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Unit IV: Political Culture and
Participation
Overview of the UnitOverview of the Unit
A. What are the politically relevant cleavages and what effects do they have on political systems?
B. What are the interrelationships between institutions, political practices, and cleavages?
C. Theoretically and in practice what is the relationship between civil society and power?
A. What are the politically relevant cleavages and what effects do they have on political systems?
B. What are the interrelationships between institutions, political practices, and cleavages?
C. Theoretically and in practice what is the relationship between civil society and power?
D. What are the forms and efficacy of political action?
E. What are the political roles of media?
F. What are the operations and effects of the electoral and party systems?
D. What are the forms and efficacy of political action?
E. What are the political roles of media?
F. What are the operations and effects of the electoral and party systems?
I. Political CultureI. Political Culture
A. Political Culture: collective political beliefs, values, practices, and institutions government is based on
B. Consensual political culture: accepts both the legitimacy of regime and solutions to major problems
C. Conflictual political culture: divided on legitimacy of the regime and solutions to major problems
**Political culture is in flux and can change from consensual to conflictual
A. Political Culture: collective political beliefs, values, practices, and institutions government is based on
B. Consensual political culture: accepts both the legitimacy of regime and solutions to major problems
C. Conflictual political culture: divided on legitimacy of the regime and solutions to major problems
**Political culture is in flux and can change from consensual to conflictual
II. Comparing Citizen and State Relationships
II. Comparing Citizen and State Relationships
A. Attitudes and beliefs of citizens and political efficacy
B. Political socializationC. Types of political participationD. Voting behaviorE. Factors that influence political beliefs and
behaviorsF. Level of transparency
A. Attitudes and beliefs of citizens and political efficacy
B. Political socializationC. Types of political participationD. Voting behaviorE. Factors that influence political beliefs and
behaviorsF. Level of transparency
III. Great BritainIII. Great Britain
Describe the evolution of political culture in Great Britain.
Describe the evolution of political culture in Great Britain.
A. Identity and Political Culture in England1. Social Cleavages:
a. Multi-national identities
b. Social class distinctions
c. Ethnic minorities
A. Identity and Political Culture in England1. Social Cleavages:
a. Multi-national identities
b. Social class distinctions
c. Ethnic minorities
a. Multinational Identities1. England: majority of population, disproportionate
political power, challenge of integrating nationalities2. Wales: Plaid Cymru, pride in their language and
feelings of being exploited by their neighbors3. Scotland: devolution and Scottish Parliament, strong
national identity4. Northern Ireland: Catholics feeling persecuted by
Protestants
a. Multinational Identities1. England: majority of population, disproportionate
political power, challenge of integrating nationalities2. Wales: Plaid Cymru, pride in their language and
feelings of being exploited by their neighbors3. Scotland: devolution and Scottish Parliament, strong
national identity4. Northern Ireland: Catholics feeling persecuted by
Protestants
http://www.forumwales.com/resources-audio.htm
b. Social Class Distinctions1. Difficult to distinguish on income alone, but in terms
of solidarity2. “Public schools”: prep for public life in military, civil
service, or politics3. Middle class attends private schools4. Only 65% of British 17 year-olds are still in school,
the lowest level of any industrialized democracy5. Portal to elite class: Oxford or Cambridge (Oxbridge)
b. Social Class Distinctions1. Difficult to distinguish on income alone, but in terms
of solidarity2. “Public schools”: prep for public life in military, civil
service, or politics3. Middle class attends private schools4. Only 65% of British 17 year-olds are still in school,
