Upravljanje opasnim otpadom

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GEOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE JOVAN CVIJISERBIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS

SPECIAL ISSUES

80

Milena Pani

HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

systemplanning, organization, functioning

BELGRADE

2010.


4/166

80

, ,

2010.


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/ PUBLISHER 11000 , 9, Geographical institute Jovan Cviji SASA11000 Belgrade, Djure Jaksica 9, REPUBLIC OF SERBIATelephone / fax: +381 11 2637597, E-mail: [email protected]

/ ACTING PUBLISHER /Milan Radovanovi

25.05.2009. /Accepted at the meeting of the Scientic board of the Institute on May 25th, 2009

/ EDITOR () / eljko Bjeljac (Belgrade)

/ REVIEWERS. / Prof. dr Marina Ili. / Prof. dr Milutin Ljeevi. / Prof. dr Dejan Filipovi

/ LANGUAGE EDITING /

/ TECHNICAL EDITOR / Milena Pani

/ COVER DESIGN / Dejan Atanasovski

E

PRINTING OF THIS PUBLICATION WAS SUPPORTED BYMinistry of Science and tehnological development of the Republic of Serbia

/ CIRCULATION300

/ PRINTED BY , / Slubeni glasnik, Belgrade

WEB / WEB PRESENTATIONhttp:/www.gi.sanu.ac.rs


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....................142

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-

.................................................................149

....................................................................................................150SUMMARY.......................................................................................................153

................................................................................................159


8/166

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10/166

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11/166

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, , , , , (La Grega et al,

2001). ,

(,

, 2000):

-

: , , ,

;

-

: , , , ,

, , ;

-

: , .


12/166

13

,

,

. ,

, , , , , , , .

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

.

(Household Hazardous Waste)

, , (, , ,

),

(http://www.epa.gov/garbage/hhw.htm). ,

, , , ,

, , , (La Grega et al, 2001). ,

,

( 1),

(Dorian, 1988). -

,

,

,

(La

Grega et al, 2001).

,

, ,

. EPA1,

1000 kg

, (La Grega et al,

2001).

( 1.): ,

,

( -,

1(US Environmnetal Protection Agency)


13/166

14

, 85%

), ,

(, , 2000; La Grega et al, 2001).

1.

Table 1. Prticipation of hazardous waste from household and commercial sector

40,0%

30,1%

16,4%

, 7,5%

, 2,5%

3,5%

Izvor:,, 2000

, (, ,

)

.

,

.

, , ,

, ,

, . ,

,

20. EPA, , 2

(Pichtel, 2005).

,

,

- ,

, ,

.

2Medical Waste Tracking Act 1988. 1991. ,

(Pichtel, 2005).


14/166

15

,

, ,

.

,

, -.

,

.

20. -

,

-. ,

,

, .

91/689/EC ,

( I);

(II) (III).

(2).

, 91/689/EC

, -

.


15/166

16

2.

Table 2. Properties of wastes which render them hazardous

21-55C

21C;

,

,

,

:, European Waste Katalogue (2002)

-,

.

,


16/166

17

,

, , .

, ,

EPA, (La

Grega et al., 2001). ,

, Solid Waste Disposal Act 1965.

, . Resource

Conservaton and Recovery Act (RCRA)3,

: ,

, , : 1) ,

, ; 2)

,

, ,

.

, RCRA-,

: 1) ; 2)

; 3) ; 4)

4.

,

.

3RCRA ,

EPA . , .

: .

, (Watts, 1998:13-14).

4C, , (1)

, , ; (2); (3)

, , . .

(4)

, (EPA,

2001).


17/166

18

(http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hotline/training/defsw.pdf). ,

, :

, ,

(Watts, 1998). ,

(Blackman, 2001):

-

;

- ;

-

;

-

, .

.

.

,

(Watts, 1998):

(3)

,

(Watts,

1998). EPA

(Blackman,

2001):

-

,

;

-

.


18/166

19

3. ()

Table 3. USHazardous waste characteristics

- , , 24% , 60C;

-

, , ;

- ;

- ;

- pH 2.0 12.5;

- 6.36 mm/;

- ;- ;

- ;

- ,

;

- , pH 2 - 12.5,;

-

;-

;

- , ;

- ,

Tohicity Characheristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP),

,.

