &(la-"/s 3-+ &(s7(* " +( K7L&"(*-"/ "

"Qs7&-/', 7&"7(&y -/(&(ss, a/) +( (/"&*(6(/ " 6a&-al &(s7"/s-b-l--(s.? A/(,

a 22, 1%. A/) +( ()(&al )(*-s-"/ u/)(&6-/() ;-/ +( 6aG"&-ys v-(3< +( >)-'/-y

Kal&(a)yL *"/(&&() by +( Sa(s -/ +( (9(&*-s( " +(-& s"v(&(-'/ 7"3(&,? a/(, a

21, 3+(&(as a Sa(s )(*-s-"/ 3+(+(& " (97a/) +( )(=/--"/ " 6a&&-a'( &"6 -s

&a)--"/al *"/"u&s -/v"lv(s /" s-6-la& *"/*(&/. W( 6ay -/ +( uu&( +av( "

&(s"lv( *+all(/'(s " sa( UNITED STATES v. WINDSOR ROBERTS, C. ., )-ss(/-/'

6a&&-a'( )(=/--"/s aQ(*-/' sa6(@s(9 *"u7l(s. T+a -ssu(, +"3(v(&, -s /" b("&(

us -/ +-s *as(, a/) 3( +"l) ")ay +a 3( la*4 Gu&-s)-*-"/ " *"/s-)(& - -/ +(7a&-*ula& *"/(9 " H"ll-/'s3"&+ v. P(&&y, a/(, 7. . I 3&-( "/ly " +-'+l-'+

( l-6-s " +( 6aG"&-ys +"l)-/' a/) &(as"/-/' ")ay, l(s -s "7-/-"/ b( a4(/ "

&(s"lv( /" "/ly a u(s-"/ +a I b(l-(v( -s /" 7&"7(&ly b("&( us DOMAs

*"/s-u-"/al-ybu als" a u(s-"/ +a all a'&((, a/) +( C"u& (97l-*-ly

a*4/"3l()'(s, -s /" a -ssu(. C-( as %0 U. S.

;201$< 1 SCA!IA, ., )-ss(/-/' SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES N". 12#

$0% UNITED STATES, PETITIONER v. EDITH SCH!AIN WINDSOR, IN HER CAPACIT AS

EXECUTOR OF THE ESTATE OF THEA C!ARA SPER, ET A!. ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI

TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEA!S FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT Ku/( 2,

201$L USTICE SCA!IA, 3-+ 3+"6 USTICE THOMAS G"-/s, a/) 3-+ 3+"6 THE CHIEF

USTICE G"-/s as " Pa& I, )-ss(/-/'. T+-s *as( -s ab"u 7"3(& -/ s(v(&al &(s7(*s. I

-s ab"u +( 7"3(& " "u& 7("7l( " '"v(&/ +(6s(lv(s, a/) +( 7"3(& " +-s C"u&

" 7&"/"u/*( +( la3. T")ays "7-/-"/ a''&a/)-5(s +( la(&, 3-+ +( 7&()-*abl(

*"/s(u(/*( " )-6-/-s+-/' +( "&6(&. W( +av( /" 7"3(& " )(*-)( +-s *as(. A/)

(v(/ - 3( )-), 3( +av( /" 7"3(& u/)(& +( C"/s-u-"/ " -/val-)a( +-s

)(6"*&a-*ally a)"7() l('-sla-"/. T+( C"u&s (&&"&s "/ b"+ 7"-/s s7&-/' "&+


20/43

&"6 +( sa6( )-s(as() &"" a/ (9al() *"/*(7-"/ " +( &"l( " +-s -/s-u-"/ -/

A6(&-*a. I A T+( C"u& -s (a'(&+u/'&y" (ll (v(&y"/( -s v-(3 " +( l('al

u(s-"/ a +( +(a& " +-s *as(. Sa/)-/' -/ +( 3ay -s a/ "bsa*l(, a (*+/-*al-y

" l-l( -/(&(s " a/y"/( bu +( 7("7l( " W( +( P("7l(, 3+" *&(a() - as a

ba&&-(& a'a-/s Gu)'(s -/&us-"/ -/" +(-& l-v(s. T+(y 'av( Gu)'(s, -/ A&-*l( III, "/ly

+( >Gu)-*-al P"3(&,? a 7"3(& " )(*-)( /" abs&a* u(s-"/s bu &(al, *"/*&(( 2UNITED STATES v. WINDSOR SCA!IA, ., )-ss(/-/' >Cas(s? a/) >C"/&"v(&s-(s.? (

+( 7la-/-Q a/) +( "v(&/6(/ a'&(( (/-&(ly "/ 3+a s+"ul) +a77(/ -/ +-s

la3su-. T+(y a'&(( +a +( *"u& b(l"3 '" - &-'+ a/) +(y a'&(() -/ +( *"u&

b(l"3 +a +( *"u& b(l"3 +a "/( '" - &-'+ as 3(ll. W+a, +(/, a&( 3( )"-/'

