Sulphuric acid is an oily, colorless liquid with no odor. It is a key component in batteries, wastewater treatment, ore production, and fertilizer creation. Sixty-five percent of all fertilizers available on the market today are created from a combination of this acid and other chemicals. It is created from inorganic materials through a process that utilizes a special type of chemical reaction. A variety of substances can be mixed with sulfuric acid in order to create new products. Sox refers to all sulphur oxides , the two major ones being sulphur dioxide (SO2 ) and sulphur trioxide (SO3).

Properties of

SulphuricAcid

Soluble in water

Diprotic acid

Viscous colourless

liquid

Oily liquid

Highly corrosive

Non-volatile

acid

Dense

Uses of Sulphuric

Acid

Manufacture pesticides As an

electrolyte in lead- acid

accumulators

Manufacture paint

pigments

Manufacture Synthetic

Fibres

Manufacture DetergentsManufacture

fertilizers

Remove metal oxides from

metal surfaces before

electroplating

As a Catalyst

As a drying or dehydrating

agent

Act as a strong acid

In the surface, molten sulphur is burnt in dry air to produce sulphurdioxide,SO2. The gas produced is

purified and cooled.

In the converter, SO2 and excess oxygen gas, O2 are passed over a

few plates of Vanadium (V) oxide, V2O5 catalyst at 450 degree Celsius to produce sulphur trioxide, SO2.

In the absorber, the sulphurtrioxide, SO3 is first reacted with

concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 to form a product called

oleum, H2S2O7.

The oleum, H2S2O7 is then diluted with water to produce concentrated

sulphuric acid, H2SO4 in large quantities.

Main source of Sulphur Dioxide : Burning of fossil fuels like petroleum and from manufacture of plastic or rayon.

Ammonia is a chemical compound that consists of one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms tightly bonded, which gives it the chemical symbol NH3. It can take the form of a strong-smelling liquid or gas. Many consumer and commercial products contain this alkaline substance, including many products that are used to clean grime or fertilize crops. This chemical is hazardous, and even in low concentrations, inhaling it or getting the solution on the skin can cause burning, fainting or possible death. Caution should always be used when one is handling this chemical.

Manufacture fertilizersManufacture of synthetic

fibersManufacture of explosives

The Haber process involves the production of ammonia form nitrogen and hydrogen.

This is a reversible reaction. This reaction

is very slow at room temperature and most

of the ammonia that is produced reverses

back to hydrogen and nitrogen straight

away.

After many years of work, a man named

Fritz Haber managed to solve this problem

by using the following conditions:• An iron catalyst• A temperature of 450 degree Celsius• A pressure of 200 atmospheres

The two raw materials for the Reaction are obtained-nitrogen and hydrogen. They undergo a process known as “scrubbing”, where all impurities are removed from the gasses, and they are purified.

Having been scrubbed, both gasses are mixed, and the mixture is piped into a compressor. Here, the mixture is compressed to a pressure of 200 Atm, which is 200 times greater than the pressure you are currently subject to on earth. This forces the temperature of the mix up, as the particles gain more kinetic energy- to about 300 degrees Celsius, causing the hydrogen and nitrogen molecules to split up.

The compressed mixture of gas is then lead to a converter, where all the magic happens. The converter is a tank, heater to 450 degrees Celsius, and is pressurized at 200 Atm. Inside it, on shelves, lie beds of hot iron- that acts as a catalyst of the reaction, it speeds it up the reaction, but not participate in it. The nitrogen and hydrogen react at its surface to from ammonia-however not completely all of the hydrogen and nitrogen reacts together, and some of the ammonia created decomposes back to its constituents. As a result, only 15% of the mixture exiting the converter is ammonia.

The mixture of hydrogen, nitrogen and ammonia is removed from the converter, and cooled, where the ammonia produced liquefies and is collected. However the nitrogen and hydrogen remain as gasses- as they have lower melting points, and they are directed back into the converter for another chance to react, where steps 3 and 4 are repeated.

Ammonia is collected in tanks as a liquid, and stored under pressure.

Properties of Ammonia

Colourlessgas

High boiling point

Irritating and

choking smell

Covalent compound

Extremely soluble in

water

High density

Liquid ammonia is

a weak conductor of

electricity

Gas at room temperature

Alkaline solution

1. It dissolve in water to form an aqueous

alkaline solution.

2. It react with acid to form ammonium salt.

3. It react with metal ions to form complex

salt.

4. It is corrosive to some metals.

5. Ammonia is quite reactive.

6. The volatility increases with increasing

pH.

7. It is a strong reducing agent.

BY:

DEENA

PRAVINAH