Understand the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid (1)

8/8/2019 Understand the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid (1)

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Understand the manufacture of sulphuric acid

Synthesise the manufacture of ammonia and its salts

To understand alloys

Evaluate the uses of synthetic polymere

Apply the uses of glass and ceramics

Evaluate the uses of composite materials

Appreciate various synthetic industrial materials


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USES OF AMMONIA IN DAILY LIFE

Fertilizers

Dry cell batteries

Refrigerant

Cleaning products

Nylons

Explosives

PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA

Colourless gas

Pungent smell

Very soluble in water

Alkaline


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MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA

Ammonia is produced industrially by a process called Haber Bosch process.

1.Nitrogen gas is obtained from the frictional distillation of liquid air.

2.Hydrogen gas is obtained from natural gas reacts with steam according to the following

equations.

3.Nitrogen and hydrogen are mixed according to the following ratio 1 mole N :3 moles H .

4.In the compressor,the gas mixture is heated to 450 C and 200 atm before it enters the reactor

chamber.

5.In the reactor chamber,am iron catalyst helps to speed up the reaction.

6.The gases emerging from the reactor is cooled.Ammonia liquefies.The liquid ammonia is

separated.

The unreactor nitrogen and hydrogen are returned to the reactor via the compressor.


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PREPARATION OF AMMONIA FERTILISERS.

Ammonia fertilizers are one of the chemical fertilizers added to soil to replace the nitrogen

element used up by the plants.

Examples of ammonia fertitlisers

Ammonium sulphate

Ammonium nitrate

Ammonium phosphate

Ammonium sulphtae fertilizer can be prepared in laboratory neutralization reaction between

ammonia solution and sulphuric acid.

EXPEIMENT

Aim: To prepare ammonium sulphate salt.

Apparatus and materials:

25 cm pipette,burette,250 cm conical flask,white tile,retort stand and clamp,evaporating

dish,filter tunnel,Bunsen burner,tripod stand,wire gauze,beaker,phenolphthalein solution.2.0 mol

dm ammonia solution,1.0 mol dm sulphuric acid and filter paper.

Procedure:

A.Determining the volume of sulphuric acid needed to neutralize as cm of 2.0 mol dm ammonia

solutiom.

1.25 cm of 2.0 mol dm ammonia solution is pipette to a conical flask.

2.2 or 3 drops of phenolphthalein solution are added to the alkali.

3.A burette is filled with 1.0 mol dm sulphuric acid and the initial burette reading is recorded.

4.The acid id dropped to the conical flask,At the same time,the conical flask is swirled gently.

5.The addition of acid is continued until the indicator change from pink to colorless.The final

burette reading is recorded.

6.The volume of sulphuric acid needed to completely neutralize the 25 cm of 2.0 mol dm

Ammonia solution is determined.(Assume the volume of the acid is Vcm )


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B.PREPARING THE AMMONIUM SULPHATE SALT.

1.25 cm of 2.0 mol dm ammonia solution is added to the conical flask.

2.From the burette ,V cm of sulphuric acid is then added to the conical flask.

3.The mixture is shaken and paused into an evaporating dish.

4.The solution is evaporated through heating until a saturated solution is produced.

5.The saturated solution is then cooled to room temperature for crystalallisation.

6.The contents are3 filtered.The white crystals of ammonium sulphate are rinsed of with a small

amount of distilled water.

Preparing the Ammonium Sulphate Salt.

Observations:

1.At the end point,the pink colour of phenolpthalein solution turns colourless.

2.White crystals are obtained.

Inference:

1.The reaction between ammonia solution and sulphuric acid produce neutral salt.

2.Ammonium sulphate salt is formed.

Conclusion:

Ammonium sulphate salt can be replaced from the reaction between the ammonia solution and

sulphuric acid.


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Explanation:

1.In the first titration,phenolphthalein solution is added to determine the volume of sulphuric

acid needed to exactly neutralize the ammonia solution.

2.Titration is repeated without using phenolphathalein indicatorso that a pure salt solution is

obtained.


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PURE METALS

High densities

High melting point

High boiling point

Malleable

Ductile

Weak

Soft

Force Arrangement of electrons Layers of atoms slide over

in a pure metals.Closely each other.

packed in an orderly order.

WHY MAKE ALLOYS?

a)to improve the appearance of the pure metal.

b)to increase the resistence to corrosion of thr pure metals.

c)to increase the strength and hardness of the pure metals.