+(&(Z T+( a/s3(& l-(s a +( +(a& " +( Gu&-s)-*-"/al 7"&-"/ " ")ays "7-/-"/,

3+(&( a s-/'l( s(/(/*( lays ba&( +( 6aG"&-ys v-s-"/ " "u& &"l(. T+( C"u& says

+a 3( +av( +( 7"3(& " )(*-)( +-s *as( b(*aus( - 3( )-) /", +(/ "u& >7&-6a&y

&"l( -/ )((&6-/-/' +( *"/s-u-"/al-y " a la3? ;a l(as "/( +a >+as -/-*()

&(al -/Gu&y "/ a 7la-/-Q ?< 3"ul) >b(*"6( "/ly s(*"/)a&y " +( P&(s-)(/s.? A/(,

a 12. Bu 3a-, +( &(a)(& 3"/)(&sW-/)s"& 3"/ b(l"3, a/) s" *u&() +(& -/Gu&y,

a/) +( P&(s-)(/ 3as 'la) " s(( -. T&u(, says +( 6aG"&-y, bu Gu)-*-al &(v-(3

6us 6a&*+ "/ &('a&)l(ss, l(s 3( >u/)(&6-/( +( *l(a& )-*a( " +( s(7a&a-"/@

"@7"3(&s 7&-/*-7l( +a 3+(/ a/ A* " C"/'&(ss -s all('() " *"/-* 3-+ +(

C"/s-u-"/, - -s (67+a-*ally +( 7&"v-/*( a/) )uy " +( Gu)-*-al )(7a&6(/ "

say 3+a +( la3 -s.? Ib-). ;-/(&/al u"a-"/ 6a&4s a/) b&a*4(s "6-()7(&(*ly *""&)-/a( by +( (&6s " +(-&

*"66"/ *"66-ss-"/,? /"/( " 3+-*+ b&a/*+(s *"ul) >7&((/) " a/ (9*lus-v( "&

su7(&-"& &-'+ " s(l-/' +( b"u/)a&-(s b(3((/ +(-& &(s7(*-v( 7"3(&s.? T+(

F()(&al-s, N". 8, 7. $1 ;C. R"ss-(& (). 181< ;. Ma)-s"/


21/43

*"u& a/) all"3s +a 7&-6a*y " b( (9(&*-s() -/ *"/(9s "+(& +a/ a la3su-. S((,

(.'., Bas-* !a3 "& +( F()(&al R(7ubl-* " (&6a/y, A&. 8$. T+( Gu)-*-al 7"3(& as

A6(&-*a/s +av( u/)(&s"") - ;a/) +(-& E/'l-s+ a/*(s"&s b("&( +(6< -s +(

7"3(& " a)Gu)-*a(, 3-+ *"/*lus-v( (Q(*, )-s7u() '"v(&/6(/ *la-6s ;*-v-l "&

*&-6-/al< a'a-/s 7&-va( 7(&s"/s, a/) )-s7u() *la-6s by 7&-va( 7(&s"/s a'a-/s

+( '"v(&/6(/ "& "+(& 7&-va( 7(&s"/s. S"6(-6(s ;+"u'+ /" al3ays< +(7a&-(s b("&( +( *"u& )-sa'&(( /" 3-+ &('a&) " +( a*s " +(-& *as( ;"& /"

"/ly 3-+ &('a&) " +( a*s< bu 3-+ &('a&) " +( a77l-*abl( la3-/ 3+-*+ (v(/

;a/) "/ly -/ 3+-*+ (v(/< - b(*"6(s +( >7&"v-/*( a/) )uy " +( Gu)-*-al

)(7a&6(/ " say 3+a +( la3 -s.? A/(, a 12. I/ "+(& 3"&)s, )(*la&-/' +(

*"67a-b-l-y " sa( "& ()(&al la3s 3-+ +( C"/s-u-"/ -s /" "/ly /" +(

>7&-6a&y &"l(? " +-s C"u&, - -s /" a s(7a&a(, &((@ UNITED STATES v. WINDSOR

SCA!IA, ., )-ss(/-/' sa/)-/' &"l( a all. W( 7(&"&6 +a &"l( -/*-)(/allyby

a**-)(/, as - 3(&(3+(/ +a -s /(*(ssa&y " &(s"lv( +( )-s7u( b("&( us. T+(/,

a/) "/ly +(/, )"(s - b(*"6( >+( 7&"v-/*( a/) )uy " +( Gu)-*-al )(7a&6(/ "

say 3+a +( la3 -s.? T+a -s 3+y, -/ 1%8$, 3( 7"l-(ly )(*l-/() +( Was+-/'"/

A)6-/-s&a-"/s &(u(s " >say 3+a +( la3 -s? "/ a 7a&-*ula& &(ay 6a(& +a

3as /" +( subG(* " a *"/*&(( l('al *"/&"v(&sy. $ C"&&(s7"/)(/*( a/) Publ-*

Pa7(&s " "+/ ay J#J8 ;H. "+/s"/ (). 1J8$


22/43

3( s+"ul) )-s6-ss< "& la*4 " Gu&-s)-*-"/. S-/*( b"+ 7a&-(s a'&(() 3-+ +(

Gu)'6(/ " +( D-s&-* C"u& "& +( S"u+(&/ D-s&-* " N(3 "&4, +( su- s+"ul)