the lowest level of any industrialized democracy5. Portal to elite class: Oxford or Cambridge (Oxbridge)
c. Ethnic Minorities: 7.1% of non-European origin (2001)
1. Indian: 23% of non-European population2. Pakistani: 16%3. Afro-Caribbean: 12.2%4. Black African: 10.5%
*Most immigrants are under 25
c. Ethnic Minorities: 7.1% of non-European origin (2001)
1. Indian: 23% of non-European population2. Pakistani: 16%3. Afro-Caribbean: 12.2%4. Black African: 10.5%
*Most immigrants are under 25
5. Muslim Minorities:a. Distinct minority/majority cleavagesb. Social class differences of Muslims: British
Muslim children of illiterate workers, have not felt integrated into British culture
c. Pakistani Muslimsd. Opposition to the Iraqi war: hostility toward
Muslimse. Lack of integration of minorities: feelings of
being treated as 2nd class citizens
5. Muslim Minorities:a. Distinct minority/majority cleavagesb. Social class differences of Muslims: British
Muslim children of illiterate workers, have not felt integrated into British culture
c. Pakistani Muslimsd. Opposition to the Iraqi war: hostility toward
Muslimse. Lack of integration of minorities: feelings of
being treated as 2nd class citizens
B. Political Participation: 1. Voting Behavior: 70% participation
a. Social Classb. Regional factors
B. Political Participation: 1. Voting Behavior: 70% participation
a. Social Classb. Regional factors
C. Political PartiesC. Political Parties
1. Labour 2. Lib. Dems 3.Conservative
C. Political Parties4. Other Parties
a. Plaid Cymru (Wales)a. Today: 15 of 60 seats in the Welsh Assembly
b. Scottish National Party (Sctoland)a. Today: 47 of 129 seats in Scottish Assembly
c. Sinn Fein (political arm of the IRA)d. Democratic Unionist Party (NI Prot. Clergy)e. Two far right groups: British National Party and
UK Independence Party
C. Political Parties4. Other Parties
a. Plaid Cymru (Wales)a. Today: 15 of 60 seats in the Welsh Assembly
b. Scottish National Party (Sctoland)a. Today: 47 of 129 seats in Scottish Assembly
c. Sinn Fein (political arm of the IRA)d. Democratic Unionist Party (NI Prot. Clergy)e. Two far right groups: British National Party and
UK Independence Party
D. Elections:1. Plurality Election System
a. Winner-take-allb. Single-member plurality or first-past-the-postc. System often exaggerates the size of the victory
1. 2005 Labour Party won 35.3% of votes and 356 out of 646 seats in Parliament
2. Elections for Regional Governments:a. Proportional representation to meet needs of
multiple parties
D. Elections:1. Plurality Election System
a. Winner-take-allb. Single-member plurality or first-past-the-postc. System often exaggerates the size of the victory
1. 2005 Labour Party won 35.3% of votes and 356 out of 646 seats in Parliament
2. Elections for Regional Governments:a. Proportional representation to meet needs of
multiple parties
3. European Parliament Elections: a. Directly elected to parliament institutionsb. Every 5 years, 72 members from UK
4. Campaign Financing a. Shorter and less expensive than the USb. Both parties were under investigation for not fully
disclosing loans
3. European Parliament Elections: a. Directly elected to parliament institutionsb. Every 5 years, 72 members from UK
4. Campaign Financing a. Shorter and less expensive than the USb. Both parties were under investigation for not fully
disclosing loans
E. Role of the Media1. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
a. Used to work to be respectful of government officials
b. Government strictly regulates the BBC (No ads may be sold to politicians, parties, or political causes)
E. Role of the Media1. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
a. Used to work to be respectful of government officials
b. Government strictly regulates the BBC (No ads may be sold to politicians, parties, or political causes)
IV. RussiaIV. Russia
A. Citizens, Society, and the State1. Cleavages:
a. NATIONALITY: 1. Russian: 79.8%2. Tatar: 3.8%3. Ukrainian: 2%4. Baskir: 1.2%5. Chuvash: 1.1%6. Other: 12.1%
A. Citizens, Society, and the State1. Cleavages:
a. NATIONALITY: 1. Russian: 79.8%2. Tatar: 3.8%3. Ukrainian: 2%4. Baskir: 1.2%5. Chuvash: 1.1%6. Other: 12.1%
http://en.rian.ru/russia/20100322/158275719.html
b. Religion:1. Russian Orthodox: 15-20%2. Muslim: 10-15% (20 million people)