31 8 .

, . ,

.

: Watts, 1998

,

,

.

,

,

,

.


19/166

20

,

. ,

. 1994.

5

6,

-

.

,

(2002) 20

.

. ,

91/689/C

(*).

:

1.

, , ,

;

2.

, , ,

, ;

3.

, , ;

4. , ;

5.

,

;

6. ;

7. ;

8.

, ,

, ;

9.

;10.

;

11.

;

12.

;

13.;

5European Waste Catalogue (94/3/EC 75/442/EEC )6

Hazardous Waste List (94/904/EC 91/689/EEC )


20/166

21

14.

, ;

15.

, , ;

16.;

17.

( );

18./

(

,

);

19.

, off-site

;20.

(,

),

.

,

, -. EPA

,

, 3

(http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/hazwaste.htm):

1. ;

2.

;

3.

;

, .

.

F. EPA ,

, , ,

,

(La Grega et al, 2001).

, (Blackman, 2001).

. :


21/166

22

, , ,

, , ,

, ,

, , , , , , ,


, , , ,

(,

, 2000).

() ,

( U),

(La Grega et al,

2001). ,

, , (DDT) (Blackman, 2001).

, EPA ,

, ,

(, , 2000).

,

, e

, .

, . ,

(),

()

.

, ( )


22/166

23

,

,

. (, ,

) ,

,

. ,

creadle-to-grave ,

, .

, -

RCRA-, (Blackman, 2001):

1.

(LQG) 1000 kg

1 kg 7;

2.

(SQG) 1000 kg,

100 kg , 1 kg

;

3.

() (CESQG)

100 kg 1 kg

;

,

RCRA Hazardous Waste Reporting System,

.

, , Toxic Release Inventory

600

(McGlinn, 2000). ,

,

(Blackman, 2001).

, -,

,

(),

7 EPA

, . F P.


23/166

24

, ().

. ,

, -.

--

,

, ,

. ,

, ,

.

,

, -.

, 30-80%

,

25% 68-76% (, 2001).

, ,

,

,

,

.,

,

(, 1999).

, - 36

(, 1999).

(, , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , ,

, ),

(25%),

(13%),

(13%),

(10%), (8%),

. ,1%


24/166

25

, ,

(, 2001).

4. e --

Table 4. The total amount of hazardous waste in EU and US

1992 423 000

1994 513 000

1995 577 000

1996 606 000

1990 66 000

1992 99 000

.

1995 248 000

1996 230 000

1990 3 246 000

1991 3 387 000

1995 2 708 000

1996 3 401 000

1990 1 040 000

1992 1 513 000

1993 1 520 000

1994 890 000

1995 868 000

1996 959 000

1997 1 271 000

1994 3 394 353

1990 2 936 000

1992 2 452 000

1993 2 077 000

1991 305 000 000

1993 258 000 000

1995 214 000 000

2003 30 000 000

RCRA

: , 1999; , 2002, McGlinn, 2000


25/166

26

e

,

( 4).

20. , , /

(, 1999).

-

,

.

, 4,

, .

,

,

(McGlinn, 2000).

,

, ,

.

,

,

, .

, ,

, (, ,

2000). , on-site, ,

off-site

cradle-to-grave (La Grega et al., 2001).

,

,

, .

, , 90 ,


26/166

27

,

(Watts, 1998; Pichtel, 2005):

- (, 8

), , ( hazardous waste);

-

.

;

-

.

,

.

180 ( 270 ),

6000 kg ,

(Pichtel, 2005).

,

.

, , , ,

,

.

,

,

. ,

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,

(Liu, 2000).

8EPA , , , ,

. ,

, , .


27/166

28

,

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(McGlinn, 2000). ,

,

.

,

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).

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.

: , ,

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,

(, , 2000).

1997. ,

98,6% ,

80% . 1,4%

, 20%

(Blackman, 2001).

. ,

,

, ,

,

.

,

, , ,

, .


28/166

29

RCRA- (),

(Blackman, 2001):

-

, , ;-

,

;

-

,

.

, ,

-,

(Blackman, 2001):

,

Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest,

.

EPA,

,

(Blackman, 2001).

Uniform Hazardous Waste

Manifest,

,

.

,

, , ;

;

;

.

,

, (Blackman,

2001). ,

(Pichtel, 2005). ,

,

,

.

