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The New Immigrants
Main Idea – Immigration reached a new high in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Most immigrants during this time period came from Southern and Eastern Europe as well as Asia. These immigrants often faced hardships and hostility from native-born Americans.
Through the golden door
• Background: Millions of immigrants entered the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries• “push” factors (reasons
to leave their homeland) = famine, land shortages, religious or political persecution
• “pull” factors (reason to come to the U.S. ) = economic opportunity, freedom from persecution
Old Immigrants
• Immigrants who came to the U.S. prior to 1871, usually from countries in Northern and Western Europe• Ex: Great Britain,
Ireland, Germany, Norway, Sweden
• Many worked on canals or railroads, or in textile mills in the North and Midwest
New Immigrants
• Immigrants who came to the U.S. from 1871 to 1921, usually from countries in Southern and Eastern Europe• Ex: Italy, Greece, Poland,
Russia, Austria-Hungary• Many worked in textile
or steel mills, or in coal mines in the Northeast
• Many worked in clothing industry in New York City
Asian immigration
• Smaller numbers of immigrants from China and Japan came to the West coast of the U.S. between 1851-1883• Ex: China, Japan• Many Chinese
immigrants helped to build the Transcontinental Railroad
Ellis Island
Immigration center in New York harbor (1892-1924) Located near the Statue
of Liberty = first view of U.S. for many immigrants
Immigrants had to pass inspection to gain entry to the U.S. Inspection = physical
exam, legal/document inspection, proof of no criminal record, proof of ability to work
Significance – 17 million immigrants entered the U.S. through Ellis Island
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rredHTyKaQ
Angel Island
• Immigration center in San Francisco (1910-1940)• Inspection process
was more difficult than at Ellis Island
• Significance – 50,000 Chinese immigrants entered U.S. through Angle Island
Assimilation
• Most immigrants settled in urban ethnic neighborhoods = areas with people of the same ethnicity, culture, religion, and language• Made assimilation into
American society easier• Most immigrants worked
hard to learn English, adopt American customs, and become American citizens• Public schools = essential in
the process of assimilating children of immigrants
Melting Pot
A mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs
Nativism
• Favoritism of native-born Americans combined with anti-immigrant feelings• Fear that immigrants would
take jobs for lower pay than American workers
• Resentment that many immigrants did not give up their unique cultural identities
• Prejudice based on religious, cultural, and racial differences
Immigration Restriction Legislation
• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 – 10 year ban on all Chinese immigration
• Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 – aimed at severely restricting the immigration totals of Southern and Eastern European immigrants
Three-Sentence Wrap-Up
Summarize what we have talked about in three sentences or less.
Partner up. Read summaries and refine. Turn in.
Main Idea
Political, economic, and social change in late 19th century America led to broad progressive reforms.
What is meant by “Gilded Age”
In American history, the Gilded Age refers to substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century (1865-1901). The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and population expansion.
Urbanization in the Gilded Age
Centers for manufacturing and transportation – created industrial jobs
Harsh conditions for laborers in slums and tenements
Need for better public services Sewage and water systems were improved Public transportation systems were improved
Trolley, streetcar, and subways (NYC) were developed
Cities grew rapidly throughout the late 19th century as a result of industrial growth Ex: Chicago
(meatpacking), Detroit (automobile), Cleveland (automobile), Pittsburgh (steel), and New York (textiles)
Problems at the Turn of the Century Politically: Political Machines Business practices: trusts, monopolies Working conditions: child labor, low pay,
long hours Other stuff: drugs, gangs, drinking,
women still can’t vote
The Progressive Movement
Progressivism: movement to improve American life in politics, society and the workplace.
