Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin

Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. SAND 2010-5138P.

US Microgrids for Enhancing ResilienceRoss Guttromson

Manager, Electric Power Systems ResearchSandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA

energy.sandia.gov

Topics

About Sandia National Laboratories

Defining Resilience

Hurricane Sandy

New Jersey Transit Microgrid

City of Hoboken, NJ Microgrid

2

Where Is New Mexico?

3

5th largest state in the US

Population: 2.1 million

New Mexico is known for its beautiful landscape, rich culture, high tech industry, plentiful wind and solar resources

Resilience versus Reliability

4

Reliability Resilience

High Probability, Low Consequence(SAIDI/SAIFI exclude storm data)

Low Probability, High Consequence

Not risk based Risk Based, includes:

Threat (you are resilient to

something)

System Vulnerability (~reliability)

Consequence (beyond the system)

Operationally, You are reliable, or you

are not [0 1]. Confidence is

unspecified

Resilience is a continuum, confidence

is specified

Focus is on the measuring impact to

the system

Focus is on measuring impact to

humans

Separating reliability and resilience is important• Reliability is compulsory

• Reliability is related to rate recovery

• Adoption of resilience metrics will be easier if reliability definitions remain as-is

Designing Microgrids for Resilience

Engage stakeholders

Establish a design basis Define performance metrics

Define system boundaries

Collect system and operations info and data

Generate feasible designs

measure performance against the design basis

improve the design

repeat

5

Superstorm SandyOctober, 2012

6

Impact of Superstorm Sandy

Superstorm Sandy caused major disruption to critical infrastructure in NY & NJ

Impact to economyand cost of repairsare in the $Billions

Re-build efforts emphasizeresilience

New Jersey Transit Rail System

City of Hoboken, New Jersey

Flood Maps for Hoboken

Business Sensitive

FEMA 100 Year Flood + 2.5 Feet

Hoboken Performance Objectives

Supply electric power to facilities during a blackout and/or a flooding condition at 19.5 feet above MSL.

Microgrid must be able to supply power continuously for 7 days.

Microgrid will be isolated from the utility when operating

PV and CHP will operate continuously

Ability to withstand loss of largest generator without loss of load in individual building or microgrids forming clusters of buildings

Performance Metrics Used

Design Basis: Operate during flooded conditions

Operate blackout condition

Frequency of load interruption during flooded or blackout conditions

Total load not served per hour during flooded or blackout conditions

Early Solution Subset:

Steiner Tree Problem

Objective: minimize cost

Constraints:

Serve all loads

$300/linear foot

$20K for a junction

Solution: $6.7M for

Trenching – with an

optimality gap of 5%.

NEXT:

•Validate Performance

•Check Other Topologies

•Place Generation

Mixed Integer Optimization

Least cost topology for a

single large microgrid

(not used)

Cluster Analysis to Group Buildingsinto Microgrids

1’

3’

21

33”

2’

2”

1”