, EPA


29/166

30

.

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.,

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(, ,

2000). ,

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10 ,

(Blackman, 2001).

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(Pichtel, 2005):

, , ;

,

(23 );

, ,

;

(),

;


30/166

31

,

;

, EPA;

, ; , Uniform Hazardous

Waste Manifest

.

,

,

.

. ,

, , 1957.

ADR,

(Jovanovi, 2004).

,

, 9 (5).5.

Table 5. The classes of dangerous goods

1

1

1 ,

2 ,

3

4.1

4.2

4.3

5.1

5.2

6.1

6.2

7

8

9 : Jovanovi, 2004


31/166

32

1: a (:ADR)Fig. 1. Table advisories for transport vehicles marking (ADR)

,

. ,

(, ,

) ( 1).

(2 3 )

(6), (4 )

.

6.

Table 6. Basic and addition danger on table advisories

2

3

4

5

6 8

0

1

2

3

5

6

8

9

: Jovanovi, 2004


32/166

33

,

, X ,

,

(Jovanovi, 2004).

,

,

,

.

,

, ,

,

.

.

,

.

Assante-Duah Nagy (2001)

:

-

;

- ,

;

-

;-

;

-

;

-

;

- ,

;

-

,

, ;


33/166

34

-

,

;

- ,

.

,

OECD-9.

,

OECD ,

,

(, , 2000).

, ,

,

,

( ,

,

),

(Toovi i dr,

1998). ,

. ,

(Mihajlov, Petkovi, 1998).

, 1992.

OECD-

,

,

.

(Krueger, 1999).

OECD-

.

9

(Organisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment)


34/166

35

, ,

, 259/93/C10

.

OECD-,

-

,

.

,

,

(Krueger, 1999).

1995. -,

, 1.665.500 , 85%

-, 8% OECD-,

, -, , , 6%

.

OECD- ,

,

. , .

16.000 1%

, , ,

(, 1999).

,

.

75% -,

20% .

, ,

, , .

,

, ,

10

Council Regulation 259/93/C on Supervision and control of shipments of waste within, intoand out of the European Community


35/166

36

.

,

, ,

.

,

,

, ,

(Blackman, 2001).

,

, , (Adeleke, 2001).

, (2),

,

,

(Blackman, 2001; Soesilo, Wilson, 1995).

,

,

.

2.

Fig 2. The waste hierarchy


36/166

37

, ,

,

, , , .

(La Grega et al, 2001):

,

, (,, 2000).

11,

.

,

,

(Pichtel,

2005).

,

,

,

cradle-to-grave. -

RCRA-,

, .

, RCRA

,

.

, ,

, .

11Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities TSD Facilities


37/166

38

,

,

,

.

, ,

,

.

, EPA

, .

,

, ,

,

. ,

,

, (),

,

,

(Pichtel, 2005).

,

,

.

,

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.

,

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.

,


38/166

39

. ,

, ,

, .

,

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, ,

.

,

, .

,

,

(, ,

2006). ,

,

.

:

,

,

, .

, ,

(EPA, 1997; Miloevi et al,

2009).

,

(Pichtel, 2005).

,

(EPA, 1997).


39/166

40

,

,

, , .

,

. ,

(1)

(2) ,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

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.

,

:

;

; ;

( ). ,

.

,

, ,

,

, EPA

,

61

(Pichtel, 2005).

,


40/166

41

,

. ,

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.

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,

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,

.

,

.

-

:

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.

20 ,

,

, ,

.


41/166

42

,

:

;

; , (Theodore, Reynolds, 1987).

.

, .

,

. , ,

,

. ,

.

,

, ,

.

, , .

(Jaki, Ili, 2000; La Grega et al, 2001).

/

,

.

,

,

.

,

, .


42/166

43

, .

, . ,

,

.

,

, ,

(),

()

(Wiles, 1988; Jaki, Ili, 2000).

, ,

, ,

(http://glossary.eea.europa.eu/EEAGlossary/C/

Chemical_treatment_of_hazardous_waste).

, ,

(

), ()

(Pichtel, 2005).

, .

, ,

,

,

(, , 2000).

,

(7), , :

,

.


43/166

44

7.

Table 7. Common chemical treatment processes for hazardous waste

-

,

-

/

- ,

.

