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2. lcnXw ......................................................................... 85

3. alnXw ........................................................................ 107

4. cknXw ........................................................................ 119

5. a[pcw.......................................................................... 135

6. tafnXw .......................................................................147

7. tamlnXw................................................................... 165

8. NcnXw ......................................................................... 181

D≈-S°w

1.1 BapJw

s]mXp-hmb Pohn-X-Kp-W-ta-∑-sIm≠v C¥ybv°p apgp-h≥ amXr-I-bmb kwÿm-

\-amWv tIc-fw. s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øns‚ hym]\w, s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-Ky-cw-KsØ

anIhv F∂nh-bmWv ][m-\-ambpw tIcf-Øns‚ Cu t\´-Øn\p Imc-Ww. kaq-

l-Ønse F√m hn`mKw Ipń-I--sfbpw hnZ-ym-e-b-ß-fn-se-Øn-°phm≥ Ign-s™-

¶nepw F√m-h¿°pw KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZ-ym-`-ymkw \¬IpI F∂Xv tIc-f-Ønse

hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-cwKw t\cn-Sp∂ G‰hpw henb sh√p-hn-fnbm-Wv. 1986 se tZiob

hnZ-ym-`ymk \bsØØpS¿∂v KpW-ta∑ e£ywh®p≈ hym-]-I-amb ASn-ÿm\-

ku-I-c-y-hn-I-k-\hpw A[-ym-]-I-]-cn-io-e-\ -]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw \S-∂n- p-≠v. CtXm-sSm∏w

]mT-y-]-≤-Xnsb inip-tI-µo-Ir-Xhpw ]h¿Ø\m-[n-jvTn-Xhpw ]In-bm-_-‘n-X-

hp-am°n Imtem-Nn-X-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-ßfpw D≠mbn. CXns‚ ê-ambn

Adn-hns\ \n¿an-°p∂ ]In-b-bmWv ¢mkv-ap-dn-I-fn¬ \S-t°-≠-sX∂ Xncn-®-dn-

hp-≠mbn. C]-Imcw Ipńsb hnZ-ym- -ymk]In-b-bpsS tIµ-ÿm-\Øp \n¿Øp∂-

Xn-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v XpS°w Ipdn-°m≥ \ap°p Ign-™n-´p-≠v.

PohnXØns‚ kakvX- ta-J-e-Ifpw A\p-\n-anjw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. t_m[\-

imkvXw, ]T-\-a\»mkvXw F∂n-h-bnse ]pXnb Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw ]mtbm-

KnIm\p- -h-ßfpw, Iptd°qSn sa®-s∏- -co-Xn-bn¬ ]T-\-km-aKnIfpsS \n¿am-Whpw

]T-\m-\p-`-h-ß-fpsS hn\n-a-bhpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v \sΩ ]m]vX-

cm-°p-∂p. F√m hn`mKw Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw ]T\]ptcm-KXn \mw e£ywhbv°p∂p.

""hy-X-y-kvX-amb kmaq-lnI˛kmº-ØnI ]›m-Ø-e-ap≈, hy-X-y-kvX-amb imco-

cn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpw _u≤n-I-hp-amb Ign-hp-I-fp≈ F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw ]Tn-

°m\pw kvIqfp-I-fn¬ hnPbw ssIh-cn-°m\pw Ign-bp-sa∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. enwKw,

PmXn, `mj, kwkvIm-cw, aXw, AwK-ssh-I-e-y-ßƒ apX-em-b-h-bn¬\n∂v DS-se-

Sp-°p∂ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S-°m≥ \b-ßfpw ]≤-Xn-Ifpw amXw t]mcm, ssiih-

L´w apX-¬-Xs∂ tbm-P-y-amb ]T-\-e-£-y-ßfpw A[-ym-]-\-co-Xn-Ifpw Xnc-s™-

Sp-°p-Ibpw cq]-I-ev]\ sNøp-Ibpw th≠-Xp-≠v'' (F≥.-kn.-F^v. 2005, ]pdw˛27).

$ hy-X-y-kvX-amb kmaq-lnI˛kmº-ØnI ]›m-Ø-e-ßfnep-≈-h¿.

$ imco-cn-Itam am\-kn-Itam _u≤n-I-tam Bbn hy-X-y-kvX-amb Ign-hp-I-fp-

≈h¿.

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tIcf kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤Xn 2013

s]mXpkao-]\w

6 So®¿sSIvÃv Ãm≥tU¿Uv -˛ 4

Cßs\- F√m hn`m-K-Ønepw s]´-h¿°v ]T-\-t\´w D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\v hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-

]-In-b-bpsS F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw IqSp-X¬ kq£vahpw imkvXo-b-hp-amb \ne-

]m-Sp-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww \ΩpsS Ft∏mgsØbpw ImgvN-∏mSv F∂v

F≥.-- kn-. F^v. kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]mT-y-]-≤Xn \ho-I-cWw \S-

Øn-s-°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw kwhn-[m-\sØ ]h¿Ø\-\nc-Xam°pIbpw sNbvXm¬

amXta Cu e£yw ssIh-cn-°m\mIq F∂v CXp ImWn-°p-∂p. Cu ImgvN-∏m-

Sns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Ct∏mƒ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hnZ-ym-`ymk

]In-b-bn¬ \nc-¥cw CS-s]-´p-sIm≠ncn-°p∂ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw A\p-`-h-ßfpw

Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw ]T-\˛K-th-j-W-ßfpw kzmw-io-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv CXp \S-Øp-

∂-Xv. icn-bn¬\n∂v IqSp-X¬ icn-bn-te°v F∂ imkvXobkao-]-\-amWv ChnsS

kzo-Icn®ncn-°p-∂-Xv.

1.2 ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øns‚ ]k‡n

Ign™ A©p-h¿jØn-\n-S-bn¬ hnZ-ym-`-ymkcwKØv \ho-\-amb Ht´sd Bi-b-

ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. C¥-y-bn-em-Is´, 2009 se hnZ-ym-`-ymk Ah-Imi

\nbaw ]m_-e-y-Øn¬h∂-tXmsS KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZ-ym-`-ymkw Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-

Im-i-ambn amdn-°-gn™p. Ah-Im-im-[n-jvTnX hnZ-ym-ebw (Right based Educational

Institution) F∂ e£yw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ kaKamb kvIqƒhn-I-k\ ]cn-t]£yw

\S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v ]mT-y-]-≤-Xnsb A¥¿tZ-iob \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ FØn-t°-≠-

Xp-≠v. A¥¿tZ-iob\ne-hmcw F∂Xv GsX-¶nepw Hcp cmP-y-Øns‚ \ne-hm-c-

a√, Hcp ]tX-yI L´w ]n∂n-Sp∂ Ipń temI-sØ-hn-sS-bm-sW-¶nepw B¿Pn-

t°≠ Adn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw A\p- -h-ß-fp-sSbpw BIØpI-bmWv. BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏´ anI® ]T-\ -t_m-[\amXr-I-Iƒ tIc-f-Ønse Ipń-Iƒ°v e`y-

am-t°-≠-Xps≠∂v CXp ImWn-°p-∂p.

7So®¿sSIvÃv Ãm≥tU¿Uv -˛ 4

So®¿ sSIvÃv

hnZym-`ymk Ah-Imi\nb-a-Ønse ]mTy-]-≤Xn, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂n-h-bp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ \nb-a-ßƒ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-WØn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠Xv Bh-

iy-am-Wv.

hnZym- ymk Ah-Imi\nbaw ˛ 2009

skIvj≥ ˛ 29 (A[ymbw 5)

]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \S-]-Sn-I-ahpw

(1) ]mY-anI hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

\S-]-Sn-I-ahpw k¿°m-cn-\m¬ hn⁄m-]\w hgn \n¿tZ-in-°-s∏-Sp∂

Hcp A°m-Z-anI A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-Øm¬ kap-Nn-X-ambn ]Xn-]m-Zn-°-

s∏-tS-≠-XmWv.

(2) A°m-Z-anI A[n-Im-c-ÿm\w 1˛mw D]-h-Ip∏v ]Im-c-ap≈ ]mTy-]-≤-

Xnbpw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \S-]-Sn-I-ahpw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-tºmƒ Xmsg ]d-

bp-∂h ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. AXm-bXv :-˛

(a) `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ]Xn-jvTm-]n-X-amb aqey-ß-tfm-Sp≈

A\ptbmPyX.

(b) Ipń-bpsS k¿h-tXmap-J-amb hf¿®.

(c) Ipń-bpsS Adnhpw Ignhpw sshZ-Kv[yhpw ItaW h¿[n-∏n-

°¬.

(d) imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb Ign-hp-I-fpsS kºq¿W

hnIk\w.

(e) Ipń°v kulr-Z-]-c-am-bXpw Ipńsb tIµo-I-cn-®n- p-≈-Xp-amb

coXn-bn¬ ]h¿Ø-\hpw I≠p]n-Sn-Øhpw ]cy-th-£-Whpw

aptJ-\-bp≈ ]T\w.

(f) t_m[-\-am-[yaw ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-bn-´p-≈n-S-tØmfw Ipń-bpsS

amXr-`m-j-bn-embncnt°-≠-Xm-sW-∂-Xv.

(g) `bw, am\-knI ]ncn-ap-dp-°-ap-≠m-°p∂ kml-N-cyw, DXvIWvT

F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v Ipńsb hnap-‡-am-°epw kzX-¥-ambn A`n-

]mbw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ipńsb klm-bn-°-epw.

(h) Adnhv Kln-°p-∂-Xn-\pw AXv ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\pap≈ Ipń-

bpsS Ign-hn-s‚ ka-Khpw \nc-¥-c-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬.


kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpamb hnZym`ymkØn\p≈ IpńIfpsSAhImiw - tIcf N´ßfpw hIp-∏p-Ifpw 2011

A°m-Z-anI A[n-ImctIµw

1. 29 ˛mw hIp∏ns‚ BhiyØnte°v kwÿm\ hnZym`ymk KthjW

]cnioe\ Iu¨kn¬ (SCERT) Bbncn°pw A°mZanI A[nImctIµw.

2. (1) ˛mw D]N´Øn≥ Iogn¬ hn⁄m]\w sNbvXn´p≈ A°mZanI

A[nImctIµw Icn°pehpw aqey\n¿Wb \S]SnIaßfpw

Xbmdm°ptºmƒ Cu BIvSnse 29˛mw hIp∏ns‚ (2) ˛mw D]hIp∏ns‚

D]Jfiw (a) apX¬ (f) hscbp≈ hyhÿIƒ°v tZmj-IcamImØhn[w

(a) ]kIvXhpw ]mbm\pkrXhpamb kne_kn\pw ]mT]pkvXIßƒ°pw

ASnÿm\ PohnXss\]pWn ]I¿∂p \¬Ip∂Xn\mhiyamb

]T\kmaKnIƒ Dƒs∏sSbp≈ ]T\kmaKnIƒ°pw cq]w

\¬IpIbpw;

(b) H∂papX¬ F´phscbp≈ ¢mkpIfnte°v Hmtcm hnjbØn\pw

Bhiyamb an\naw ]T\êw \n¿Wbn°pIbpw IpńIƒ°pth≠n

anIhpkqNIßƒ hnIkn∏n°p∂tXmsSm∏w IpńIfpsS

]T\êØn\p th≠nbp≈ A[ym]IcpsS DØchmZnØ

am\Zfißƒ°v cq]w \¬IpIbpw;

(c) ]T\˛t_m[\ eØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ C≥ k¿hokv A[ym]I

]cnioe\ kmaKnIƒ hnIkn∏n°pIbpw;

(d) 1995 ˛ se sshIeyap≈ hy‡nIƒ (XpeymhImißƒ,

AhImißfpsS kwc£Whpw ]q¿W ]¶mfnØhpw) BIvSns‚

hyhÿIƒ A\pkcn®v sshIeyap≈ IpńIƒ°v hnZym`ymkw

\¬Ip∂Xn\p th≠n A[ym]I¿°v ]o ˛ k¿hokv, C≥ ˛ k¿hokv

]cnioe\ ]cn]mSnIƒ°v cq]w \¬IpIbpw;

(e) \nc-¥-chpw ka-K-hp-amb aqey-\n¿Wbw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Bh-

iy-amb am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-ßƒ Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw;

(f) \b]cn]mSnIƒ, t]mKmapIƒ, Icn°pew, t_m[\êw F∂nhsb-

°pdn®v KthjWßfpw ]T\ßfpw Gs‰Sp°pIbpw AXv IΩoj≥

sNøpIbpw.

hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øns‚ ]›mØ-e-Øn¬ \nc-¥-chpw ka-K-hp-amb

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ `c-W-L-S\m_m[y-X-bmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-IbmWv. CXv Dd∏phcp-

Øp∂ Xc-Øn¬ ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-cn-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. Cu- ]›m-

Ø-e-Øn-emWv ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-WsØ \mw ho£n-t°-≠-Xv.


So®¿ sSIvÃv

tIcf kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn- (2013) bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-sb∂p ]cn-

tim-[n-°mw.

1. ]TnXmhn¬ tIµoIrXamb ]Inbm_‘nXhpw ]h¿Øt\m∑pJhpw

aqeym[njvTnXhpamb ]mTy]≤Xn.

2. _u≤nIXeØnepw ]InbmXeØnepw at\m`mhXeØnepw aqeyßfpsS

XeØnepw ]TnXmhv FØnt®tc≠ ]T\t\´ßƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂p.

3. ⁄m\-\n¿anXn F∂ XmØznIamb ASnØdbn¬\n∂psIm≠p≈

]mTy]≤Xn.

4. hn\n-ab]In-b-bn¬ sshhn-[y-am¿∂Xpw bp‡-hp-amb ]T-\-X-¥-ßƒ kzoI-

cn-°m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p-ap≈ kzmX¥yw A[ym-]-I¿°p \¬Ip-∂p.

5. ]T-\-t\-´w, D≈-S°kz`m-hw, ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS hyXykvX \ne-hmcw F∂nh

Xncn-®-dn™v hnhn[ ]T\˛t_m[\ coXn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p∂-Xn-\p≈ hg°w

Is≠-Ø¬ ]T\w, Bi-b-k-ºm-Z\coXn, BK-a-\-Nn¥mcoXn, Nn¥-sb-°p-

dn®v Nn¥n-°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-Iƒ hf¿Ø¬, kl-I-c-W-]-T\w, kl-h¿ØnX-

]-T-\w, ]Xn-^-e-\-Nn¥ hf¿Ø¬, hy‡n-]-c-ambpw kwL-]-c-ambpw Ah-

k-c-ßƒ \¬I¬ apX-em-bh ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.

6. kuP-\yhpw km¿h-Xn-I-hp-amb hnZym-`ym-kw F∂-Xp-t]mse F√m Ipń-I-

fp-sSbpw ]T-\-t\´w Dd-∏m-°pI-sb-∂-Xn\p ]m[m-\yw \¬Ip-∂p.

7. ]o˛ss]adnapX¬ lb¿ sk-°-≠dnhsc ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-≈- ka-K-amb

]mTy-]-≤-Xn.

8. Hmtcm ¢mknepw hnhn-[ -hn-j-b-ß-fnse D≈-S°w tZiobXe-Ønse D≈-

S°tØmSv GIo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v tIc-f-Øn-t‚-Xmb ]mT-]p-kvXIßƒ Xbm-

dm-°p∂p.

9. tZio-b-X-e-Øn-se-∂Xpt]mse H∂v, c≠v ¢mkp-I-fn-te°v amXr-`mj (]cn-

k-c-]-T\w DZvK-Yn®v), KWnXw, Cw•ojv F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p ]mT-]p-kvX-I-

ßƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

10. H∂papX¬ \mephscbp≈ ¢mkpIfnte°v Cw•ojv aoUnbw ]mT-

]pkvXIßfpw Xbmdm°p-∂p.

11. tijvT`mj F∂ \nebnepw amXr`mj F∂ \nebnepw aebmf

`mjm]T\Øn\v ]tXyI ]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p.

12. ]o-˛ss]adn hnZym`ymkØn\mbn GIoIrX]mTy]≤Xn cq]oIcn®v

Hu]NmcnI hnZym`ymkØns‚ mKam°n amt‰≠XmsW∂v \n¿-tZin°p∂p.

13. hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy (sF.kn.Sn.) Hcp ]tXyI ]mTyhnjbw

F∂Xnep]cn ]mTyhnjbßfpsS hn\nabw ê]Zam°p∂Xnte°p≈

Hcp D]m[nbmbn D]tbmKnt°≠XmWv.


14. ]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-b¿ln-°p∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v hyXy-kvXhpw \qX-\-hp-amb ]T\-

X-¥-ßƒ Bhn-jvI-cn®p \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w A\p-tbm-P-y-amb hne-bn-

cp-Ø¬ ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw cq]-s∏-SpØn \S-∏n-em-°p∂p.

15. ]T-\-t\- -ß-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb ka-Khpw \nc¥c-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (CCE)

Dd∏phcp-Øp∂p.

16. BtcmKy˛ImbnIhnZym`ymkw, IemhnZym`ymkw, ]hr-Øn-]cn-Nb]-T\w

F∂nh \n¿_‘nX ]mTyhnjbßfm°n ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.

17. lb¿sk-°-≠-dn-X-e-Øn¬ Imem-\p-kr-X-amb ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ Xbm-dm-

°p∂p.

18. tZiobhnZym- ym-k-\nb-a-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Ah-Im-im-[n-jvTnXhnZym- ymk-

Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p.

19. A[-ym-]-Is\ Hcp kl-c-£m-I¿Øm-hns‚ (Mentor) Xe-Øn-te°v Db¿Øn

Ipń°v kvIqfn-\-IØpw ¢mkvap-dn-bnepw th≠p∂ Icp-Xepw XWepw A\p-

`-hn-°m≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p∂p.

20. A[ym-]-I¿ ]men-t°≠ [m¿anI\nb-a-kw-ln-Xbv°v (Code of Professional

Ethics for School Teachers) Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p.

21. 21˛mw \q‰m-≠nse ]T\ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ (21st Century Learning Skills) B¿Pn-°p-

∂ -X-c-Øn¬ Imtem-Nn-X-am-b-Xv.

22. am\p-jnIaqey-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Xe-ap-dsb krjvSn-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-

am-b-Xv.

23. Ah-k-c-Xp-ey-Xbpw ka-Xzhpw (Equity and Equality) e`n-°p∂ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-

\-\p-kr-X-am-b-Xv.

]T-\sØ kzm-`m-hn-I-am-°n, ]Tn-Xm-°-fp-sS _u-≤n-Ihpw am-\-kn-I--hpw ]-h¿-Ø-

\-]-c-hpam-bp≈ k-a-K hn-Im-kw e-£-y-am°p∂ a-kv-Xn-jv-I˛lr-Z-b˛l-kv-Xka-

\-zn-X-am-b ]mT-y-]-≤-XnbmWv (Curriculum for the harmony of Head, Heart and

Hand) \mw hnh-£n-°p-∂Xv.

F¶n¬ ]mTy-]-≤Xn kao-]\w Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°Ww? AXns‚ ssk≤m-¥n-

Ihpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb ASn-Ød F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww?

1.3 ]mTy-]-≤Xnkao-]\w

⁄mt\-µn-b-ßfneqsS Np‰p-]m-Sn¬\n∂p ]Tn-°m-\p≈ ss\k¿Kn-I-amb Ign-

hp-I-tfmsS-bmWv Ipń P\n-°p-∂-Xv. temIsØ ]pXnb coXn-bn¬ t\m°n-°m-

Wm\pw a\-n-em-°m\pw CS-]-g-Im-\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p-ap≈ km[y-X-I-fmWv hnZym-

e-b-Ønse Hu]-Nm-cnI]T\w hgn Ipń°p e`n-°p∂Xv.


So®¿ sSIvÃv

Xs‚ ap∂n-ep≈ ]iv\-k-µ¿`-ß-

fn¬ CS-s]-´p-sIm≠v ]iv\-]-cn-l-c-

W-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv

]T\w \S-°p-∂-Xv.

]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-ab-k-ao-]-\-Øns‚

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cn-

°Ww?

$ ]h¿Ø--\m-[n-jvTnXw

$ ]In-bm-_-‘nXw

$ ]T\w Dd-∏m-°p-∂Xv.

$ ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ ssIh-cn-°m≥

]cym-]vX-am-b-Xv.

$ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-kulr-Z-]-c-am-bXv.

$ hnIm-k-ta-JeIsf ]cn-K-Wn-°p-

∂-Xv.

$ ]Tn -Xm-hns‚ ]Ir-X-Øn\p

tbmPn-®Xv.

$ ]T-\-tØm-sSm∏w hne-bn -cp -

Øepw HØp-tN¿∂p t]mIp-

∂Xv.

⁄m\\n¿anXnhmZ-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-

amb ]T-\-co-Xn-bmWv ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-

bpsS B[m-cw. ]Tn -Xm -hns‚

B¿PnXamb Adn-hn-s\bpw Bi-b-

]-cn-k-c-sØbpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v

ê-]-Z-amb ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

Hcp-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS kzm`m-hn-I-ambn

Adnhv \n¿an-s®-Sp-°m≥ km[n°pw

F∂-XmWv Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sn -s‚

]tXy-I-X.

]T\m-\p- -h-ßƒ

hyXykvX PohnXkml-N-cy-ß-fn¬

\n∂p - h -cp∂ ]Tn -Xm -°-fpsS

Ipń-Iƒ G¿s∏- n-cn-°p∂ ⁄m\\n¿am-W-]-In-b-

bn¬ A[-ym-]-I¿ IqSp-X¬ kPo-h-amb ]¶p-h-ln-

°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬, AXv Ipń-I-fpsS Adn-hns\

i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. ]T-\-Øn¬ hym-]r-

X-cm-bn-cn-°p∂ Ipń-Iƒ kz¥w Adnhv \n¿an-°p-

I-bmWp sNøp-∂-Xv. Xßƒ kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-

Xns\ ]pdØp \S-°p∂ Imc-y-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n-

°m≥ th≠ tNmZ-y-ßƒ tNmZn-°p-hm≥ Ipń-Isf

A\p-h-Zn-°p-I, ImWm-∏mTw ]Tn®v Hscm‰ icn-bp-

Øcw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\p ]Icw kz¥w A\p-`-h-ß-

fn¬\n∂v kz¥w hm°p-I-fn¬ DØcw ]d-bm≥

t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I. CsX√mw Xß-fpsS Adnhv

hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ipń-Isf klm-bn-°p-∂,

sNdpsX-¶nepw ][m-\-amb Nph-Sp-I-fmWv. _p≤n-

]q¿h-I-amb Duln-°¬ A¿Y-h-Ømb Hcp

t_m[t\m]m-[n-bm-Wv. AXv t]m’m-ln-∏n-°-Ww.

]e-t∏mgpw Xß-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn -\m-\p-`-h-ß-

fn¬\nt∂m am[-y-a-k-º¿°-Øn¬\nt∂m Ipń-I-

fpsS a\-n¬ Nne Bi-b-ßƒ cq]-s∏- n- p-≠m-hmw.

]t£, So®¿ ]Xo-£n-°p∂ hm°p-I-fn¬ Ah

]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ah¿°p ]‰n-sb∂p hcn-√. Adn-

™-Xns‚bpw IjvSn®v Adn-bp-∂-Xns‚bpw CS-

bv°p≈ CS-Øn¬ BWv ]pXnb Adnhv krjvSn-

°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. kvIqfn\p ]pdØv hońtem kaq-l-

Øntem hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cp∂ Ichn-cp-Xp-I-fpsS

cq]-Øn-em-bn-cn°pw ]e-t∏mgpw CØcw Adnhv

krjvSn-°-s∏-SpI. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ F√m Adn-hp-

Ifpw _lp-am-\n-°-s∏-S-Ww. Adnhpw kwth-Z-\-

£a-X-bp-ap≈ Hc[ym]nI CXn-s\-∏‰n t_m[-h-

Xnbm-bn-cn-°pw. Ipń-I-fpsS hnIm-k-km-[-y-X-Iƒ

km£m¬°-cn-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂-hn[w ]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ \¬In-b-pw tNm-Z-y-ßƒ tNmZn®pw Ahsc

\bn-°m≥ So®¿°p Ign-bpw.

At\-z-jWw, ]c-y-th-£-Ww, tNmZ-yw-tNmZn-°¬,

Unt_-‰p-Iƒ, kn≤m-¥-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-te°pw Bi-

b-ß-fp-sSbpw \ne-]-mSp-I-fp-sSbpw krjvSn-bn-

te°pw \bn-°p∂ ]tbm-Khpw Nn¥bpw˛Ch-

sbms° kPo-h-amb CS-s]-S-ens‚ `mK-am-Wv.

kvIqfp-Iƒ, tNmZ-y-ßƒ tNmZn-°m\pw At\-z-jn-

°m\pw X¿°n-°m\pw a\\w sNøm\pw k¶¬∏-

\-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®-cm\pw ]pXnb Bi-bßƒ

D≠m-°m\pw Hs° Ah-kcw Hcp-°Ww.

(F≥.-kn.-F-^v. 2005, ]pdw ˛ 41, 42)


B¿PnXamb Adn-hv, Ign-hv, Xm¬∏cyw F∂nh hyXy-kvX-am-W-t√m. Cu sshhn-

[ysØ Dƒs°m-≠v, hy‡n-hy-Xym-k-sØbpw _lp-apJ_p≤n-sbbpw ]cn-K-Wn-

®p-sIm≠v ]T-\m-\p-`-h-ßƒ Hcp-°pI F∂-XmWv ][m\w.

]T-\m-¥-co£w

]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Xm¬∏-cy-hpw hnIm-khpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v sshhn-[y-ap≈ ]T-\-

]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°m≥ Ign-bpw-hn[w ¢mkvapdn Iao-I-cn-°Ww. ]T\-

]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hnZym¿Yn-tI-µo-IrXam-h-Ww. AXn\p klm-b-I-am-Ipw-hn[ap≈

]T-\m-¥-co-£-amWv k÷-am-t°-≠Xv.

]T-\-]-Inb

$ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xmhpw Ah-cpsS ap≥ A\p-`-h-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv

⁄m\\n¿amWw (Knowledge construction) \S-Øp-∂-Xv.

$ hy‡n-X-e-Ønepw kmaq-lnIXe-Øn-ep-w ⁄m\\n¿am-Ww \S-°p-∂p-≠v.

$ hnhn[ ]T-\-ssi-en-Iƒ (Learning styles), ]T-\-th-Kw (Learning pace) F∂nh

]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v hnhn[ Cµn-bm-\p-`-h-ßƒ (Multi sensory experiences)

\¬Ip-∂Xp hgn ]T\w ê-]-Z-am-Ip∂p.

$ kl-I-c-Wm-fl-Ihpw kwhm-Zm-fl-I-hp-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬ ]T\w IqSp-X¬

ê-]-Z-am-Ip-∂p.

$ ]mTy-h-kvXpX Xm¬∏-cy-P\Ihpw A¿Y-]q¿W-hp-am-°p-∂Xphgn ]T-\w

IqSpX¬ e-]-Z-am-Ip-∂p.

$ ]T-\m-\p-`-h-ßƒ NmIn-I-ambn (Spiralling) Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xphgn ]T\w

IqSp-X¬ e-]-Z-am-Ip∂p.

$ ]T\]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hg°w (Flexibility), A\p-cq-]o-I-

cW km[yX (Adaptations) F∂nh Dd-∏m-°p∂XneqsS hyXykvX

]T\mhiyap≈-h-scbpw A`n-cp-Nn-bp≈-h-scbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°mw.

$ aXn-bmb ]T-\m-\p- -h-ßƒ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hn\pw e`n-°p-tºmƒ amXta ]T\-

t\´w (Learning outcome) Dd-∏m-°m-\m-Iq.

$ ]T-\hpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw DZvK-Yn-Xambn \S-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

$ hnj-bm-[n-jvTnXamb D≈-S°w (Content), ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]T-\m-h-iy-ßƒ

F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v -tbm-Py-amb ]T-\ -t_m-[-\-co-Xn-Ifpw X¥-ßfpw

]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ F√m-h¿°pw ]T-\-t\´w (Learning outcome) ssIh-

cn-°m≥ km[n-°pw.

$ Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw ka-K-hn-I-k\w e£yw h®m-bn-cn-°Ww ]T-\-]Inb

\n›-bn-t°-≠-Xv.


So®¿ sSIvÃv

1.4 ]T\-t\- -ßƒ (Learning Outcomes)

hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n®v \¬Ip∂ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS e-ambn

Adnhv, tijn-Iƒ, at\m-`m-h-ßƒ, aqey-ßƒ F∂nh Ipń-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p.

CXn¬ NneXv lkz-Im-e-bf-hn¬ B¿Pn-°p-∂Xpw NneXv Zo¿L-Imew sIm≠v

B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°pw. Cßs\ Ipń-bn-ep-≠m-th≠ am‰-ßsf ap≥Iqń \n›-

bn-°m≥ \ap°p km[n-°pw. ]mTy-]-≤Xn cq]oIcn-°p-tºmƒ kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-

Øns‚ hnhn[ L´-ß-fn¬ Ipń ssIh-cn-t°≠ e£y-ß-fmbn \mw IW-°m-°p-

∂-h-bmWv ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ. GXm\pw ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS tiWn-bn-eqsS

Hmtcm bqWn-‰nepw t\Sp∂ ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ hnI-kn®v Hcp ¢mkns‚ HSp-hn¬

t\Sp∂ ]T-\-t\- -ß-fmbn amdp-∂p. hnZym- ymkIme-Øns‚ \n›nXL -ß-fn-ep≈

]T\-t\-´-ß-fmbn CXv hnImkw ]m]n-°p-∂p. ]T-\-t\-´-ß-fpsS ]tXy-IX

Ah \nco-£Whnt[-bhpw (Observable) Af-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xpw (Measurable)

Bbn-cn-°psa∂-XmWv. ]T-\-t\-´-ß-fpsS hni-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS Hmtcm bqWn-‰n-\pw

¢mkn-\pw L´-Øn\pw HSp-hn¬ Ipń t\tS≠ Adn-hv, tijn-Iƒ, aqey-ßƒ,

at\m-`-mh-ßƒ F∂nh t\Sn-bn-´pt≠m F∂p hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. ]mTy-

]≤Xn-bpsS ê-]-Z-amb hn\n-a-b-Øn-eqsS F√m Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw ]T-\-t\´w

Dd∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ \ap°p km[n-°-Ww.

]T-\-t\-´-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Cßs\ kwK-ln-°mw:

$ hnj-b-_-‘n-X-amb ]T-\-Øn-eqsS ]Tn -Xmhv B¿Pn-t°≠ Adnhv

(knowledge), tijn-Iƒ (Skills), at\m-`m-h-ßƒ (Attitudes), aqey-ßƒ

(Values) F∂nh Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xmhpw ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ.

$ ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ \nco-£n-°m-hp-∂Xpw Af-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xpw Bbn-cn-°pw.

$ lkzhpw Zo¿L-hp-amb Ime-b-f-hn¬ t\Sp∂ ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

1.5 ]T-\-hn-`-h-ßfpw ]T-\-kw-hn-[m-\-ßfpw

]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hnhn[ LS-I-ß-fmWv ]T\-

hn-`-h-ßƒ. ]T-\-]-In-b-bpsS ]cn-]q¿W-Xbv°v ]T-\-hn-`-h-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-

Øntb aXn-bm-Iq.

$ sse_dn $ Unkvtπ t_m¿Up-Iƒ

$ em_v (`mj, KWnXw, imkv-Xw) $ Iw]yq-´¿ em_v

$ ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ $ aƒń-ao-Unb D]-I-c-W-ßƒ

$

CXn\p ]pdta Ipń-I-fpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ ]I-Sn-∏n-°m-\p≈ \nc-h[n thZn-Ifpw hnZym-

e-b-ß-fn-ep-≠t√m. Chbpw ]T-\t\-´-ßƒ ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-

Ø-Ww.


$ _me-k`

$ taf-Iƒ

$ Akwªn

$ ¢∫p-Iƒ

$ N¿®m-th-Zn-Iƒ

$ ]T-\-bm-X-Iƒ

$ k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ (SPC, NSS, Scout, NCC)

$

Ipń-I-fpsS ]cn-]q¿WhnIm-k-Øn\v CØcw LS-I-ßƒ AXy¥m-t]-£n-X-

ßfmWv.

1.6 Iem-]-T\hpw ]hr-Øn-]-T\hpw

Iem-]-T\w

k¿Km-fl-IX, \nco-£-W-]m-S-hw, hy-Xn-cn‡_p≤n XpS-ßn-bh Ipń-I-fn¬

hf¿Øm≥ Iem-]-T\w AX-y-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. ]pXnb ]mT-y-]-≤Xnkao-]-\-Øn¬

s]mXphnj-b-ßƒs°m∏w ]m[m-\yw \¬In-bmWv Iem-]-T-\-sØbpw IW-°m-

°p-∂-Xv. kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Iem-]-T-\-Øn\v kwKo-Xw, \rØw, NnX-cN\,

in¬∏c-N-\, \mS-Iw, kn\na F∂o C\-ß-fmWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Ipń-I-

fpsS CØcw taJ-e-I-fn-ep≈ Ign-hp-Iƒ Xncn®-dn-bm\pw ]pjvSn-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw

Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. Iem-]-T\Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb e£y-ßƒ:

$ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ss\k¿Kn-I-amb Iem-hm-k-\-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™v ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-

°p-I.

$ hnhn-[-ß-fmb Ie-Isf Adn-bp-∂-Xn\pw Ipń-bpsS A`n-cp-Nn-°-\p-k-cn®v Ah

A`y-kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Ah-k-c-ß-sfm-cp-°p-I.

$ hnhn[ Ie-Iƒ Bkz-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-bnse kuµ-cym-fl-IX Dƒs°m-

≈p-∂-Xn\pw.

$ Ie-I-fpsS Bkzm-ZyX Dƒs°m≠v kmaq-lnI-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ am\-hn-I-amb

ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.

$ kmwkvIm-cnIsshhn[yw Xncn-®-dn™v kmwkvIm-cnImh-t_m[w hf¿Øp-

∂-Xn-\v.

$ Ie-bpsS Du¿Papƒs°m≠v \ho-\-ß-fmb Nn¥-I-fn -te¿s∏-Sm\pw

kmaqlnI]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm-\pw.

$ Iesb D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn a‰p hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T\w ê-]-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn\v.

$ _lp-ap-J --_p-≤n-hn-Im-k-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v.


So®¿ sSIvÃv

$ hn`n-∂-ti-jn-bp≈ hnZym¿Yn-Isf ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ X¬∏-c-cm-°p-∂-

Xn-\v.

$ Ipń-I-fpsS Bkzm-Z-\-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn-\v.

]hr-Øn-]-T\w

sshIm-cnIhpw ssh⁄m-\nIhpamb taJ-e-I-fpsS ka\-z-bhpw hnIm-khpw km[y-

am-°p∂-Xn\v ]hr-Øn-]-cn-NbhnZym-`ymkw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.

Hmtcm ]hrØn]T\ ¢mkn-s‚bpw ASn-Ød am\-h-tijn hnI-k-\-am-bn-cn-°-

Ww. F√m ]uc≥am-cp-sSbpw Ign-hp-Isf cmjvS-\n¿am-W-Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬

hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°pI F∂-XmWv am\-h-tijn hnI-k\w sIm≠p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.

sXmgn-en-t\mSv B`n-ap-Jy-ap≈Xpw sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-hsc BZ-cn-°p∂Xpw

kmaqlnIt_m[-ap≈ ]p-Xnb Hcp sXmgn¬kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fm°n

]pXnb Xe-ap-dsb hm¿sØ-Sp-°p∂Xpw ]hrØn]T\-Øns‚ kp]-[m\

e£yßfm-Wv.

$ am\-h-tijnhnI-k\w

$ tZio-b-]p-tcm-KXn

$ sXmgn¬k∂-≤X

$ D¬∏m-Z-\-cw-KsØ kzmi-bXzw

$ k¥p-en-X -hy-‡nXzhnI-k\w

$ aqey-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw hf¿Ø¬

Iem-]-T-\-Øn\pw ]hrØn-]-T-\-Øn\pw ]m[m\yw sImSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-thWw ]mTy-

]-≤Xn hn\n-abw sNtø-≠-Xv. Ch-bpsS X\Xp km[y-X-Iƒ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-

s\m∏w hyXy-kvX -hn-jb-ß-fp-ambn DZvK-Yn®pw hn\n-abw sNtø-≠Xv Bh-iy-

am-Wv.

1.7 BtcmKy˛Imbn-I-hn-Z-ym-`-ymkw

imco-cnI˛am\-knIhnIm-k-ß-fp-sSbpw hf¿®bp-sSbpw ASn-Ød cq]s∏-Sp∂ L -

amWv ss]a-dn-X-ew. AXn-\m¬ Cu L´-Øn¬ apgp-h≥ Ipń-I-ƒ°pw Btcm-K-y-

˛Im-bnIhnZ-ym- -ym-k-Øns‚ A\p- -h-ßƒ e -y-am-Ip∂psh∂v Dd∏phcp-tØ-≠-Xp≠v.

Ipń-bpsS BtcmKy˛ImbnIhnI-k-\-L- -ßsf imkvXo-b-ambn t]mjn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Pohn-X-io-e-ßfpw at\m- m-h-ßfpw hf¿Øp-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-

XmWv B-tcmKy˛Imbn-I-]T-\-Øns‚ kp]-[m\ e£yw. Btcm-Ky-˛-Im-bnI]T\-

Øns‚ X\Xp km[y-X-Iƒ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-t\msSm∏w hyXy-kvX -hn-j-bßfp-

ambn DZvK-Yn®pw hn\n-abw \St°-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv.

Btcm-Ky-˛Im-bnI]T-\-Øns‚ ][m\ Dt±-iy-ßƒ Ch-bm-Wv:


$ hnhn[ kµ¿ -ß-fn¬ DNn-X-amb coXnbn¬ ico-csØ Nen-∏n-°m\p≈ tijn-

Iƒ B¿Pn-°p-I.

$ ico-c-N-e\w \nb-¥n-°p∂ hnhn[ L´-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw ico-csØ

k¿Km-fl-I-amb Ne-\-ßƒ°p≈ D]m-[n-bmbn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.

$ kmaq-lnI- DØchmZn-Ø-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ah-t_m-[-ap-≠m-hp-Ibpw P\m-[n-]Xy-

]-c-amb Pohn-X-ssi-en-Iƒ ]men-°p-Ibpw Bk-z-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.

$ Ipń-bpsS k¿h-tXm-ap-J-amb hnImkw Dd∏phcp-Øp-I.

1.8 Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-`ymkw (Inclusive Education)

hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ anI® ]I-S\w ImgvN-h-bv°p∂ Xß-fpsS kl-

]m-Tn-°v Xma-kn-°m≥ hoSn-√, ]mX-tbm-csØ ss]∏n-\n-S-bn¬ hen®p

sIńb jo‰mWv Ahs‚ hoSv F∂ Xncn-®-dnhv Ipń-Iƒ°nS-bn¬

henb N¿®mhnj-b-ambn. hnj-a-ßƒ ]c-kv]cw ]¶p-hbv-°p-∂-Xn-

eqsS amXw ]cn-lmcw D≠m-hn√ F∂p a\-n-em-°nb Ipń-Iƒ

A[ym-]-I-cpsS klm-btØmsS kam-l-cn® XpI D]-tbm-Kn®v

Iq´p-Im-c\v hoSv \n¿an®p \¬In amXr-I-bm-bn.

(Hcp hnZym-ebm-\p-`-hw)

¢mkvapdn-bn¬ F√m Ipń-I-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂, Bscbpw ]pd-¥-≈mØ Hcp

]T-\m-¥-co£w kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. \ΩpsS hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ ][m-\-ambpw c≠p

hn`m-K-°m¿°v IqSp-X¬ ]cn-K-W-\bpw klm-bhpw i≤bpw \¬In \oXn-]q¿h-

amb KpW-ta∑m hnZym- ymkw (Equitable Quality Education) Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xp≠v.

Bsc-√m-amWv khn-ti-j-i-≤bpw ]T-\-k-lm-bhpw ]cn-c-£bpw Bh-iy-ap-

≈-h¿?

