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AP ART HISTORY Name: KRAFT Per.: Date:

UNIT 1 STUDY GUIDE: INTRO, CH. 1, 2, 3

Do NOT type your responses. Must be written in your handwriting. Add pages if necessary. This is to be completed while reading at home. Bring it with you everyday to class. It will be checked periodically for completion (often without announcement) and most answers are covered during class

lectures. INTRODUCTION: THE SUBJECTS AND VOCABULARY OF ART HISTORY

1. List 5 major questions that art historians ask when assessing a work of art:

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

2. Look through the textbook and select an image other than one used in the Introduction that you think

represents each of the following:

a. Period style

b. Regional style

c. Personal style

3. To what type of space do the terms plane and area refer?

Define the following terms as used by art historians, using the text and glossary:

4. Formal analysis

5. Form

6. Composition

7. Material

8. Technique

9. Line

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10. Contour line

11. Hue

12. Value or Tonality

13. Intensity or Saturation

14. Primary colors (examples)

15. Secondary colors (examples)

16. Complementary colors (examples)

17. Texture

18. Space

19. Mass

20. Volume

21. Perspective

22. Foreshortening

23. Proportion

24. Hierarchy of scale

25. Canons

26. Define the following sculptural terms:

a. High relief

b. Low relief (bas relief)

27. Name 2 types of material that could be used in creating subtractive sculpture:

a.

b.

28. Name 2 types of material that could be used in creating additive sculpture:

a.

b.

29. Define the architectural terms:

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a. Plan

b. Section

c. Elevation

30. What is the significance of context in the study of art history?

31. Why is the establishment of a correct chronological sequence important to art historians?

32. What is iconography and what are its functions in art-historical study?

33. How does patronage affect the content and form of a work of art?

34. What do the two portraits of Te Pehikupe (Intro-19) tell us about the ways that artists from different cultures depict reality?

CH. 1: BIRTH OF ART

Define the following terms:

35. Bucrania

36. Dolman

37. Corbelled vault

38. Menhir

39. Cromlech or Henge

40. Megalith

41. Post and lintel

42. Twisted perspective

43. Incise

44. List two caves that contain Paleolithic paintings:

a.

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b.

45. What were the functions of Paleolithic art (monumental paintings and sculpture)?

46. The figurine known as the Venus of Willendorf was probably used originally as:

47. What new type of subject matter became important in the Mesolithic rock-shelter paintings?

48. Why was Stonehenge thought to have erected? What evidence supports this belief?

49. Archeological findings indicate that civilization did not originate in the Nile River valley of Egypt, as was earlier believed, but developed in grassy uplands in settlements like Jericho, located in ____________________________ and dating from the ___________ millennium B.C. and Catal Huyuk, located in _______________ , which is modern day __________________.

50. Describe the unique structure erected in Jericho.

51. Describe the peculiarity of Catal Huyuk and the materials and system of building houses and shrines.

52. When was Stonehenge thought to have been erected? What do archeologists generally consider Stonehenge’s original purpose to have been? What evidence supports this belief?

53. Discuss the materials and techniques used by Paleolithic artists to create images of animals. How might the materials have influenced the representations?

54. What do you think the purpose of the early female figures like the Venus of Willendorf might have been? Why do you think that Paleolithic artists depicted women more often than men?

55. In what way did the social and economic changes that took place in human development between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods affect the art produced in each period?

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CH. 2: ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN ART

Read the chapter and this:

In Sumer, the foundations of religious structure emerged. Major natural forces were personified—treated, that is, as though they were human, but with enormously greater power, including the power of eternal life. Each such personified force or god took his or her place in a divine political society, ruled over by Anu, god of the sky. Each year the great gods met on New Year’s day to decide what would happen that year. The god lived in a house—the temple—and inhabited a cult statue. He or she had to be fed, amused, praised, etc. The descendents of Sumeria—the Greeks, Romans, Celts, Germans, and Slavs—continued to honor gods of sky, thunder, sun, moon, and the rest whose powers and character had first been deified by the speculations of ancient Sumerian priests.