a. Moscow: laborersb. The Caucasusc. Bashkortostan and Tatarstan
3. Other Christian: 2%
b. Religion:1. Russian Orthodox: 15-20%2. Muslim: 10-15% (20 million people)
a. Moscow: laborersb. The Caucasusc. Bashkortostan and Tatarstan
3. Other Christian: 2%
Rich in RussiaRich in Russia
c. Rural/Urban 1. 73% of Russians live in cities in western
Russia2. Economic divide is wide
c. Rural/Urban 1. 73% of Russians live in cities in western
Russia2. Economic divide is wide
Chechnya’s Hidden WarChechnya’s Hidden War
B. Political Participation: 1. Voting:
a. Soviet rule: close to 100% in non-competitive elections
b. Since 1991: 1. Duma elections: 2003 (56%), 2007 (64%)2. Presidential elctions: 2004 (65%), 2007 (70%)
B. Political Participation: 1. Voting:
a. Soviet rule: close to 100% in non-competitive elections
b. Since 1991: 1. Duma elections: 2003 (56%), 2007 (64%)2. Presidential elctions: 2004 (65%), 2007 (70%)
2. Civil Society: a. Participation outside of voting is limited, civic
group participation is low, but newspaper readership is high
b. Government limits on groups, especially those critical of the government
c. Russian Youth Groups: Nashi, Youth Guard, and Locals
2. Civil Society: a. Participation outside of voting is limited, civic
group participation is low, but newspaper readership is high
b. Government limits on groups, especially those critical of the government
c. Russian Youth Groups: Nashi, Youth Guard, and Locals
http://rt.com/news/prime-time/illegal-parking-protest-stickers/
C. Political Parties1. Parties developed overnight and tend to
revolve around a group of leaders making parties weak and fluid
2. United Russia: a. Merger of Fatherland All-Russia and Unity Partyb. Party of Putin (formed in 2001)
3. Communist Party of the Russian Federation:a. Support has decreased since 2000 b. Emphasize centralized planning and nationalism
C. Political Parties1. Parties developed overnight and tend to
revolve around a group of leaders making parties weak and fluid
2. United Russia: a. Merger of Fatherland All-Russia and Unity Partyb. Party of Putin (formed in 2001)
3. Communist Party of the Russian Federation:a. Support has decreased since 2000 b. Emphasize centralized planning and nationalism
4. Liberal Democratsa. Misnamed party, Vladimir Zhirinovskyb. Extremist nationalist party
5. Fair Russia:a. Merger of Motherland People’s Patriotic
Union with Party of Pensioners and the Party of Life
4. Liberal Democratsa. Misnamed party, Vladimir Zhirinovskyb. Extremist nationalist party
5. Fair Russia:a. Merger of Motherland People’s Patriotic
Union with Party of Pensioners and the Party of Life
6. Reformist Partiesa. Yabloko (Apple)
1. Strongest pro-democracy party2. 3rd in 2000 presidential election (5.8%)3. 2007 with election rule changes Yabloko lost all
seats in the Duma
b. Union of Right Forces 1. “Right” as in understanding of the truth2. Desire for greater free market and privatization of
industry
6. Reformist Partiesa. Yabloko (Apple)
1. Strongest pro-democracy party2. 3rd in 2000 presidential election (5.8%)3. 2007 with election rule changes Yabloko lost all
seats in the Duma
b. Union of Right Forces 1. “Right” as in understanding of the truth2. Desire for greater free market and privatization of
industry
D. Elections1. Referendum: president can call national
referenda by popular vote on important issues
2. Duma Elections: a. 450 seats, until 2007 1/2 FPTP, 1/2 PRb. 2007, all single member districts eliminatedc. Must get 7% (raised from 5%) to get any seatsd. Goal was reduce the number of parties and make
policymaking more efficient
D. Elections1. Referendum: president can call national
referenda by popular vote on important issues
2. Duma Elections: a. 450 seats, until 2007 1/2 FPTP, 1/2 PRb. 2007, all single member districts eliminatedc. Must get 7% (raised from 5%) to get any seatsd. Goal was reduce the number of parties and make
policymaking more efficient
3. Presidential Electionsa. Two round model, but only if there is not a
clear majorityb. Putin in 2004 (71% of the vote), 2nd place
only received 14%
3. Presidential Electionsa. Two round model, but only if there is not a
clear majorityb. Putin in 2004 (71% of the vote), 2nd place
only received 14%
V. ChinaV. China
A. Citizens, Society, and the State1. Cleavages
a. Ethnic
