TOGA PRESENTATION REVIEW OF CASE STUDIES · TOGA® PRESENTATION REVIEW OF CASE STUDIES Paul Boman, ... Dissolved Gas Analysis Models ... Duval Triangle CO 2 /CO-

TOGA® PRESENTATIONREVIEW OF CASE STUDIESPaul Boman, [email protected] 8 2014October 8, 2014

HSB’s TOGA® History

TOGA ® – Transformer Oil Gas Analyst

Registered trademark of Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance

Formed mid-1980’s

Insulating fluid

Expanded to include other fluids like;

Lube oil

Hydraulic fluid

Heat transfer fluid for Pulp and Paper

Gas like Landfill or Methane Produced from Digestersg

Internet based www.hsbtoga.com© 2014 The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company. All rights reserved. 10/3/2014 2

Transformer Failure Rates

5 to 30 of 1,000 power 5 to 30 of 1,000 power Translates into Equipment Numbers

transformers fail

IEEE Gold Book Survey

transformers fail

IEEE Gold Book Surveyy

Varies greatly by region and company

y

Varies greatly by region and company

5.8 of 1,000 (.58%) HSB Insured transformers fail

5.8 of 1,000 (.58%) HSB Insured transformers fail

Based on claims data

Estimated 100,000 population

Based on claims data

Estimated 100,000 populationp pp p

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TOGA ® Failure Rates

1.5 of 1,000 1.5 of 1,000 Failure rate over a 4-year period

(.15%)TOGA Transformers Fail

All causes

(.15%)TOGA Transformers Fail

All causes

8 of 100,000 (.008%)TOGA Transformers Fail

8 of 100,000 (.008%)TOGA Transformers FailTransformers Fail

TOGA effective causes like

Transformers Fail

TOGA effective causes like

Overheating

Thermal

A i

Overheating

Thermal

A i Arcing Arcing

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Catastrophic Failure Rates

Study Based on Study Based on CIGRÉ Brochure 537 from A2.33

Canadian Population of Transformers

Insulating Fluid

Canadian Population of Transformers

Insulating Fluid gtypically mineral oil

70% to 80% of catastrophic failures

gtypically mineral oil

70% to 80% of catastrophic failurescatastrophic failures due to bushings

Serious Failures at ½% to 1 4%

catastrophic failures due to bushings

Serious Failures at ½% to 1 4%to 1.4%

Fire estimated at 5% to 15% of all Serious F il

to 1.4%

Fire estimated at 5% to 15% of all Serious F ilFailuresFailures

© 2014 The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company. All rights reserved. 510/3/2014

Successful Analytic Programs Have …

Consistent sample extraction

Repeatable laboratory analysis

A l l i Accurate result evaluation

Follow-up of results

© 2014 The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company. All rights reserved. 10/3/2014 6

Consistent Sample Method

Sample Procedures Sample Procedures Check for tank vacuum Check for tank vacuum DGA & moisture from DGA & moisture from Sample Procedures

Condition of Equipment

Equipment On-line

Sample Procedures

Condition of Equipment

Equipment On-line

Check for tank vacuum

Flush bottle & syringe

Cleanliness

Check for tank vacuum

Flush bottle & syringe

Cleanliness

DGA & moisture from syringe

Screen tests from bottle

DGA & moisture from syringe

Screen tests from bottle

Cleanliness Cleanliness Timely processing Timely processing Atmospheric contamination Atmospheric contamination

10/3/2014 7© 2014 The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

Quality Control Programs


Dissolved Gas Analysis Models

Symbol Fault Duval Examples

PD Partial discharges

Discharges of the cold plasma ( corona ) type in gas bubbles or voids, with the possible formation of X-wax in paper.

D1 Discharges of low energy

Partial discharges of the sparking type, inducing pinholes, carbonized punctures in

PD

T198

paper. Low energy arcing inducing carbonized perforation or surface tracking of paper, or the formation of carbon particles in oil.

D2 Discharges of high energy

Discharges in paper or oil, with power follow-through, resulting in extensive damage to paper

% CH4 % C2H4

T220 20

40

60

60

80

23

40 50

13 4

g gy g , g g p por large formation of carbon particles in oil, metal fusion, tripping of the equipment and gas alarms.

T1 Thermal fault,T <300 °C

Evidenced by paper turning brownish ( >200°C ) or carbonized ( >300°C )

DTD1 D2 T3

60

8020

4040 50

1529

T <300 C ) or carbonized ( >300 C ).

