! 1!

!UNIT!5!–!Genetics,!Complex!Inheritance!and!Human!Heredity!

Section!10.1!Importance!of!Meiosis!Section!10.2!Mendelian!Genetics!

!Main!Idea!–!Mendel!Explained!How!a!Dominant!Allele!Can!Mask!the!Presence!of!a!Recessive!Allele!!OBJECTIVE!1!–!RELATE!THE!TERMS!TRAITS!AND!GENES!TO!ONE!ANOTHER!AND!DESCRIBE!MENDEL’S!MONOHYBRID!CROSS!WHILE!APPLYING!THE!TERMS!HYBRID,!P1,!F1,!AND!F2!!

Define!!the!following!terms:!

Allele:!_________________________________________________________________________________!

_________________________________________________________________________________________!

Heredity:______________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________!

Hybrid:!________________________________________________________________________________!

Genetics:______________________________________________________________________________!

Genes:_________________________________________________________________________________!

!

! 2!

Chromosomes!are!made!of!_______________!to!_________________!of!__________________.!

Each!_______________!can!have!several!_____________________________!called!

____________________________.!Humans!have!____________!chromosomes,!getting!

_____________!from!each!___________________.!!In!species!that!reproduce!

___________________________,!each!______________!contains!_______________!variants!of!

each!__________________________,!one!_____________________!from!each!parent.!!This!

will!give!rise!to!new!__________________________!of!chromosome!pairs!with!

variations!between!parent!and!offspring.!

Homologous!Chromosome:__________________________________________________________!

Humans!have!___________________________!of!__________________________!chromosomes.!

Overview!of!Mendel’s!Observations:!and!Their!Significance:!!____________________________!is!the!branch!of!biology!that!studies!how!traits!are!!!inherited.!!________________________!offspring!results!from!parents!that!have!!!different!forms!of!________________________!for!certain!traits.!!Mendel’s!!!____________________________________________!states!that!every!individual!has!two!!!alleles!of!each!gene!and!when!gametes!are!produced,!each!gamete!receives!!!one!of!these!alleles.!!Mendel’s!_______________________________________________________!!states!that!genes!for!different!traits!are!inherited!independently!of!each!other.!!!!!

! 3!

Main!Idea!–!How!Genetics!Began!(Page!277)!Describe!how!a!plant!selfEpollinates.!!__________________________________________________________________________________________!!__________________________________________________________________________________________!Infer!why!Mendel!used!crossEpollination!to!study!inheritance.!!__________________________________________________________________________________________!!__________________________________________________________________________________________!!Main!Idea!–!The!Inheritance!of!Traits!(Pages!277\280)!Analyze!Mendel’s!experiment!with!greenEseed!and!yellowEseed!peas!plants!by!completing!the!summary!paragraph.!!Mendel!used!only!______________________________________!!lines,!which!consistently!!produced!the!same!trait!in!the!offspring.!!He!controlled!variables!by!!_____________________________________________________.!!When!he!crossed!a!greenEseed!!plant!with!a!yellowEseed!plant,!the!F1!offspring!were!__________________%!yellow!!and!__________%!green.!!He!allowed!the!F1!plants!to!_______________________________!!to!produce!___________!plants.!!!F2!plants!are!___________%!yellow!and!__________!%!!green.!!Mendel!concluded!that!each!trait!has!two!forms,!called!_________________.!!Mendel!called!yellow!seed!color!the!___________________________!form!and!green!!seed!color!the!_________________________________!form!of!the!trait.!!!!!!

! 4!

!OBJECTIVE!2!–!Describe!Mendel’s!Law!of!Dominance!as!it!Applies!to!Monohybrid!Crosses!and!Use!the!Terms!Hybrid,!P1,!F1!,!and!F2!!

Compare!and!contrast!each!pair!of!terms!by!defining!them!and/or!noting!their!differences:!dominant!trait! recessive!trait!!!!!

!

genotype! phenotype!!!!!

!

homozygous! heterozygous!!!!!

!

!When!recording!the!results!of!genetic!crosses,!use!the!same!________________!for!

different!____________________!of!the!same!gene.!!An!___________________case!letter!is!

used!for!____________________!traits!and!a!________________!case!letter!is!used!for!

__________________________!traits.!

Compare!genotypes!and!phenotypes!of!pea!plants.!Genotype! Homozygous!or!

Heterozygous!Phenotype!

! !homozygous!

!

! !heterozygous!

!

yy! !!

!

! 5!

!You!won’t!always!know!the!organisms!_________________________!by!looking!at!its!