b. Urban-Rural
A. Citizens, Society, and the State1. Cleavages
a. Ethnic
b. Urban-Rural
a. Ethnic:1. Han Chinese (90%)2. 55 officially recognized minority groups (10%)
a. Autonomous areas: Tibet and Xinjiang comprise of 60% of China’s territory
b. Most minorities live in border regionsc. Autonomous regions have some self-government
and cultural rights
a. Ethnic:1. Han Chinese (90%)2. 55 officially recognized minority groups (10%)
a. Autonomous areas: Tibet and Xinjiang comprise of 60% of China’s territory
b. Most minorities live in border regionsc. Autonomous regions have some self-government
and cultural rights
d. Tibet1. Separate ethnic identity, never recognized
Chinese authority2. Tensions over the Dalai Lama3. Global protest movements and the Olympic
torchhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/media/gallery/2008/apr/06/londonolympicprotest?picture=333419358#/?picture=333419355&index=13
d. Tibet1. Separate ethnic identity, never recognized
Chinese authority2. Tensions over the Dalai Lama3. Global protest movements and the Olympic
torchhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/media/gallery/2008/apr/06/londonolympicprotest?picture=333419358#/?picture=333419355&index=13
e. Uyghurs1. Muslims of Turkish descent living in Xinjiang2. Post 9-11 world Chinese are very concerned
with Muslim dissidents3. July 2009 Riots
a. Result of Uyghur dissatisfaction with the central Chinese gov’t. handling of death of two Uyghurs
e. Uyghurs1. Muslims of Turkish descent living in Xinjiang2. Post 9-11 world Chinese are very concerned
with Muslim dissidents3. July 2009 Riots
a. Result of Uyghur dissatisfaction with the central Chinese gov’t. handling of death of two Uyghurs
Uyghurs in the NewsUyghurs in the News
3. Linguistic Diversitya. Mandarin b. Shanghainese (Cantonese)
1. 2006 China rules required use of Mandarin in schools, media, or addresses to the public
3. Linguistic Diversitya. Mandarin b. Shanghainese (Cantonese)
1. 2006 China rules required use of Mandarin in schools, media, or addresses to the public
b. Urban-Rural Cleavages1. Most economic growth has occurred in the
cities2. Two China’s
a. Divide is economic and socialb. Wen Jiabao (2006) New Socialist Countryside
program to lift rural economy
b. Urban-Rural Cleavages1. Most economic growth has occurred in the
cities2. Two China’s
a. Divide is economic and socialb. Wen Jiabao (2006) New Socialist Countryside
program to lift rural economy
“Chinese authorities estimate that 22 million youngsters in China have been left at home while their parents migrate to cities to find work. The numbers of the so-called liushou ertong, or "left behind children," are growing steadily in China's vast rural areas. They represent a personal toll of China's explosive growth.”
-Loretta Chao, Wall Street Journal1.24.2007
“Chinese authorities estimate that 22 million youngsters in China have been left at home while their parents migrate to cities to find work. The numbers of the so-called liushou ertong, or "left behind children," are growing steadily in China's vast rural areas. They represent a personal toll of China's explosive growth.”
-Loretta Chao, Wall Street Journal1.24.2007
“Many of the left-behind children stay with one parent. But over 30 percent of the children of migrants are left with grandparents or with other relatives with little or no supervision, according to a 2004 survey by the China National Institute for Educational Research.The problem is tearing apart families and creating a generation of children who grow up with limited contact with their parents and little adult supervision. Teachers in provinces such as Anhui say it is common to visit or call a student's home only to find there is no adult in charge.”
“Many of the left-behind children stay with one parent. But over 30 percent of the children of migrants are left with grandparents or with other relatives with little or no supervision, according to a 2004 survey by the China National Institute for Educational Research.The problem is tearing apart families and creating a generation of children who grow up with limited contact with their parents and little adult supervision. Teachers in provinces such as Anhui say it is common to visit or call a student's home only to find there is no adult in charge.”