+av( (/)() +(&(. T+( u&+(& 7&"*(()-/'s +av( b((/ a *"/&-va/*(, +av-/' /"

"bG(* -/ 6-/) (9*(7 " (l(va( a D-s&-* C"u& Gu)'6(/ +a +as /" 7&(*()(/-al

(Q(* -/ "+(& *"u&s, " "/( +a +as 7&(*()(/-al (Q(* +&"u'+"u +( S(*"/)

C-&*u-, a/) +(/ ;-/ +-s C"u&< 7&(*()(/-al (Q(* +&"u'+"u +( U/-() Sa(s. W(+av( /(v(& b("&( a'&(() " s7(a4" >say 3+a +( la3 -s?3+(&( +(&( -s /"

*"/&"v(&sy b("&( us. I/ +( 6"&( +a/ 3" *(/u&-(s +a +-s C"u& +as (9-s() as

a/ -/s-u-"/, 3( +av( /(v(& su''(s() +a 3( +av( +( 7"3(& " )(*-)( a

u(s-"/ 3+(/ (v(&y 7a&y a'&((s 3-+ b"+ -s /"6-/al "77"/(/ a/) +( *"u&

b(l"3 "/ +a u(s-"/s a/s3(&. T+( U/-() Sa(s &(lu*a/ly *"/*()() +a a "&al

a&'u6(/. S(( T&. " O&al A&'. 18#20. T+( *l"s(s 3( +av( (v(& *"6( " 3+a +(

C"u& bl(ss(s ")ay 3as "u& "7-/-"/ -/ INS v. C+a)+a, 2 U. S. 818 ;18J$


23/43

)(*-)(s - +( 3ay +( P&(s-)(/ 3-s+(s< )(s7-( +-s aba/)"/6(/ " +( )((/s(

a/) +( *"/s(u(/ abs(/*( " a *as( "& *"/&"v(&sy. C-( as %0 U. S. ;201$7&u)(/-al? (l(6(/< " sa/)-/'. T+( u(s-"/ +(&( -s /" 3+(+(&,

as +( 6aG"&-y 7us -, >+( U/-() Sa(s &(a-/s a sa4( J UNITED STATES v.WINDSOR SCA!IA, ., )-ss(/-/' su*-(/ " su77"& A&-*l( III Gu&-s)-*-"/,? -b-). +(

u(s-"/ -s 3+(+(& +(&( -s a/y *"/&"v(&sy ;3+-*+ &(u-&(s *"/&a)-*-"/< b(3((/

+( U/-() Sa(s a/) Ms. W-/)s"&. T+(&( -s /". I =/) - 3&yly a6us-/' +a +(

6aG"&-y s((4s " )-s6-ss +( &(u-&(6(/ " 7a&y@a)v(&s(/(ss as /"+-/' 6"&(

+a/ a >7&u)(/-al? as7(* " +( s"l( A&-*l( III &(u-&(6(/ " sa/)-/'. ;R(l('a-/'

a Gu&-s)-*-"/al &(u-&(6(/ " >7&u)(/-al? saus -s a 3"/)&"us )(v-*(, (/abl-/'

*"u&s " -'/"&( +( &(u-&(6(/ 3+(/(v(& +(y b(l-(v( - >7&u)(/?3+-*+ -s "

say, a '"") -)(a.< Hal a *(/u&y a'", a C"u& s-6-la&ly b(/ u7"/ a//"u/*-/' -s

v-(3 &('a&)-/' +( *"/s-u-"/al-y " a ()(&al sau( a*+-(v() +a '"al by

(Q(*-/' a &(6a&4ably s-6-la& bu *"67l((ly "77"s-( )-s"&-"/ " +( 7&-/*-7l(sl-6--/' "u& Gu&-s)-*-"/. T+( C"u&s /""&-"us "7-/-"/ -/ Flas v. C"+(/, $82 U. S.