In Sumer, the wheel first rolled upon a grid work of city streets and cuneiform writing was first inscribed on clay. The Sumerians were not merely master architects and super hydraulic engineers, they were also the inventors of the military phalanx, a devastating and seemingly omnipotent weapon. From out of their imaginations came deep-sea merchants, formalized schools, epic poetry (The Epic of Gilgamesh), the arch, the city, traffic jams, pollution, and the world’s first great crisis in ecology. It was here, not Egypt, or Babylon, or Greece, or Rome, that men first codified rational laws to govern human behavior. The invented democracy, crude but recognizable, and the concept of empire, brutal and familiar.

Define or identify the following terms:

56. Apadana

57. Barrel vault

58. Cella

59. Conventionalization

60. City-state

61. Cuneiform

62. Intaglio

63. Lamassu

64. Register

65. Repousse

66. Stele

67. Votive offering

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68. Ziggurat

69. When and where was domestic agriculture thought to have begun and what was its importance for art history?

70. Mesopotamia means ___________ _____________ _________ ____________

71. Name the 2 rivers that designate the Mesopotamia area.

72. Sumer occupied what modern day country?

73. What are the characteristics of Sumerian religion?

74. List at least 3 stylistic conventions used by Sumerian artists.

a.

b.

c.

75. List 7 great contributions of Sumerian culture.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

76. What materials did the Sumerians sue to construct their temples?

77. How did the ziggurat function?

78. What were its structural characteristics? How was it oriented? What is mean by the “bent axis” approach?

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79. What is thought to be portrayed on the Standard of Ur?

80. How did the Akkadian political structure differ from the Mesopotamia?

81. What was a cylinder seal and how was it used?

82. The Head of an Akkadian Ruler combines both naturalism and formal abstract patterning. List 3 features that you are examples of each:

Naturalism: Abstract Patterning:

a. a.

b. b.

c. c.

83. What features of the Stele of Naram-Sin indicate his super-human status?

84. Gudea Worshipping from Telloh, Iraq

a. Gudea was a ruler from the city of ______________.

b. There are about _______ (number) of statues of Gudea that have survived.

c. These statues of Gudea were placed in the _________ to render perpetual services.

d. What type of stone was used to carve Gudea? ______________ What is the significance of this material?

e. Describe Gudea’s physical appearance.

f. Why is the statue cylindrical or conical?

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85. What is the significance of the Stele of Hammurabi?

86. What subjects were commonly portrayed in Assyrian reliefs?

87. Name 3 cultures that influenced the style of the Palace at Persepolis and its reliefs.

a.

b.

c.

88. Name the Greek who burned the Palace at Persepolis. Why did he destroy it?

89. Who was Ishtar/Inanna? Goddess of ____________ and ____________

90. Name 3 animals found on the Ishtar Gate and what they symbolize.

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CH. 3: EGYPTIAN ART

Define the following terms:

91. Ashlar masonry

92. Atlantid

93. Ben-ben

94. Caryatid

95. Fresco secco

96. Hieroglyphics

97. Ka

98. Obelisk

99. Necropolis

100. Sphinx

Identify the following:

101. Abu Simbel

102. Akhenaton

103. Amarna style

104. Amen-Re

105. Aton

106. Champollion

107. Hatshepsut

108. Khafre (Chephren)

109. Nefertiti

110. Ramses II

111. Tutankhamen

112. Briefly describe the role played by the Nile in the development of Egyptian civilization. What are the geographic differences between Upper and Lower Egypt?

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113. What was the significance of the Rosetta Stone? Who deduced it had hieroglyphics and established the field of Egyptology?

114. The Palette of Narmer, which was created about 3000B.C.E., is extremely important in Egyptian history and art for several reasons.

a. What does it document politically?

b. Describe the iconography of each side.

c. What did the object function as?

d. What does the object tell us about religion and the king?

e. Why is this object considered the earliest historical artwork preserved?