T2 Thermal fault,300 <T<700 °C

Carbonization of paper, formation of carbon particles in oil.

T3 Thermal fault Extensive formation of carbon particles in oil

% C2H2

80 60 40 20


T3 Thermal fault,>700 °C

Extensive formation of carbon particles in oil, metal coloration ( 800°C ) or metal fusion ( >1000°C ).

Dissolved Gas Analysis Models

IEC Ratio Diagnostics

Case Term 1 Term 2 Term 3

=C2H2 / C2H4

= CH4 / H2

= C2H4 / C2H62 4 2 2 6

Partial discharge (PD)Non-

significant (NS)

<0.1 < 0.2

Discharges of low energy (D1) > 1 0.1 – 0.5 > 1

Discharges of high energy (D2) 0.6 to 2.5 0.1 - 1 > 2

Thermal fault, t <300°C (T1) NS >1 but NS < 1

Thermal fault, 300°C < t < 700°C (T2) < 0.1 >1 1 – 4

Thermal fault, t > 700°C (T3) < 0.2 >1 > 4


Case Study: LIGHTNING STRIKE

De-energized Tap Changer (DETC) Lead

1988 Distribution Transformer base rating of 12 MVA, 69 kV to 13.8 kV

The transformer tripped off line from

DGA(PPM) 11-Jan-01 1-Feb-02 25-Feb-02 18-Mar-02 23-Jul-02

Days b t 380 24 23 125 The transformer tripped off-line from

protective relays during a lightning storm. Electrical testing did not indicated a problem.

between Samples

380 24 23 125

Hydrogen 1 98 40 19 35

Oxygen 2 232 5 290 1 129 3 553 5 276Oxygen 2,232 5,290 1,129 3,553 5,276

Nitrogen 76,042 82,848 73,290 64,447 90,279

Methane 1 20 2 9 3Carbon Monoxide 6 15 1 0 25MonoxideCarbon Dioxide 532 645 583 365 630

Ethylene 1 15 16 15 15

Ethane 28 24 29 15 13

Acetylene 0 27 41 20 42


PA Core Problem on a New Transformer.

Dissolved Gas Analysis 02/11/2012 Roger's Ratios Method 02/11/2012

Hydrogen 6,277

Oxygen 1,822

R1 (CH4/H2) 17.69

R2 (C2H6/CH4) 0.83

R3 (C2H4/C2H6) 5.36Nitrogen 6,711

Methane 111,021

Carbon

R4 (C2H2/C2H4) 0.01

Diagnostic Closest Fit; core ground

Other Important RatiosCarbon Monoxide 9

Carbon Dioxide 149

Ot e po ta t at os

O2 / ( O2 + N2 ) 0.21CO2/CO -Duval Triangle Method 02/11/2012

Ethylene 492,176

Ethane 91,767

% CH4 18.3%%C2H4 81.2%%C2H2 0.5%

Acetylene 2,993 Diagnostic Code T2 Region,


Times to Sample

New Fluid (Baseline Sample)

Full Sample Prior to Energized

Establish Trend

Initial Sample Sequence

Monitors Equipment when Energized

24-hour, 48-hour and 72-hour DGA only Samples

1 week DGA , 1 month DGA, 3 month DGA, 6 month DGA

R i S l S h d l Routine Sample Schedule

Unit Transformer - 6 month DGA, annual physical and dissolved moisture

Oth T f l DGA h i l d di l d i t t t Other Transformers - annual DGA, physical and dissolved moisture tests


Case Study: High Resistance Connection

Low Voltage Compression Connection DGA (PPM)

Sample Date 20-May-08 11-Jun-08 2-Jul-08 7-Jul-08 29-Jul-08 20-Aug-08

DaysDays between Samples

21 OEM Insp. 21 5 22 21

Hydrogen 35 177 0 0 9 14Hydrogen 35 177 0 0 9 14Oxygen 2,414 2,104 2245 2,734 872 1,004Nitrogen 101,590 58,900 12889 52,954 51,468 86,139Methane 181 560 2 6 91 68

CO 21 21 3 4 6 14CO2 184 184 31 39 81 138

Ethylene 473 1,188 18 29 171 177Ethane 51 195 4 4 25 23

Acetylene 2 20 0 0 1 2© 2014 The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company. All rights reserved. 10/3/2014 14

Case Study: High Resistance Connection

Low Voltage Compression Connection

DGA Rate of change (PPM / Day)