___________________________________.!

Law!of!Dominance:!__________________________________________________________________!

__________________________________________________________________________________________!

OBJECTIVE!3!–!Describe!Mendel’s!Laws!Of!Segregation!!!

Law!of!Segregation:__________________________________________________________________!

__________________________________________________________________________________________!

Because!of!the!Law!of!segregation,!the!parent!passes!on!at!______________________!

only!___________!allele!for!each!__________________!to!each!offspring.!During!

______________________,!two!alleles!for!that!_________________!unite,!to!produce!

_________________________!for!that!specific!trait.!

!!!!!!!!!!

! 6!

Main!Idea!–!Punnett!Squares!and!Probability!(Pages!280\282)!!Objectives!4!and!5:!Differentiate!Between!a!Monohybrid!and!a!Dihybrid!Cross!and!be!able!to!Work!out!the!Possible!results!of!Various!Types!of!Genetic!Crosses.!!Be!able!to!discus!the!Probability!of!Experimental!Results!!Complete!the!Punnett!!Squares!and!determine!the!genotypic!and!phenotypic!ratios.!!Tall!plants!(T)!are!dominant!over!short!(t)!plants.!!

! T! T!t! !

!!

t! !!

!

!Genotypic!ratio:________________________!!!Phenotypic!ratio:__________________________!!!

! T! t!T! !

!!

t! !!

!

!!Genotypic!ratio:________________________!!!Phenotypic!ratio:__________________________!!!

Law!of!Independent!Assortment:_________________________________________________!

_________________________________________________________________________________________!!_________________________________________________________________________________________!Demonstrate!the!Law!of!Independent!assortment!by!listing!the!4!alleles!that!are!produced!when!a!pea!plant!with!the!genotype!RrYy!produces!gametes.!!1.!!_______________!! !!!!2.!!_______________!!!!!3.!!!!_______________!! !!4.!!________________!!

! 7!

The!random!assortment!results!in!______________!possible!gametes,!each!of!which!is!equally!likely!to!occur.!!To!identify!the!possible!gametes!from!the!parent!RrYy!remember!to!foil:!!First:!___________!!Outside:____________!!Inside:!________________!!last:!_________________!!Identify!the!genotypes!within!the!Punnett!square!showing!the!dihybrid!cross!of!seed!color!and!seed!texture.!!The!first!row!has!been!done!for!you.!!Write!the!expected!phenotypic!ratio.!!! YR! yR! Yr! yr!YR! !

!! ! !

yR! !!

! ! !

Yr! !!

! ! !

yr! !!

! ! !

!!! !Phenotypic!ratio:______________________________________________________________________!!__________________________________________________________________________________________!!Punnett!squares!show!the!possible!genetic!and!_______________!combinations!of!

the!____________________!and!the!_____________________!that!they!will!occur.!

!

Genetics!follow!the!rules!of!_______________________!or!probability;!in!reality!you!

don’t!often!get!the!______________________!ratio.!!!Inheriting!alleles!follows!the!

rules!of!chance!similar!to!flipping!a!coin.!

!!

! 8!

PROBABILITY!2!coins,!both!tails! ½!x!½!=!1/4!

2!coins,!heads!&!tails! 1/4!+!1/4!=!1/2!

!Results!of!predicted!probability!are!more!________________!to!be!seen!when!the!

sample!number!or!___________________!number!of!offspring!are!seen.!

Objective!6:!Discuss!How!Meiosis!Explains!Mendel’s!Results!

Today,!Mendel’s!Laws!of!Heredity!form!the!__________________________!of!modern!!

__________________.!

1. The!segregation!of!____________________________!in!________________________!of!

meiosis!explains!Mendel’s!observation!that!each!parent!gives!_______________!

for!each!trait!at!__________________________!to!each!offspring,!regardless!of!

whether!the!allele!is!__________________________________.!

2. The!____________________________!of!chromosomes!at!random!in!________________!

in!__________________________!explains!Mendel’s!observation!that!factors,!or!

__________________________,!for!different!traits!are!inherited!____________________!

of!one!another.!

!!!!!!!

! 9!

Section!10.3!Gene!Linkage!and!Polyploidy!!Objective!7:!Define!Genetic!Recombination!and!Gene!Linkage!and!Explain!How!Gene!Linkage!can!be!Used!to!Create!Chromosome!Maps!!Genetic!recombination!\!___________________________________________________________!!__________________________________________________________________________________________!!!__________________________________________________________________________________________!!polyploidy!\!__________________________________________________________________________!Main!Idea!–!Genetic!Recombination!(Page!283)!!Calculate!the!number!of!chromosome!combinations!due!to!independent!assortment!by!filling!in!the!chart.!!Use!the!formula!2n.!!