(F)kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ ]pd¥≈s∏´-h-cpsS

IpńIƒ.

$ -ISpØ ZmcnZyw t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿, BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ, s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ, ]ń-I-PmXn

]ń-I-h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h¿, A\y-tZ-iØp\n∂v IpSn-tb-dn-b-h¿, ÿnc-ambn

Xma-k-ku-Icyw C√m-Ø hn`m-K-°m¿, ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ hnth-N\w A\p`hn-

°p-∂-h¿ F∂n-ßs\ H´\-h[n t]¿ C°q-´Øn¬ s]Sp-∂p.

]cn-an-Xn-I-sfbpw hyXy-kvXX-I-sfbpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw _lp-

am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww CØcw Ipń-I-tfm-Sp≈ \ΩpsS kao-

]\w. hnZym-e-b-Ønse Iq´mb ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS CØ-c-°m-cpsS ]bm-k-

ßƒ \ap°p ]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-Ipw.

(_n) imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂ -Ip-ń-Iƒ.


So®¿ sSIvÃv

imco-cn-I-hpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂Ipń-Iƒ°pw ]T-\-]-bmkw

A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ Ipń-Iƒ°pw ]tXyI ]T-\m-h-iy-ßfp≠v (Special Educational

Needs). tIƒhn-°p-d-hv, ImgvNm ]cn-an-Xn, _p≤n-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn, Ne\]c-amb

]cn-an-Xn, ]T-\-ssh-I-eyw, Hmń-kw, skdn-_¬ ]m¬kn, _lp-ap-J-ssh-I-ey-

ßƒ, sshIm-cnI Ak-¥p-enXmhÿbnep≈ Ipń-Iƒ, i≤m-]-c-amb ]cn-anXn

D≈-h¿ F∂n-hsc√mw CXn¬ s]Sp-∂p.

Ch¿°p-th≠n ]mTy-]--≤-XnbpsS hn\n-a-bØn¬ \mw Fs¥-√mw A\p-h¿Øn-

t°-≠-Xp-≠v?

$ ]T-\m-h-iy-ßƒ, A`n-cpNn F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn®v ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-

X-W-w.

$ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fnØw e`y-am-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ ]mTm-kq-X-W-

Øn¬ A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw.

$ hyXykvX ]T-\-th-K-w, ]T-\-ssien F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v _lp

Cµnbm-[n-jvTnX kao-]\w (Multisensory Approach) \S-∏n-em-°¬.

$ ]cn-lm-c-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ (Remedial Practices), t]mj-W-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ (En-

richment Practices) F∂nh Hmtcm Ipń°pw Bh-iym-[n-jvTn-X-ambn Bkq-

XWw sNbvXp \S-∏n-em-°-¬.

$ hnhn[ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ km[y-X-Iƒ Ab-thmsS (Flexibility) ]mh¿Øn-I-am-

°¬.

$ dntkmgvkv A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw a‰p hnZ-Kv[-cp-sSbpw klmbw Dd-∏m-°¬.

$ Ipń-bpsS ]T-\w, ]cn-c-£- F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ c£n-Xm-°-fpsS \nc-¥-c-

]n¥pW Dd-∏m-°¬.

Cu c≠p taJ-e-bnse Ipń-I-sf- Iq-SmsX khn-tiji≤bpw ]cn-K-W-\bpw

th≠-h-cmWv h¿[n® A`n-cp-Nnbpw Ignhpap≈ Ipń-Iƒ (Gifted Children).

Cßs\ F√m hn`mKw Ipń-I-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bpw-hn[w kvIqƒ

]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw ùXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-sfbpw imkvXo-b-ambn Iao-I-cn-t°-

≠-Xp-≠v.


1.9 hnhchn\n-ab kmt¶-XnIhnZy ˛ km[-yX

hnhc ssIam-‰-Øn\v At\Iw kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ \ne-hn-ep-≠-t√m. Cu Iq´-Øn¬

Gsd ]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb H∂mWv sF.kn.-Sn.bpsS D]-tbm-Kw. Ipń-Iƒ ]e-X-c-

Øn¬ CXns‚ kt¶-X-ßƒ Gdnbpw Ipd™pw Adn-bp-∂-h-cp-am-Wv. Cu Adn-

hns\ ¢mkvdqw ]T-\-Øn\v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. ]T\w Bbm-k-c-ln-

Xhpw BÀm-Z-I-c-hp-ambn am‰m≥ CXn-eqsS Ign-bpw.

Bh-i-y-IX

]mT--y-]-≤Xnhn\n-a-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v -DNnXamb sF.kn.Sn. kma-Kn-Iƒ Dƒs∏Sp-

Ø-Ww. A®Sn® ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-I-fmb Ne-\m-fl-I-Xbn√mbva, i_vZ-

ßƒ tIƒ∏n-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Ah-ÿ XpS-ßn-bh sF.kn.Sn. km[-y-X-Iƒ Dƒs∏-

SpØn adn-I-S-°m-\m-hpw. sF.kn.-Sn-.bpsS Bh-i-y-IX GtXXv kµ¿ -ß-fn¬ thW-

sa∂pw AsX-ß-s\ -]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pw \n¿Wbn-°m≥ A[ym-]-I¿

]m]vX-cm-tI-≠-Xp-≠v.

A\p-tbm-P-yX

Ipń-bpsS k¿K-ti-jn-sbbpw _p≤n-bpsS _lp-X-e-ß-sfbpw D±o-]n-∏n-°p∂ hn[-

Øn-ep≈ sF.kn.-Sn. km[-y-X-I-fm-Wv th≠-Xv. Pn⁄m-kbpw DtZ-z-Khpw-hgn ]T\-

hn-j-b-Øn-ep≈ Xm¬∏-c-yw \ne\n¿Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww sF.kn.Sn. D]-tbmKw.

F∂m¬ Cµnb]cn-anXn A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h¿°v Cu km[-yX Iptd°qSn ]tbm-

P\w sNøpw. i_vZw-sIm≠pw ImgvN-sIm≠pw Imc-y-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ A\p-`-h-th-Zy-

am-°m≥ sF.kn.Sn. ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Spw. hy-X-ykvX ]T-\-ssienIƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-

sIm-≠p≈ ]T\m-\p-`-h-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw CXp klm-b-I-am-Wv.

hnizm-k-yX

kma-Kn-I-fpsS hnizm-k-yX Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Kh¨sa‚ v Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v

ssk‰pIƒ, hnZ-ym-`-ymk sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ, t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, tªmKp-Iƒ, tkmj-y¬

s\‰vh¿°p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂p≈ hnh-c-ßfpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX Dd-∏m-°n-

thWw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥. ¢mkvdqw hn\n-a-b-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kma-Kn-I-fpsS

]mtbm-Kn-IX Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ≠-Xp-≠v. CØcw kma-Kn-Iƒ, Ah ]h¿Øn-°p-

∂-Xn\-\p-tbm-P-y-amb tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ F∂nh Ffp-∏-Øn¬ e`y-am-Ip-∂Xpw

D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. sF.kn.-Sn. km[-y-X-Iƒ Ipń-bpsS

]mbw, am\-knI\ne F∂nhbv°v A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-cn-°Ww.


So®¿ sSIvÃv

1.10 aqe-y-ßƒ, at\m-`m-h-ßƒ, ]Xn-_-≤X F∂nh

hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-X-Ip∂ taJ-e-Iƒ

]Tn-Xm-hn¬ am\-hnIaqe-y-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw `c-W-L-S\maqe-y-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Ah-

t_m[w krjvSn-°pI, kmaq-lnIPohnXw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ at\m-`mhw krjvSn-

°pI, kmaq-lnI]Xn-_-≤X hf¿ØpI XpS-ßnbh ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS ]Ya

]cn-K-W\m hnj-b-ß-fm-Wv. Ch hf¿Øm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°-s∏´ Bi-b-ta-J-eIfpsS

hni-Zmwißƒ \¬Ip∂p

P\m-[n-]-Xyt_m[w

hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpsS D≈-S°w Xnc-s™Sp-°p-tºmƒ P\m-[n-]-X-ysØ kw_-

‘n-°p∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww. ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-X-W-

Ønepw hn\n-ab]In-b-bnepw P\m-[n-]-Xykao-]-\-ap-≠m-h-Ww. P\m-[n-]-Xy]c-

amb ¢mkv, kvIqƒ CS-ßƒ (P\m-[n-]XythZn-Iƒ) F∂n-h-bn-eqsS P\m-[n-]Xy]c-

amb PohnXkao-]\w cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpIsb∂Xv ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS e£-y-amWv.

`cWLS\maqe-y-ßƒ

\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ aqe-y-ßfpw e£-y-ßfpw ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-

bn¬ ]Xn-^-en-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. `c-W-L-S-\maqeyßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ hnZ-ym¿Yn-

Isf ]m]vX-cm-°p∂ D≈-S-°hpw hn\n-a-b]In-bbpw Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ i≤n-

°-Ww.

atX-X-c-Xz at\m-`mhw

atX-X-cXz at\m- mhw hf¿Øm-\p-X-Ip∂ hnj-b-ta-J-e-Iƒ D≈-S-°-Øn¬ tN¿°p-

Ibpw AXn-\p-X-Ip∂ hn\n-a-b-coXn kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøWw.

kln-jvWpX

hntbm-Pn-°p-∂-h-sc-t∏mepw kln-jvWp-XtbmsS ImWpI F∂ -X-Øzw ]mT-y-

]≤Xn e£-y-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

Inbm-flI ˛ k¿Km-flI Nn¥

hnZ-ym¿Yn-I-fn¬ k¿Km-flIhpw Inbm-fl-I-hp-amb Nn¥bpw At\-z-j-Whpw

hf¿tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS D≈-S-°-ta-J-e-I-fnepw ]T\X¥-ß-fnepw

k¿Km-fl-I-amb At\z-j-W-ßƒ°p≈ km[-yXbp≠m-hWw; _lp-apJ_p≤n-

bpsS (Multiple Intelligence) Xe-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.

kwkvIr-Xn-tbmSpw ss]Xr-I-tØm-Sp-ap≈ BZ-chv

\ΩpsS kmwkvIm-cnIss]XrItØmSpw Ncn-X-tØmSpw BZ-c-]q¿h-amb at\m-

`mhw kr„n-°p-I-sb-∂Xv ]mT-y-]-≤Xn hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ e£-y-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv.


ka-Xzw F∂ Bibw

hnhn[ Ah-k-c-ß-fnepw ]T\]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw XpeyX, ka-`m-h\ F∂nh

Dd∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠Xv A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv.

t\Xr-]m-Shw

]pXnb kl-km-_vZ-Øns‚ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sm\pw km[-y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-

s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ap-X-Ip∂ t\Xm-°sf krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-\p- ]-c-ym-]vX-amb ]T\X¥-

ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ¢mkvdqw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ F√m Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw

]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°p-Ibpw t\Xr-ti-jn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kml-N-c-y-

ßƒ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.

Pohn-X-ss\-]pWo hnZ-ym-`-ymkw

ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ hy-‡n-Iƒ°-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ ]iv\-ßfpw ]Xn-_-‘-

ßfpw ê-]-Z-ambn t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-amb A\p-Iq-e-hpw A\p-Kp-W-hp-

amb s]cp-am-‰-Øn-te°p \bn-°p∂ Ign-hp-I-fmWv PohnXss\]p-Wn-Iƒ. kzbw

Adn-b¬, kl-`m-hw, Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jn, hy‡y¥-c-_-‘w, k¿Km-fl-I-Nn¥,

hna¿i-\m-flI-Nn-¥, Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°¬, ]iv\-]-cn-l-c-Ww, sshIm-cnI k¥p-

e-\w, ]ncn-ap-dp°w ssIImcyw sN-ø¬ F∂n-h-bmWv ][m\ Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-

Iƒ. Ipń-I-fpsS kml-Nc-y-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Cu taJ-e-I-fnse LS-I-

ßƒ ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Pohn-XsØ Bflhni-zm-k-tØm-

sS- kao]n°m\pw apt∂-dm\pw CØcw ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ ]Tn-Xm-hns\ klm-bn-

°p∂p.

]uc-[¿aw

cmjvS-Øn\v P\-ß-tfm-sS-∂-t]mse ]uc≥am¿°v cmjvS-tØmSpw Nne [¿a-

ßfpw I¿Ø-h-y-ßfpw \n¿h-ln-°m-\p-≠v. cmjvS-hn-I-k\w a\p-j-y-tijnhnI-k-

\-ambn ImWp∂ C∂sØ Ime-L-´-Øn¬, ]uc-t_m-[-ap≈ P\-Xsb krjvSn-

°pI F∂-Xm-Wt√m hnZ-ym -` -ym -k-Øns‚ ][m\ [¿aw. Hcp kz-X¥

kaqlkrjvSn-tbm-sSm∏w A®-S-°t_m-[hpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øt_m[-hp-ap≈ Hcp

kaq-l-Øns‚ krjvSn-°mbn ]uc≥amsc Xbm-dm-t°-≠Xv hnZ-ym-`-ymkhy-h-ÿ-

bpsS e£-y-am-Wv.

a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-ßƒ

a\p-j-y-sc∂ \ne-bn¬ A¥-tmsS Pohn-°m-\p≈ hy-‡n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-

fmWv a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-ßƒ. sFI-y-cmjvSk`-bpsS a\p-j-ym-h-Imi]J-ym-]-\-Øn-

eqsS km¿h-Xn-I Aw-Ko-Imcw e`n® a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-ßƒ°v ]mT-y-]-≤Xn cq]o-I-

c-W-Ønepw hn\n-ab]In-b-bnepw ]m[m-\yw \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.


So®¿ sSIvÃv

Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

Ipń-I-fpsS F√m-hn[ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw

\ΩpsS IS-a-bmbn amdp-∂p.

]IrXn ˛ ]Ir-Xn-hn-`h kwc-£-Ww, ]cn-kcipNn-X-zw

]Ir-Xn-sbbpw ]IrXnhn`hkwc-£-W-sØbpw kw_-‘n-°p∂ ASn-ÿm\

ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ss]adn ¢mkp-Iƒ apX¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. hy-‡n-ip-Nn-Xzwt]mse

][m-\-amWv ]cn-k-c-ip-Nn-X-z-sa∂pw ipNn-X-z-t_m[w ]uc-[¿aØns‚ ASn-ÿm\

LS-I-ßfnsem∂msW∂pw hnZ-ym¿Yn-Isf t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. ]Ir-Xnbpw

]Ir-Xn-hn- -h-ßfpw a\p-j-ys‚ Bh-i-y-ßƒ°p amX-ap≈Xs√∂pw ]Ir-Xn-bpsS

k¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ am‰w Zqchym-]-I-amb ]X-ym-Lm-X-ßƒ°p Imc-W-am-

hp-sa-∂p-ap≈ at\m- mhw hnZ-ym¿Yn-I-fn¬ hf¿Ø-Ww. ]IrXnhn -h-kw-c-£-Whpw

]cn-kcipNn-X-zhpw Hcp aqeyhy-h-ÿbpw at\m-`m-hhpam°nam‰p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ Gs‰-SpØp \S-∏m-°-Ww.

kam-[m\hnZ-ym-`-ymkw

hy-‡n-X-e-Ønepw a‰p-≈-h-tcm-Spw ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-I-tfmSpw kam-[m-\-]-c-ambpw

kulm¿Z-]-c-ambpw CS-s]-Sm-\p≈ Ignhpw aqe-y-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw hf¿Øp-

I-bmWv kam-[m\hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w. kwL¿j-ßfpw kwL¿j-

ßƒ°p hgn-sX-fn-°p∂ kml-N-c-y-ßfpw Hgn-hm-°p-Ibpw im¥n-bp-sSbpw kulr-

Z-Øns‚bpw kam-[m-\-Øns‚bpw km[y-X-Iƒ ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bnse hnhn[ hnjb-

ta-J-e-I-fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xv kam-[m-\-hn-Z-ym- -ym-k-Øn\v A\n-

hm-c-y-amWv.

\nbakm£-cX

\nb-a-ßsf kw_-‘n-°p∂ Adnhpw Aht-_m-[hpw Hcp P\m-[n-]-XycmP-y-Ønse

]uc-∑m¿°v A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv. \nbakm£-cX Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-i-y-amb ]mT-

`m-K-ßƒ hnj-b-_-‘n-X-ambn Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv Im-e-L´Øns‚ Bh-i-y-am-Wv.

\nb-a-k-lm-b-th-Zn, \nba¢∫p-Iƒ, \nb-a¢n-\n-°p-Iƒ, \nb-a-t_m-[-h-¬°-cWw

F∂n-ßs\ hy-X-y-kvX -]-h¿Ø\]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-XWw sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-X-y-ßsf°pdn-®p≈ Adn-hv

hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Z-y-bpsS Zpcp-]-tbm-K-ßfpw Inan-\¬ ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

Zn\w]Xn-sb-t∂mWw h¿[n°p-∂p-≠v. Ipń-Isf CØcw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v

AI‰n\n¿Øm-\p-X-Ip∂ t_m[-h¬°-cWw ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

C‚¿s\‰v, tkmj-y¬ s\‰vh¿°nMv ssk‰p-Iƒ, C˛sabn¬ XpS-ßnb-h-


bpsSsbms° D]-tbm-KsØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ hy-‡hpw IrX-y-hp-amb [mc-Wbpw

Adnhpw ]I¿∂p \¬I-Ww. ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-X-y-ßƒ°p≈ in£sb kw_-

‘n®pw C‚¿s\‰v D]-tbm-K-Ønse [m¿an-I-Xsb°pdn®pw t_m[-h¬°-cn-°p-

∂-Xn\v ]mT-y-]-≤Xn Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww.

am[-ya Ah-t_m[w

]X˛Zri-y-am-[-y-a-ßƒ°v hf-sc-b-[nIw ]m[m-\-y-ap≈ kaq-l-amWv \Ωp-tS-Xv.

Zri-y-am-[-y-a-ßƒ°v Ipń-I-fn¬ henb kzm-[o-\-ap-≠v. am[-y-a- Ah-t_m[w D≠m-

°p∂ hnhn[ LS-I-ßƒ ]mTy-]-≤Xn D≈-S°taJ-e-I-fn¬ Bh-i-y-am-Wv.

kpÿn-c -hn-I-k\ ImgvN-∏mSv

`qan a\p-j-y\p amXw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-X-s√-∂p-≈- ]m-cnÿnXnIm-h-t_m[w ]mTy-

]-≤Xn ]I¿∂p \¬tI-≠-Xp≠v. ]mcn-ÿnXnIamb sh√p-hn-fn-Isf kw_-‘n-

®pw ]cn-ÿnXnØI¿®bv°p Imc-W-am-hp∂ a\p-j-ys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Isf kw_-

‘n®pw ]cn-ÿn-Xnsb Kpcp-X-c-amb A]-I-S-ß-fn¬\n∂v Fßs\ c£-s∏-Sp-

Øpsa∂Xn-s\-°p-dn-®pap≈ Xncn-®-dnhv C°m-eØv ][m-\-am-Wv. ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw

hnI-k-\hpw Fßs\ tbmPn-∏n-®p-t]mImw F∂ At\-z-j-Whpw kpÿn-c-hn-I-

k-\sØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw At\-z-j-W-ßfpw ]mT-y-]-≤Xn

Db¿Øn∏nSn-t°-≠XmWv. ka-K-amb ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Im-h-t_m[w krjvSn-°p-I-sb-

∂Xv ]mT-y-]-≤Xn e£-y-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.

IuamchnZ-ym-`-ymkw

inip-a-\-»m-kvX-⁄-cpsSbpw Btcm-Ky]h¿Ø-I-cp-sSbpw tUmIvS¿am-cp-sSbpw

A[-ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw kwbp‡ ]cn-i-a-ß-fn-eqsS Iuam-c-hn-Z-ym-`-ym-k-Øn-\mh-i-y-

amb D≈S°taJ-e-Iƒ hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns‚ km[-yX

]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS Btcm-Kyw, ip-Nn-Xzw F∂nh kw_-‘-

amb kwi-b-ß-sfbpw Ah-y-‡-X-I-sfbpw imkvXo-b-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠Xv

A\n-hm-cy-amWv.