Progressives were optimistic and forward looking and accepted the changes industrialization brought forth
Wanted to limit the power of big business, improve democracy and strengthen social justices
Working Conditions
Working conditions for laborers in factories
dangerous, low wages, long hours, no job security, no benefits
child labor common, discrimination against women
Dominance of big businesses and corporations
Government not being responsive to the needs of the people
SIGNIFICANCE – these issues led to the Progressive Movement
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2M9i1Wy6IU
Bumper Sticker
You are to create a bumper sticker that reflects the problems the Gilded Age.
Must be historically accurate. Must be faithful to the historical record of the
period, but can be based on contemporary models. May not be offensive in nature. Must be the approximate size of an actual bumper
sticker. Examples: “Manifest Destiny Happens”
“Proud Parent of a Factory Worker”
Goals of Progressive Reformers
Government controlled by the people
Guarantee economic opportunities through government regulation
Eliminate social injustices
Social Reform
Prohibition – the movement to ban the of manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol Based on the belief that
alcohol consumption was undermining American morality
18th Amendment – prohibition of alcohol went into effect
Repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933
Responses to: Bootlegging, Speakeasies, Organized Crime (Al Capone)
Women’s Suffrage
Women’s Suffrage – the movement to give women the right to vote National American Woman
Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Benefited from strong
leadership – Susan B. Anthony Encouraged women to enter
the workforce during World War One
19th Amendment – granted women the right to vote (suffrage)
Stop and think! What was the first state to grant women the right to vote?
WYOMING! Territory – 1869 State – 1890
By 1919, a total of 15 states allowed women to vote in all elections In VA, women were
still not allowed to vote
Economic Reform
Background: During the Gilded Age (late 1800s), government took a “hands-off” approach to the economy and did not get involved in regulating business = Laissez-faire capitalism Big businesses used
power to crush competition
Raking the Muck!
Muckrakers – journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in magazines during the progressive era Ida Tarbell – “History of the Standard Oil
Company” attacked Rockefeller Upton Sinclair – The Jungle – exposed
horrible conditions of the meatpacking industry in Chicago Read excerpts from “The Jungle”
Trust Busting
Clayton Anti-Trust Act – strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act Outlawed trusts,
monopolies, and price-fixing
Exempted unions from being prosecuted by the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Political Reform
Local governments - need to reform city
governments with major problems that resulted from increased urbanization
Commissioners and city council managers – new ways to govern cities more efficiently in 250 cities in the U.S.
Political Machines An illegal gang that
influences enough votes to control a local government.
Gained support by trading favors for votes. Bosses gave jobs,
cash, or food to supporters.
State Governments
Secret ballot – allowed voters to cast a vote without election officials knowing who they voted for
Initiative – a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers on the ballot
Referendum – a vote by the people on a bill that began as an initiative
Recall – enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term
Primary system – voters, rather than politicians, would choose candidates for public office through a special election
National Government
President Teddy Roosevelt’s progressive plan = “Square Deal” Involved trust-busting and conservation
projects President Woodrow Wilson’s progressive
plan = “New Freedom” Involved financial reform, increased
government regulation of business http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFlOL
yMwnjU
Progressive Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt Became President in 1901, after William
McKinley’s assassination Member of the Bull Moose Party
Progressive political party Promised voters a “Square Deal”
Government will ensure fairness for workers, consumers, and big business
“Trustbuster”…broke up many Monopolies and Trusts
The first environmental President
Progressive Presidents
William Howard Taft Elected President in 1908 Supported safety standards for mines and
railroads Supported the 16th Amendment:
Federal income taxes Disappointed progressives in the areas of
tariffs and conservation
Progressive Presidents
Woodrow Wilson Elected President in 1912 Passed the Federal Reserve Act
Established the modern banking system Established the Federal Trade Commission
Tariff reform Clayton Antitrust Act:
Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act “New Freedom”
promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.
Amendments of the Progressive Era
16th Amendment – established a federal income tax
17th Amendment – direct election of senators The people, not state legislatures, would vote
on candidates running for the U.S. Senate 18th Amendment – Prohibition on the
manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol
19th Amendment – granted women the right to vote (suffrage)
Main Idea: Discrimination and segregation against African Americans intensified and took new forms in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. African Americans disagreed about how to respond to the developments.