B. Political Participation1. Party and Participation
a. 58 million participants (8% of the population)b. CCP Youth League (70 million)c. Capitalists have been allowed party membership
since 2001
B. Political Participation1. Party and Participation
a. 58 million participants (8% of the population)b. CCP Youth League (70 million)c. Capitalists have been allowed party membership
since 2001
2. Factionalism in the Communist Partya. Conservatives: power of the party and
central government has eroded too muchb. Reformers/Open door: capitalist infusion,
more open trade, US granted “most favored trading”, members include Wen Jiabao and Hu Jintao
c. Liberals: out of power since 1989, support greater political liberties and democratic movements
2. Factionalism in the Communist Partya. Conservatives: power of the party and
central government has eroded too muchb. Reformers/Open door: capitalist infusion,
more open trade, US granted “most favored trading”, members include Wen Jiabao and Hu Jintao
c. Liberals: out of power since 1989, support greater political liberties and democratic movements
3. Non-Communist Partiesa. CCP allows for the existence of 8
“democratic” partiesb. Each party has a focus and base to draw from
(intellectuals, businesses)c. Total membership: 500,000d. Do not contest the CCP, serve as loyal non-
opposition
3. Non-Communist Partiesa. CCP allows for the existence of 8
“democratic” partiesb. Each party has a focus and base to draw from
(intellectuals, businesses)c. Total membership: 500,000d. Do not contest the CCP, serve as loyal non-
opposition
“The fight against corruption is a grave political struggle vital to the very existence of the party and the state…If corruption cannot be punished
effectively, our Party will lose the support and confidence of the People.” --Jiang Zemin, 1997
“The fight against corruption is a grave political struggle vital to the very existence of the party and the state…If corruption cannot be punished
effectively, our Party will lose the support and confidence of the People.” --Jiang Zemin, 1997
4. Corruptiona. Guanxi and economic boom have brought
rampant corruptionb. 2004 CCP Central Committee publishing
policy paper against corruptionc. 2007 Tainted food scandal
4. Corruptiona. Guanxi and economic boom have brought
rampant corruptionb. 2004 CCP Central Committee publishing
policy paper against corruptionc. 2007 Tainted food scandal
5. Interest Groupsa. Not allowed to influence the political process
unless under party-state authorityb. Party allows for mass organizations where
people may express their point of view with strict limits (exp. All-China Federation of Trade Unions and All-China’s Women’s Federation)
c. Danwei: social units based on people’s workplace
d. Operate under state corporatism
5. Interest Groupsa. Not allowed to influence the political process
unless under party-state authorityb. Party allows for mass organizations where
people may express their point of view with strict limits (exp. All-China Federation of Trade Unions and All-China’s Women’s Federation)
c. Danwei: social units based on people’s workplace
d. Operate under state corporatism
6. Growth of Civil Societya. Private organizations focusing on social
problems (environment, AIDS, legal reform)b. People still feel there is a lack of transparency
within governmentc. 1990s brought NGOs about 30,000 registered
groups today d. Falun Gong
6. Growth of Civil Societya. Private organizations focusing on social
problems (environment, AIDS, legal reform)b. People still feel there is a lack of transparency
within governmentc. 1990s brought NGOs about 30,000 registered
groups today d. Falun Gong
d. Media1. Xinhua (government press agency)2. Chinese Central Television (CCTV)3. The People’s Daily (newspaper of CC of the
CCP)4. State-run agencies hold the largest part of
the market but economic liberalization has allowed for wider diversity of content and increase in investigative reporting
d. Media1. Xinhua (government press agency)2. Chinese Central Television (CCTV)3. The People’s Daily (newspaper of CC of the
CCP)4. State-run agencies hold the largest part of
the market but economic liberalization has allowed for wider diversity of content and increase in investigative reporting
VII. MexicoVII. Mexico
A. Citizens, Society, and the State1. Cleavages
a. Urban vs. rural: 1. PRI Legacy: patron-client system favored illiterate
peasants in rural areas2. Shift to 75% of population living in urban areas3. Urban voters are less inclined to support PRI
A. Citizens, Society, and the State1. Cleavages
a. Urban vs. rural: 1. PRI Legacy: patron-client system favored illiterate
peasants in rural areas2. Shift to 75% of population living in urban areas3. Urban voters are less inclined to support PRI
