United States History Unit 6 – “Expansion and Reform” SSUSH11 The student will describe the growth of big

business and technological innovations after Reconstruction.

a. Explain the impact of the railroads on other industries, such as steel, and on the organization of big business.

b. Describe the impact of the railroads in the development of the West; include the transcontinental railroad, and the use of Chinese labor.

c. Identify John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company and the rise of trusts and monopolies

d. Describe the inventions of Thomas Edison; include the electric light bulb, motion pictures, and the phonograph, and their impact on American life

United States History Unit 6 – “Expansion and Reform” This unit examines technological innovation

through the growth of big business and the impact of these innovations in the development of the West. Conflict and change will also be examined during the analysis of the American industrial growth with a focus on the consequences of industrial growth, creation of labor unions and political parties, and Supreme Court decisions. Through the conceptual lens of distribution of power and time, change, and continuity, the unit will explain the rise of the United States as a world power and the inevitable changes within American society and societies around the world.

EXPANSION AND REFORMGPS 11 1. RECALL UNITS 2. 1. THEMES

2. EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT

3. CREATION OF THE USA

4. EARLY EXPANSION

5. CLASH OF BELIEFS

6. EXPANSION AND REFORM

EXPANSION AND REFORM

SSUSH11 The student will describe the growth of big business and technological innovations after Reconstruction.

1. THE MODERN USA WAS CREATED BY SOCIAL CHANGES WHICH WENT ALONG WITH THE GROWTH OF BIG BUSINESS AND TECH ADVANCES.

2.AFTER RECONSTRUCTION, RR COMPANIES AND OIL AND STEEL INDUSTRIES EXPANDED, AND MAJOR INVENTIONS CHANGED PEOPLES’ LIVES.

EXPANSION AND REFORM:RAILROADS 1. THE FED GAVE VAST LAND AREAS IN

THE WEST TO RR COMPANIES TO LAY TRACKS TO CONNECT E AND W STATES.

2. CHINESE LABOR, ACCEPTED LOWER WAGES THAN WHAT OTHER LABORERS DEMANDED FOR DANGEROUS WORK; MANY DIED

3. COMPLETION OF 1ST TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD, 1869

EXPANSION AND REFORM:RAILROADS 4. IMPORTANCE: RR CONTRIBUTED TO

DEVELOPMENT OF WEST HOW? 1)RR SOLD LAND FOR FARMING

ENCOURAGING SETTLERS WEST 2)SETTLERS USED TRAINS TO GO W 3)FARMERS USED TRAINS TO SHIP

GRAIN AND CATTLE E

EXPANSION AND REFORM:RAILROADS The First Transcontinental Railroad is the popular

name of the U.S. railroad line (known at the time as the Pacific Railroad) completed in 1869 between Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska (via Ogden, Utah and Sacramento, California) and Alameda, California. By linking with the existing railway network of the Eastern United States, the road thus connected the Atlantic and Pacific coasts by rail for the first time. Opened for through traffic on May 10, 1869, with the driving of the "Last Spike" at Promontory Summit, Utah, the road established a mechanized transcontinental transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West.

EXPANSION AND REFORM:RAILROADS

EXPANSION AND REFORM:RAILROADS

EXPANSION AND REFORM:RAILROADS

EXPANSION AND REFORM:RAILROADS

EXPANSION AND REFORM:RAILROADS 1.The majority of the Union Pacific track was built by Irish laborers, and veterans

of both the Union and Confederate armies.

2. The Central Pacific track was constructed primarily by Chinese immigrants. Even though at first they were thought to be too weak or fragile to do this type of work, after the first few days on which Chinese were on the line, the decision was made to hire as many as could be found in California (where most were independent gold miners or in service industries such as laundries and kitchens). Many more were imported from China. Most of the men received between one and three dollars per day, but the workers arriving directly from China received much less. Eventually, they went on strike and gained a small increase in salary.

3. In addition to track laying (which typically employed approximately 25% of the labor force), the operation also required the efforts of hundreds of tunnelers, explosive experts, bridge builders, blacksmiths, carpenters, engineers, masons, surveyors, teamsters, telegraphers, and even cooks, to name just a few of the trades involved in construction of the railroad.

EXPANSION AND REFORM:THE STEEL INDUSTRY 1. GROWTH OF RR EXPANDED THE

INDUSTRIES THAT SUPPLIED THE RR’S NEED FOR:

1)STEEL RAILS ON WOOD TIES 2)IRON LOCOMOTIVES BURING COAL 3)WOODEN FREIGHT CARS 4)PASSENGER CARS WITH CLOTH SEAT

COVERS AND GLASS WINDOWS

EXPANSION AND REFORM:STEEL INDUSTRY 1.RR’S –BIGGEST CUSTOMERS FOR STEEL

INDUSTRY 2.THOUSANDS OF MILES OF STEEL TRACKS 3.IN TURN, RR’S HAD IMPACT ON STEEL 4.TO SUPPLY CUSTOMERS, STEEL PRODUCERS

DEVELOPED CHEAP METHODS TO PRODUCE RAILS.