Jim Crow and Segregation
African-Americans Fight Legal Discrimination Background – During Reconstruction, African
Americans faced violent opposition to their new constitutional rights, especially voting rights.
Voting Restrictions – all Southern states passed voting restrictions on African Americans Literacy test – difficult reading test given to African-
Americans trying to register to vote Poll tax – an annual tax that had to be paid by African-
Americans before voting Grandfather clause – state laws that allowed people
to vote if their grandfather was eligible to vote in 1867 African Americans prevented from voting as a result
Jim Crow
Jim Crow Laws – segregation laws passed throughout the South to separate white and black people in public SIGNIFICANCE -
applied to schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems
Vending machine in Jackson, Tennessee
Separate But (Un)Equal
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – U.S. Supreme Court ruled that segregation of the races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14th Amendment Established “separate but
equal” doctrine – states could maintain segregated facilities for blacks and whites as long as they provided equal service.
SIGNIFICANCE – segregation was legal for almost 60 years
African-American Responses
“Great Migration” (early 20th century) –movement of African-Americans from the rural South to Northern cities in search of jobs and to escape poverty and discrimination in the South Racial discrimination
still existed in the North and sometimes resulted in violence
African American Responses
Ida B. Wells – led an anti-lynching crusade and called for the federal government to act to stop oppression of African-Americans
Booker T. Washington – believed the way to equality was through vocational education and economic success Did not openly challenge segregation Founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
W.E.B. Du Bois – believed that education was meaningless without equality Supported political equality for African-Americans by
helping to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Imperialism
Imperialism – the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories
Reasons for Imperialism:
1. Access to natural resources such as rubber, petroleum, etc…
2. Outlet for a country’s growing population (send people to colonies)
3. Merchant ships and naval vessels needed bases around the world to refuel (coal and supplies)
4. Spread Christianity5. Make the world like the West (Europe
and U.S.)6. Markets
Reasons for Success
1. Well-organized governments
2. Powerful armies and navies
3. Superior technology (medical and military)
Types of Imperialism:
Colonies – Territory settled and ruled by people from another land
Protectorates – Country with its own government but under the control of an outside power (Egypt was a protectorate of Great Britain)
Spheres of Influence – Areas in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges (many European countries claimed spheres of influence in China)
Stop and Think!
How did the U.S. abandon its traditional isolationist policy?
How did the U.S. expand its influence in the world?
Main Idea – The “global economy” caused the U.S. to compete by expanding. The U.S. went to war with Spain in order to help Cuba win its independence. As a result, the U.S. gained new territories but had conflicts in several territories.
Causes of Imperialism in U.S. Desire for military and naval strength “Global economy” – growth in international trade
– U.S. looking for new markets for raw materials and for finished goods
Belief in cultural superiority
Hawaii
The Hawaiian Islands had been economically important to the U.S. for a century. American merchants had stopped there on their way
to China and East India. In 1820, missionaries founded Christian schools and
churches and their children became sugar planters who sold crops to U.S.
By the mid -19th century, American owned sugar plantations accounted for about ¾ of the island’s wealth By 1900, foreigners and immigrant laborers outnumbered
native Hawaiians In 1875, the US agreed to import Hawaiian
sugar duty-free
American planters in Hawaii called for the U.S. to annex (take) the islands so they wouldn’t have to pay the duty
U.S. built a naval base at Pearl Harbor in 1887
Business groups started a revolution and overthrew Queen Liliuokalani and set up a government
August 12, 1898, Congress proclaimed Hawaii a US territory Became a state in 1959 (50th US state)
Cuba
By end of 19th Century, Spain only had colonies of Philippines, Guam, a few outposts in Africa, Cuba, and Puerto Rico
The U.S. had an interest in Cuba It was only 90 miles away from FL
coast 1854, President Pierce tried to buy
Cuba and Spain responded by saying they’d rather see Cuba sink in the ocean
Cubans rebel again Spain between 1868-1878 and Americans sympathized with Cubans Revolt wasn’t successful but they did
get Spain to abolish slavery Americans begin investing in large
sugar cane plantations
Cuban Independence
U.S. sympathy grew as President William McKinley took office in 1897.