.

: Pichtel, 2005

,

,

, pH

.

,

. pH

2-12.5, , 6-8,

(Pichtel, 2005; Blackman, 2001; , , 2000).

,

,

. ,

,

. , , ,

.

, ,

,

.

(Pichtel, 2005).

,

, ,

.


44/166

45

, .

,

(Pichtel 2005). ,

(8).

8.

Table 8.Commonly used oxidizing and reducing agents

: Pichtel, 2005

,

,

. ,

, , pH

. ,

: , .

, .

(, , 2000).

. , ex-situ, ,

(Blackman,

2001).

,

,

,


45/166

46

. ,

, ,

. 1900. -

, , , ,


, ,

,

, , ,

,

(Blackman, 2001).

,

, , ,,

(, ,

2000). , EPA

,

, ,

,

, .

(Jilani, 2004):

;

;

.

,

:

, -, ,

, pH, , ,

.

, ,

.

,

,

(Jilani, 2004). ,

,

,


46/166

47

(, ,

2000).

( ) ,

(, , , .), (PCB, DDT .).

, ,

4-15 3-6 .

,

,

. , ,

, (Blackman, 2001).

, ,

,

. ,

, ,

: ;

,

; .

,

, .

, ,

, , (Pichtel,

2005; Blackman, 2001)

, ,

,

.

, , , ,

(, , 2000).

, , ,

, ,

(Pichtel, 2005).

, , , (


47/166

48

) (Blackman, 2001).

(http://www.wau.boku.

ac.at/fileadmin/_/H81/H813/IKS_Files/Lehre/Archiv/813359_0607/5_incinerati

on_hazardous.pdf ): ;

;

( CO2,

,...)

().

(Theodore, Reynolds, 1987). ()

.

,

,

, ,

.

,

.

(http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hotline/training/incin.txt):

;

;

.

(, , 2000):

;

;

;

;

;


48/166

49

.

,

, 90% .

, ,

.

,

. , .

,

,

.

,

(, , 2000).

, ,

, ,

()

,

. , ,

,

, ,

(Pichtel, 2005).

,

(Theodore, Reynolds, 1987):

;

, , ;

;

,

.


49/166

50

,

,

.

, , (, , 2000).

, ,

, 648 C 1694 C,

,

(Blackman, 2001).

, ,

,

. ,

, , (, , 2000).

, ,

,

, ,

.

,

(La Grega et al., 2001).

,

,

,

.

,

, ,

,

.

, .

,

.,

,

: 25-30%

,

(, , 2000).

, .


50/166

51

:

,

. ,

425-760 C

.

99.9999% (Shah, Schulz, Daiga, 1988).

,

,

(, , 2000):

; :

1.

;

2.

(NaCl, FeCl2, Zn, Pb);

3.

, .

,

,

, ,

,

.

,

, .

, , ,

,

.

,

, -1997. ,

1400 , 1999. , 1205 (Kiel, Zabel,

2001).

, ,


51/166

52

.

, Superfund12 ,

-,

(, ,

, .

, ,

.

, .

,

,

: , , , ,

,

,

.

, ,

,

,

(La Grega et al., 2001).

,

(Watts, 1996).

12 1980. , - Comprehensive Response,Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA Superfund), .

SuperfundEPA,

. 25 , EPA ,

,

, . ,

, ,

(http://www.epa.gov/superfund/25anniversary/index.htm).


52/166

53

,

. (La Grega et al, 2001):

,

.

:

; ,

, ;

;;

.

,

.

.

( )

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

, .

,

,

.

,

.

, ,

(La Grega et al., 2001; Watts, 1996):


53/166

54

,

;

;

;

, .

,

.

,

.

,

, .

,

(, , )

(

, ) (Watts, 1996).

,

,

.

(Wetzel, 1988).


54/166

55

, ,

(, , 2000; Watts, 1996):

in-situ ,

, .

, (Miloevii dr, 1998).

: ,

/, .

ex-situ

, ,

.

, ,

(Miloevi i dr, 1998).

: ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

/.

,

,

, x-situ ,

,

, ,

. in-situ

,

,

, (Watts, 1996).

,

,

, ,

,


55/166

56

, . ,

,

,

(Miloevi i dr,1998).

,

(Kiel, Zabel, 2001).