D]-t`m-K-kw-kvImcw ˛ Zqj-y-^-e-ßƒ

D]-t`mKkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Zqjy- eßsf kw_-‘n-°p∂ hkvXp-X-Iƒ ss]adn

¢mkp-Iƒ apX¬ ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. D]-t`m-‡mhv F∂

\ne-bn-ep≈ \ΩpsS Ah-Im-i-ßfpw D]-t`m-IvXr\nb-a-ßfpw hnj-b-_-‘n-X-

ambn IS-∂p-h-c-Ww.

el-cn-hn-cp≤ at\m-`mhw

aZ-yw, ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-Iƒ, ]pI-bn-e, a‰p elcn]Zm¿Y-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS D]-tbmKw

Btcm-Ky-w XI¿°p-∂p-sh∂ Xncn-®-dnhv \ap-°p-≠m-hWw. `mhn-X-e-ap-dsb Ch-


So®¿ sSIvÃv

bpsS Zqjn-X-h-e-b-Øn¬ \n∂p kwc-£n-t°≠-XmWv. CXn-\mbn elcn D]-

tbm-K-Øns‚ imco-cnI ˛ am\-knImLmX-ßfpw A]-I-S-ßfpw hy-‡-am-°p∂

NnX-ßƒ, eLp-Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ, Zriy-ßƒ F∂nh D≈-S-°-ta-J-e-bpsS ]cn-K-W-

\bn¬ htc-≠-Xm-Wv. elcnhncp≤ at\m-`mhw krjvSn-°p-I-bm-hWw Ch-

bpsSsb√mw ASn-ÿm\e£-yw.

enwK-\oXn

]mT-y-]-≤Xn enwKka-X-zhpw enwK\oXnbpw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xm-h-Ww. B¨-˛-s]¨

hnth-N\w ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ IS-∂p-h-cm≥ ]mSn-√. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfnse NnX-

ß-fn¬t∏mepw enwK\oXn-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fp-≠m-th-≠-Xp-≠v. ]T-\-]-h¿Ø\-

ßƒ Gs‰-SpØp \S-∏m-°p-tºmƒ enwK-\oXn Dd-∏m-t°-≠Xv A[ym-]-I-cpsS DØ-

c-hm-Zn-Øam-Wv.

anX-h-y-b-ioew

ss]a-dn-Xew apX¬ Xs∂ anX-h-y-b-io-e-Øns‚ _me-]m-T-ßƒ Ipń-I-fn¬ k∂n-

th-in-∏n-°-Ww. anX-hybioe-Øns‚ ]k-‡nbpw ]m[m-\-yhpw hy-‡-am-°mw.

anX-h-y-b-ioew ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°m-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw kwL-Sn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-

XmWv.

tdmUv kpc£

tdmUn¬ ]men-t°≠ \nb-a-ßƒ, tdmU-]-I-S-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°m-\p≈ ]mtbm-KnI

\n¿tZ-i-ßƒ, ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw tdmUv kpc-£-bpsS LS-I-ß-fm-

Wv. tdmUv F∂Xv Hcp s]mXpCS-am-sW∂pw \ap-°p-≈-Xp-t]mse a‰p-≈-h¿°pw

tdmUv D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ kz-mX-¥-y-ap-s≠-∂p-ap≈ ]uc-t_m[w ]I¿∂p \¬tI-

≠-Xm-Wv. tdmUv kpc-£-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw ]m[m-\yw

\¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.

]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS kzm-`m-hn-I-amb hn\n-a-b-Øn¬ Cu taJ-e-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am-

°n-bp≈ ]T-\m-\p-`-h-ßƒ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpsS D≈-S°]c-

amb Bi-b-ßƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmgpw ]T-\-]-h¿Ø\-ßƒ Iao-I-cn-°p-tºmgpw

aXn-bmb ]cn-K-W\ e`n-t°-≠-Xp≠v. ]T-\˛-t_m-[\ ]In-b-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-

t]m-Ip-tºmƒ CØcw Bi-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´ Adnhv, ss\]p-Wn, at\m-

`mhw F∂n-hbv°v Du∂¬ thWw. Cu e£-y-ßƒ t\Sm≥ km[n-®n-´pt≠m

F∂v \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬ ]In-bbn-eqsS ]cn-tim-[n-°m\pw IgnbWw. hnhn[

¢∫v ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, SPC, NCC, Scout & Guides, JRC, hnZ-ymcwKw Iem-km-

lnXythZn, Km‘n-Z¿i≥ XpS-ßnb kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ aqe-y-ßƒ, at\m-`m-h-ßƒ,

]Xn-_-≤X F∂nh hf¿Øm-\p≈ thZn-Ifm-IWw.


1.11 Ah-Imim[njvTnX hnZym- ymkw (Right based Education)

Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \n¿Wbn-°p-Ibpw temI-hym-]-I-ambn \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂-Xn\v bp\kvtIm ap≥ssI-sb-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. CtX XpS¿∂v hnhn[

cmPy-ß-fn¬ Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-Imikwc-£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Ht´sd \nb-a-

\n¿am-W-ßƒ \S-∂n-´p-≠v. C¥y-bn¬ tZiobhnZym-`ymkmh-Imi\nbaw ˛ 2009

\S-∏m-°n-bXv Hcp kp]-[m\ \mgn-I-°-√mbn IW-°m-°mw. Ipń-I-fpsS F√m-

hn[ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw apXn¿∂-h-cmb \ΩpsS

IS-a-bmbn amdp-∂p. hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p ]d-bp-tºmƒ Ah ][m-

\-ambpw aq∂p taJ-e-I-fn-embn -Xn-cn-°m-\m-hpw.

$ ]¶m-fnØw (Participation)

$ e`yX (Provision)

$ kwc-£Ww (Protection)

X\n°v e`y-amb Ah-Im-ißsf°p-dn®v Ipń- Nn¥n-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw?

]¶m-fnØw

$ Ipń-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m Xocp-am-\-ß-fnepw Fs‚ A`n-]mbw Bcm-

bp-∂p-≠v.

$ Xocp-am-\-ß-fn¬ Fs‚ Xm¬∏-cy-Øn\p apJy-]-cn-K-W\ e`n-°p∂p-≠v.

$ Fs‚ Ign-hp-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn™p \¬Ip∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬

]¶mfnbmIm≥ F\n°v Ah-kcw e`n-°p∂p-≠v.

$ Fs‚ Ign-hp-Iƒ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m\pw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S-°m\pw Ign-bp∂

hg-°-ap≈ ]T-\-]-In-b-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Im-≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.

$ Fs‚ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ°v am\y-amb ÿm\w e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.

$ F\n°pw Iq´p-Im¿°pw ¢mkn¬ \S-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ kPo-h-amb

]¶m-fnØw e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.

$ Fs‚ Ign-hp-Iƒ ]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ F\n-°-h-kcw e`n-°p∂p-≠v.

e`yX

$ aXn-bmb hnZym-`ym-k-tbm-Ky-X-bp-≈hcpw Adn-hp-Iƒ Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]pXp-

°p-∂h-cp-amb A[ym-]-I-cpsS tkh\w F\n°p e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.

$ A\p-h-Zn-®n-´p≈ apgp-h≥ ka-bhpw ]T-\m-\p-`-h-ßƒ e`n-°p∂p-≠v.

$ imco-cn-I˛am\-knI hf¿®sb ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p∂Xn\p tbmPn® ¢mkvdqw

A¥-co£w F\n-°p e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.


So®¿ sSIvÃv

$ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°m-h-iy-amb ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ bYm-k-abw Hcp-°n-

Ø-cm≥ Fs‚ A[ym-]-I¿°p Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.

$ Iem- -Im-bnI ]cn-t]m-j-W-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb D]-I-c-W-ßfpw Ah-k-c-ßfpw

F\n°p In´p∂p-≠v.

B¿.-Sn.-C. (2009) Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p

$ 1 apX¬ 5 hsc ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v 200 ]hr-Øn-Zn-h-kßfpw

800 aWn-°q¿ t_m[-\-k-a-bhpw e`nt°≠-Xp-≠v.

$ 6 apX¬ 8 hsc-bp≈ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿°v 220 ]hr-Øn-Zn-h-

kßfpw 1000 aWn-°q¿ t_m[-\-k-a-bhpw e`n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

kwc-£Ww

$ hnZym-e-b-Øntem ]pdtØm bmsXm-cp-hn[ hnth-N-\hpw Rm≥ A\p-`-hn-°p-

∂n-√.

$ Fs∂ Hcp Xc-Ønepw Bcpw Ah-K-Wn-°p∂n-√.

$ imco-cn-I-am-tbm am\-kn-I-amtbm Bbn Bcpw Fs∂ ]oUn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.

$ \n¿`-b-ambn A[ym-]-I-tcmSv CS-s]-Sm≥ F\n°p Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.

$ Ipń-bm-sW-¶nepw F\n°v kzIm-cy-X-bp-≠v F∂v F√m-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-

∂p-≠v.

$ hnZym-e-b-Ønepw hońepw Rm≥ G‰hpw kpc-£n-X-am-bn-cn°pw F∂v F\n°v

Dd-∏p-≠v.

tIc-f- kw-ÿm\ _memh-Imi kwc-£W IΩo-j≥

2002 sabv amk-Øn¬ IqSnb sFIycm-jvS-k-`-bpsS, Ipń-Iƒ°p

th≠n-bp≈ ]tXyI ktΩ-f\w "Ipń-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb

Hcp temIw' F∂ io¿j-I-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb tcJ AwKo-I-cn-®-Xns‚

shfn-®-Øn¬ tIµ-k¿°m¿ \n¿an® 2005 se _mem-h-Imi kwc-

£W IΩo-j≥ BIvSpw 2012 se tIcfkwÿm\ _mem-h-

ImiN´-ßfpw ]Imcw tIcfkwÿm\ _mem-h-Imikwc-£W

IΩo-j≥ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. `c-W-L-S\ Dd-∏p-X-cp∂ auen-Im-h-

Im-i-ßfpw _mem-h-Im-i-ßfpw kwc-£n-°p-I-bmWv IΩo-js‚

ZuXyw.

Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ CsXm-s°-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXv Dd∏phcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v

X\n°v Fs¥ms° sNøm≥ km[n®n´p-≠v? C\nbpw Xm≥ Fs¥ms° sNtø-

≠-Xp≠v F∂v Hmtcm A[ym-]-I\pw A[ym-]n-Ibpw Nn¥n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.


1.12 sa‚dnMv

tZio-b-hn-Z-ym-`-ym-km-h-Im-i-\n-baw A[-ym-]-Is\/A[-ym-]n-Isb sa‚¿ (Mentor)

Bbn IW-°m-°p-∂p. ka-K- kvIqƒ hnI-k-\-]-cn-t]-£-y-Øn¬ sa‚dnßn-\v -

henb ]kIvXnbpw ]m[m-\-yhp-ap-≠v.

hnZ-ym-`-ymk]In-b-bnse apJ-y-L-S-I-amb So®¿˛Ipń _‘-Øn¬ C∂v ImX-

emb am‰w D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. hn⁄m-\w- hn-X-cWw sNøp∂ Bfm-b√; Ipń-Iƒ°v

hn⁄m\w t\Sm-\p≈ hnhn-[-ß-fmb Ah-k-c-ßƒ GtIm-]n-∏n°p-∂ hy‡n-

bm-bmWv So®¿ ]h¿Øn-t°-≠Xv.

bYm¿Y-Øn¬ as‰mcp hoSp-X-s∂-bmWv hnZ-ym-ebw. A[ym-]-IcmIs´, ho´p-Imcpw.

Ipń-Iƒ°v hoń¬\n∂pw kvt\lw, ]cn-K-W\, kpc-£n-X-X-z-t_m-[w, AwKo-Imcw

F∂nh Gdnbpw Ipd™pamWv e`n-°p-∂Xv F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hv- Hmtcm A[-ym-]-

I\pw A[-ym-]-nIbv°pw D≠m-h-Ww. CXp Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw Hmtcm Ipń°pw th≠

coXn-bn¬ Ch sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNøm≥ Ign-bp-tºm-gmWv Ah-cpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-

Øw ]q¿W-am-Ip-∂-Xv. At∏m-gmWv kvIqƒ hoSm-Ip-∂-Xv.

Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw hy‡n]chpw IpSpw-_-]c-hp-amb ]-›m-Øew a\-n-em-°p-

∂-Xn\v Xmsg -]-d-bp-∂h A[ym-]-I¿ sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ Krl-k-µ¿i-\w

$ c£n-Xm-°-fp-am-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw

$ Ipń-sb \nc-¥-c-ambn \nco-£n--°¬

$

$

Aßs\ Ipń°v kvt\lw, ]cn-K-W-\, kpc-£n-X-X-z-t_m-[w, AwKo-Imcw XpS-

ßnbh \¬In Hcp kl-c-£n-Xm-hmbpw ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

klm-bn-bmbpw amdp-tºm-gmWv ]pXnb Ime-L-´-Øns‚ A[-ym-]nI/A[-ym-]-I-

\mbn \mw amdp∂-Xv.

sa‚-dnßn-eqsS hgn-Im-´¬, D]-tZ-iw, ]n¥pW, sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-\p≈ Ah-kcw

XpS-ßn-bh Ipń-Iƒ°p e`n°p-∂p. A\p-`-h-ÿ-\mb ap≥Kman F∂ \ne-bnepw

A\p-I-c-Wo-b-\mb amXrI F∂ \ne-bn-ep-amWv sa‚¿ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-tØ-

≠-Xv. t_m[-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb klm-b-ßfpw Iu¨kenßp-sa√mw CXns‚

`mK-am-Wv. hnZym¿Yn-bn¬ Hfn-™pInS°p∂ Ign-hp-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-sIm≠phcm≥

Hcp \√ sa‚¿°p Ign-bpw.


So®¿ sSIvÃv

sa‚-dnßneqsS;

$ A[ym-]-I\pw hnZym¿Yn°pw anI® hnZym-`ymk A\p-`-h-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂p.

$ A[ym-]-I-s‚bpw hnZym¿Yn-bp-sSbpw Adn-hns‚ taJe hnI-kn-°p-∂p.

$ hnZym¿Yn-bpw kvIqfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w i‡n-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ hnZym¿Yn-bpsS ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xnbpw hy‡n-Xzhn-Im-khpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p.

$ Iq´mb Nn¥bpw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°epw ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw km[y-am-Ip-∂p.

$ c£n-Xm-°fpw kvIqfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w i‡-am-hp-I-bpw Ipń-bpsS ]T-\-

\n-esb kw_-‘n®v [mc-W-bp-≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

$ Ie˛BtcmKy˛Imbn-I˛]hr-Øn-]-T\ taJ-e-I-fn¬ Ipń-I-fpsS ]¶m-fn-Øhpw

hne-bn-cp-Øepw i‡n-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Ipń-bpsS ]T-\-Xm¬∏-c-y-sØbpw hy-‡n-X-z-hn-I-mk-sØbpw Xz-cn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-

Xn-\p≈ ]cn-lm-c-t_m-[-\-]-In-b-sbbpw \nc-¥c aqe-y-\n¿W-b-]-In-bsbbpw

klm-bn-°p∂ ]In-b-bmbn sa‚dnMv hnI-kn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. sa‚dnMv A\p-`-h-

ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´- Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ k©n-Xtc-J-bn¬ tN¿°Ww.

kvIqfnse apgp-h≥ A[-ym-]-I-scbpw sa‚¿am¿ Bbpw F√m Ipń-I-sfbpw sa‚n

Bbpw ]cn-K-Wn®psIm≠m-hWw sa‚dnMv \S-∏m-t°-≠-Xv. ¢mknse F√m Ipń-

I-sfbpw sNdnb Kq∏p-I-fmbn IW-°m-°n, Hmtcm Kq∏ns‚bpw ]ptcm-KXn Dd-

∏m-°m-\p-X-Ip∂Xn\v ]kvXpX ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A[-ym-]-Isc Kq∏ns‚

Npa-Xetb¬∏n-°m≥ Btem-Nn-°m-hp-∂-XpamWv.

1.13 A[ym-]-I¿ sXmgn¬]-c-ambn ]men-t°≠ [m¿anI \nb-a-kw-lnX

(Code of Professional Ethics for School Teachers)

1. hnZym¿Yn-I-tfm-Sp≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßƒ

1.1 F√m hnZym¿Yn-I-tfmSpw kvt\l-hm-’-ey-ß-tfmsS s]cp-am-dp∂p.

$ F√m hnZym¿Yn-I-tfmSpw ka-`m-h-\-tbmsS s]cp-am-dpI.

$ ]T-\-Øn¬ ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v ]tXyI ]cn-K-W\

\¬IpI.

$ hnZym¿Yn-I-fn¬ Bfl-hn-izm-kw, Xm¬∏-cyw, ]Xymi F∂nh P\n-∏n-

°p∂ Xc-Øn-em-hWw s]cp-am-‰w.

1.2 PmXn, aXw, h¿Kw, h¿Ww, kmº-ØnI\ne-, mj, enwKw, P∑-ÿew F∂o

]cn-K-W-\-I-fn-√msX, \oXn, ]£-]m-X-cm-lnXyw F∂o aqey-ßsf _lp-am-

\n-°p∂p.

$ A[ym-]-I¿°v P\m-[n-]XyXØz-ß-fn-epw kln-jvWp-X-bnepw kmaq-

lnI\oXn-bn-ep-ap≈ hnizmkw hnZym¿Yn-I-fn-te°pw ]I-cp∂-p.


$ A[ym-]IcpsS hy‡n-]-c-amb hnizm-k-ßƒ, c-W-L-S\mXØz-ßƒ°v

FXn-cm-bn-cp∂-m¬ AXv kvIqƒ kwhn-[m-\sØ Kpcp-X-c-ambn _m[n°pw.

1.3 hnZym¿Yn-bpsS imco-cn-I-hpw _u≤n-I-hpw sshImcn-Ihpw kZm-Nm-c-]chpw

kmaq-ln-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb hnIm-k-Øn\v A¥-co-£-sam-cp-°p∂-p.

$ imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb tijn-Iƒ AXns‚ ]q¿WXbnte°p

hnI-kn-°p∂ Ime-amWv kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Im-ew.

$ _u≤nI afi-e-Øn-\p-amXw hnImkw \¬I-em-h-cpXv hnZym-`ymkw.

$ k¿h-tXm-ap-J-amb hy‡n-Xz-hn-Im-k-am-bn-cn-°Ww hnZym-`ymke£yw.

1.4 kvIqƒ Pohn-XØ-ns‚ F√m Xe-Ønepw hnZym¿Yn-bpsS hy‡nXzw am\n-°-

s∏Sp∂p.

$ a\p-jy≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Hcp hnZym¿Yn-°p≈ P\m-[n-]Xy Ah-Im-i-

ßfpw A¥pw ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ A[ym-]IcpsS `mKØp\n∂p≈ ]Xn-Iq-e-amb A`n-]mb]I-S-\w

hnZym¿Yn-bpsS Bflm-`n-am-\sØ apdn-s∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw ]T-\sØ _m[n-

°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

$ kvIqfns‚ F√m ]h¿Ø-\-ßfnepw F√m Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw kPo-h-amb

]¶m-fnØw t]m’m-ln-∏n-°-Ww.

$ sFIy-cm-jvS-k` AwKo-I-cn-®Xpw C¥y-IqSn H∏ph®-Xp-amb Ipń-I-fpsS

Ah-Imi]Jym]-\hpw Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-Imikwc-£W IΩo-j≥

dnt∏m¿´pw A[ym-]-I¿ a\-n-em°n ]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ kvIqfp-I-fn¬ A®-S°w ]men-°p∂--Xn-\p-th≠n cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂

\nbamhen Ipń-I-fpsS a\p-jy-Xz-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°p-

∂Xm-hcp-Xv.

1.5 Ipń-IfpsS B¥cn-I-ti-jn-Ifpw ]Xn-`bpw ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m-\p≈ Bkq-

Xn-Xhpw Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xp-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p cq]w \¬I-Ww.

$ tIh-e-amb A°m-Z-anIt\´-ßƒ°v D]-cn-bmbn Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw

tijnbpw ]Xn-`bpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I F∂Xv A[ym-]IcpsS ][m-\- ISa-

bmWvv.

$ hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS F√m-hn[ Ign-hp-Ifpw hnI-kn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb ]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ D≠m-I-Ww.