Species! Chromosome!Number!(n)!

Possible!Combinations!

Pea! 7!!

27!=!126!

Housefly! 6!!

!

Frog! ! 13!!

!

You! ! 23!!

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!

! 10!

Main!Idea!–!Gene!Linkage!and!Chromosome!Maps!(Pages!283\285)!Summarize!information!about!genetic!recombination!creating!a!concept!map!using!the!terms!below:!E chromosome! E!genetic!recombination!!!!!!!!!! E!genetic!variation!E meiosis!(2)! ! E!independent!assortment!

!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!

!

!

!

!!!!!!!

!!!!!

Crossing!over!

of!during!

Which!increases!

L!Leads!to!

L Leads!to!

d during!

! 11!

Complete!the!paragraph!about!gene!linkage!using!the!terms!below:!!

E chromosomes! E!farther! ! !!!!!E!inherited! E!sequence!E crossing!over! E!individual!genes!!!!!!E!linked!

!Genes!close!together!on!the!same!chromosome!are!_______________________.!!!!!Linked!genes!are!usually!__________________________!together.!!_______________________!!Not!________________________________!!______________________,!follow!Mendel’s!law!of!!!independent!assortment.!!Linked!genes!might!become!separated,!as!a!result!of!!___________________________!!__________________.!!Crossing!over!is!more!likely!to!!!happen!if!genes!are!_________________________!apart!on!a!chromosome.!!Analyze!whether!the!gene!linkage!is!an!exception!to,!or!an!example!of,!Mendel’s!Law!of!Independent!assortment.!!Give!an!example!from!the!book.!!__________________________________________________________________________________________!!_________________________________________________________________________________________________________!!!_________________________________________________________________________________________________________!!!__________________________!map!percentages!are!not!actual!chromosome!

________________________!,!but!represent!relative!_____________________!of!the!_________!

The!____________________!the!cross!over!_________________________,!the!farther!________!

The!two!genes!are.!

!!!!

! 12!

Objective!8:!Define!the!Term!Nondisjunction!and!Discuss!its!Various!Effects!in!regards!to!Polyploidy!!Nondisjunction:!_____________________________________________________________________!

Occasionally,!__________!chromosomes!of!a!_______________________!pair!move!to!!

the!_____________________________.!!The!result!of!nondisjunction!is!a!________________!

in!the!usual!______________________!of!_______________________!in!a!____________________!

cell.!!Nondisjunction!can!occur!in!_________________________________________________.!

Define:!Trisomy:!______________________________________________________________________________!

_________________________________________________________________________________________!

Most!trisomy’s!are!_________________________________________,!but!trisomy!21!is!one!

of!the!few.!

Define:!Monosomy:____________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________!

The!____________________!lacks!a!_________________________.!In!humans,!most!zygotes!

with!_________________________!don’t!survive.!An!example!of!a!monosomy!that!is!

not!lethal!is!________________________!syndrome.!!Females!only!have!a!single!______!

Chromosome!instead!of!_______________________.!

!!!!!

! 13!

Main!Idea!–!Polyploidy!(Page!285)!!Define:!Polyploidy:_____________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________!

Polyploidy!is!___________________!in!animals!and!__________________!lethal!to!a!

human!_________________________.!!Polyploidy!is!common!in!plants!and!the!

_________________!from!these!plants!tend!to!be!_______________________!and!

________________________.!!So!___________________________!in!plants!can!be!beneficial!

and!have!a!__________________________!value.!!Plant!breeders!have!learned!to!!

___________________________!produce!polyploidy!plants!using!_______________________!

to!cause!______________________________.!

!

Summarize!the!similarities!and!differences!between!polyploidy!and!gene!linkage.!!

Gene!Linkage! Polyploidy!!!!!!!!!!!

!

!!!

! 14!

Unit!5!–!Genetics,!Complex!Inheritance!and!Human!Heredity!Section!11.1!Basic!Patterns!of!Human!Inheritance!

!Main!Idea!–!Main!Idea:!The!Inheritance!of!a!Trait!Over!Several!Generations!Can!be!Shown!as!a!Pedigree!!Objective!9:!Describe!Human!genetic!Disorders!that!are!Caused!by!the!Inheritance!of!Recessive!!Alleles!(Pages!296\298)!!Write!three!facts!about!recessive!heredity!in!the!concept!map!!!!! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!!