b. Social Class:1. Poorest 10% of pop. earned 1.6% of income,
wealthiest 10% earned 35.6%2. Poor have higher infant mortality, lower life
expectancy (more likely to support PRI)3. Growing middle class, even in poorer sections of the
country (more likely to support PAN)c. Mestizo vs. Amerindian
1. Only about 10% speak an indigenous language, but 30% identify as Amerindian
2. Amerindians are more likely to live in poverty
b. Social Class:1. Poorest 10% of pop. earned 1.6% of income,
wealthiest 10% earned 35.6%2. Poor have higher infant mortality, lower life
expectancy (more likely to support PRI)3. Growing middle class, even in poorer sections of the
country (more likely to support PAN)c. Mestizo vs. Amerindian
1. Only about 10% speak an indigenous language, but 30% identify as Amerindian
2. Amerindians are more likely to live in poverty
d. North v. South1. North:
a. Dry and mountainousb. Trade with U.S. creates stronger economyc. Better educated, middle and upper class
2. South: a. Subtropical b. Less educated, support PRI except in Chiapas
state
d. North v. South1. North:
a. Dry and mountainousb. Trade with U.S. creates stronger economyc. Better educated, middle and upper class
2. South: a. Subtropical b. Less educated, support PRI except in Chiapas
state
2. Protestsa. 1968: Student protests in Mexico City
resulted in troops killing 200 people1. Following president worked to integrate citizens
b. 1994: State of Chiapas1. Sponsored Zapatista uprising 2. Vicente Fox worked to incorporate Zapatistas into
the political system3. Rebellion has not formally been called off but
government provides electricity and water to villages
2. Protestsa. 1968: Student protests in Mexico City
resulted in troops killing 200 people1. Following president worked to integrate citizens
b. 1994: State of Chiapas1. Sponsored Zapatista uprising 2. Vicente Fox worked to incorporate Zapatistas into
the political system3. Rebellion has not formally been called off but
government provides electricity and water to villages
3. Mediaa. Under PRI vs. Todayb. Multiple domestic newspapers and access to
international newspapers (CNN, BBC)c. Press is free to criticize the government
3. Mediaa. Under PRI vs. Todayb. Multiple domestic newspapers and access to
international newspapers (CNN, BBC)c. Press is free to criticize the government
B. Political Participation1. Political Parties:
a. PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional)1. 1920-2000 2. Founded by elites and characterized by:
a. Corporatist State: party has ultimate authority but interest groups woven into party structure
b. Patron-client system3. Small town or rural, less educated, older, poorer
B. Political Participation1. Political Parties:
a. PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional)1. 1920-2000 2. Founded by elites and characterized by:
a. Corporatist State: party has ultimate authority but interest groups woven into party structure
b. Patron-client system3. Small town or rural, less educated, older, poorer
b. PAN (National Action Party)1. Founded in 19392. Platform:
a. Regional autonomyb. Free market economyc. Clean and fair electionsd. Good rapport with the Catholic Churche. Support for private and religious education
3. PRI’s opposition to the right4. North, middle-class professional , religious (and non-
religious) :)
b. PAN (National Action Party)1. Founded in 19392. Platform:
a. Regional autonomyb. Free market economyc. Clean and fair electionsd. Good rapport with the Catholic Churche. Support for private and religious education
3. PRI’s opposition to the right4. North, middle-class professional , religious (and non-
religious) :)
c. PRD (Democratic Revolutionary Party)
1. PRI opposition to the left2. Run on social justice and populism 3. Party has been criticized for lack of
organization4. Limited support in legislative branch5. Young, politically active, some
education, rural or urban
c. PRD (Democratic Revolutionary Party)
1. PRI opposition to the left2. Run on social justice and populism 3. Party has been criticized for lack of
organization4. Limited support in legislative branch5. Young, politically active, some
education, rural or urban
2. Electionsa. Directly elect : president, Chamber of Deputies,
Senate, state and localb. Election of 2006:
1. Tie between PAN and PRD2. Election tribunal ordered 9% of precincts to be recounted3. PAN candidate, Obrador claimed election was “stolen”
c. Mid-term Election of 2009: 1. PAN and PRD lost seats to PRI (doubled their seats)2. Has made policy making very difficult
2. Electionsa. Directly elect : president, Chamber of Deputies,
Senate, state and localb. Election of 2006:
1. Tie between PAN and PRD2. Election tribunal ordered 9% of precincts to be recounted3. PAN candidate, Obrador claimed election was “stolen”