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

a

b

a

b

a

b

Att

rib

ute

A

Attribute B1 10

1

5

• Find the best

location and subset

of microgrids•K-means clustering is

used

•Results in lower

costs

Example K-means clustering with

3 Clusters

Pareto Optimality Using Genetic Algorithms

13

Topology

Performance

Event Driven

Simulation

Monte Carlo

Analysis

Each dot is a different

microgrid layout

Hoboken Microgrid SolutionDual Microgrid Topology, 54 Buildings

UB

S solu

tion

A clu

sters

55

31

18

33

35

05

1608

53

26

03

17

01

09

52

54

24

10

15

20

14

07

51

21

04

02

42

30

29

11

13

22

06

28

27 4

5

48

49

50

41

23

36

43

46

44

34

32

47

40

38

39

37

Sew

age

Treatm

en

t

Sun

oco

Gas

Wallace

Scho

ol

Fire #3

Kin

gsG

roce

ry

YM

CA

11

thSt P

S

Sen

ior H

ou

sing

Clin

ton

Ho

bo

ken

HS

Fire #4

Ho

bo

ken

Vo

l Am

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Rad

ioSt M

atthe

ws

Ch

urch

Sen

ior H

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sing

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lum

bia A

rms

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St Pete

r and

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hu

rch

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arage G

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lti-service

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idto

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ken

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iv Me

dC

en

ter

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bo

ken

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me

less

She

lter

Fire #1

Sen

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sing

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ers

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liceR

adio

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lice H

Q

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bo

ken

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all

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S

Parkin

g G

arage B

Parkin

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arage D

25

19

Kin

gsG

roce

ry

MG

1

Ab

ove

FEMA

10

0 yr +2

.5 fe

et

Be

low

FEMA

10

0 yr +2

.5 fe

et

MG

2

12

PSEG (UTILITY) EXISTING MEDIUM VOLTAGE FEEDER

BUILDING SERVICE ENTRANCE PANEL

PSEG METER

PSEGTransformer

PSEG METER

PSEGTransformer

BUILDING SERVICE ENTRANCE PANEL

N E

ATS

NEW CONCEPTUAL MICROGRID MEDIUM VOLTAGE FEEDER

NEWTransformer

NEWTransformer

NEW STANDBY

GENERATOR

Paralleling Switchgear

NO

NONC

Building A Loads Building B Loads

NEW

Manhole

NEW

Manhole

N E

ATS

Facility Connections

5/16/2014 16

Basic NJTransitGrid Concept

1. Traction Power Microgrid

– Large conventional generation plant and feeder network

– Connection to existing traction infrastructure

– Connection to adjacent rail loads: signal, pumps, fans, switch motors/heaters, some passenger terminals

2. Separate DG systems for facilities

– Operations buildings and other facilities not connected to the traction microgrid due to cost or other reasons

3. Generator sells power to the market when no contingency exists.

Designs include PV, CHP, storage, and demand response

New Jersey Transit Microgrid

18

Paulus

Hook

Ferry

Port

Imperial

Ferry

Ferry

Maintenanc

e Facility

Hoboken

Ferry

Liberty

State

Park

Ferry

NJ Transit

Morris-

Essex Line

Amtrak Northeast

Corridor

PATH

NJT Hudson-

Bergen Light

Rail

NJT

Newark

Light Rail

Electrical Demand Analysis

0 1250 2500 3750 5000 6250 7500 8750 0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

Hours Since Jul-01-2011 01:00:00

kW

NJT-PATH-AMTRAK

Total

PATH

NJT

NEC-EST

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 1000000

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

kW

Pro

babili

ty t

hat

load <

kW

valu

e

Empirical CDF

Total

PATH

NJT

NEC-EST

Note that total hourly demand is below

80MW 95% of the time.

Maximum

Journal

Square

(HQ)

WTC

33rd st

~

Multi-use terminal

PATH terminal

HBRL or NCRL

Ferry terminal

Electric substation

Generation

MG transmission

NJT: Broad St-Hoboken

PATH

Northeast Corridor

HBLR

NCRL

KEY

Utility

Newark

Penn Station

NY Penn

Station

Hoboken

Newark Broad

St. Station

Secaucus

Terminal

Mason

Journal

Square

(HQ)

WTC

33rd st

~

Multi-use terminal

PATH terminal

HBRL or NCRL

Ferry terminal

Electric substation

Generation

MG transmission

NJT: Broad St-Hoboken

PATH

Northeast Corridor

HBLR

NCRL

KEY

Utility

Newark

Penn Station

NY Penn

Station

Hoboken

Newark Broad

St. Station

Secaucus

Terminal

Mason

~ ~ ~

27 kV

New

Generation

Facility

F

C

27 kV

13 kV13 kV

It is not feasible to cost-

effectively cross the

Passaic River with new

feeders

Secaucus

Terminal

Koppe

r/Maso

n

27 kV

13 kV

13 kV

13 kV

END

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