J$, 8J#101 ;18J


24/43

>*"/&"v(&sy? *a/ (9-s 3-+"u )-sa'&((6(/ b(3((/ +( 7a&-(s. I/ D(7"s-

ua&a/y Na. Ba/4 v. R"7(&, U. S. $2 ;18J07&u)(/-al? &(u-&(6(/ +a 3(

+av( -/v(/(), bu a/ (ss(/-al (l(6(/ " a/ A&-*l( III *as( "& *"/&"v(&sy. T+(

6aG"&-ys /"-"/ +a a *as( b(3((/ &-(/)ly 7a&-(s *a/ b( (/(&a-/() s" l"/' as

>a)v(&sa&-al 7&(s(/a-"/ " +( -ssu(s -s assu&() by +( 7a&-*-7a-"/ " a6-*-

*u&-a( 7&(7a&() " )((/) 3-+ v-'"&? +( "+(& s-)( " +( -ssu(, a/(, a 10, (Q(*s

a b&(a+a4-/' &(v"lu-"/ -/ "u& A&-*l( III Gu&-s7&u)(/*(. I 6ay b( a&'u() +a -

3+a 3( say -s &u( s"6( P&(s-)(/-al )((&6-/a-"/s +a sau(s a&(

u/*"/s-u-"/al 3-ll /" b( subG(* " "u& &(v-(3. T+a -s as - s+"ul) b(, 3+(/ b"+

+( P&(s-)(/ a/) +( 7la-/-Q a'&(( +a +( sau( -s u/*"/s-u-"/al. W+(&( +(E9(*u-v( -s (/"&*-/' a/ u/*"/s-u-"/al la3, su- 3-ll " *"u&s( l-( bu -, -/ +a

su-, +( E9(*u-v( a)6-s +( u/*"/s-u-"/al-y " +( la3, +( l--'a-"/ s+"ul)

(/) -/ a/ "&)(& "& a *"/s(/ )(*&(( (/G"-/-/' (/"&*(6(/. T+-s su- sa3 +( l-'+ "

)ay "/ly b(*aus( +( P&(s-)(/ (/"&*() +( A* ;a/) +us 'av( W-/)s"& sa/)-/'

" su(< (v(/ +"u'+ +( b(l-(v() - u/*"/s-u-"/al. H( *"ul) +av( (ually *+"s(/

;6"&( a77&"7&-a(ly, s"6( 3"ul) say< /(-+(& " (/"&*( 10 UNITED STATES v.

WINDSOR SCA!IA, ., )-ss(/-/' /"& " )((/) +( sau( +( b(l-(v() " b(

u/*"/s-u-"/al, s(( P&(s-)(/-al Au+"&-y " D(*l-/( " E9(*u( U/*"/s-u-"/al

Sau(s, 1J O7. OQ. !('al C"u/s(l 188 ;N"v. 2, 188


25/43

a'&(() 3-+. B( su&( " +-s 6u*+ I a P&(s-)(/ 3a/s " -/sula( +-s Gu)'6(/ "

u/*"/s-u-"/al-y &"6 "u& &(v-(3, +( *a/. W+a +( v-(3s u&'() -/ +-s )-ss(/

7&")u*( -s /" -/sula-"/ &"6 Gu)-*-al &(v-(3 bu -/sula-"/ &"6 E9(*u-v(

*"/&-va/*(. T+( 6aG"&-y b&a/)-s+(s +( a6"us s(/(/*( &"6 Ma&bu&y v.

Ma)-s"/, 1 C&a/*+ 1$%, 1%% ;1J0$< +a >K-L -s (67+a-*ally +( 7&"v-/*( a/) )uy

" +( Gu)-*-al )(7a&6(/ " say 3+a +( la3 -s.? A/(, a 12 ;-/(&/al u"a-"/6a&4s "6-()A

Gu)'6(/ (/(&() u/)(& su*+ *-&*u6sa/*(s, a/) "& su*+ 7u&7"s(s, -s a 6(&( "&6.

T+( 3+"l( 7&"*(()-/' 3as -/ *"/(67 " +( *"u&, a/) +-'+ly &(7&(+(/s-bl( . . . . A

Gu)'6(/ -/ "&6, +us 7&"*u&(), -/ +( (y( " +( la3 -s /" Gu)'6(/ " +( *"u&. I

-s a /ull-y, a/) /" 3&- " (&&"& 3-ll l-( u7"/ -. T+-s 3&- -s, +(&("&(, )-s6-ss().? I).,

a 2#2. T+(&( -s, -/ +( 3"&)s " Ma&bu&y, /" >/(*(ss-y K"L (97"u/) a/)

-/(&7&(? +( la3 -/ +-s *as( Gus a )(s-&( " 7la*( +-s C"u& a +( *(/(& " +(Na-"/s l-(. 1 C&a/*+, a 1%%. B A (3 3"&)s -/ &(s7"/s( " +( +("&y "