c. Mid-term Election of 2009: 1. PAN and PRD lost seats to PRI (doubled their seats)2. Has made policy making very difficult
3. Electoral Systema. President: FPTP (plurality)b. Congress: Dual system
1. Senate: 3 from each state, 2 by FPTP, 1 by PR2. Chamber of Deputies: 300 seats FPTP, 200 seats
PR
3. Electoral Systema. President: FPTP (plurality)b. Congress: Dual system
1. Senate: 3 from each state, 2 by FPTP, 1 by PR2. Chamber of Deputies: 300 seats FPTP, 200 seats
PR
VIII. NigeriaVIII. Nigeria
A. Citizens, Society, and State1. Challenges:
a. Poverty: 60% below poverty lineb. Like Mexico, large gap in wealth distributionc. Health issues: 1 out of 11 HIV/AIDS sufferers live
in Nigeria d. Literacy: Below world average and a gap between
males (75.7%) and females (60.6%)
A. Citizens, Society, and State1. Challenges:
a. Poverty: 60% below poverty lineb. Like Mexico, large gap in wealth distributionc. Health issues: 1 out of 11 HIV/AIDS sufferers live
in Nigeria d. Literacy: Below world average and a gap between
males (75.7%) and females (60.6%)
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2172rank.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2172rank.html
Freedom House
Freedom House
http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2010
http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2010
2. Cleavagesa. Ethnicity: 250-400 ethnic groupsb. Religion:
1. Muslim (50%)2. Christian (40%): Colonial preferential treatment
by British3. Native religions (10%)
c. North (Muslim) vs. South (Christian)d. Urban vs. Rurale. Social class
2. Cleavagesa. Ethnicity: 250-400 ethnic groupsb. Religion:
1. Muslim (50%)2. Christian (40%): Colonial preferential treatment
by British3. Native religions (10%)
c. North (Muslim) vs. South (Christian)d. Urban vs. Rurale. Social class
3. Public Opinion and Political Participationa. Subjects rather than active participantsb. Patron-Clientelism (Prebendalism)
1. Extremely personalized system, public offices treated as fiefdoms
2. Most favors exchanged through political elite3. Corruption and informal influence4. ESTABLISHED FORM OF POLITICAL
PARTICIPATION
3. Public Opinion and Political Participationa. Subjects rather than active participantsb. Patron-Clientelism (Prebendalism)
1. Extremely personalized system, public offices treated as fiefdoms
2. Most favors exchanged through political elite3. Corruption and informal influence4. ESTABLISHED FORM OF POLITICAL
PARTICIPATION
c. Civil Society (realm outside of government influence)
1. Centripetal (unity) and Centrifugal (division)2. Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
(MOSOP)a. Worked to help Ogoni in the Niger Delta
3. National Union of Petroleum and Gas Workers 4. Formal associations for journalism, legal, medical, etc.
http://www.mosop.org/
c. Civil Society (realm outside of government influence)
1. Centripetal (unity) and Centrifugal (division)2. Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
(MOSOP)a. Worked to help Ogoni in the Niger Delta
3. National Union of Petroleum and Gas Workers 4. Formal associations for journalism, legal, medical, etc.
http://www.mosop.org/
d. Voting Behavior1. Voting in national elections since 19592. Patterns difficult to track 3. Political parties are numerous and fluid4. Results appear to be fraudulent
e. Attitudes toward government1. Low levels of trust 2. Transparency Index
d. Voting Behavior1. Voting in national elections since 19592. Patterns difficult to track 3. Political parties are numerous and fluid4. Results appear to be fraudulent
e. Attitudes toward government1. Low levels of trust 2. Transparency Index
f. Protests and Social Movements1. Chevron Texaco siege by Ijaw women (2002)2. Protests focused on foreign-based oil
companies in the Niger Delta3. Nigeria is the 8th largest oil exporter
f. Protests and Social Movements1. Chevron Texaco siege by Ijaw women (2002)2. Protests focused on foreign-based oil
companies in the Niger Delta3. Nigeria is the 8th largest oil exporter
B. Political Parties (2007 election)1. People’s Democratic Party (PDP):Party of
Obasanjo and Yar’Audaa. Originated in the North, deliberately ran Obasanjo
a Christian Yoruba from the south
2. All Nigeria People’s Party (ANPP)3. Action Congress (AC)
B. Political Parties (2007 election)1. People’s Democratic Party (PDP):Party of
Obasanjo and Yar’Audaa. Originated in the North, deliberately ran Obasanjo
a Christian Yoruba from the south
2. All Nigeria People’s Party (ANPP)3. Action Congress (AC)
C. Elections and Electoral Procedures1. National elections:
a. Presidential Elections: if an outright majority is not received a 2nd ballot election may take place, also must receive 25% of votes in 2/3 of the states