!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Simple!Recessive!Heredity!

!

! 15!

Common!recessive!genetic!disorders!Cystic!fibrosis!!E!!!!!!Albinism!E!!!!!Tay!Sachs!E!!!!!!!Galactosemia!E!!!!!!!!Objective!10:Dominant!Genetic!Disorders!(Page!298)!Identify!two!examples!of!dominant!genetic!disorders!in!humans.!!

!Dominant!Genetic!Disorders!–!No!possibility!of!being!a!____________________!

!Huntingtons!!!

Achondroplasia!!!!!!

! 16!

Summarize!the!facts!about!Huntington’s!disease!in!the!concept!map.!!! !

!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

! Matt!and!Amy!Roloff!have!4!children.!!Although!Matt!and!Amy!are!both!little!people,!they!do!not!have!the!same!kind!of!dwarfism.!!Amy!has!Achondroplasia!(A_).!The!children!are!twins!Zach!and!Jeremy,!Molly!and!Jake.!!Three!of!the!five!children!are!of!average!height.!!Zach!has!Achondroplasia!like!is!mother.!!Show!the!results!of!the!Roloff!family!in!a!Punnett!Square;!Matt!is!aa!and!does!not!have!Achondroplasia.!!What!was!the!probability!that!they!!Would!pass!Achondroplasia!on!to!their!! ! ! !children?! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! _______________________! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!

Huntington’s!Disease!

There!is!no!effective!!!!

A!__________________!Analysis!could!help!people!better!understand!their!own!risks!and!the!risks!to!their!!!___________________.!!

The!disease!causes!the!breakdown!in!

The!disease!is!caused!by!a!

The!symptoms!don’t!appear!until!a!person!is!between!the!ages!of!_________!!and!_____________.!

! 17!

Main!Idea!–!Main!Idea:!The!Inheritance!of!a!Trait!Over!Several!Generations!Can!be!Shown!as!a!Pedigree!(Page!229\301)!!Objective!11:!Describe!and!Interpret!a!Pedigree!!!pedigree!E!_____________________________________________________________________________!

_________________________________________________________________________________________!

Pedigrees!are!used!to!infer!_______________________!from!the!observations!of!

_________________________________.!!By!knowing!_______________________!traits,!

genealogists!can!determine!which!______________________!an!individual!is!most!

likely!to!have.!!Pedigrees!help!genetic!counselors!determine!whether!

inheritance!patterns!are!___________________________________________________________.!

If!good!records!are!kept!within!families,!disorders!in!_____________________!

offspring!can!be!__________________________.!

!Summarize!pedigree!symbols!in!the!table!below.!! Description!of!Symbol! Sketch!of!Symbol!

!male! square!

!!

female! !!

!

affected!male! !!

!

affected!female! !!

!

known!heterzygotes! !!

!

parents!and!offspring!siblings!

! !

parents! !!

!

!! !!

! 18!

Evaluate!the!inheritance!of!achondroplasia!shown!in!the!pedigree.!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !!!Parent!!with!achondroplasia:_________________________________________________________!!Number!of!children!!with!achondroplasia:_________________________________________!!Genotype!of!the!younger!son:_______________________________________________________!!!Main!Idea!–!Complex!Inheritance!of!Traits!Does!Not!Follow!Inheritance!Patterns!Followed!by!Mendel!!Section!11.2!Complex!Patterns!of!Inheritance!!Objective!12:!Distinguish!between!Incompletely!Dominant!and!Codominant!Alleles!and!Give!an!example!of!Codominance!in!Humans!!Define!Incomplete!Dominance:!!___________________________________________________!!_________________________________________________________________________________________!!!!!!!!!!

! 19!

Incomplete!Dominance!(Page!302)!Analyze!the!ratios!of!offspring!in!the!following!snapdragon!pairs.!!Red!(R)!is!dominant!to!white!(r).!!Parent!Flowers! Genotypes!of!

Parent!Flowers!Punnet!Square! Ratio!of!

Offspring!!Red!and!white!!!!!

!RR!x!rr!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!R!!!!!!!!R!!!!!!!!r!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!r!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!4!pink!

!pink!and!white!!!!!

!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!R!!!!!!!____!!!!!!!!!r!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!___!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!2!____________!:!!!!!!!!!!!2!____________!!!!!

!red!and!pink!!!!!

!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!____!!!!____!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!___!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!___!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!

!pink!and!pink!!!!!