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COMPOSITION,PROPERTIES AND USES OF ALLOYS

Alloys

Brass

-copper 70 %,zinc 30%

-high strength,resistence of corrosion

-ornaments,door knobs,bullet cases,electric parts,musical instruments.

Bronze

-copper 90%,zinc 10%

-high strength,resistence of corrosion

-medals,statues,art objects,monuments

Duralumin

-Aluminium 95%,copper 5 %

-low density,high strength,resistence to corrosion

-aircraft,electric cable

Pewter

-Tin 91%,Antimory 70%,copper 2 %

-high strength,resistence of corrosion,bright shiny surface

-arrangements,souvenirs

Steel

-Iron 99%,carbon 1 %

-high strength

-car bodies,bridges,ships

Stainless steel

-Iron 80.6 %,Carbon 0.4 %,chromium 18%,nickel 1 %

-great resistence to corrosion -cultery,sinks,knives,pipers


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AMMONIA FERTILISERS

a)ammonium sulphate

b)ammonium nitrate

c)ammonium phosphate


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SULPHUR DIOXIDE EMMISIONS-AN ENVIROMENTAL ISSUE

1.Sulphur dioxide gas is released into the atmospheric from

a)the burning of sulphur

b)the burning of high sulphur coals or fuel oils(power station)

c)the extraction of certain metals from their suplhate uses.

2.Sulphur trioxide dissolves in rainwater to form sulphuric acid rain,a component of acid rain.

3.Acid rain causes many environmental problems.

a)corrodes buildings,monuments and statues made from sandstone,limestone or marble.

b)corrodes metallic structures

c)increases the acidity of water in lakes and rivers.

d)increases the acidity of water in lakes and rivers.

4.Ways to control and reduce the effects of acid rain.

a)use low-sulphur fuels.

b)controls the combustion temperature in the furnace.

c)reduce the acidity of soil and lakes by adding bases.


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FERTILISERS

-phosphate fertilizers

-nitrogen fertilizers

-mixed fertilizers

Paints and pigments

Dyes

Fibres

Detergents

Other uses:

-explosives

-electrolytes

-insecticides

-oil refiring


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Stage 1:Formation of sulphur dioxide

a)Sulphur is burnt in air to produce sulphur dioxide

b)Sulphuric dioxide is also produced by roasting sulphide ores (such as lead (11) sulphide) in air.

c)Sulphur dioxide is then mixed with excess air.

d)The mixture is purified and dried.

e)Dust and impurities such as arsenic compounds are removed to prevent the poisoning of the

catalyst.

Stage 2:Formation of sulphur trioxide

a)Sulphur dioxide is oxidized to sulphuric trioxide via a reversible and exothermic reaction.

b)Optimum conditions used are as follows

-temperature :450 ,pressure :1 atmospheric,catalyst:vanadium oxide

c)about 97% conversion occurs under these conditions.

Stage 3:Formation of sulphuric acid

a)Sulphir trioxide os dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form oleum.

b)Sulphur trioxide is not dissolved in water as the heat evolved vapourise the sulphuric acid.The

vapour condenses to form a mist of sulphuric acid which is hard to collect.

c)The oleum is then diluted with water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid,98 %


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POLYMERS

Long-chain molecules formed by joining together thousands of small repeating units called

monomers.

A polymer molecule is made by joining together the monomer molecule in a process called

polymerization.

May be divided into natural polymers

-living things

-proteins

-DNA

-starch

-cellulose

-natural rubber

And synthetic polymers

Plastics polythylene

-fibres------nylon

Man made


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NATURAL POLYMERS

Cellulose Starch Natural rubber

-complex carbohydrates -complex carbohydrates isoprere

-major structural component -energy reservoir in plants

of woody plants and -glucose

natural fibres such as

cotton.

-consists glucose

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

Plastics Fibres

-monomers :alkenes -nylon (polymide)

-polythene monomers:diamine-2 amino groups

Monomer,ethane,C H diacid- 2 carboxyl groups

-polyvinyl chloride (PUC) -terylene

=polychloroethene monomers:diacid,diol

Monomer :chloethene,C H CI

-perspex

=poly(methyl methocrylate)


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=poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate)

Monomer: methyl 2-methylpropenoate.