1.6 `c-W-L-S\ hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ aqey-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂

hn[-Øn-em-hWw ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-abw.

$ P\m-[n-]-Xyw, aX-\n-c-t]-£-X, ka-Xzw, \oXn, kzmX-¥yw F∂o `c-W-

L-S\m aqey-ßƒ ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ ][m\s∏´ B¥-cn-I-

[mc-bm-h-Ww.

$ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ]uc-∑m-cpsS IS-a-Isf°pdn®v ]d-bp∂ B¿ń-°nƒ 51

F a\-nem°p-Ibpw AXnse F apX¬ sI hsc-bp≈ Jfi-ßƒ

Dƒs°m≠p ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww.


So®¿ sSIvÃv

1.7 hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ A\pk-cn®v A[ym-]n-I-bpsS/ A[ym-]-Is‚

A[ym-]-\-coXn ]cnjvIcn°p∂p.

$ \nc-¥chne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ipń-bpsS ]Ir-Xw,

B¿PnXamb Adn-hv, A`n-cp-Nn, ]T-\-coXn XpS-ßn-bh ]cn-K-Wn®v

t_m[\-X-¥-ß-fn¬ Bh-iy-amb ]cn-jvI-cWw \n-c-¥cw \S-tØ-≠-

Xp-≠v.

1.8 Ipń-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ Ah-cpsS hy‡n-]-c-amb hnh-c-ß-fpsS cl-ky-kz-`mhw

kq£n-°p-Ibpw B hnh-c-ßƒ \nb-a-]-c-ambn ssIam-dm-hp∂h-¿°p-amXw

ssIam-dp-Ibpw sNøp∂-p.

$ Hcp Iu¨k-e¿ IqSn-bmb A[ym-]n-Ibv°v/A[ym-]-I\v Ipń-bpsS

hy‡n-]-c-amb hnh-c-ß-sf√mw Adnbmw.

$ Cu hnh-c-ßƒ Ipń-bpsS \∑-bv°p-th≠n hnth-I-]q¿hw amXta D]-

tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]mSp≈q.

1.9 Ipń-Isf b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, D¬°WvTmIpe-cm-°p-I, imco-cn-I-ambn in£n-°pI,

am\-kn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-ambn ]oUn-∏n-°pI F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v Hgn™p

\n¬°p∂-p.

$ Ipńsb ssewKnI]oU-\-ß-fpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ]oU-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Ah-

K-W-\-bn¬\n∂pw Nqj-W-Øn¬\n∂pw kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ DØ-c-

hmZnØw A[ym-]I¿°p≠v.

$ in£ sa®-s∏´ ]T-\-Øn-te°p \bn°pw F∂ sX‰n≤mcW Xncp-Ø-

s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ CØcw Imcy-ß-fn¬ Ipń°p e`n-°p∂ \nb-a-]-cn-c-£sb°pdn®pw

A[ym-]-I¿ Adn-™n-cn-°-Ww.

1.10 GXp hnt[-\-bpap≈ ssewKnINqj-W-Øn¬\n∂pw Ipńsb kwc-£n-°p∂p.

$ ssewKnINqj-Ww imco-cn-I--amb BLm-X-ßƒ amX-a√, hf-sc-°mew

Xßn-\n¬°p∂ am\-kn-Im-Lm-XhpwIqSn Ipń°p≠m-°p∂p.

$ _lp-am-\-s∏´ C¥y≥ kp]ow-tIm-S-Xnbpw F≥.-kn.]n. Bdpw tPmen

ÿe-ß-fnepw kvIqfp-I-fnepw \S-°p∂ ssewKnINqj-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc

\¬In-bn-´p≈ am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-ßƒ A[ym]-I¿ ]men-t°-≠-XmWv.

2. c£n-Xm-°-tfmSpw kaq-l-tØm-Sp-ap≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßƒ

2.1 amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSpw c£-mI¿Øm-°-tfmSpw hn\-b-]q¿h-ap≈ _‘w ÿm]n-

°p∂p.

$ Ipńsb IqSp-X¬ Adn-bp--∂Xn\v Ah-cpsS c£-mI¿Øm-°-fp-ambpw

kplr-Øp-°-fp-ambpw A[ym-]-I¿ \√ _‘w ]pe¿tØ-≠Xv Bh-iy-

am-Wv.


$ A[ym-]Icpw c£m-I¿Øm-°-fp-am-bp≈ kvt\l-]q¿W-amb _‘w

Ipńsb A[ym-]Icp-ambn IqSp-X¬ ASp-∏n°pw.

$ `qcn-]£w c£n-Xm-°fpw Xß-fpsS Ipń-I-fpsS kvIqfn-\-I-Øpw -]p-d-

Øp-ap≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS A[ym-]-I-cn¬\n∂v Adn-bm≥

Xm¬∏cy-ap-≈-h-cmWv.

$ hf¿®-bpsS L´-Øn¬ Ipń-Iƒ°p kw`-hn-°p∂ ]ng-hp-IƒIqSn t\´-

ß-tfm-sSm∏w c£n-Xm-°-fp-ambn ]¶p-h-bv°p--∂Xv henb Zpc-¥-ßƒ

Hgn-hm-°p∂--Xn\p klm-b-I-am-Ipw.

2.2 Ipń-I-fpsS A¥-ns\ l\n-°p∂ GXp ]hr-Øn-bn¬\n∂pw hn´p-\n¬°pI.

$ a‰p≈ hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS ap∂n¬h®v Bflm-`n-am-\sØ CSn-®p-XmgvØn

kwkm-cn-°p∂-Xv Hgn-hm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

$ AXp-t]mseØs∂ c£n-Xm-°-fpsS A`n-am-\-sØbpw tNmZyw

sNøcpXv.

$ GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn`mKw Ipń-I-fpsS amXw ]›m-Ø-esØ (Pm-Xn,

aXw, kmº-Øn-Iw, ....) ]pIgvØn∏d-bp-∂Xv a‰p≈ Ipń-I-fn¬ hntZzjw

P\n-∏n°pw.

2.3 Ipń-Iƒ°n-Sbn¬ C¥y-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-I-sØ-°p-dn®v A`n-am-\-

t_m[w hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥ ian-°p∂p.

$ At\Iw kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw mj-I-fp-sSbpw aX-ß-fp-sSbpw hnizmk-

ß-fp-sSbpw \mSmWv C¥y. CXv Hmtcm ¢mknepw ]Xn-^-en-°pw.

$ F∂m¬ C¥y-bn¬ Cu \m\m-Xz-Ønepw GIXzw cq]w-sIm-≠n-´p-≠v.

$ ]c-kv]-c-ap≈ kln-jvWp-Xbpw F√m kwkvIm-c-ß-sfbpw _lp-am-

\n°m-\p≈ a\pw thWw.

$ Cu XØzw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn-eq-sS- hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ t_m[-]q¿h-

amb iaw Bh-iy-am-Wv.

2.4 hnhn[ P\-hn- m-K-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ hntZz-jhpw iXp-Xbpw hf¿Øp∂ XcØn-

ep≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°Ww.

$ F√m aX-ß-tfmSpw hnizm-k-ß-tfmSpw `mj-I-tfmSpw Xpey-_-lp-am\w

hf¿Øp∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv ¢mkn¬ \S-t°-≠-Xv.

$ tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\-Øns‚ ASn-Ød BZyw C¥y-°m-c≥, ]ns∂ amXw

Hcp hn`m-K-Ønse AwKw F∂ [mcWbmWv.

$ GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn`m-K-Øns‚ ]Nm-c-W-Øn-∂mbn kvIqƒ / ¢mkv

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-Xv.

$ ImenI-amb kmaqlnI - cmjvSob Imcy-ßƒ N¿®-sN-øp-tºmgpw A[ym-

]-I≥/A[ym-]nI GsX-¶nepw Hcp ]£Øp\n∂v kwkm-cn-°-cp-Xv.


So®¿ sSIvÃv

3. A[ym-]\w F∂ sXmgn-ent\mSpw kl-]-h¿Ø-I-tcm-Sp-ap≈ DØ-c-

hmZnØßƒ.

3.1 sXmgn¬sshZKv[yw hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂X-n\v \nc-¥-cw ]cn-i-an-°p∂-p.

$ hnZym¿Ynsb \nc-¥c]Tn-Xmhm-°m≥ ian-°p∂ A[ym-]-Icpw Aßs\

BtI-≠-Xp-≠v,

$ \nc-¥cw hnI-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ hn⁄m\taJ-e-I-sf-°p-dn®pw

A[ym-]\coXn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Adnhv tiJ-cn-°m\pw ]tbm-K-Øn¬

hcp-Øm\pw Ign-b-Ww.

$ GsX√mw Xe-ß-fn-¬\n∂v Xßƒ°p ]pXnb Adn-hp-Iƒ e`n°pw F∂v

At\z-jn-°pIsb∂Xv A[ym-]-IcpsS IS-a-bm-Wv.

3.2 kl-]-h¿Ø-I¿ XΩnepw a‰p-≈-h¿ XΩn-ep-ap-≈ t_m[-]q¿h-amb Bi-b-

hn-\n-a-b-Øn-eqsS ]pXn-sbm-cp kwcw`w krjvSn-°p∂-p.

$ A°m-Z-an-I-amb DW-¿hv P\n-∏n-°p∂--Xpw F√m A[ym-]-I¿°pw Xß-

fp-tS-Xmb kw`m-h\ \¬Im≥ Ignbp-∂Xp-amb Hcp ss\Xn-IX kvIqfn¬

krjvSn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ Cß-s\-sbm-cp-W¿hv D≠m-°p∂--Xn\v Bkq-Xn-Xhpw ê-]-Z-hp-amb

kl-I-cWw F√m A[ym-]-I-cn¬\n∂pw D≠m-h-Ww.

$ kvIqfnse ]iv\ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p--∂Xn¬ F√m A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw

Inbm-fl-I-amb \n¿tZi-ßfpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw D≠m-I-Ww.

$ A[ym-]Isc amXa√, kvIqƒ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Xm¬∏-cy-ap≈ F√m hn`mK-

sØbpw CØcw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww.

3.3 kl-]-h¿Ø-I-tcmSv A¥-tm-sSbpw _lp-am-\-tØm-sSbpw s]cp-am-dp-∂p.

$ kvIqfnse F√m A[ym-]-I-tcmSpw Ah-cpsS hnZym-`ymktbmKy-Xtbm

Ah¿ GXp hn`m-K-Ønse Ipń-Isf ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-sh∂tXm ]cnKWn-

°msX A¥-tm-sSbpw _lp-am-\-tØm-sSbpw s]cp-am-d-Ww.

3.4 A[ym-]-I¿ kzIm-cySyqj≥ FSp-°p-Itbm a‰p kzIm-cy hnZym- ymk]h¿Ø-

\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Itbm sNøp∂-n-√.

$ A[ym-]-I≥ kzImcySyqj≥ FSp-°p-∂Xv Ah-cpsS kvIqƒ ]h¿-Ø-\-

ßsf ]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p∂-p.

$ kz¥w ]h¿Ø-\-ta-Je anI-®-Xm-°m-\p≈ kabw Ah¿°p \jvS-am-

Ip∂-p.

$ kz¥w hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v kzIm-cySyqj≥ \¬Ip-tºmƒ AXv kvIqfnse

ss\XnIXØz-ßƒ°pXs∂ hnLm-XamI-Ø° s]cp-am-‰-ßƒ°p

ImcW-am-bn-Øo-cpw.


3.5 Xs‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw Xocp-am-\-ß-sfbpw kzm[o-\n-°p-sa∂v Adn-bm-hp-

-∂Xn-\m¬ GsX-¶nepwhn[-Øn-ep≈ kΩm-\-ßtfm a‰p klm-b-ßtfm

kzoI-cn-°p∂n√.

$ GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ ]Xo-£n-®p-sIm≠v \¬I-

s∏-Sp∂ hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ kΩm-\-ßƒ A[ym-]-I¿ hnZym¿Yn-I-fn¬\nt∂m

c£m-I¿Øm-°-fn¬\nt∂m kzoI-cn-°-cp-Xv.

3.6 kl]h¿Ø-I¿s°-Xn-scbpw D∂-Xm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒs°-Xn-scbpw A\m-h-iy-

amb Btcm-]-W-ßƒ D-∂bn-°p-∂n-√.

$ ]c-kv]cw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hn`m-KobkwL-ßƒ A[ym-]-I¿°n-S-bn¬

A`n-Im-ay-a-√.

$ kl-]-h¿Ø-I¿s°-Xn-cmbn sXfn-hp-I-fn-√mØ Btcm-]-W-ßƒ D∂-

bn-°-cpXv.

$ GsX-¶nepw Hcp kl-]-h¿Ø-Is‚/kl-]-h¿Ø-I-bpsS mK-Øp-\n∂v

Kpcp-X-c-amb sX‰v ImWp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXv ko\n-b¿ A[ym-]-I-cpsS

i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

3.7 kl-]-h¿Ø-I-cp-sStbm hnZym¿Yn-I-fp-sStbm c£n-Xm-°-fp-sStbm

ap∂n¬h®v Hcp kl-]-h¿Ø-Is\/kl-]-h¿Ø-Isb A[n-t£-]n®v

kwkm-cn-°p∂-n-√.

$ A[ym-]-Isc-°p-dn®v hyXy-kvX-ßfmb A`n-]m-b-ßƒ D≠mImw.

F∂m¬ Ah ]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ coXn am\y-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

$ kl-]-h¿Ø-IcpsS A[ym-]\coXnsb A]-l-kn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬

kwkm-cn-°-cpXv.

3.8 kl-]-h¿Ø-I-cpsS A[ym-]-\-\n-e-]m-Sp-Isf am\n-°p-∂p.

$ A[ym-]-\-Øn¬ anIhp ]pe¿Øp--∂h-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf «mLn-°p-

Ibpw AØcw anIhv B¿Pn-°m≥ ian-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww. F∂m¬

AXp XnI®pw A‘-amb A\p-I-c-W-am-I-cp-Xv.

3.9 kl-]-h¿ØI-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ kzImcyhnh-c-ßƒ cl-ky-ambn kq£n-

°pIbpw \nb-a-]-c-ambn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ amXw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

sNøp∂p.

$ GsX-¶nepw Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn tiJ-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂, kl-]-h¿Ø-Isc-

°p-dn-®p≈ hy‡n]c-amb hnh-c-ßƒ clkykz`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-sW-¶n¬

Ah \nb-a-]-c-amb Imcy-ßƒ°p amXta shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]mSp≈q.


So®¿ sSIvÃv

1.14 So®nMv am\-z¬

ssZ\w-Zn\ ]mTm-kqXW tcJ-bmWv So®nMv am\z¬. ]T-\-t\-´-ßsf e£y-am°n

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønepw So®¿sS-IvÃnepw \¬In-bn-´p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Xs‚

¢mknse Ipń-Iƒ°p tbmPn® coXn-bn¬ hg-°-tØmsS, am‰-ßƒ hcp-Ønbpw

Iqń-t®¿Øpw ]Inbm t]Pv hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I-bmWp th≠-Xv.

]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-tfm-sSm∏wXs∂ hne-bn-cp-Øepw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p≈

Bkq-X-W-amWv ]In-bm-t]-Pn¬ Fgp-tX-≠-Xv. \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-epIfn-eqsS

e`n-°p∂ hnh-c-ß-ƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ t]Pnep≠mbn-cn-°-Ww.

IrXyhpw A¿Y-]q¿W-hp-amb Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xm-hWw So®nMv am\z¬. Cßs\ Hmtcm BgvN-bnepw \S-∏n-

em-°nb ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏´ hnh-c-ßsf

(ssZ\w-Zn\ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ t]Pn-ep≈) ASn-ÿm-\-am°n So®¿ Hcp eLp-hmb

]Xn-^-e-\-°p-dn∏v (Reflection Note) Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw SRG/Subject Council

F∂n-h-bn¬ N¿®sN-øp-Ibpw thWw. Cu Ipdn-∏ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-

°Ww So®-¿ XpS¿∂p≈ Bkq-X-W-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xv.


So®nMv am\-z¬

]mT-Øns‚ t]cv :

XnøXn :

]Xo-£n-°p∂ kabw :

Xow :

]T-\-t\- -ßƒ :

Bi-b-ßƒ :

tijn-Iƒ :

`mjmhkvXp-X-Iƒ (`mj-bv°p -am-Xw) :

hy-h-lmccq]-ßƒ (`mj-bv°p- am-Xw) :

aqe-y-ßƒ, at\m- m-h-ßƒ :

]T\kma-Kn-Iƒ :

]Xo-£nX D¬∏-∂-ßƒ :

]Inbm t]Pv hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ t]Pv

]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw (hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ hnh-c-ß-fmWv

AS-ßnb ]Inb ChnsS Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv.)

slUvankvSkv/slUvam-ÃdpsS H∏v A[ym-]-I≥/A[-ym-]nIbpsS H∏v

So®nMv am\z-ens‚ t^m¿am‰v NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.


So®¿ sSIvÃv

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]Xn- -e-\m-flINn¥ (Reflections)

Fs‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ, Xncn-®-dn-hp-Iƒ

(]T\]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ]In-b-bn-eqsS e`n® hnh-c-ß-fpsS

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬)

$

$

$

$

XpS¿]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]cn-lmc]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ˛ kqN\

$

$

$

$

]Xn- -e-\m-flI Ipdn∏v (Reflection note) F¥n\v?

$ ]Xn-hmc SRG, k_vP‰v Iu¨kn¬ tbmK-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n°p∂-Xn-\v.

$ XpS¿ Bkq-X-W-Øn\v Znimt_m[w \¬Ip∂-Xn-\v.

$ tSanse kn. C. tImUo-I-c-W-Øn-\v.


]T\w (Learning) F∂Xv IpńIfn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw \nc-¥-c-ambpw \S-°p∂

Hcp ]In-b-bm-Wv. ]T\w Imcy-£-a-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬, A\p-`-h-ßƒ Dt±-iym-[n-

jvTn-X-hpw ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ tIµo-I-cn-®p-am-IWw. Ipń- t\-tS≠ tijn-Isfbpw

[mc-W-I-sfbpw kw_-‘n®v A[ym-]-I\v hy‡-amb Ah-t_m[w D≠m-I-Ww.

Hmtcm ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v D≠mth≠ ]T\t\ -ßƒ (Learning outcomes)

ap≥Iqń I≠p-sIm≠v ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bkq-XWw sNø-Ww. Cu

]h¿Ø\-ßƒ Pohn-X-k-µ¿ -ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw.

C]-Imcw t\Snb tijn-I-fpw [mc-W-Ifpw ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v FX-

amXw ]cym-]vX-amWv? ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ ssIh-cn-°m≥ C\nbpw tijn-°p-∂-h¿

Bsc√mw? \¬tI≠p∂ XpSc\p-`-h-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-am-IWw? Ah Fßs\

\¬Ipw? C]-Im-c-ap≈ Nn¥-I-fmWv hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-s‚ `mK-ambn A[ym-]-I-cn¬

D≠m-tI-≠-Xv.

Hcp ]mT-`m-K-Øns‚/bqWn-‰ns‚ hn\n-a-b-Øn-\p-tijw "Fs¥ms° ]Tn®p' F∂v

hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ ]Inbsb ]T-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (Assessment of learning)

F∂p ]d-bmw. ]mT-`m-K-ß-fpsS ]T-\-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hv, ]T-\-

\n-e-hmcw F∂n-h-bmWv ChnsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXp hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚

Hcp Xew amXta BIp-∂p-≈q.

F∂m¬ ]T\w Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-\mWv IqSp-X¬

]mapJyw I¬∏n-t°-≠-Xv. ]T\w \S-°p∂ thf-bn¬ AXns‚ Imcy-£-a-X-

bv°p-th≠n So®tdm kl-]m-Tn-Itfm \S-Øp∂ hnhn-[-ß-fmb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ

D≠m-Imw. ]T-\-Ønt\m-sSm-∏-ap≈ Cu hne-bn-cp-Øepw ôUv_m°v \¬Iepw

hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ as‰m-cp -X-e-am-Wv. CXns\ ]T-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

(Assessment for learning) F∂p ]d-bmw. CXv ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°p-th≠n \nc-

¥cw \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-Xpw ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-tØmSv Cg-tN¿∂p \n¬°p-∂-Xp-amWv.