!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!____!!!!____!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!___!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!___!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!

!!

!

! 20!

Codominance!(Pages!302\303)!

Both!____________________!are!expressed!in!a!_______________________;!there!is!no!

________________________________________.!

Predict!the!results!if!two!people!who!are!heterozygous!for!sickleEcell!anemia!!(!Ss!x!Ss)!but!lead!normal!lives!have!a!child.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

Genotypic!Ratio!:!!Phenotypic!Ratio:!!!!!!!Objective!13:!Compare!Multiple!Allelic!and!Epistasis!Inheritance!and!be!Able!to!Give!Examples!of!Each!(Pages!302\303)!Identify!the!surface!proteins!and!phenotypes!that!results!from!the!following!genotypes.!!multiple!alleles!E!____________________________________________________________________!!_________________________________________________________________________________________!!

! 21!

epistasis!E!____________________________________________________________________________!!_________________________________________________________________________________________!!_________________________________________________________________________________________!!

GENOTYPES SURFACE PROTEIN

PHENOTYPE

IAIA or IAi

IBIB or IBi

IAIB

ii

!Knowing!blood!types!is!a!must!before!receiving!________________________________!!Determining!blood!type!may!be!useful!in!determining!__________________________!but!it!can’t!prove!with!100%!who!the!father!might!be.!!Who’s!the!father!of!Baby!Jane????!Jane!is!blood!type!O!and!mom!is!type!A.!!The!possible!fathers!are!Jim!(type!B)!and!John!(type!AB).!!!!

!!!

! 22!

Objective!14:!Determine!the!Sex!of!an!Organism!by!its!Chromosomes!(Page!305)!!Define!the!following!terms:!!autosomes!E!__________________________________________________________________________!!sex!chromosomes!\!_________________________________________________________________!!Humans!have!_______!chromosomes!or!______________________________________!pairs.!

_______________________!are!made!up!of!the!first!_______________!matching!pairs.!

The!______________!!pair!differ!in!makes!and!females!and!are!called!the!_________!

chromosomes.!Males,!therefore,!determine!the!___________________________________.!

X Y

X

X

Genotypic ratio = Phenotypic ratio = !!Objective!15:!Explain!Dosage!Compensation!and!its!relationship!to!Chromosome!Activation!(Page!306)!!X!chromosomes!are!larger!than!______!chromosomes!and!carry!genes!

necessary!for!development!of!both!males!and!_______________________.!!Because!

females!have!______X!chromosomes!and!males!have!just!one,!to!balance!the!

__________________________!in!the!dose!of!_________________________________,!one!of!the!

___________!chromosomes!stops!working!in!the!female!body!cells.!!This!is!called!

! 23!

___________________________!compensation!or!________!inactivation.!!Ex.!Coat!colors!

in!calico!cats.!!Darkly!stained!_______________!inactivated!_____!chromosomes!are!

called!___________________!bodies!and!are!seen!as!a!darkly!stained!structure!on!

the!_____________________.!

!Objective!16:!Be!Able!to!Explain!What!a!Sex\Linked!trait!is!and!Discuss!its!Impact!on!the!Male!Population!(Page!307!\308)!!sexElinked!traits!E!___________________________________________________________________!!_________________________________________________________________________________________!!In!Humans,!sexElinked!traits!are!controlled!by!genes!located!on!the!_______!

chromosome!and!these!genes!are!usually!____________________________.!!Because!

the!X!and!the!Y!chromosomes!are!______________________________________,!!Females!

can!be!______________________,!but!males,!with!only!one!X!chromosome,!will!have!

the!trait!if!the!carry!a!______________________!allele!on!the!X!chromosome.!!

Common!sexElinked!traits!include!red/green!color!blindness,!__________________!

One!form!of!muscular!dystrophy,!and!fragile!X.!

A!women!is!a!carrier!for!colorblindness!and!her!husband!has!normal!color!vision.!Determine!the!chance!of!them!having!a!son!who!is!color!blind.!!

!

! 24!

What!is!the!percent!chance!that!the!same!couple!has!a!girl!that!is!a!carrier?!!!

!!!Objective!17:!Describe!Polygenic!Inheritance!and!Give!Some!Examples!(Page!309)!!polygenic!trait!E!______________________________________________________________________!!_________________________________________________________________________________________!!Traits!arise!from!the!_____________________of!many!genes,!which!may!be!on!

different!chromosomes.!Examples!are!eye!color,!skin!color,!____________________,!

or!size/color!of!fruit.!!The!_______________________________!show!a!continuous!

range!of!_______________________________!from!the!________________________!value!to!the!

maximum!value!that!results!in!a!________________________________!curve.!