EPA

.

, ,

cradle-to-grave,

( ) , ,

,

. ,

,

, ,

.

20%

, ,

(, , 2000).

2001. , -

69% .

, ,

. -, () (

) 16 ,

1,4 (Pichtel,

2005).

,

:

, ,

. ,


56/166

57

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

, . , ,

, , ,

.

,

.

, ,

, ,

.

-, 1999/31/C ,

, ,

,

,

,

. ,

.

, ,

,

.

, ,


57/166

58

,

.

.

,

,

. -

1999/31/C

,

,

, .

, ,

.

:

,

;

;

, ,

;

.

-, EPA

. RCRA-

,

.

CFR-13 (Subpart N Landfills)

, ,

,

, ,

13 Code od Federal Regulations (CFR) predstavlja kodifikaciju optih i dugoronih

pravila, propisanih od strane nadlenih federalnih organa i agencija, a publikovanih u

Federalnom registru. Sadri 50 odeljaka, koji obuhvataju irok obim pitanja koja

zahtevaju regulaciju na federalnom nivou. Podaci se auriraju na godinjem nivou(http://www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html).


58/166

59

, ,

,

, ,

, .

,

,

(Wright, Ross, Tagawa, 1988).

,

,

, (Watts, 1998).

, ,

,

. ,

,

,

,

(Pichtel, 2005).

,

,

, .

,

.

25-

24 (Wright, Ross, Tagawa, 1988).

,

: , ,

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73/166

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(http://www.ncte.ie/environ/waste.htm).

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81/166

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83/166

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1987. .

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88/166

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the State of the Environment in Austria, 2002):

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90

90

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1999. (Federal Waste Management plan,

2001) 49

, 54 (2004, ).

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90/166

91

.

9.Table 9. Hazrdous waste structure in Austria

(

/)

0.9

3.2

7.5

() 20.0

4.1

, 3.8

,

2.3

2.2

4.6

: 7th State of the Environment Report, 2004

, 19992004,

, (7th State of the Environment Report, 2004):

138.000 1999. ,

398 kg;

1999. : (, ,

.) 75.000 , -

21.000 ;

10%

100.000 ,

-

, 1997.

,

240.000 (1998) 1

(2001).

19932002. ,

( 1). ,

,

.


91/166

92

92

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1.

(: , 2002; 7th State of the Environment Report, 2004)

Graph.1. Hazardous waste in Austria (in tons)

,

,

. , 1996. ,

60% ( 1999),

(6thReport on the State of the

Environment in Austria, 2002).

,

-

(94/904/) 1998. .

(668 )

322 ,

(, 1999). 2001., 1.200.000 ,

,

,

920.000 .

1999. ,

(10).

, 1. 2009. ,

, ,


92/166

93

(List of Wastes Ordinance)

, .

10.

Table 10. Hazardous waste structure in Austria

(%)

18.4

14.5

12.6

4.7

3.8

3.0

() 3.0

, , 2.5: 6thReport on the State of the Environment in Austria, 2002

,

, ,

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(, 2002).

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20. ,

, Waste Management ActFederal Waste

Management Plan,

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, 1

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1The Waste Prevention and Recovery Strategy 2006-2011


93/166

94

94

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2002). ,

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94/166

95

1.

Sketch. 1.Geographical rearrangement of TSD facilites in Austria

(: 6thReport on the State of the Environment in Austria 2002)

, 1989. ,

Act on the Remediation of Contaminated Sites,

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96

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96/166

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1994. ,, .

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1996. Waste Management Act,

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2Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland


97/166

98

98

(National Hazardous Waste Plan),

.

1999.

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2001.

, 20012006,

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. (http://www.environ.ie/en/

Environment/Waste/WasteManagementPlans/). ,

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98/166

99

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99/166

100

100

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1996. , ,

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off-site, , ,

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National Waste Report.

Waste

Management Act 1996 je 91/689/.

,

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) (, 1999).


100/166

101

19902006.

, ( 11). 1992.

, , ,

1995. .

,

. ,

,

. 1998. ,

29%, ,

, ( 21.5% 1996.

), 15% (, 2001).

11.

Table 11.Hazardous waste in Ireland

1990 66 000

1992 99 000

1995 248 000

1996 229 634

1998 296 017

2001 258 0002004 307 778

2006 284 184

: , 2002;PIreland, 2007

,

, 2006.