Gu&-s)-*-"/ s( "&+ -/ USTICE A!ITOs )-ss(/ T+"u'+ l(ss a& &(a*+-/' -/ -s

*"/s(u(/*(s +a/ +( 6aG"&-ys *"/v(&s-"/ " *"/s-u-"/ally &(u-&()

a)v(&s(/(ss -/" a )-s*&(-"/a&y (l(6(/ " sa/)-/', +( +("&y " +a )-ss(/

s-6-la&ly (l(va(s +( C"u& " +( >7&-6a&y? )((&6-/(& " *"/s-u-"/al u(s-"/s

-/v"lv-/' +( s(7a&a-"/ " 7"3(&s, a/), " b"", -/*&(as(s +( 7"3(& " +( 6"s

)a/'(&"us b&a/*+ +( >l('-sla-v( )(7a&6(/,? 3+-*+ by -s /au&( >)&a3KsL all

7"3(& -/" -s -67(u"us v"&(9.? T+( F()(&al-s, N". J, a $08 ;. Ma)-s"/a4( Ca&( +a +( !a3s

b( a-+ully (9(*u(),? U. S. C"/s., A&. II, :$, *"ul) "/ly b( 12 UNITED STATES v.WINDSOR SCA!IA, ., )-ss(/-/' b&"u'+ b("&( a Gu)-*-al &-bu/al by s"6("/(

3+"s( *"/*&(( -/(&(ss 3(&( +a&6() by +a all('() a-lu&(. USTICE A!ITO 3"ul)

*&(a( a sys(6 -/ 3+-*+ C"/'&(ss *a/ +al( +( E9(*u-v( b("&( +( *"u&s /" "/ly

" v-/)-*a( -s "3/ -/s-u-"/al 7"3(&s " a*, bu " *"&&(* a 7(&*(-v()

-/a)(ua*y -/ +( (9(*u-"/ " -s la3s.$ T+-s 3"ul) lay " &(s T"*u(v-ll(s 7&a-s(

" "u& Gu)-*-al sys(6 as "/( 3+-*+ >-/-6a(ly b-/)KsL +( *as( 6a)( "& +( la3

3-+ +( *as( 6a)( "& "/( 6a/,? "/( -/ 3+-*+ l('-sla-"/ -s >/" l"/'(& (97"s() "


26/43

+( )a-ly a''&(ss-"/ " +( 7a&-(s,? a/) -/ 3+-*+ >KL+( 7"l--*al u(s-"/ +a K+(

Gu)'(L 6us &(s"lv( -s l-/4() " +( -/(&(s? " 7&-va( l--'a/s. A. )( T"*u(v-ll(,

D(6"*&a*y -/ A6(&-*a 8% ;H. Ma/s=(l) $ USTICE A!ITO a(67s "

l-6- +-s a&'u6(/ by *la-6-/' +a C"/'&(ss -s -/Gu&() ;a/) *a/ +(&("&( a77(al-67a-&6(/ " K+( l('-sla-v(L u/*-"/,? as USTICE A!ITO 7us -, 7"s, a

- s+"ul) 6a4( /" )-Q(&(/*( 3+-*+ " +( "+(& 3" b&a/*+(s -/-*s -, a/)

3+(+(& +( C"/s-u-"/ -s +( 7&((9. A 7&-/*-7l() a/) 7&()-*abl( sys(6 "

Gu&-s7&u)(/*( *a//" &(s u7"/ a s+--/' *"/*(7 " -/Gu&y, )(s-'/() " su77"&

sa/)-/' 3+(/ 3( 3"ul) l-4( -. I +-s C"u& a'&(() 3-+ USTICE A!ITOs )-s-/*-"/,

-s "7-/-"/ -/ Ra-/(s v. By&), 21 U. S. J11 ;188%-/Gu&(s? +( E9(*u-v(s 7"3(& " a)6-/-s(&"& 7(&+a7s "& -s 7&"&a*()a-lu&( " a* "/ "/( " +-s /"6-/a-"/s. T+( "77"&u/--(s "& )&a''-/' +( *"u&s

-/" )-s7u(s +-+(&" l( "& 7"l--*al &(s"lu-"/ a&( (/)l(ss. USTICE A!ITOs )-ss(/

-s *"&&(* +a Ra-/(s )-) /" "&6ally )(*-)( +-s -ssu(, bu -s &(as"/-/' )"(s. T+(

"7-/-"/ s7(/)s +&(( 7a'(s )-s*uss-/' a6"us, )(*a)(sl"/' )-s7u(s b(3((/ +(

P&(s-)(/ a/) C"/'&(ss &('a&)-/' *"/'&(ss-"/al 7"3(& " "&b-) +( P&(s-)(/-al

&(6"val " (9(*u-v( "*(&s, &('a&)-/' +( l('-sla-v( v(", &('a&)-/' *"/'&(ss-"/al

a77"-/6(/ " (9(*u-v( "*(&s, a/) &('a&)-/' +( 7"*4( v("+a 3"ul) su&(ly


27/43

+av( b((/ 7&"67ly &(s"lv() by a C"/'&(ss@vs.@+(P&(s-)(/ la3su- - +(

-67a-&6(/ " a b&a/*+s 7"3(&s al"/( *"/(&&() sa/)-/' " *"66(/*( l--'a-"/.