CtXm-sSm∏w ]T-\-Øn-eqsS t\Snb Bi-b-ßsfbpw [mc-W-I-sfbpw kzbw

hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw am‰-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-Ibpw sNøp∂

Hcp Xncp-Ø¬ ]In-bbpw D≠v. CXns\ kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ø-embn Icp-Xmw.

C]-Imcw kzbw \n¿h-ln-°p∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsSbpw ]T\w km[y-am-Ip-∂p.

CXns\ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬Xs∂- ]-T\w (Assessment as learning) F∂p ]d-bmw.

123456789012345678123456789012345678123456789012345678123456789012345678123456789012345678123456789012345678

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ kao-]\w


So®¿ sSIvÃv

]T\w IqSpX¬ Imcy-£-a-ambn \n¿h-ln-°-W-sa¶n¬ "]T-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hne-

bn-cp-Ø¬', "hne-bn-cp-Ø¬Xs∂ ]T\w' F∂n-h-bv°v IqSp-X¬ Du∂¬ \¬tI-

≠-Xp-≠v. AØ-c-Øn¬ ]T\w ê-]-Z-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ]In-b-

Iƒ°p ]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ kao-]-\-amWv \Ωƒ kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv.

]T-\-t\- -ßƒ Dd-∏m-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]T\kao-]\w kzoI-cn-°p-tºmƒ AXn\v

A\p-Kp-W-amb Hcp hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ kao-]-\hpw kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Bb-Xn-

\m¬ ]T-\-t\-´-ß-ƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ kao-]-\-amWv (Out-

come focused assessment approach) kzoIcn-t°-≠-Xv. ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ°v

Du∂¬ \¬In cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ "kPoh-

]¶m-fnØw' Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p. hna¿i-\m-flINn¥, bp‡nNn¥, ]T-\-Øns‚ ]Xn-

-e-\hpw ]I-S-\hpw, ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-amb Adnhv XpS-ßn-bh ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ°v

Du∂¬ \¬In-bp≈ ]T-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv.

\nc-¥-chpw ka-K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (CCE)

\nc-¥-chpw ka-K-hp-amb hne-bn--cp-Ø¬ coXn-bmWv \mw kzoI-cn-®ncn°p-∂-Xv.

Ipń-bn¬ A\pkyq-X-ambn \S°p∂ Hcp ]In-b-bm-Wv ]T\w. AXp-sIm-≠p-

Xs∂ tijn-Ifpw [mc-W-Ifpw FX-tØmfw t\Sn F∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ hne-

bn-cp-Ø¬ ]In-bbpw \nc-¥-c-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. ka-K-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂-

Xp-sIm≠v A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv Ipń-bpsS ssh⁄m-\n-I-hpw kmaq-ln-I-hpw sshIm-

cn-I-hp-amb taJ-e-I-fnse hne-bn-cp-ØemWv.

tKUnMv coXn

\nc-¥-chpw ka-K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v tKUnMv coXn-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂-Xv. 1 apX¬ 8 hsc ¢mkp-I-fnse tKUnßn\v s]mXp-hmbn A©v t]mbn‚ v

tKUnMv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. A©v t]mbn‚ v tK-Unßns‚ tKUv t]mbn‚ v iX-

am-\hpw tKUpw NphsS \¬Ip-∂p.

tKUv t]mbn‚ v iX-am\w tKUv

75 - 100 A

60 - 74 B

45 - 59 C

33 - 44 D

33 ¬ Xmsg E

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ]In-b-bpsS XpS¿®bpw ka-K-Xbpw Dd-∏m-°p∂Xn\p-th≠n

][m\-ambpw c≠p taJ-e-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.


CCE taJ-e-Iƒ

1. ssh⁄m-\nItaJe

2. kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cn-ItaJ-e

Ch Hmtcm∂pw hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-bnse hnImkw kw_-‘n® hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

Ipń ]T\w \n¿h-ln-°p∂ F√m hnj-b-ßfpw ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏-

Sp∂p. `mjmhnj-b-ßƒ, imkvXhnj-b-ßƒ (ASn -ÿm-\ -imkvXw,

KWnXimkvXw, kmaq-ly-im-kvXw), Iem-]T\w, ]hrØn]T\w, Btcm-Ky˛-

Im-bnI hnZym-`ymkw XpS-ßnb F√m hnj-b-ßfpw Cu taJ-e-bn¬s∏Sp-Ømw.

Hmtcm hnj-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ Is≠Øn Ah FX-tØmfw

t\Sm≥ km[n®p F∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-emWv \S-tØ-≠Xv. ChnsS c≠p Xc-Øn-

ep≈ hne--bn-cp-Ø-emWv \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv.

1. \nc-¥chne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (CE)

2. tSw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (TE)

\nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ( ( ( ( (CE)))))

1 apX¬ 8 hsc ¢mkp-I-fn¬ mjm-hn-j-b-ßfpsS -]-T\ØneqsS At\-I-ti-jn-I-

fpsS B¿P\w \S-t°≠Xp≠v. CXn¬ Bi-b-ßƒ, hkvXp-X-Iƒ, hnhn[

hn⁄m\-ta-J-e-Iƒ, k¿Km-fl-I-c-N-\-Iƒ XpSßn sshhn-[y-am¿∂ D≈-S-°-hp-

ap-≠v. Ch Hgn-hm-°n-s°m≠v mjm-ti-jn-Isf \n¿W-bn-°pI ZpjvI-c-am-Wv. tI´pw

hmbn®pw Imcy-ßƒ Kln-°p-I, ]d™pw Fgp-Xnbpw AXv ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-I, k¿Km-

flI cN\-Iƒ \S-ØpI XpS-ßnb tijn-Iƒ `mjm-]T\hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv

hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ tIhetijn-I-fmtbm hn⁄m-\kºmZ-\-amtbm

`mjm-]-T-\sØ th¿Xn-cn-°m-\m-hn-√.

1, 2 ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Xoap-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv `mj, (ae-bm-fw, Cw•o-jv,

CXc-`m-j-Iƒ), ]cn-k-c-]-T-\w, KWnXw F∂o hnj-b-ß-fnse ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ Cu ¢mkp-I-fnse D≈-S-°-ta-J-e-bmbn

]kvXpX Xoans\ \ap°p \nP-s∏-Sp-Ømw. hmNn-Ihpw enJn-X-hp-amb tijn-I-

fpsS hnIm-k-Øn¬ ]mY-an-I-L-´-Øn¬ \n¬°p∂ Ipń-I-fm-I-bm¬ ih-Ww,

`mj-Ww, en]n-hn-\ym-k-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-b¬, D®m-c-W-hy-‡-X-

tbm-sS-bp≈ hmb-\, icn-bmb Bte-J-\-I-aw, cN-\-bnse hf¿® F∂nh mjm-

ti-jn-I-fpsS ]mY-anIL´ß-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.

imkvX-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-L- -Ønepw Ipń- B¿Pn® Bib

[mc-W-Iƒ, ssIh-cn-°p∂ tijn-Iƒ F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.


So®¿ sSIvÃv

ChnsS aq∂p coXn-bn-ep≈ \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø-emWv \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂Xv.

$ ]T\]In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

$ t]m¿´vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

$ bqWn‰vXe hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (Hmtcm bqWn-‰n-s‚bpw ka-K-amb hne-bn-cp-

Ø¬)

Ch Hmtcm∂pw hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

$ ]T\]In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

]T-\-]-In-b-bpsS `mK-ambn tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n So®¿ hnhn-[-

ß-fmb ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bkq-XWw sNøp-∂p. Hmtcm ]h¿-Ø\w \S∏m°p-

tºmgpw ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fn-Øw, ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]I-S-\-Øn-

setbm Ah-X-c-W-Øn-setbm anI-hv, ]In-b-bpsS `mK-ambn Fgp-Xm\pw Ipdn--∏p-

Iƒ Xbm-dm-°m-\p-ap≈ A`n-cp-Nn, Ipń-Iƒ°v \n¿ZnjvS tijn-Iƒ FX-amXw

B¿Pn-°m≥ Ign-™n-´p≠v XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ iahpw

So®-dpsS `mK-Øp-\n∂v D≠mhWw. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ, ]T-\-]-In-b-bnse

]TnXm-hns‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v s]mXp-hmbn NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-

ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn°mw F∂p ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

1. ]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fnØw (]h¿Ø\w Gs‰-Sp-°m-\p≈ k∂-≤X,

hy‡n-KX ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ sNøp-∂-Xnse anI-hv, Kq∏nse CS-s]-S¬,

Bi-b-ßƒ ]¶p-h-bv°¬....)

2. Bib[mcW

3. tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°¬

4. ]I-S\w/Ah-X-cWw

5. tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬/Xbmdm°¬

]Inb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \n¿h-ln-°p-tºmƒ, Hmtcm kqN--Ihpw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \n¿h-ln-°-Ww. DZm-l-c-W-ambn "]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fnØw'

F∂ kqNIw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ G‰hpw anI® ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap-

≈-h¿, anI® ]¶mfn-Ø-ap-≈-h¿, icm-icn ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap-≈-h¿, C\nbpw sa®-s∏-

tS-≠-h¿ F∂p kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ/ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ

So®nMv am\z-ens‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ t]Pn¬ D≠m-h-Ww. Hcp tSan-\p-≈n¬ F√m

]Tn-Xm-°-sfbpw Hmtcm kqN-I-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \SØn

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

CXv F]-Im-c-am-Im-sa∂v KWn-X-Ønse Hcp ]h¿Ø\ØneqsS ]cn-tim-[n-

°mw.


1 apX¬ XpS¿®-bmb H‰kwJy-I-fpsS XpI, H‰kwJy-I-fpsS FÆsØ

AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ KpWn-®-Xm-bn-cn-°pw F∂ Bibw cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p-

≈-XmWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w. (DZm: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 4 x 4 = 16).

Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Ø¬, ]ńI hni-I-e\w sNø¬, ]c-kv]c

_‘w Is≠-Ø¬, \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°¬ F∂o tijn-I-fpsS hnIm-khpw e£y-

an-Sp-∂p.

CXn-\mbn So®¿ Hcp ]iv\w sImSp-°p-∂p.

Hcp Ipń Xos∏ń ASp-°n-h®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Hcp ]tXyI coXn-bn-em-Wv. G‰hpw

apI-fn--esØ hcn-bn¬ H∂v, AXn\v Xmsg hcn-bn¬ 3, AXn\p XmgsØ hcn-

bn¬ 5 F∂n-ß-s\.

Cßs\ 10 hcn hbv°m≥ FX Xos∏-ń D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠mIpw? Cßs\ 30 hcn

hbv°m≥ FX Xos∏-ń th≠nhcp-sa∂v Fßs\ Is≠Øpw?

Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ¢mkvdqw ]Inb ]cn-tim-[n°mw.

10 hcn hbv°m≥ FX Xos∏ń D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠mIpw F∂ tNmZy-amWv BZyw

]cn-K-Wn-°p-I.

Ipń Xt‚-Xmb coXn-bn¬ DØcw Is≠-Øm≥ ian-°p-∂p.

1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = 100

GXm\pw t]¿ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v So®¿ tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-∂p.

30 hcn-bn¬ FX-sb∂v CXpt]mse I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Ffp-∏-amtWm?

hcn-bpsS FÆhpw BsI Xos∏ń-I-fpsS FÆhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w ]cn-tim-

[n-°m≥ Hcp ]ń-I-bn¬ hnh-c-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

F¶n¬ ]ńI Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww?

Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw hy‡n-KX-ambn ]ńI D≠m-°p-∂p. Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNbvXv ¢mkn¬

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ¢mknse N¿®bv°p tijw s]mXp-hmb ]ńI cq]o-I-cn-

°p-Ibpw AXn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.


So®¿ sSIvÃv

]ńI

hcn hcn-bnse FÆw BsI FÆw

1 1 1

2 3 4

3 5 9

4 7 16

5 9 25

6 11 36

So®¿ tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-∂p:

hcn-bpsS FÆhpw BsI FÆhpw XΩn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw _‘w Is≠-Øm≥

Ign-bp-∂pt≠m?

hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp-∂p.

Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h¿°mbn So®¿ Nne tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn-°p-∂p:

hcn H∂m-Ip-tºmƒ FX Xos∏ń?

hcn c≠m-Ip-tºmƒ FX Xos∏ń?

hcnbpw Xos∏ń-I-fpsS FÆhpw XΩn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw _‘w Dt≠m?

................................................................ ?

................................................................ ? F∂n-ßs\

Is≠-Ønb Imcyw t\m´v_p-°n¬ Ipdn-°p-∂p. Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNbvXp ]c-kv]cw

hne-bn-cpØn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

¢mkn¬ AhX-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

N¿®bv°p tijw ho≠pw sa®-s∏-SpØn Fgp-Xp-∂p.

hcn-bpsS FÆsØ AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ KpWn-®m¬

BsI Xos∏ń-I-fpsS FÆw In´pw.

XpS¿∂v So®¿ Hcp tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-∂p: 1 apX¬ XpS¿®-bmb H‰kwJy-I-fpsS

XpI ImWm≥ F¥mWv Ffp∏hgn?

Ipń-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Fgp-Xp-∂p. Kq∏n¬ N¿®. - ]ckv]cw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ˛

sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø¬.

¢mkn¬ Ah-X-c-Ww.

N¿®bv°p tijw sa®-s∏-SpØn Fgp-X¬.


1 apX¬ XpS¿®-bmb H‰kwJy-I-fpsS XpI ImWm≥ H‰kwJy-I-fpsS

FÆsØ AXpsIm≠pXs∂ KpWn-®m¬ aXn.

Cu ]T-\-]-In-bbnse ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hns\ hnhn[ kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®p

hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

$ ]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fnØw

˛ ]h¿Ø\w Gs‰-SptØm?

˛ hy‡nK-X-ambn sNøm≥ ian-®n-´pt≠m?

˛ Kq∏n¬ ê-]-Z-ambn CS-s]-ń-´pt≠m?

˛ Bi-b-ßƒ ]¶p-h-®n-´pt≠m?

$ Bi-b-[m-cW

˛ Cu ]h¿Ø-\-^-e-ambn D≠m-tI≠ Bi-b-[m-cW cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

Ign-™n-´pt≠m?

-˛ ho≠pw ]h¿Ø-\tam ôUv_mt°m \¬tI≠n h∂n-´pt≠m?

$ tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°¬

˛ \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p∂ tijn-Iƒ t\Sm≥ Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS Ign-

™n-´pt≠m?

-˛ ]ńI cq]o-I-cn-®n-´pt≠m?

˛ hcn-Ifpw Xos∏- n-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™n- pt≠m?

A[nI tNmZy-ßfpw So®-dpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw Bh-iy-ambn h∂n- pt≠m?

-˛ ]ńI hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øm≥ Ign-™n-´pt≠m? a‰p-

≈-h-cpsS klmbw th≠nht∂m?

$ ]I-S\w/ Ah-X-cWw

˛ hy‡n-KX ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\p tijhpw Kq∏v ]h¿Ø\-Øn\p tijhpw

Is≠-Ønb Imcyw Ah-Xcn∏n-°m≥ ian-®n-´pt≠m?

˛ \nK-a\w bp‡n-]q¿hw ka¿Yn-°m≥ Ign-™n-´pt≠m?

$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬/ Xbm-dm-°¬

-˛ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ Bh-iy-amb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-

Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-´pt≠m?

-˛ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°p a\-n-em-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ BtWm?

-˛ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-en\v ASp°pw Nn´bpw Dt≠m?

-˛ ]ńI icn-bmbn Xbm-dm-°nbn´pt≠m?

-˛ hy‡n-K-Xambpw Kq∏v N¿®bv°p tijhpw ¢mkv N¿®bv°p tij-hp-

ap≈ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-I-fpt≠m?

Ipdn∏v : Hmtcm ]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw Cu kqN-Ißƒ D]tbm-Kn®v F√m Ipń-I-

sfbpw hne-bn-cpØn tKUv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂n-√. Cu kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-


So®¿ sSIvÃv

ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp tSanse samØw ]I-S-\-sØ-bmWv hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv. CXn-

\mbn So®-dpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ t]Pn¬ Nne Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. tSans‚

HSp-hn¬ Hmtcm kqN-I-Øn\pw 4/3/2/1 kvtImdp-Iƒ \¬In-bmWv ]In-b-bpsS

tKUv IW-°m-t°-≠-Xv. CXns‚ sXfn-hmbn Ipń-bpsS t\m´v_p°nse tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

\nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ `mK-ambn `mj-bn¬ ]T-\-]-Inb hne-bn-cp-tØ-

≠Xv Fß-s\-sb∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

`mj-bn¬ D≈-S-°-]-c-amb Bibw e`n-°p∂p F∂-Xp-t]mse ][m-\-amWv hyh-

lm-c-cq-]-kw-_-‘n-bmb Adnhpw `mjm-ti-jn-I-fpsS hnIm-khpw Ipń-bn-ep-≠m-

Ip∂p F∂-Xpw. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ kqN-I-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v Fß-s\-bmWv

]T-\-]-Inb hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv?

$ ]¶m-fnØw

]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Xm¬∏cyw, Kq∏v ]-h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-

fn-Øw, hyXykvX `mjm-]-T-\-k-t¶-X-ß-fn-eqsS (sse_-dn, Assk≥sa‚ v

]q¿Øn-bm-°¬ ...) Adnhv \n¿an-s®-Sp-°p∂ coXn F∂n-h-sbms° CXn¬

]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.

$ Bib[mcW

`mj-bnse D≈-S-°-]-c-amb [mc-W, hyh-lm-c-cq-]-Øns‚ LS-\, KpW-\n-e-

hmc kqNI-ßƒ, `mjm-]-c-amb anIhv F∂n-h-bn¬ ]Tn-Xmhv FhnsS

\n¬°p∂p F∂-XmWv A[ym-]nI ChnsS hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv.

$ tijn-Iƒ

ih-Ww, `mjWw, hmb-\, teJ-\w, k¿Km-fl-IX XpS-ßnb tijotaJ-e-

I-fn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cpØn oUv_m°v \¬Ip-∂p. ChnsS

hnhn[ mjm hyh-lmctaJ-e-Iƒ, mjm-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ, Bi-b-hn-\n-abw F∂n-

h-bn¬ Ipń-bpsS ]I-S\w IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.

$ ]IS\w/Ah-X-cWw

`mj-bn¬ Bi-b-]-I-S-\-Øn\v hyXykvX hgn-I-fp-≠-t√m. Ipń-bpsS cN-\m-

ti-jn-t]m-se-Øs∂ ][m-\-amWv a‰p `mjm-]-I-S-\-ßfpw (]mcm-b-Ww,

Bem-]-\w, A`n-\-bw, NnXw-h-c, `mj-Ww) ˛ D®m-c-W-ip-≤n, kv]jvSX

F∂n-h-sbms° ]cn-K-Wn-®m-bn-cn°pw ChnsS So®¿ ôUv_m°v \¬tI-

≠Xv.

$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬/Xbm-dm-°¬

]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ Bh-iy-amb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ

\S-Øn-bn-´pt≠m? tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°p a\-n-em-Ip∂ coXn-

bn¬ BtWm? tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-en\v ASp°pw Nn´bpw Dt≠m? hy‡n-K-Xambn


cN\ \S-Øn-bn-´pt≠m? ¢mkv N¿®bv°p tijw Kq∏n¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-

´pt≠m? sX‰n-√msX cN\ \n¿h-ln-°m≥ Ipń-Iƒ°p Ign-bp-∂pt≠m? F∂-

sXms°bmWv So®¿ hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv.

ta¬ kqNn-∏n® taJ-e-I-fn-sem-s°, Hcp tSw Ign-bp-tºmƒ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚

ka-K-]p-tcm-KXn I≠psIm≠p thWw ]T-\-]-Inb hne-bn-cpØn So®¿

tKUv sNtø-≠-Xv.

Cu kqN-I-ß-sfm-s°-Øs∂ `mjm-]-T-\-]-In-b-bn¬ Ft∏mgpw ]k-‡-am-Wv.

Hcp tSanse hnhn[ bqWn-‰p-I-fnse \n¿ZnjvS ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ Dd-∏m-°p∂ F√m

]T-\-]Inbbn-sebpw ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]I-S-\sØ So®¿°v hne-bn-cpØmw; A\n-

hm-cy-X-bv°-\p-k-cn®v So®nMv am\z-ens‚ ]Xn-I-c-W-t]-Pn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-

am-hmw.