115. Explain the conventions for representation of the human body in painting in sculpture from the Old Kingdom to the end of the New Kingdom:

a. Ground line

b. Hierarchical representation

c. Head

d. Eye

e. Chest

f. Hips

g. Legs

h. Feet

i. Posture

j. Colors (male/female)

k. “Cubic” sculpture

The Egyptian “canon of human proportions.” What is meant by this term?

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l. horror vacui

m. Which of the above conventions do you notice on the Palette of Narmer?

116. Describe the function and structures of the mastaba. You may draw and label one, if you like.

117. Who was Imhotep and what was considered to have been his most important accomplishment?

118. Who was Re and what relationship was he supposed to have had to the Egyptian pharaohs?

119. In what way do the pyramids of Gizeh differ from King Djoser’s pyramid at Saqqara?

120. How were the Great Pyramids thought to have been build? From what materials?

121. What is thought to be the function of the Great Sphinx?

122. Describe the iconography of the statue of Khafre.

123. What is the hawk a symbol for?

124. How does the statue Khafre portray the king’s power and authority?

125. What stylistic features of the statue of Menkaure and Khamerernebty help to create a sense of timelessness?

126. List 2 features of the Seated Scribe (Kay?) or Ka-Aper that would have been inappropriate for the statue of a pharaoh?

a.

b.

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127. List 2 subjects that were commonly depicted in Egyptians tombs and explain their purpose.

128. ________________________ tombs in the Middle Kingdom replaced pyramid tombs so popular during the Old Kingdom. Why?

129. Senmut, chancellor, architect and engineer, built a vast mortuary temple for ___________________ at __________________.

130. How does the portrayal of the female pharaoh Hatshepsut compare to other royal statues?

131. The figures on the façade of the mortuary temple of ___________________, originally build at Abu Simbel are approximately ______________ feet tall.

132. Describe the two types of capital used at Karnak and Luxor, as seen here:

133. What was the purpose of a pylon temple?

134. Identify the parts of this typical pylon temple.

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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. Colossal statues of the Pharaoh

7. Obelisks

8. Avenue of the sphinxes

Identify the following temple architectural terms:

135. Pylon

136. Court

137. Hypostyle hall

138. Sanctuary

139. Girdle wall

140. Capital

141. Post and lintel

142. Drum

143. Shaft

144. Clerestory

145. Sunken (intaglio) relief

146. Living rock

147. What is the shape of Senmut with Princess Nefrua, and what name is given to the type?

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148. Describe the technique, subject matter and function of the Fowling scene from the tomb of Nebaumun in Thebes, Egypt. How does the subject matter relate to Egyptian religion?

149. In what century did Ahkenaton proclaim the monotheistic religion of Aton and move his capital to Tell el-Amarna?

150. Although Ramses II lived after Akhenaton, the statues that were carved of his temple ignore many of the stylistic features developed by the Amarna artists. Contrast the figures from the Temple of Ramses II with the pillar statue of Akhenaton.

a.

b.

c.

d.

151. What political factors might account for these differences?

152. What was the major effect of the new Amarna style of figural representation?

153. What features of Queen Tiye and King Smenkhare and Meritaten reflect the relaxation of rules that is typical of the Amarna style?

154. Discuss the use of convention and realism in Egyptian carving and painting. What types of subjects were generally treated more conventionally? How do these works illustrate the difference between conceptual and optical approaches to art? What differences do you see between the images from the tomb of Ti and those from the tomb of Nebamun?

155. Compare the representations of Khamerernebty, Hatshepsut, Nefertiti, Queen Tiye, and the women from the tomb of Nebamun. What can these images tell us about the roles of women in ancient Egypt?

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156. Compare the Egyptian pyramid of Djoser with the White Temple of Uruk. In what ways are they similar? How do they differ? What was the function of each?

157. Discuss the role that death played in Egyptian art. What relation did it have to the development of portraiture?