Bu - )"(s /", a/) /(v(& +as +( >(/"&6"us 7"3(& +a +( Gu)-*-a&y 3"ul)

a*u-&(? &"6 +( ab-l-y " a)Gu)-*a( su*+ su-s >3"ul) +av( 6a)( a 6"*4(&y "

KHa6-l"/sL 1 UNITED STATES v. WINDSOR SCA!IA, ., )-ss(/-/' u"a-"/ "

M"/(su-(u " +( (Q(* +a " +( +&(( 7"3(&s ab"v( 6(/-"/() . . . +(UDICIAR -s /(9 " /"+-/'.? Ba&/(s v. l-/(, %8 F. 2) 21, J ;CADC 18J< ;B"&4,

., )-ss(/-/'< ;u"-/' T+( F()(&al-s N". %J ;A. Ha6-l"/. . . "& y"u 3-ll +av( 6"/(y "& l-l( (ls(.?< Bu +( *"/)--"/ -s

*&u*-al C"/'&(ss 6us *a&( (/"u'+ " a* a'a-/s +( P&(s-)(/ -s(l, /" 6(&(ly

(/"u'+ " -/s&u* -s la3y(&s " as4 us " )" s". Pla*-/' +( C"/s-u-"/s (/-&(ly

a/-*-7a() 7"l--*al a&6 3&(sl-/' -/" 7(&6a/(/ Gu)-*-al &(*(-v(&s+-7 )"(s /" )"

+( sys(6 a av"&. A/) by +( 3ay, - +( P&(s-)(/ l"s(s +( la3su- bu )"(s /"

a-+ully -67l(6(/ +( C"u&s )(*&((, Gus as +( )-) /" a-+ully -67l(6(/

C"/'&(sss sau(, 3+a +(/Z O/ly C"/'&(ss *a/ b&-/' +-6 " +((l by . . . 3+a )"

y"u +-/4Z (s a )-&(* *"/&"/a-"/ 3-+ +( P&(s-)(/. II F"& +( &(as"/s ab"v(, I

+-/4 +a +-s C"u& +as, a/) +( C"u& " A77(als +a), /" 7"3(& " )(*-)( +-s su-.

W( s+"ul) va*a( +( )(*-s-"/ b(l"3 a/) &(6a/) " +( C"u& " A77(als "& +(

S(*"/) C-&*u-, 3-+ -/s&u*-"/s " )-s6-ss +( a77(al. -v(/ +a +( 6aG"&-y +as

v"lu/((&() -s v-(3 " +( 6(&-s, +"3(v(&, I 7&"*(() " )-s*uss +a as 3(ll. C-(as %0 U. S. ;201$< 1 SCA!IA, ., )-ss(/-/' A T+(&( a&( 6a/y &(6a&4abl(

+-/'s ab"u +( 6aG"&-ys 6(&-s +"l)-/'. T+( =&s -s +"3 &""l(ss a/) s+--/' -s

Gus-=*a-"/s a&(. F"& (9a67l(, +( "7-/-"/ sa&s 3-+ s(v(/ ull 7a'(s ab"u +(

&a)--"/al 7"3(& " Sa(s " )(=/( )"6(s-* &(la-"/s-/--ally ""l-/' 6a/y

&(a)(&s, I a6 su&(, -/" +-/4-/' +a +-s -s a ()(&al-s6 "7-/-"/. Bu 3( a&(

(v(/ually "l) +a >- -s u//(*(ssa&y " )(*-)( 3+(+(& +-s ()(&al -/&us-"/ "/

sa( 7"3(& -s a v-"la-"/ " +( C"/s-u-"/,? a/) +a >KL+( Sa(s 7"3(& -/

)(=/-/' +( 6a&-al &(la-"/ -s " *(/&al &(l(va/*( -/ +-s *as( u-( a7a& &"6

7&-/*-7l(s " ()(&al-s6? b(*aus( >+( Sa(s )(*-s-"/ " '-v( +-s *lass " 7(&s"/s

+( &-'+ " 6a&&y *"/(&&() u7"/ +(6 a )-'/-y a/) saus " -66(/s( -67"&.?A/(, a 1J. Bu /" "/( u(s-"/s +( 7"3(& " +( Sa(s " )(=/( 6a&&-a'( ;3-+