5.CHEAP METHODS ENABLED MORE INDUSTRIES TO AFFORD STEEL COMPANIES’ PRODUCTS.

EXPANSION AND REFORM, STEEL INDUSTRY

Andrew Carnegie] (25 November 1835 – 11 August 1919) was a Scottish-born American industrialist, businessman, and a major philanthropist. He was an immigrant as a child with his parents. He built Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which was later merged with Elbert H. Gary's and several smaller companies to create U.S. Steel. With the fortune he made from business, he turned to philanthropy and interests in education, founding the Carnegie Corporation of New York, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.

Carnegie gave away most of his money to fund the establishment of many libraries, schools, and universities in America, the United Kingdom and other countries, as well as a pension fund for former employees. He is often regarded as the second richest man in history.

EXPANSION AND REFORM

1.RISE AND STEEL AND RR (EARLY 1900S) CAUSED GROWTH OF OTHER BIG BUSINESSES (OIL, FINANCE, MANUFACTURING)

2.ENORMOUS FINANCIAL WEALTH 3.USE OF WEALTH TO CONTROL

CULTURE AND POLITICS 4.RESULT: REFORM

EXPANSION AND REFORM: BIG BUSINESS Big Business is a term used to describe

large corporations, in either an individual or collective sense. The term first came into use after 1880, in connection with the combination movement that began in American business at that time. Organizations that fall into the category of "big business" include ExxonMobil, Wal-Mart, Google, Microsoft, General Motors, Citigroup and Arcelor Mittal.

EXPANSION AND REFORM: BIG BUSINESS AND OIL 1. STANDARD OIL COMPANY, 1870 2. JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER 3. MOST FAMOUS BIG BUSINESS OF THE TIME 4. ROCKEFELLER GAINED CONTROL OF MOST

OTHER OIL COMPANIES AND CREATED A TRUST 5. THE TRUST RESULTED IN ROCKEFELLER’S

90% OWNERSHIP IN THE OIL INDUSTRY 6.RESULT: STANDARD OIL, A MONOPOLY, A

SINGLE COMPANY WHICH CONTROLLED U.S. OIL PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION

EXPANSION AND REFORM: OIL INDUSTRY

Standard Oil was a predominant American integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870 as an Ohio Corporation, it was the largest oil refiner in the world and operated as a major company trust and was one of the world's first and largest multinational corporations until it was broken up by the United States Supreme Court in 1911.

John D. Rockefeller was a founder, chairman and major shareholder, and the company made him a billionaire and eventually the richest man in modern history.

EXPANSION AND REFORM: JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER John Davison Rockefeller (July 8, 1839

– May 23, 1937) was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, he founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he officially retired in 1897. Standard Oil began as an Ohio partnership formed by John D. Rockefeller, his brother William Rockefeller,

Standard Oil was convicted in Federal Court of monopolistic practices and broken up in 1911. Rockefeller spent the last 40 years of his life in retirement. His fortune was mainly used to create the modern systematic approach of targeted philanthropy with foundations that had a major effect on medicine, education, and scientific research.

EXPANSION AND REFORM: TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES 1. THOMAS EDISON, INVENTOR 2. INVENTIONS 1)LIGHTBULB 2)PHONOGRAPH, 3)MOTION PICTURES 4)DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR

ELECTRICAL POWER 5)OTHER ELECTRICAL TECH 6)INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND LAB

EXPANSION AND REFORM:THOMAS EDISON 1. RESULTS OF EDISON INVENTIONS 1)DEVELOPMENT OF LONG-DISTANCE

ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION (WIDESPREAD USE OF ELECTRIC LIGHTS)

2)ELECTRICITY INSTEAD OF STEAM TO POWER FACTORIES

3)STREETCARS REPLACE HORSES 4)ELECTRICITY REPLACES HUMANS AS THE

SOURCE OF POWER FOR HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES.

5)IMPROVED QUALITY OF LIFE

THOMAS EDISON

Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb.

Edison is considered one of the most prolific inventors in history, holding 1,093 U.S. patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France and Germany.

FORD, EDISON, AND FIRESTONE, THE “FATHERS OF MODERNITY”

The General Electric Company, or GE (NYSE: GE) is a multinational American technology and services conglomerate incorporated in the State of New York. In terms of market capitalization as of September 30, 2008, GE is the world's tenth largest company.

AMTRAK

The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, doing business as Amtrak (reporting mark AMTK), is a government-owned corporation that was organized on May 1, 1971 to provide intercity passenger train service in the United States. "Amtrak" is a portmanteau of the words "American" and "track."

AMTRAK