8% 2004. , 10%

2001. .

, 2002. ,

, , ,

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(, 2007).

,

, , 29 888 (2006. ),

(P, 2001).

,


101/166

102

102

20082015,

.

0 100000 200000 300000

1996

1998

2001

2004

2006

2.

Graph 2. Industrial hazardous waste in Ireland

(: , 2007)

,

, , .

,

19962006. ( 2),

, , .

( 3),

(62%

), , (8%),

(7%) , (6%)

(, 2007).


102/166

103

3.

Graph 3. Most important hazardous waste generators

19962006. .,

( 12, 4),

,

.

,

(P,2007).

12. 1996-2006 ()

Table 12.Options for hazardous waste management 1996-2006 (in tons)

1996 1998 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

On-site

141.151 131.738 95.565 - - 86.328 - 88.409

Off-site

33.470 39.055 48.013 - - 55.952 - 60.872

51.727 99.598 115.366 109.545 180.678 165.498 146.811 134.904

: , 2007; R, 2001.

n-site 19962006. ,

2004. ,

. off-site

, , ,

, 17% 20012004.. 9% 20042006. .

,

.


103/166

104

104

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, 2003. ,

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(, 2007). 8% ,

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(, 2007).

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

1996 1998 2001 2004 2006

tone

izvoz opasnog otpada

on-site tretman u industrijskim post rojenjima

off site tretman u autorizovanim postrojenjima

4.Graph 4. Comparison of different options of hazardous waste management

2006. .,

, 47,5% (

) (

) .. 31%

n-site IPPC

(, ,

), 21%

( 15 ,

) (, 2007).

,

,

, ,


104/166


105/166

106

106

2.

Sketch. 2.Hazardous waste recovery and disposal facilities in Ireland

(: EPA, 2001)


106/166

107

, ,

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107/166

108

108

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(http://www.azo.hr/default.aspx?art=146).

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2000. , (NN 178/04,

111/06, 60/08),

, .

,

(NN

50/05, 39/09)

.

(NN MU 3/94)

(NN 69/06, 17/07, 39/09).

,

(NN 130/05)

(NN 85/07).

(NN

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,

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, ,

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:

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108/166

109

;

;

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;

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,

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20072015, , .

20072012

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4 .


109/166

110

110

, 13.2 ( 13), 2.97 per

capita. , ,

,

. ,

,

,

, , ,

, .

13.

Table 13.Estimates of the annual amount of waste

/

1.2

2.6

1.6

- 7.1

0.1

0.2

0.4 13.2

: , 2005

,

, (),

,

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(NN50/05, 39/09).

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110/166

111

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

5. (2001-2005)

Graph 5. Reported hazardous waste quantities (2001-2005)

(: Plan gospodarenja otpadom u Republici Hrvatskoj 2007-2015)

, -

,

,

, ,

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,

( 5),

213.000 ,

.

, , - ,

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(3) 43

( 4),

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111/166

112

112

3.

Sketch 3.Facilities for hazardous waste collection and storage

(: Plan gospodarenja otpadom u Republici Hrvatskoj 2007-2015)

:

, ;

, ; ;

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112/166

113

4.

Sketch 4.Facilities for hazardous waste treatment(: Plan gospodarenja otpadom u Republici Hrvatskoj 2007-2015)

, ( 1994.

). 2004. 2005. , 12.805 , ,

13.157 ,

, 2005. ,

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113/166

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114/166

115

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116

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116/166

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155/166

SUMMARY

How are human needs suddenly began to grow, and intensive development

of science and technology made them freely meet, there was a production ofsignificant quantities of different types of waste, which features in the beginning

were not fully known. Detection of a large number of new artificial materials

especially applicable in industrial production, resulting in the generation of

specific types of waste - hazardous waste, its characteristics and long-term

seriously threaten human health, other living organism and the environment in

general. It is for the aforementioned reasons, it is necessary to consider the

whole issue related to hazardous waste, that is, become familiar with its

characteristics, behavior in nature, where at the beginning of massive

uncontrolled delayed, subdivisions, which includes, anthropogenic processesthat generate and grade the severity of the expected consequences .