b. Legislative Elections: 1. House: 539 (FPTP)2. Senate: 109 (3 from each 36 states)
C. Elections and Electoral Procedures1. National elections:
a. Presidential Elections: if an outright majority is not received a 2nd ballot election may take place, also must receive 25% of votes in 2/3 of the states
b. Legislative Elections: 1. House: 539 (FPTP)2. Senate: 109 (3 from each 36 states)
IX. IranIX. IranA. Citizens, Society, and the State
1. Cleavages: a. Religion:
1. Shia Muslims (90%)2. Sunni Muslim (about 10%)3. Jews, Christians, Zoroastrian, and Baha’i(1%)
b. Ethnicity:1. Persian (51%): speak Farsi2. Azeri (24%): do not speak Persian, but are Shiite3. Gilaki and Mazandarani (8%)4. Kurds (7%)5. Arabi (3%)
A. Citizens, Society, and the State1. Cleavages:
a. Religion:1. Shia Muslims (90%)2. Sunni Muslim (about 10%)3. Jews, Christians, Zoroastrian, and Baha’i(1%)
b. Ethnicity:1. Persian (51%): speak Farsi2. Azeri (24%): do not speak Persian, but are Shiite3. Gilaki and Mazandarani (8%)4. Kurds (7%)5. Arabi (3%)
c. Social Class1. Peasants and middle class: support the
regime, benefited from the gov’t. social programs
2. Middle and upper class: secularized, have struggled economically, opposition to the regime
c. Social Class1. Peasants and middle class: support the
regime, benefited from the gov’t. social programs
2. Middle and upper class: secularized, have struggled economically, opposition to the regime
3. Reformers vs. conservatives: a. Conservatives: keep the regime b. Reformers: do not want to do away with the
basics of the Islamic state but desire more secularization and democracy
4. Pragmatic conservatives vs. radical clerics: a. Pragmatic conservatives: favor liberal economic
policies, strong ties to middle class merchants and rural landowners, private party and economic inequality are supported by Islam
b. Radical clerics: young and militant clerics, endorse wealth redistribution to benefit the poor
3. Reformers vs. conservatives: a. Conservatives: keep the regime b. Reformers: do not want to do away with the
basics of the Islamic state but desire more secularization and democracy
4. Pragmatic conservatives vs. radical clerics: a. Pragmatic conservatives: favor liberal economic
policies, strong ties to middle class merchants and rural landowners, private party and economic inequality are supported by Islam
b. Radical clerics: young and militant clerics, endorse wealth redistribution to benefit the poor
B. Political Participation: Civil liberties written into the 1979 Constitution but have not lived up to their promise
1. Protests and Demonstrations: a. The last decade has experienced multiple student protests
against the regimeb. More than half of people alive today in Iran were not alive
during the 1979 Islamic Revolution
2. Women and the Political System:a. Equality with differenceb. Not well represented in the Majles
B. Political Participation: Civil liberties written into the 1979 Constitution but have not lived up to their promise
1. Protests and Demonstrations: a. The last decade has experienced multiple student protests
against the regimeb. More than half of people alive today in Iran were not alive
during the 1979 Islamic Revolution
2. Women and the Political System:a. Equality with differenceb. Not well represented in the Majles
C. Political Parties: Constitution allowed for parties but not allowed until 1997. Formed around personalities rather than issues.
1. The Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran (Ahmadinejad)
2. Iranian Reform Movement: combination of reform parties, candidates blocked from running (Mousavi)
3. Etemad-e Melli Party: (Karroubi) 3rd in election of 2005, 4th in election of 2009, “pragmatic reformist”
C. Political Parties: Constitution allowed for parties but not allowed until 1997. Formed around personalities rather than issues.
1. The Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran (Ahmadinejad)
2. Iranian Reform Movement: combination of reform parties, candidates blocked from running (Mousavi)
3. Etemad-e Melli Party: (Karroubi) 3rd in election of 2005, 4th in election of 2009, “pragmatic reformist”
D. Elections:1. Elected institutions: Assembly of Religious Experts,
Majles, President, FPTP (could be two rounds)2. Majles 2004 and 2008: many candidates were
banned from running 3. President 2005: Rafsanjani and Ahmadinejad4. President 2009: protests, vote did not match opinion
polls
D. Elections:1. Elected institutions: Assembly of Religious Experts,
Majles, President, FPTP (could be two rounds)2. Majles 2004 and 2008: many candidates were
banned from running 3. President 2005: Rafsanjani and Ahmadinejad4. President 2009: protests, vote did not match opinion
polls
Death in Tehran: PBS FRontlineDeath in Tehran: PBS FRontline