+( *"/*"6-a/ *"/(&&al " )-'/-y a/) saus


28/43

" >6a&&-a'(? -/ ()(&al sau(s -s u/su77"&() by a/y " +( F()(&al "v(&/6(/s

(/u6(&a() 7"3(&s, /"/(+(l(ss /(()s s"6( &+("&-*al bas-s " su77"& -s

7&((/s( +a ")ays 7&"+-b--"/ " Su*+ a su''(s-"/ 3"ul) b(

-67"ss-bl(, '-v(/ +( F()(&al "v(&/6(/s l"/' +-s"&y " 6a4-/' 7&"/"u/*(6(/s

&('a&)-/' 6a&&-a'("& (9a67l(, *"/)--"/-/' Ua+s (/&y -/" +( U/-"/ u7"/ -s

7&"+-b--"/ " 7"ly'a6y. S(( A* " uly 1, 1J8, *+. 1$J, :$, 2J Sa. 10J ;>T+(*"/s-u-"/ K" Ua+L? 6us 7&"v-)( >7(&(* "l(&a-"/ " &(l-'-"us s(/-6(/,?

>P&"v-)(), T+a 7"ly'a6"us "& 7lu&al 6a&&-a'(s a&( "&(v(& 7&"+-b-()?+( C"/s-u-"/s 'ua&a/(( " (ual-y.? Ib-). N(a& +( (/)

" +( "7-/-"/, 3( a&( "l) +a al+"u'+ +( >(ual 7&"(*-"/ 'ua&a/(( " +(

F"u&((/+ A6(/)6(/ 6a4(s K+(L F-+ A6(/)6(/ K)u( 7&"*(ssL &-'+ all +(

6"&( s7(*-=* a/) all +( b((& u/)(&s"") a/) 7&(s(&v()?3+a *a/ +a 6(a/Z

>+( F-+ A6(/)6(/ -s(l 3-+)&a3s &"6 "v(&/6(/ +( 7"3(& " )('&a)( "&

)(6(a/ -/ +( 3ay +-s la3 )"(s.? A/(, a 2. T+( "/ly 7"ss-bl( -/(&7&(a-"/ "

+-s sa(6(/ -s +a +( Eual P&"(*-"/ Claus(, (v(/ +( Eual P&"(*-"/ Claus(

as -/*"&7"&a() -/ +( Du( P&"*(ss Claus(, -s /" +( bas-s "& ")ays +"l)-/'. Bu

+( 7"&-"/ " +( 6aG"&-y "7-/-"/ +a (97la-/s 3+y DOMA -s u/*"/s-u-"/al ;Pa&

I< b('-/s by *--/' B"ll-/' v. S+a&7(, $% U. S. 8% ;186"&al a/)

s(9ual *+"-*(s? " sa6(@s(9 *"u7l(s, a/(, a 2$. M"&("v(&, - +-s -s 6(a/ " b( a/(ual@7&"(*-"/ "7-/-"/, - -s a *"/us-/' "/(. T+( "7-/-"/ )"(s /" &(s"lv( a/)

-/)(() )"(s /" (v(/ 6(/-"/ 3+a +a) b((/ +( S-/*( +( Eual

P&"(*-"/ Claus( (*+/-*ally a77l-(s "/ly a'a-/s +( Sa(s, s(( U. S. C"/s., A6).

1, B"ll-/' a/) M"&(/", )(al-/' 3-+ ()(&al a*-"/, &(l-() u7"/ >+( (ual

7&"(*-"/ *"67"/(/ " +( Du( P&"*(ss Claus( " +( F-+ A6(/)6(/,? M"&(/",

1$ U. S., a $$. C-( as %0 U. S. ;201$< 1% SCA!IA, ., )-ss(/-/' *(/&al

u(s-"/ -/ +-s l--'a-"/ 3+(+(&, u/)(& +( Eual P&"(*-"/ Claus(, la3s

&(s&-*-/' 6a&&-a'( " a 6a/ a/) a 3"6a/ a&( &(v-(3() "& 6"&( +a/ 6(&(

&a-"/al-y. T+a -s +( -ssu( +a )-v-)() +( 7a&-(s a/) +( *"u& b(l"3, *"67a&(

B&-( "& R(s7"/)(/ B-7a&-sa/ !('al A)v-s"&y &"u7 " U. S. H"us( "R(7&(s(/a-v(s ;6(&-s< 2#2J ;/"


29/43

a77ly s&-* s*&u-/y, a/) -s *(/&al 7&"7"s--"/s a&( a4(/ &"6 &a-"/al@bas-s *as(s

l-4( M"&(/". Bu +( C"u& *(&a-/ly )"(s /" a77ly a/y+-/' +a &(s(6bl(s +a

)((&(/-al &a6(3"&4. S(( H(ll(& v. D"(, 08 U. S. $12, $20 ;188$< ;a *lass-=*a-"/

>6us b( u7+(l) . . . - +(&( -s a/y &(as"/ably *"/*(-vabl( sa( " a*s? +a

*"ul) Gus-y -a )(7&-va-"/ " +( l-b(&y " +( 7(&s"/ 7&"(*() by

+( F-+ A6(/)6(/ " +( C"/s-u-"/,? a/(, a 2 +a - v-"la(s >bas-* )u(

7&"*(ss? 7&-/*-7l(s, a/(, a 20 a/) +a - -/-*s a/ >-/Gu&y a/) -/)-'/-y? " a 4-/)