!

Objective!18\!Summarize!how!Internal!and!External!Environments!Affect!Gene!Expression!(Page!309)!!The!genetic!makeup!of!an!organism!at!___________________________!determines!

only!the!organisms!____________________________!to!develop!and!function.!!As!the!

! 25!

organism!develops,!many!factors!can!____________________________!how!the!gene!is!

_____________________________________,!or!even!whether!it!is!expressed!at!___________.!

Genes!interact!with!each!____________________!and!the!____________________________!to!

form!a!complete!picture!of!____________________________________.!

Identify!environmental!influences!that!can!affect!phenotype.!!Internal!factors! External!Factors! Behaviors!

!1.!!!2.!!

!1.!!!2.!

!1.!!!2.!

!!Twin!Studies!(Page!310)!Describe!the!use!of!twin!studies!in!the!studies!of!genetics!by!completing!the!paragraph.!!!Scientists!use!twin!studies!to!distinguish!between!__________________________!and!!!_______________________________________!influences!on!a!trait.!!If!a!high!percentage!!!of!_____________________________________!but!not!______________________________________!!express!a!trait,!there!is!a!strong!chance!that!the!trait!is!________________________.!!Main!Idea!–!Chromosomes!can!be!Studied!Using!Karyoypes!Section!11.3!Chromosomes!and!Human!Inheritance!

!DEFINE!THE!TERMS:!nonjusdunction!E!____________________________________________________________________!!__________________________________________________________________________________________!!karyotype!E!___________________________________________________________________________!!_________________________________________________________________________________________!

! 26!

Objective!19:!Distinguish!Normal!Karyotypes!from!those!with!Abnormal!Numbers!of!Chromosomes!and!Define!and!Describe!the!Role!of!Telomeres!(Pages!311\312)!!Sequence!how!a!scientist!makes!a!karyotype!!!1.! 2.! 3.! 4.!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!

! !

!Describe!telomeres!by!completing!the!paragraph!!Telomeres!are!made!of!____________________!and!___________________________.!!They!!!are!located!at!______________________________________________________________.!!Their!!function!is!_________________________________________________________________.!!!!

! 27!

Compare!and!contrast!karyotype!studies!and!pedigrees!by!writing!characteristics!I!the!Venn!Diagram.!!!!

!!!!!!!Objective!20:!Describe!Nondisjunction!and!its!Effects!on!Autosomal!and!Sex!Chromosomes!in!Humans!(Page!312\313)!!Define!Nondisjunction:!_______________________________________________________________!

__________________________________________________________________________________________!

Nondisjunction!can!occur!in!___________________________________________!and!can!

affect!both!____________________________!and!sex!_____________________________.!!It!can!

cause!trisomy’s!(!having!an!____________________!chromosome)!or!monosomies!!!

! 28!

(_____________________!a!chromosome).!Many!monosomies!and!trisomies!are!

_______________________________.!

Model!a!picture!showing!nondisjunction!occurring!during!Meiosis!I!and!Meiosis!II.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Meiosis!I! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!Meiosis!II! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !!!!! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !Model!a!picture!of!a!karyotype!taken!from!a!boy!with!Down’s!syndrome!!showing!just!the!21st!and!23rd!pair!of!chromosomes.!!

Pair!21! Pair!23!!!

!

!!Summary:!Variation!of!traits!and!complex!Patterns!of!Inheritance!!A.!!Variation!among!__________________________!of!the!same!____________________!can!

be!explained!by!both!_________________________!and!!_______________________________!

factors.!

! 29!

B.!!Individuals!within!a!species!have!similar,!but!________________________________!

genes.!

C.!!In!________________________!reproduction,!________________________!in!traits!

between!parent!and!_____________________________!arise!from!the!particular!set!

of!______________________________!(and!their!respective!multiple!genes)!

inherited,!with!each!_________________________!contributing!__________________!of!

a!chromosome!pair.!

D.!!__________________!along!with!___________________________!factors!can!______________!

!!!!!!an!individual’s!specific!_______________________________,!__________________________,!

!!!!!!___________________________!and!likelihood!of!producing!__________________________.!

E.!!The!set!of!______________________________!of!________________!present,!together!

with!the!interactions!of!______________________!with!their!________________________!

!!!!!Determines!the!________________________________!of!_________________________!of!

traits!in!a!population.!

!

!