Industrialized countries that were due to accelerated industrialization first met

with the aforementioned problem, have initiated detailed studies that have

produced a series of rules and principles defined in the form of legal provisions

governing the operation of hazardous waste management system. This system,

also called the system of cradle-to-grave, encompasses all phases of his

generation, or generation of hazardous waste, through collection, transportation,

storage, treatment and final disposal. For the proper functioning of each phase

and the behavior of the participants in this complex system, it is necessary to

establish an appropriate legislative, institutional and planning framework and

mechanisms for their implementation, thus reducing the risk of potential adverse

effects.

Hazardous waste management system is an organized approach of

continuous direct and control the same from the moment of its creation,

collection, storage, treatment and final disposal. It is characterized by extreme

complexity, due to very pronounced risk of his release and penetration into the

environment, which directly affected all living organisms and environmental

quality. Guidelines for sustainable management, regulating the responsibilities

of all stakeholders mentioned system and prescribe for each phase individually.Generation of hazardous waste is a particularly problematic phase because of the

complex organization of the system for monitoring the quantitative and

qualitative variations within a general trend of the waste generated, and the

establishment of effective mechanisms to control the generators themselves,

especially when it comes to industrial plants, which bear great responsibility for

future the fate of waste generated. As a logical continuation, after the generation

of hazardous waste, usually lead to its temporary storage, which involves storing

hazardous waste on its way to the facility for treatment and final disposal. Due to

the accumulation of large quantities of hazardous waste in one place, this phase

represents a major challenge in the sense of order to prevent possible accidents.


156/166

SUMMARY 157

For this reason, the constant control, not only by the direct responsible parties,

but also by the competent authorities of a state. Further functioning of the

management of hazardous wastes usually involves its removal from the plant for

its treatment, which significantly increases the risk of accidents and threat topopulation and environment in wider areas, along routes that are used. In order

to partially or completely neutralized characteristics of hazardous waste have

been developed various forms of treatment, possibly followed and disposal in

landfills that are specially equipped for the said function. Today, after a long

experience in the pursuit of a system of hazardous waste as more aligned with

high ecological standards have been created more options for managing

hazardous waste relating to the promotion of technologies that generate less

waste, substitution of hazardous substances less hazardous, recycling and reuse

existing hazardous waste and the like. This situation resulted in theestablishment of new technological standards have further improvements to

measure very short intervals, and further progress in this field is inevitable. Like

many developing countries, the Republic of Serbia started with a serious change

in the field of environmental protection, which resulted in separation of a

number of serious problems that require a special approach to the resolution.

How is the current practice of hazardous waste ocenjana as extremely poor and

completely unsustainable in the future to Serbia's EU flows, it became clear that

the crucial changes are necessary. First of all, we started the construction of a

new regulatory system must be fully adapted to EU standards, the institutional

framework that should enable the implementation of all provisions prescribed

and planned basis to be Put the short-and long-term objectives in establishing a

system of hazardous waste. The competent authorities must have open

communications and cooperation among themselves and with the responsible

parties and the public who are the unavoidable future system. In this sense, it is

necessary to implement adequate training and then continuous control, which

will ensure the implementation of established principles for managing hazardous

waste.

In addition to these changes, the extent to which the work began, the

problem must be mentioned non-availability of network facilities for hazardouswaste management, ie, lack of facilities for some form of treatment or disposal

of hazardous waste. It is clear that a country with its industrial production and

the desire to preserve environmental quality, is unable to support such an

approach, but it has accelerated its approach to the creation and construction.

This begins with the realization of one of the basic principles presented in the

EU directives, which points to the necessity of self-sufficiency of each Member

State in addressing hazardous waste on its territory. Of course, it is clear that

introduced changes involve significant financial investment and to a large extent

on the economic strength of a country, which can be partly alleviate a goodassessment of real needs and a clear definition of short and long term goals. This


157/166

158

is supported by the attitude of the developed European countries, which on the

said road support countries that are in the process of establishing a system of

hazardous waste, to look at my options and choose an acceptable option,

regardless of their position in the hierarchy of options for addressing waste.Accordingly, it is justified presented a regional approach to hazardous waste

management in Serbia, which will initially dispose of its development with one

facility for treatment and disposal at the national level and more central regional

warehouses, which are determined in the districts with the greatest production of

hazardous waste. This will directly influence the reductio

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