+a )(/-(s >a/ (ss(/-al 7a& " +( l-b(&y 7&"(*() by +( F-+ A6(/)6(/,?

a/(, a 18. T+( 6aG"&-y /(v(& u(&s +( )&(a) 3"&)s >subsa/-v( )u( 7&"*(ss,?

7(&+a7s s(/s-/' +( )-s&(7u( -/" 3+-*+ +a )"*&-/( +as all(/, bu +a -s 3+a

+"s( sa(6(/s 6(a/. ( +( "7-/-"/ )"(s /" a&'u( +a sa6(@s(9 6a&&-a'( -s

>)((7ly &""() -/ +-s Na-"/s +-s"&y a/) &a)--"/,? 1J UNITED STATES v.

WINDSOR SCA!IA, ., )-ss(/-/' Was+-/'"/ v. lu*4sb(&', 21 U. S. %02, %20#%21

;188%"&)(&() l-b(&y.? I)., a %21 ;u"-/'

Pal4" v. C"//(*-*u, $02 U. S. $18, $2 ;18$%ba&( . . . )(s-&( " +a&6? *"u7l(s -/ sa6(@s(9 6a&&-a'(s. A/(, a 20. I -s

+-s 7&"7"s--"/ 3-+ 3+-*+ I 3-ll +(&("&( (/'a'(. B As I +av( "bs(&v() b("&(, +(

C"/s-u-"/ )"(s /" "&b-) +( '"v(&/6(/ " (/"&*( &a)--"/al 6"&al a/) s(9ual/"&6s. S(( !a3&(/*( v. T(9as, $8 U. S. J, 88 ;200$< ;SCA!IA, ., )-ss(/-/'ay(? "/ +-s A*.

A/) 6"&( -67"&a/ly, +(y s(&v( " 6a4( +( *"/(/s " +( l('-s@ C-( as %0 U.S. ;201$< 18 SCA!IA, ., )-ss(/-/' la"&s +(a&s u-( -&&(l(va/ >I -s a a6-l-a&

7&-/*-7l( " *"/s-u-"/al la3 +a +-s C"u& 3-ll /" s&-4( )"3/ a/ "+(&3-s(

*"/s-u-"/al sau( "/ +( bas-s " a/ all('() -ll-*- l('-sla-v( 6"-v(.? U/-()

Sa(s v. OB&-(/, $81 U. S. $%, $J$ ;18J


30/43

"& +-s A* 3as +( >ba&( . . . )(s-&( " +a&6 a 7"l--*ally u/7"7ula& '&"u7.? A/(, a

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E)3a&)s v. A'u-lla&), J2 U. S. %J ;18J%


31/43

T+"s( l('al (&&"&s 6ay b( 6a)( -/ '"") a-+, (&&"&s +"u'+ +(y a&(. Bu +(

6aG"&-y says +a +( su77"&(&s " +-s A* a*() 3-+ 6al-*(3-+ +( >7u&7"s(?

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/a4() )(*la&a-"/ +a >KL+-s "7-/-"/ a/) -s +"l)-/' a&( 22 UNITED STATES v.

WINDSOR SCA!IA, ., )-ss(/-/' *"/=/()? " +"s( *"u7l(s >G"-/() -/ sa6(@s(9

6a&&-a'(s 6a)( la3ul by +( Sa(.? A/(, a 2, 2. I +av( +(a&) su*+ >bal),

u/&(as"/() )-s*la-6(&KsL? b("&(. !a3&(/*(, $8 U. S., a 0. W+(/ +( C"u&

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THE CHIEF USTICEs v-(3, a/(, 7. 2# ;)-ss(/-/' "7-/-"/


32/43

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- +u6-l-a(s (/s " +"usa/)s " *+-l)&(/ /"3 b(-/' &a-s() by sa6(@s(9 *"u7l(s.

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+(-& *"66u/-y a/) -/ +(-& )a-ly l-v(s.? 2 UNITED STATES v. WINDSOR SCA!IA, .,

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33/43

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J, 2012


34/43

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&((/(, $ U. S. , ;2011< ;sl-7 "7., a < ;u"-/' !uGa/ v. D((/)(&s "

W-l)l-(, 0 U. S. , 0#1 ;1882


35/43

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36/43

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39/43

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Documents

US VS WINDSOR 570 US ___ NO 12-307 JUNE 26, 2013