Sample Date 17-Jul-12 17-Aug-12 21-Sep-12 17-Oct-12 17-Oct-12

Hydrogen 0.22 0.20 -0.12 1.38 0.53Oxygen 24.45 206.27 -205.59 -21.00 -125.60Nitrogen -140 1102 -1380 455 -585Methane 0.59 4.73 -2.29 13.04 4.35Carbon Monoxide -0.26 1.10 -0.44 0.54 -0.02

Carbon Dioxide -2 58 9 63 -4 47 2 46 -1 47Carbon Dioxide -2.58 9.63 -4.47 2.46 -1.47

Ethylene 0.91 8.27 -2.74 25.50 9.50Ethane 0.60 0.33 -0.44 4.92 1.88A t l 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 04 0 02Acetylene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.02


Natural Ester Case Study

High Resistance Shield Connection

Sample Data (PPM) 2 3 4 5

Sample Date 18 JAN 2006 3 AUG 2006 31 JUL 2007 16 AUG 2007

Days between Sample - 195 358 16Hydrogen (H2) 5 16 280 268Oxygen (O2) 1,735 545 712 1,539yg ( ) , ,Nitrogen (N2) 62,708 60,086 42,571 50,300

Methane (CH4) 1 2 55 60CO 10 31 86 91CO 10 31 86 91CO2 576 937 756 1582

Ethylene (C2H4) 2 3 46 49Ethane (C2H6) 2 19 31 35

© 2014 The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company. All rights reserved. 10/3/2014

Ethane (C2H6) 2 19 31 35Acetylene (C2H2) 2 2 226 217

16


High Resistance Shield Connection Duval Triangle Ratios

Ratios 31-Jul-07 16-Aug-07

% CH4 0.6% 16.8%

%C2H4 14.1% 15.0%

%C2H2 69.1% 66.6%

Discharges of Low Discharges of Diagnostic Code Energy

D1Low Energy

D1



Transformer Winding Shield Shield Ground Conductor



DGA Results for Bank of Single Phase 238 kV Transformers (PPM )

Unit Sample Date Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Methane CO Carbon

Dioxide Ethylene Ethane Acetylene

T1 pre-i

18-Jan-06 6 533 61,792 0 10 538 1 1 2repair 06 ,

T2 31-Jul-07 44 756 41,958 2 18 599 1 17 1

T3 31-Jul-T3 spare

31-Jul-07 38 3,901 47,000 2 26 653 2 44 1

T4 24-Oct-07 27 3,353 55,951 1 28 588 0 0 0

T1 post repair

14-Sep-10 2 387 62,566 2 43 477 3 231 0


High Voltage Loose Connection.

Dissolved Gas Analysis 03/08/2012 Roger's Ratios Method 03/08/2012

Hydrogen 10,097

Oxygen 6,695

R1 (CH4/H2) 0.11

R2 (C2H6/CH4) 0.32

R3 (C2H4/C2H6) 1.56

Nitrogen 62,130

Methane 1,083

R4 (C2H2/C2H4) 0.02

DiagnosticClosest Fit; Conductor Overheating

Oth I t t R tiCarbon Monoxide 541

Carbon Dioxide 4,656

Other Important Ratios

O2 / ( O2 + N2 ) 0.10

CO2/CO 8.61

Ethylene 533

Ethane 342

Duval Triangle Method 03/08/2012

% CH4 66.6%

%C2H4 32.8%

Acetylene 11%C2H2 0.7%

Diagnostic Code T2 Region,


High Resistance Connection

De-energized Tap Changer (DETC) Contact

DGA Rates of Change (PPM/Day)

Sample Date 11/22/02 07/31/02 01/14/02 11/21/01

Hydrogen 5.63 0.72 0.62 0.63

Methane 23.25 4.92 (2.55) 4.09

Carbon Monoxide 1.17 0.38 0.30 0.28

Carbon Dioxide 10.34 0.58 0.53 2.02

Eth l 25 64 3 11 3 32 3 56Ethylene 25.64 3.11 3.32 3.56

Ethane 10.56 1.23 1.45 1.25

Acetylene 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00


THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTIONPaul Boman, +001.785.256.7161October 8 2014October 8, 2014

Documents

TOGA PRESENTATION REVIEW OF CASE STUDIES · TOGA® PRESENTATION REVIEW OF CASE STUDIES Paul Boman, ... Dissolved Gas Analysis Models ... Duval Triangle CO 2 /CO-