GLASS

Hard but brittle

Non-porous

Heat insulator

Resistant to chemicals

Electric insulator

Easy to clean

Can withstand compression


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TYPES AND USES OF GLASSES

Fused glass

-silicon dioxide

-high transparency,high melting point

-glass rode,Quartz lenses,mirrors

Soda-lime glass

-silicon dioxide,sodium,calcium oxide

-low melting points,easily moulded,high thermal expansion

-window glass,bottled,light bulbs

Borosilicate glass

-silicon dioxides,sodium oxides,calcium oxide,boron oxide

-high melting point,low thermal expansion,resistant to heat,resistant to chemical attack

-cooking utensils.labratory glass wires

Lead crystal glass

-silicon dioxide,sodium oxide,lead (ll) oxide

-high density,high refraction index

-prism,high reflective lenses,decorative glasswares

SPECIAL GLASSES

1.Photochromic glass


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Photochromic lenses-darken on exposure to sunlight,protect the eyes from ultraviolet radiation

2.Conducting glass

Liqiud crystal display (LCD) panels-conduct an electric current

3.Bioglass

Coating on surgical implants

CERAMICS

1.ceramic means hardened by heat or heat resistant.

2.Ceramics are a class of non-metal materials.

3.Traditional ceramics made from clays are based on silicates just like glass.

PROPERTIES AND USES OF CERAMICS

-strong

-hard but brittle

-electrical insulator

-resistant to heat

-resistent to chemicals

-able to withstand compression

Uses

Construction materials

-bricks,tiles,cement,nuclear reactor,exterior of space shuttles,linings for high temperature

furnaces.

Oriental article

-plates,bowls,cups,vase,porcelain,toilet,sink,floor,wall tiles

Electrical insulators

-ovens,toasters,spark plugs,electric iron,fuses

Semiconductors


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-microchips,computers,radios,television,telephones,calculators.

Medical field

-bones,teeth,artificial limbs.

-A mixture of two or more materials.

-can be made by combining different materials such as metals,non metals,alloys,glass,ceramics

and polymers.

Examples-reinforced concrete

-superconductors

-fibre glass

-photochromic glass

Reinforced concrete

-very strong

-original components,concrete-low tensile strength

-consists of steel base and concrete(cement,pond,small pebbles)

-construction of large structures like highways,airport runners,etc.

Superconductor

-very good conductor

-original components: yytrium oxide,barium carbonate,coppe (ll) oxide,non-conductor electric.

-consists of yttrium oxide,barium carbonate,copper (ll) oxide.


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-used in bullet trains,medical magnetic-imagining like magnetic reasons,magnetic energy-

storage,generators,transformers,computers,electric cables

FIBRE

Fibre optic

-consists of silica.sodium carbonate,calcium oxide

Used to :transmit data,voice and images,ina digital format

Composite materials:transparent

Original components:silica,sodium carbonate,calcium oxide

Fibre glass

-consists of glass fibre and polyster a type of fibre

Used to:to make household products like water storage tanks,badminton rackets,small

boats,skis,helmets.

Photochromic glass

-original components

Glass:transparent but not sensitive to the intensity of light rays.

-silver chloride:sensitive to the intensity of the light rays.

Used to:to make optical lenses,can windshields,smart energy efficient windows in

buildings,information display panels,lens in cameres,intensing meters.

-consists of glass and silver chloride or silver bromide.


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*FOCUS EXCEL CHEMISTRY FORM 4

Written by -Eng Nguan Hong

-Lim Eng Wah

-Lim Yean Ching

Pelangi

*CHEMISTRY FORM 4 TEXT BOOK

Written by-Low Swee Neo

-Lim Yean Ching

-Eng Nguan Hong

-Lim Eng Wah

-Umi Kalthom Ahmad

Abadi Ilmu Sdn.Bhd

*SPM CHEMISTRY LEARNING THROUGH DIAGRAMS

Written by Dr Rabani Abdullah

Penerbit SAP.


22/22

Malaysia has many industrials parts with many types of factories producing a wide variety of

manufactured goods.Petrochemical polymers,petroleum and gas into various types of

plastics,polymers,fertilizers and insecticides.Cement factories turn limestone into cement formaking concrete.Chemical plants turn raw materials from the earth into useful chemicals for

household and industrial uses.

Bricks,sand,cement,reinforced concrete,glass,polymers,plastics,stell,alloys,and composite

materials are then used by the construction industry to build modern and intelligent cities such as

our beautiful Putrajaya.

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Understand the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid (1)