In 1898, the NY Journal published a private letter written by Enrique Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish minister to the U.S. (The De Lome Letter) Criticized McKinley, calling him weak- angered
Americans
Cuba and the Spanish American War
Early in 1898, McKinley ordered the U.S.S. Maine to Cuba to bring home American citizens in danger from the fighting and to protect American property.
Feb. 15, 1898, the ship blew up in the Havana harbor killing more than 260 men.
No one knows why but American newspapers claimed the Spanish were to blame.
SIGNIFICANCE – U.S. declared war on Spain
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVtkZ6Sv16M)
Spanish American War (1898)
U.S. navy defeated Spanish navy in the Philippines (where first battle took place)
U.S. army defeated Spanish army in Cuba San Juan Hill – U.S.
victory that featured a cavalry charge by Teddy Roosevelt’s “Rough Riders”
Americans then moved on to Puerto Rico on July 25
Treaty of Paris (1899)
Cuba received independence from Spain
U.S. got territories of Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico from Spain
Spain got $20 million from U.S.
SIGNIFICANCE – U.S. major world power
ANNEXATION DEBATE
Expansionists argue in favor based upon commercial reasons, naval concerns, the belief that the U.S. would bring democratic government to the Philippines, and that European powers would be kept away
Anti-Imperialist League formed in June 1898 argues that U.S. should not become imperial power and annexation of Philippines would violate American principles
CUBA
1899- Pres. McKinley appoints Leonard Wood as governor of Cuba
Changes are made such as construction of schools and a sanitation system
Dr. Carlos Finlay discovered mosquitoes cause yellow fever
Cubans want independence
PLATT AMENDMENT Limits Cuba’s right to
make treaties with other countries
Allowed U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary
Made Cuba to sell or lease land for U.S. naval or fueling stations (Guantanamo Bay)
Made Cuba a protectorate
Influence in China
France, Germany, Britain, Japan and Russia had established settlements along the coast
The U.S. began to fear that China would be carved into colonies, shutting out American traders. To protect American interests, U.S. Secretary Of
State John Hay issued the Open Door notes (Open Door Policy) Letters addressed to the leaders of imperialist nations
proposing that they share their trading rights with the U.S.
Meaning no single nation would have a monopoly on trade with any part of China
Panama
US needed a canal cutting across Central America Reduce travel time for commercial
and military ships Late 1800s a French company
tried to build a canal there but gave up and the US bought its claims
US helped Panama rebel against Columbia in 1903 and bought the land in the canal zone
Building the canal was hard Disease, and volcanic rock made it
difficult
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGMBUzFyVl4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETgK3BkRm6
A
Panama Canal
U.S. paid Panama $10 million for the canal zone, and leased land for $250,000 each year for 99 years
U.S. paid Columbia $25 million for lost territory
SIGNIFICANCE – canal was a success, but it hurt U.S. relations with Latin American countries
Influential “Imperial” Presidents
Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt“Big Stick Diplomacy” – use
diplomacy when possible but have a strong military to back up your policies if needed
Roosevelt Corollary – added to the Monroe Doctrine, said that U.S. would be the police power in the Western Hemisphere in dealing with Latin American nations
SIGNFICANCE – hurt relations between Latin American countries and U.S.
• 1907- President Roosevelt sends 4 destroyers and 16 battleships on world cruise
• Roosevelt- “the Pacific was as much our home waters as the Atlantic”
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMycfi_xkvA)