$ `mjbnse Hcp ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kq£va-]-Inb t\m°q. (hnh-cWw

Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xns‚ ]T-\-]-Inb)

$ Ipń-Iƒ ]qt¥m-´-Øns‚ hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

]In-bm-L- -ßƒ

$ e`n® A\p-`-h-Øn-s‚bpw (t\c-\p-`-hw, Zriyw) B¿PnX Adn-hn-s‚bpw

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ Kq∏n¬ hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. Bh-iy-amb Iqń-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ/Hgn-hm-°¬

\SØn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

$ Kq∏ns‚ Ah-X-c-Ww.

$ D≈-S-°w, LS-\, `mjm-]-tbmKw F∂nh kw_-‘n®v ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-

N¿®.

$ hnh-c-W-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-kq-N-Ißƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

$ sa®-s∏-SpØn hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°¬.

CXns\ FUn-‰nMv ]Inbbv°p hnt[-b-am-°p-tºmtgm?

Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ ]In-bm-L-´-ßƒ Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw?

$ hy‡n-KX cN\

$ Kq∏n¬ hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°¬ ˛ N¿®

$ Kq∏p-¬∏∂w Xbm-dm-°¬ (F√m-hcpw N¿®-sNbvXv Hcp D¬∏∂w Xbm-dm-

°¬).

$ Kq∏p-I-fn¬ Xbm-dm-°nb hnh-cWw ]Z¿in-∏n-°¬.

$ So®¿ th¿j≥ Ah-X-cWw.


So®¿ sSIvÃv

$ icm-i-cn-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ Hcp D¬∏∂w ]cn-K-Wn®v IrXy-amb tNmZy-ßƒ

tNmZn-°p∂p. (Bi-b-X-ew, hmIy-L-S-\, ]Zw, A£-cw, Nn”w)

$ N¿®-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ipń-Iƒ Xß-fpsS cN-\-Iƒ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.

Cu ]h¿Ø-\sØ hnhn[ kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-sX-ß-s\-

sb∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

$ ]¶m-fnØw ˛ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-epS\of-ap≈ ]¶m-fn-Øw.

$ Bi-b-[m-cW ˛ ]qt¥m-´-hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ Bi-b-ßƒ,

hnhc-W-Øns‚ LS\, kqN-I-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hmcw

kw_-‘n® Adn-hv.

$ tijn-Iƒ ˛ `mj-Ww, hmb-\, teJ-\w... XpS-ßn-bhbn¬ Ipń-bpsS

Ign-hv.

$ ]I-S\w ˛ hy‡n-K-X-c-N-\ -Kq-∏n¬ hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºm-gpw

Kq∏hXc-W-th-f-bnepw.

$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ ˛ hy‡n-KX cN-\, Kq∏nse sa®-s∏-SpØepIƒ, ]h¿Ø\-

ØnepS-\ofw \S-Ønb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn®v

Cu ]h¿Ø-\sØ hne-bn-cpØn A\n-hm-cy-Xbv°-\p-k-

cn®v So®nMv am\z-en¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-a-t√m.

]T\]Inb hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ i≤n-®-t√m.

tSan-s\m-Sp-hn¬ ]T\]In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ So®¿°v

(i) Xs‚ So®nMv am\z-¬ (ii) Ipń-I-fpsS t\m´v]p-kvXIw F∂nh B[m-c-am°mhp-

∂-Xm-Wv.

(1) So®nMv am\z-ense hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ

]T-\]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kq£va-X-e-Øn¬ Bkq-XWw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw \nc-¥c

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ imkvXo-b-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pambn So®nMv am\z-¬ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xm-

Wv. So®nMv am\z-ep-I-fn¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ LS-I-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

(i) ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ

(ii) Bibßƒ/[mc-W-Iƒ

(iii) tijn-Iƒ

(iv) aqey-ßƒ/at\m-`m-h-ßƒ

(v) ]T\kma-Kn-Iƒ

(vi) ]Xo-£n-°p∂ D¬∏-∂-ßƒ

(vii) kabw


(viii) ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw AS-ßnb ]Inbm t]Ppw hne-bn-cp-

Ø¬ hnh-c-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ t]Ppw.

(ix) hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ t]Pnse hnh-c-ßƒ ASn-ÿm\-am-°n-bp≈ dn^vf-Ivj≥

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ.

am\z-en¬ A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw Dƒt®¿Øp-sIm-≠p≈ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-

XWw, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ kµ¿`-ßƒ, X¥-ßƒ, Sqfp-Iƒ F∂nh D≠m-I-Ww.

(2) hnj-b-_-‘n-X-amb t\m´v]pkvXIw kw_-‘n® hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ

ssh⁄m-\nItaJ-e-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v ASn-ÿm-\am-t°≠ ][m-\ -tc-J-

bmWv ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ t\m v]pkvXIw. ]T-\-]-In-b-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v hnhn[ ]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn\v t\m v-]pkvXIw klm-b-I-am-Wv. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ k¿Km-

fl-I-X, Nn¥m]In-b-Iƒ, `mjmss\]pWn F∂nh t\m´v]pkvXIØn¬ ]Xn-

^-en-°pw. ]mT-`mKw hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn\p kzoI-cn-°p∂ hnhn[ X¥-ßƒ,

Ah-bpsS ]q¿Øo-I-c -W-Øn\v ]Tn -Xmhv \S-Øp∂ aps∂m-cp -°-ßƒ,

]h¿Ø\ßfpsS hnhn[ L´-ß-fnse CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ XpSßn F√m hnh-c-ßfpw

t\m´v]pkvXIØn¬ D≠m-I-Ww. ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS cq]-s∏´ D¬∏-∂-ßƒ

kw_-‘n® hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xpw t\m´v]pkvX-IØn¬Øs∂-

bm-Wv.

ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn t\´-ßƒ hne-bn-cpØn ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v Bh-iy-amb

\n¿tZi-ßfpw ssIØm-ßpw So®¿ \¬I-Ww. bqWn‰v Ah-km-\n-°p-tºmƒ B

bqWn‰nse ]T-\-t\´-ßƒ ]Tn-Xmhv t\Sn-bn-´pt≠m F∂p hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-

\p≈ Hcp tcJ-bmbn t\m´v-]pkvX-Ißƒ ]cn-W-an-°-Ww.

Bi-b-hy-‡-X-bp-≈Xpw kµ¿ -ßƒ°pw Bi-b-ßƒ°pw tbm-Py-amb ]cm-a¿i-

ßƒ D≈Xpw kz¥w Nn¥-Iƒ kzmwio-I-cn -°p-∂-Xpw ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-

∂XpamhWw t\m´v]pkvX-Iw. Imcy-ßƒ X∑-b-Xz-tØmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°-

Ww. t\m´v]pkvX-IØn\v ka-K-Xbpw XpS¿®bpw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

$ t]m¿ vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS IS∂pt]mIptºmƒ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ F√m D¬∏-∂-ßfpw

t]m¿ vt^mfn-tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØn hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww. ]T-\sØ kw_-‘n®v Ipń-

°pw c£n-Xm-hn\pw So®¿ oUv_m°v \¬IpI F∂ [¿a-amWv t]m¿ vt^mfntbm

\n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. CXp ]T-\sØ Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øpw.

t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-bn¬

$ t\m´v]pkvXIw

$ a‰p cN-\Iƒ (hy‡n-K-X-c-N-\, sa®-s∏-Sp-Ønb cN-\)

$ a‰v ]T-\-sØ-fn-hp-Iƒ (NnX-ßƒ, tiJ-c-ßƒ, ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ)


So®¿ sSIvÃv

$ ]T-\-sØ-fn-hpIƒ hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ipń-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb kqN-I-ßƒ

$ k¿Km-flI krjvSn-Iƒ

$ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ

XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs∏-Spw.

t]m¿´vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-Øen\v Xmsg sImSpØ kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

$ Bibhy‡-X

$ [mc-W-I-fpsS kzmwio-I-cWw

$ A\p-tbm-Py-amb cq]-I¬∏\

$ ]q¿WX

$ X\na

t]m¿ vt^m-fntbm hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp DZm-l-cWw ]cn-tim-[n°mw.

]h¿Ø\w : ]T-t\m-]-I-cW \n¿amWw

Ggmw ¢mknse imkvX-hn-j-b-Ønse "]Im-i-hn-kva-b-ßƒ' F∂ ]mT-`m-K-hp-

ambn _‘-s∏´v Bh¿Ø\ ]Xn-]-X\w F∂ Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ tNm°p-

s]-ńbpw IÆmSn°jW-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v Ipń Hcp-]-I-cWw \n¿an-°p-∂p.

tNm°p-s]- n--bn¬ kam-¥-c-ambn c≠p hiØpw IÆmSn Hń-®p-hbv-°p-∂p. tNm°p-

s]-ń-bn¬ Hcp hiØv sNdnb Zzmc-ap-≠m°n B hiØv Hń-®p-h-bv°p∂ IÆmSn

°jW-Øn¬\n∂v ck-]mfn A¬∏w \o°w sNø-Ww. tNm°p-s]-ń-bn¬ GsX-

¶nepw Hcp hkvXp h®v tNm°p-s]-ń-bnse Zzmc-Øn-eqsS AI-tØ°p t\m°n-

bm¬ A\-¥amb FÆw ]Xn-_nw_ßƒ ImWmw. t]m¿´vt^m-fntbm hnebn-

cp-Ø-en-\p≈ kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Cu ]h¿Ø\w Fßs\ hnebn-cpØmw

F∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

(1) Bi-b-hy-‡X

an\p-k-ap≈ ]X-ew ]Im-isØ \∂mbn ]Xn-]-Xn-∏n°p∂p F∂pw ]Imiw

Bh¿Øn®v ]Xn-]-Xn-°p-∂Xp-aq-e-amWv At\Iw ]Xn-_nw-_-ßƒ D≠m-hp-∂Xv

F∂p-apff Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ klm-b-I-amb Hcp D]-I-c-W-amWv CXv F∂v

Ipń a\-n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

(2) [mc-W-I-fpsS kzmwio-I-cWw

IÆmSn°jW-ßƒ A`n-ap-J-ambn hbvt°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iyw, kam-¥-c-ambn Iao-

I-cn-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iyw, IÆmSn°jWw Hń® Hcp hiØv sNdnb Zzmc-an-´v,

IÆm-Sn-bnse ck-]mfn \o°w sNbvXv, Cu `mK-Øp-IqSn AI-tØ°p t\m°p-

tºm-gm-Wv ]Xn-_nw-_-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bp--∂Xv XpS-ßnb [mc-W-Iƒ

Ipń°v Dt≠m F∂-dn-bm≥ Ipń-bp-ambn N¿® \S-tØ≠n hcpw.


(3) DNnX-amb cq]-L-S\

Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ LS-I-ß-fmWv Cu kqNIw D]--tbm-Kn®v hne-bn-cpØp-tºmƒ apJy-

ambpw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv.

$ tNm°ps]ńtbm a‰v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hkvXp-°tfm Xnc-s™-Sp-ØXv.

$ D]-tbm-Kn® IÆmSn°jW-ß-fpsS hep∏w.

$ GXp hi-ß-fn-emWv IÆmSn°jW-ßƒ Hń-®Xv?

$ ]Xn-_nw_w cq]-s∏-tS≠ hkvXp Fhn-sS-bmWv h®-Xv?

(4) ]q¿WX

D]-I-cWw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®n-´pt≠m, At\Iw ]Xn-_nw-_-ßƒ ImWm≥ Ign-™n-

´pt≠m XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]q¿WX hne-bn-cp-

Ømw.

(5) X\na

D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ `wKn, ]Xn-_nw_w D≠m-t°-≠- hkvXp-hns‚ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v

(DZm: ]q°ƒ, sNdn-b -]m-h-Iƒ, sse‰v, ....), hrØn, CuSv XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fn¬

X\na ]pe¿Øp-∂pt≠m F∂p ]cn-tim-[n°mw.

ta¬ kqNn-∏n® LS-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v

D¬∏∂sØ (t]m¿´vt^m-fntbm) hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]T-\]-In-b-bpsS

`mK-ambn cq] -s∏-Sp∂ D¬∏-∂-ßƒ AXXp -k-a -bØv hne -bn -cpØn

So®nMvam\zens‚ ]XnIcW -t]-Pntem ]tXyI Ipdn-∏p-I-fmtbm tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-

h-bv°mw. tSan-sem-cn-°¬ apgp-h≥ D¬∏∂-ß-sfbpw ka-K-am-bn- I≠psIm≠v

kqN-I-Øn\v A\p-k-cn®v t]mbn‚ v \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]T\]In-b-bp-sSbpw t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm--bp-sSbpw tKUv IW-°m-°p∂ coXn

tSan-\¬ BbmWv tKUv IW-°m-t°-≠-Xv. CXns‚ coXnimkvXw ]cn-tim-[n-

°mw.

]In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, t]m¿´vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂n-h-bnse

Hmtcm kqN-Ihpw ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn "G‰hpw sa®w/sa®-s∏-´Xv/icm-icn/

C\nbpw sa®-s∏-tS-≠Xv'' F∂p td‰v sNbvXv bYm-Iaw 4/3/2/1 F∂n-ßs\

t]mbn‚ v IW-°m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

5 kqN-I-ßfpw ]cnK-Wn-°p-tºmƒ, Hmtcm kqN-I-Øn\pw 4/3/2/1 F∂n-ßs\

t]mbn‚ v \¬In-bm¬ ]c-am-h[n 20 t]mbn‚ v F∂p IW-°m-°mw.

tKUnMv am\-Zfiw A\p-k-cn®p Xbm-dm-°nb NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ sdUn-

sd-°-W¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v t]mbn‚ v tKUm°n am‰mw.


So®¿ sSIvÃv

t]mbn‚ v tKUv

15 - 20 A

12 - 14 B

9 - 11 C

7 - 8 D

Below 7 E

Hcp tSanse ]In-bsbbpw t]m¿´vt^m-fntbm C\-ß-sfbpw ka-K-ambn I≠p-

sIm-≠p-thWw Hmtcm kqN-I-Øn\pw t]mbn‚ v \¬In tKUn-te°p amt‰-≠-Xv.

$ bqWn‰vXe hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

Hcp bqWn-‰n¬ hnhn[ ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ°p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]c-kv]-c-_-‘-

tØmsSbmWv hn\y-kn-®n-cn-°p∂Xv. CXn\v Hcp ka-K-kz-`m-h-ap-≠v. Hcp bqWn-

‰nse ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]T-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS Cu ka-KXmt_m[-sØ-

bmWv (apgp-h≥ ]T-\-t\-´-ß-sfbpw ]cn-K-Wn®v) hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xv. hmNn-I-amb

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, Iznkv t]mKmw, Hm∏¨_p°v hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, tNmZy-ßƒ Xbm-

dm-°epw DØ-c-kq-NnI Is≠-Ø-epw, ]pXnb cN-\-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ XpS-ßn-

bh bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\p ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. \n›nX bqWn-‰nse ]T\-

t\-´-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Ipń FhnsS \n¬°p∂p F∂p Xncn®dnbm≥ klm-b-

I-amb td‰n-Mv kvsI-bn¬, sN°v enÃv XpS-ßn-b-hbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-tØm-sSm∏w kzm`m-hn-I-ambn \S-t°-≠-

Xm-Wv.

bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Ø-en¬ kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t]mbn‚ v \¬In tKUv

B°n tSans‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ \n›nX t^m¿am-‰n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Hcp

tSan¬ H∂n-e-[nIw bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ D≠mIpw F∂XpsIm≠v bqWn‰v

hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-I-fpsS icm-icnbmWv tSans‚ HSp-hn¬ tN¿t°-≠-Xv. CXn-\p-]-

tbm-Kn® Sqfns‚ kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ kqN-I-ßƒ So®¿ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

Iem-]-T-\w, ]hr-Øn-]T\w, Btcm-Ky-˛Im-bnI hnZym-`ymkw F∂o hnj-b-

ßƒ°pw ]In-b, t]m¿´vt^mfntbm, bqWn‰v Xew F∂n-h-bn¬ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

\SØn tKUv \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.

CE tKUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn tKUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn tKUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn tKUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn tKUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn

Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn-s‚-bpw ]T\]In-b, t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm, bqWn‰vXe hne-bn-cp-

Ø¬ F∂nhbn¬ Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw tKUv IW-°m-°n-b-Xn\p tijw A, B, C, D,

E tKUp-Iƒ°v bYm-Iaw 5/4/3/2/1 F∂n-ßs\ t]mbn‚ v \¬I-Ww. Cßs\

e`n-°p∂ BsI tKUv t]mbn‚ns‚ icm-icn IW-°m°n CE tKUv Is≠Ømw.


DZmlc-W-ambn Hcp Ipń°v ae-bm-f-Øn\v ]T\]In-b, t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm,

bqWn‰ vXe hne-bn -cp -Ø¬ F∂n -h -bpsS tKUv bYm - Iaw A, B, B

BsW∂ncn°s´. F¶n¬ BsI e`n® tKUv t]mbn‚ v 5 + 4 + 4 = 13 BWv.

icm-icn = 13 / 3 = 4.33 BWv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Ipń-bpsS tKUv B BWv.

tSw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (TE)

1 apX¬ 8 hsc ¢mkp-I-fn¬ mjm-hn-j-b-ßƒ°p tSan¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏´ bqWn‰p-

I-fnse ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ Bkv]-Z-am°n hyh-lm-c-cq-]-ßƒ, `mjm-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ,

`mjm-tijn-Iƒ F∂o taJ-e-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®m-hWw tSw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬. D≈-

S° taJ-e-Iƒ°pw tijn-Iƒ°pw Du∂¬ \¬In-s°m≠v sshhn-[y-ap≈ tNmZy-

am-Xr-I-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw. imkvX-hn-j-b-ßƒ°v tSan¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂

bqWn-‰p-I-fnse D≈-S°taJ-e-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°nbmWv tSw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

\S-tØ-≠-Xv. ]T\t\´-ßƒ°v Du∂¬ sImSp-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ Bi-b-ßfpw

tijn-Ifpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v DX-Ip∂ tNmZy-ßƒ CXn-\mbn Xbm-dm-°mw.

Hmtcm bqWn‰v/Bi-b-ta-Jebv°pw hnhn[ Xe-Øn-ep≈ am\-kn-I-]-In-b-Iƒ°pw

icn-bmb shbn-t‰Pv \¬In-s°m≠v sshhn-[y-am¿∂ tNmZy-ßƒ Dƒs∏- n- p-s≠∂v

Dd∏phcpØn thWw tNmZy-t]-∏¿ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xv. tNmZy-ßƒ°-\p-tbm-Py-amb

kqN-I-ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n- hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \n¿h-ln-

°pIbpw thWw. Hmtcm tNmZy-Øn\pw th≠n Xbm-dm-°n-bn-´p≈ kqN-I-ßsf

ASnÿm\-s∏-SpØn t]mbn‚ v \¬Ip-I-bpw ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Hmh-dmƒ tKUv Is≠-

Øp-Ibpw thWw.

Iem-]-T-\w, ]hr-Øn-]T\w, Btcm-Ky˛ImbnI -hn-Zym-`ymkw F∂o hnj-b-ßsf

kw_-‘n®v tSan\¬ hne--bn-cp-Ø¬ ]I-S-\-hn-e-bn-cp-Øem-bmWv (Performance

Assessment) \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\p≈ amXr-I-Iƒ AXXp hnj-b-ß-fpsS

lm≥Uv_p-°n¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Iem-]-T-\w, ]hr-Øn-]T\w, Btcm-Ky˛-Im-bnI

hnZym-`ymkw F∂o hnj-b-ßƒ°pw Cu coXn-bn¬ tKUv \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.

ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-bnse hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ˛ tSan-\¬ tImUo-I-cWw

(1) ¢mkv 1 apX¬ 4 hsc

1 apX¬ 4 hsc ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Hmtcm hnj-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn kn.C. hne-bn-

cp-Ø¬, Sn.C. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂nh ]tXy-I-ambn I≠v tSan-\-embn tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Ø-Ww. CXn-\mbn F1 t^m¿am‰v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F

1 t^m¿am‰v A\p-

_-‘-ambn \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. kn.C., Sn.C. F∂nh tKUp-I-fmbmWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-

≠-Xv. F1 t^m¿am‰n¬ Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw kn.C., Sn.C. hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ aq∂v


So®¿ sSIvÃv

tSap-I-fn-teXpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Ah-kcw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Htc t^m¿am‰n¬

H∂n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS Ipń-bpsS sa®-s∏-S¬ Iam-\p-K-X-ambn kw`-hn-

°p-∂pt≠m? Bscm-s°-bmWv ]n∂m°w t]mIp-∂Xv? XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßƒ a\-

n-em-°m≥ km[n-°pw.


5 apX¬ 8 hsc ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Hmtcm hnj-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn kn.C. hne-bn-

cp-Ø¬, Sn.C. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂nh ]tXy-I-ambn I≠v tSan-\-embn tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Ø-Ww. CXn-\mbn F2 t^m¿am‰v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F

2 t^m¿am‰v A\p-

_-‘-ambn \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. kn.C., Sn.C. F∂nh tKUp-I-fmbmWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-

≠-Xv.

kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-esbt∏mseØs∂ ][m-\-amWv kmaq-lnI˛-ssh-Im-cnI

taJe-bnsebpw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬. Learning to know, Learning to do, Learning to live

together, Learning to be F∂nh-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ss\]p-Wn-I-fmWv ChnsS ]cn-

K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv. kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-ambn _‘-

s∏-SpØn NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-tS-≠-XmWv.

1 Bibhn\n-ab tijn (Communication skill)

2 hy‡y-¥c ss\]pWn (Interpersonal skill)

3 kl-`mhw (Empathy)

4 hnIm-c-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-S¬ (Coping with emotions)

5 am\-knI kΩ¿Z-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-S¬ (Coping with Stresses)

6 ]iv\-]-cn-l-cW tijn (Problem solving skill)

7 Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°¬ (Decision making)

8 hna¿i-\m-flINn¥ (Critical thinking)

9 k¿Km-flItijn (Creative skill)

10 kzbmh-t_m[w (Self-awareness)

ssh⁄m-\n-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ hnhn[ hnj-b-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ A[ym-]-I¿

Xs∂ Ch-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Øepw \n¿h-ln-°-Ww. AXXv hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]Inbm

hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ `mK-ambn Cu hne-bn-cp-Øepw \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. ChnsS

]In-bm-tijn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w aqey-ßƒ/at\m- m-h-ßƒ F∂nh cq]-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xpambn _‘-s∏´ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬IqSn \S-°-Ww.


kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJe-bnse ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hns\ kw_-‘n-°p∂

KpW]-c-amb C\-ßƒ Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpIbmWv th-≠-Xv. Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-

hn-s‚bpw KpW]c-amb ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t]m’m-ln∏n°s∏-tS-≠Xp≠v.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ˛hm¿jnI tImUo-I-cWw


1 apX¬ 4 hsc-bp≈ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ tSan-\¬ Bbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb t^m¿am‰v (F1)

se kn.C., Sn.C. tKUp-Iƒ hm¿jn-I-ambn tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v t^m¿am‰v F3

D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. CXn¬ Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw hnj--b-_-‘n-X-amb kn.C., Sn.C.

tKUp-Iƒ tSan-\¬ Bbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. (F3 ImWp-I). tSan-\¬

Bbn e`n-°p∂ kn.C. tKUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 3 tSan-ep-ambn Ipń°p

e`n® G‰hpw anI® tKUv BWv kn.C. bpsS hm¿jn-I-am-bp≈ Hmh-dmƒ tKUv.

CXv F3 t^m¿am-‰n¬ ]tXy-I-ambn hrØ-Øn-em°n Hmh-dmƒ kn.C. tKUv

Fs¥∂p kqNn-∏n-°m--hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Sn.C. tKUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ aq∂mw tSan¬ Ipń°p e`n® tKUmWv

Sn.C. tKUmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv.

kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse ss\]p-Wn-I-fn¬ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hns\ kw_-

‘n®pw anI-®-h AXn-\mbp≈ tImf-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠XmWv. anIhv Xosc

]Z¿in-∏n-°mØ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ "anIhv ssIh-cn-®n-ń√' F∂ coXn-bn¬ tcJ-

s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√.


5 apX¬ 8 hsc-bp≈ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ AXXp hnjbw ssIImcyw sNøp∂ A[ym-

]-I¿ \¬Ip∂ hnj-b-Øns‚ kn.C., Sn.C. tKUp-Iƒ (F2 t^m¿am-‰n¬ tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Øn-bXv) hm¿jn-I-ambn tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v t^m¿am‰v F4 D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

CXn¬ Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw hnj--b-_-‘n-X-amb kn.C., Sn.C. tKUp-Iƒ tSan-

\¬ Bbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. (F4ImWp-I). tSan-\¬ Bbn e`n-°p∂

kn.C. tKUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 3 tSan-ep-ambn Ipń°p e`n® G‰hpw anI®

tKUv BWv kn.C. bpsS hm¿jn-I-am-bp≈ Hmh-dmƒ tKUv. CXv F4 t^m¿am‰n¬

]tXy-I-ambn he-bØn-em°n Hmh-dmƒ kn.C. tKUv Fs¥∂p kqNn-∏n-°m--hp-

∂-Xm-Wv.

Sn.C. tKUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ aq∂mw tSan¬ Ipń°p e`n® tKUmWv

Sn.C. tKUmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv.

kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse ss\]p-Wn-I-fn¬ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hns\ kw_-

‘n®pw anI-®-h AXn-\mbp≈ tImf-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠XmWv. anIhv Xosc


So®¿ sSIvÃv

]Z¿in-∏n-°mØ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ "anIhv ssIh-cn-®n-ń√' F∂ coXn-bn¬ tcJ-

s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√.

C]-Imcw ssh⁄m-\nI Xe-Øn-sebpw kmaq-ln-I˛-ssh-Im-cnI Xe-Øn-sebpw

]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hp-Iƒ hne-bn-cpØn ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S]Sn-

Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \nc-¥-c-ambpw ka-K-X-

tbm-sSbpw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ Iq´mb ia-ßƒ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-

X-am-Wv. Ah km[y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ¢Ã¿Xe IqSn-t®-cep-I-fn-eqsS hne-bn-cp-

Ø¬ IqSp-X¬ kºp-jvS-am-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-\p≈ hnhn[ t^m¿am-‰p-Iƒ A\p-_-‘-ambn \¬Ip-∂p.


hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ H‰- t\m-´-Øn¬....

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

kao-]\w : ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂ kao-]\w

\nc-¥-chpw ka-K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ (CCE)

ssh⁄m-\n-I-ta-Je kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJe

1 Bibhn\n-abtijn(Communication skill)

2 hy‡y-¥c ss\]pWn(Interpersonal skill)

3 kl-`mhw (Empathy)4 hnIm-c-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-

s∏-S¬(Coping with emotions)

5 am\-knIkΩ¿Z-ß-fp-ambns]mcp-Ø-s∏-S¬(Coping with Stresses)

6 ]iv\-]-cn-l-cW tijn(Problem solving skill)

7 Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°¬(Decision making)

8 hna¿i-\m-flINn¥(Critical thinking)

9 k¿Km-flItijn(Creative skill)

10 kzbmh-t_m[w

(Self-awareness)

\nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ tSw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

$ ]T\]In-bhne-bn-cp-Ø¬

$ t]m¿´vt^m-fntbmhne-bn-cp-Ø¬

$ bqWn-‰vXehne-bn-cp-Ø¬

$ Bi-b-ßƒ,]In-b-IƒapX-em-b-h.


So®¿ sSIvÃvA

\p-_

‘w

hnZ

ym¿Y

n-bps

S t]

cv

Ad-_

n/


2) CE, TE F∂nh Hmtcm tSanepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ hnj-b-_-‘nX

tImUo-I-cW t^m¿am‰v ( F2) -˛ ¢mkv 5 apX¬ 8 hsctSw : 1/2/3

hnjbw : ..................................................... ¢mkv ........................................Unhn-j≥ ...............................

\º¿ hnZym¿Yn-bpsS t]cv CE C\-ßƒ

]I

nb

t]m¿

vt^

mfntb

m

bqW

n‰v

hne

-b

ncpØ

¬

BsI

CE

tKU

v

TEtKU

v

dnam

¿Ivk

v

F2


So®¿ sSIvÃv

¢mk

v


¢mk

v

P∑-kn-≤-amb mjm-ti-jn, IpSpw-_-mwK-ß-tfmSpw a‰p-≈-h-tcm-Sp-ap≈ kwk¿Kw

hgn t\Snb hn\n-abtijn- F∂n-h-tbmSpIq-Sn-bmWt√m Ipń-Iƒ hnZym-e-b-

Øn-se-Øp-∂-Xv. amXr- mj icn-bmbn a\-n-em-°m\pw ]tbm-Kn-°m-\pw, kwkm-

c-Ønepw s]cp-am-‰-Ønepw HuNn-Xy-]q¿hw am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øm\pw Ign-bp-∂-h-

cmWv Ch¿. Cu tijn-Iƒ ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v Kl-W -

ss\]p-Wnbpw ]tbm-K-ss\-]p-Wnbpw Db¿∂-X-e-Øn-se-Øn-°pI F∂-XmWv

]mY-anI ¢mkp-I-fnse `mjm-]-T-\-Øns‚ e£yw. CXns‚ `mK-ambn H∂v,

c≠v ¢mkp-I-fn¬ `mj-bpsS enJn-X-cq]w ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v hmbn®pw

Fgp-Xn-bp-ap≈ `mjm-]-tbm-K-Øn¬ Ipń-Iƒ°v ASn-Ø-d-bn-Sm-\p≈ ia-ß-

fmWv \S-°p-∂-Xv. IqSp-X¬ Db¿∂ Xe-Øn-¬ hn\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw k¿Km-fl-I-

Xbpw ]tbm-K-ti-jnbpw hnI-kn--°p-∂-Xn\v hmsam-gnbpw hc-sam-gn-bpw D]-

tbm-Kn-®p≈ Ah-k-c-ßƒ Hcp-°p-I-bmWv aq∂v, \mev ¢mkp-I-fn¬ th≠Xv.

tIh-e-amb Bib hn\n-a-tbm-]m[n F∂-Xn-\-∏pdw mj Hcp P\-X-bpsS kmaq-

ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]Xn-^-e\w Xs∂-bm-Wv. a\p-

jy≥ kz¥w hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c-ßƒ ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw k¿Km-fl-Im-hn-jvIm-c-ßƒ

\S-Øp-∂Xpw Iem-kr-jvSn-Iƒ Bkz-Zn-°p-∂Xpw mj D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv.

temIsØ Adn-bp-∂-Xn\pw hymJym-\n-°p-∂-Xn\pw kmaq-ln-I-Po-hnXØns‚

Cg-Iƒ s\øp-∂-Xn\pw mj- th-Ww. C]-Imcw a\p-jys‚ hf¿®-bnepw hnIm-

k-Ønepw mj \n¿Wm-b-I-]-¶mWv hln-°p∂Xv. Xs‚bpw kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw

D∂-a-\-Øn\v i‡-amb D]-I-c-W-ambn `mj D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ipńsb ]m]vX-

\m-°pI F∂Xv `mjm-]-T-\-Øns‚ BXy-¥nI e£y-am-Wv. Cu e£yw h®p-

sIm-≠p thWw ]mY-an-I-X-e-Ønse mjm-]-T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-tØ-≠Xv.

\ΩpsS `mjm-km-lnXycq]-ßƒ hmbn®p Kln-°p-I, Bkzm-Z-\-]-chpw A]-

K-Y-\-]-c-hp-amb N¿®-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-I, Ah-tbm-Sp≈ ]Xn-I-c-W-sa∂ \ne-

bn¬ cN-\-I-fnepw a‰m-hn-jvIm-c-ß-fnepw G¿s∏-SpI F∂ coXn-bn-ep≈ mjm-

]-T-\-co-Xn-bmWv \mw kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. CXn\p klm-b-I-amb XcØn-emWv

\memw ¢mknse ]pXnb ae-bmf ]mT-]p-kvXIw Xbm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv.

]mT]pkvX-Ihpw So®¿ sSIvÃpw ê-]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn `mjm-]-T-\-

Øns‚ A\-¥-km-[y-X-Iƒ ¢mkv apdn-bn¬ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Hmtcm

So®¿°pw Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.

bqWn-‰p-Iƒc≠p `mK-ß-fn-embn Iao-I-cn-® F´v bqWn-‰p-I-fmWv \memw ¢mknse ae-

bmf ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. F´p bqWn-‰p-I-fn-ep-ambn BsI 18 ]mT-ßƒ.

bqWn-‰p-Iƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

`mKw 1 `mKw 2

1. AarXw 6. tafnXw

2. lcnXw 7. tamlnXw

3. alnXw 8. NcnXw

4. cknXw

5. a[pcw

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn-te°v


AarXw

kvt\l-Øns‚ alØzw hy‡-am-°p∂ aq∂p ]mT-ß-fmWv AarXw F∂

BZy-bq-Wn-‰n-ep-≈-Xv. amXr-kvt\-l-Øns‚ al-\ob `mhsØ BZy Ihn-

X-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. a‰p≈hcn-te°p ]I¿tØ-≠p∂ kvt\l-

]ImisØ-°p-dn-®mWv KZy-]mTw Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ASp-Øp-\n¬°p∂

A]cn-Nn-X-s\bpw A\n-b-\mbn ImWm≥ t]cn-∏n-°p∂ as‰mcp Ihn-Xbpw

Cu bqWn-‰n-ep-≠v. kvt\l-Øns‚ hyXykvX apJ-ßƒ ImWn-®p-X-cp∂

Cu ]mT-ßƒ Ip™p-a-\pIfn¬ kvt\l-Øns‚ hnØp-Iƒ apf-®p hfcm≥

Dt±-in-®p-≈-h-bm-Wv.

lcnXw

]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂-I-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ B[p-\n-I-a-\p-jy≥ ]Ir-Xn-bnse

kuµcym-\p-`-h-ßƒ t]mepw Bkz-Zn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ a\-p-am-bn-´mWv

C∂p Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. CXp I≠p hf-cp∂ Ipcp-∂p-I-fn¬ X\n°v B¿Øn-

tbmsS Iogvs∏-Sp-Øm\pw NqjWw sNøm-\p-ap-≈-XmWv ]Ir-Xn-sb∂ [mc-

W-bmWv hf-cm-\n-S-bp-≈-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ a\p-jy\v ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p

thdn´ \ne-\n-¬∏n-s√∂pw ]IrXn \in-®m¬ \Ω-fn-s√-∂p-ap≈ t_m[w

Ipń-I-fn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww. CXn\p klm-b-I-am-Ip∂ c≠p

]mT-ß-fmWv Cu bqWn-‰n-ep-≈-Xv. a\p-jy≥ ]Ir-Xn-bnse Poh-Pm-e-ßsf

kvt\l-tØmsS ]cn-N-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚bpw kzm¿Y-em-`-Øn-\mbn ]Ir-Xn-

tbmSv AXn-Iaw ImWn-°p-∂-Xns‚bpw NnX-ß-fmWo ]mT-ß-fn-ep-≈-Xv.

]Ir-Xn-bp-am-bp≈ ]mc-kv]-cyw Ipń-I-fn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ CXn-eqsS

Ign-b-Ww.

alnXw

al-Ømb \ΩpsS Im¿jnI ]mc-º-cy-sØbpw D’-hm-tLm-j-ß-sf-bpw

Ipdn®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ bqWn-‰m-Wn-Xv. Im¿jnI kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ aßn-

Øp-S-ßnb NnX-ß-fn-te°pw \≥a-I-fn-te°pw \ΩpsS Ipń-Isf \bn-°m≥

Cu ]mT-ß-fn-eqsS km[n-°pw. tIc-f-Øns‚ kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS ka-kvXm-

\p-`-h-ßfpw tN¿∂ BtLm-j-amb HmW-Øns‚ a[p-tcmZmc-amb kvarXn-

Nn-X-ß-fmWv HmW-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Ihn-X-bn-ep-≈-Xv. \ΩpsS ]mc-º-cy-

sØbpw kwkvIm-c-sØbpw kvt\ln-°m\pw BZ-cn-°m\pw Cu bqWn‰v

Ipń-Iƒ°v ]tNm-Z-\-am-I-Ww.

cknXw

Ifn-Ifpw hnt\m-Z-ßfpw tIhew t\c-tºm-°n-\p≈Xs√∂v \ap-°-dn-bmw.

Pohn-X-Øns‚ henb ]mT-ßfpw aqey-ßfpw kzmb-Ø-am-°m\pw PohnX

t¢i-ßƒ ad-°m\pw Ifn-Iƒ klm-bn-°p∂p, hne-s∏´ Iq´m-bva-Iƒ cq]-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw Ifn-Iƒ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p∂p. Ifn-Ifpw hnt\m-Z-ßfpw Adn-

hn\pw BÀm-Z-Øn\pw amX-a√ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂ hkvXpX Dd-∏n-

°p∂ c≠p ]mT-ß-fmWv Cu bqWn-‰n-ep-≈Xv.


So®¿ sSIvÃv

a[pcw

Blm-c-Ønse \m´p-\∑-I-fpw cpNn-ssh-hn-[y-ß-fpw ]pXp-X-e-ap-dbv°p ]cn-

N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ c≠p ]mT-ß-fmWv Cu bqWn-‰n-ep-≈-Xv. Im¿jnI hn`-h-

ß-fm¬ kº-∂-ambncp∂p \ΩpsS \mSv. \m´p-`m-j-bpsS ioe-ßƒ \ΩpsS

kwkvIm-csØ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ \n¿Wm-b-I-amb ]¶p-hln-®n-cp-∂p.

\mS≥ `£-W-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS ta∑ a\-n-em-°m\pw A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb

]pXnb `£-W-io-e-ß-fn¬\n∂p amdn-\-S-°m\pw Cu ]mT-ßƒ t]c-I-am-

h-Ww.

tafnXw

]IrXnku-µ-cyhpw Iem-]m-c-º-cyhpw HØp-tN-cp∂ ae-bm-f-\m-Sns‚

BI¿j-Ihpw A\pKr-lo-X-hp-amb NnX-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ bqWn-

‰m-Wn-Xv. Ie-I-fp-sSbpw ]Ir-Xn-ku-µ-cy-Øn-s‚bpw Cu taf\w kz¥w

\mSns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI ]mc-º-cy-Ønepw kuµ-cy-Ønepw A`n-am-\w-

sIm≈m≥ Ipń-Isf ]m]vX-cm-°p-sa∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an-√.

tamlnXw

\ap-°p-Np-‰p-ap≈ hnkva-b-ßsfbpw kuµ-cym-\p- q-Xn-Isfbpw Bkzm-Zy-am°n

am‰p∂ kmln-Xy-c-N-\-I-fmWv Cu bqWn-‰n-ep-≈-Xv. aÆnepw hnÆn-ep-ambn

]Ir-XnZØhpw a\p-jy-\n¿an-X-hp-amb \nc-h[n hnkva-b-ß-ƒ D≠v. Ah-

bn-te°v IÆpw ImXpw a\pw Xpd-°m≥ Ipń-Isf ]tNm-Zn-∏n-°p∂

]mT`mK-ß-fm-Wnh.

NcnXw

kz¥w PohnXwsIm≠v temI-Øn\p shfn-®am-bn-Øo¿∂ FXtbm

alm≥am¿ ChnsS Pohn-®n-cp-∂p. aÆn-t\mSpw a\p-jy-k-aq-l-tØmSpw

XnI™ Bflm¿YX ]I-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Xß-fpsS I¿a-a-fi-e-ß-fn¬

hoc-N-cn-X-sa-gp-Xnb ]Xn-`m-im-en-I-fpsS PohnXw ]pXp-X-e-ap-dbv°p ]mT-

am-th-≠-Xp-≠v. Aß-s\-bp≈ c≠p PohnXNnXß-f-mWv Cu bqWn-‰n¬

]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.

]th-iIw

bqWn-‰nse ]mT-ß-fn-eqsS hn\n-abw sNøm-\p-t±-in-°p∂ Bi-b-ß-fn-te°v

Ffp-∏-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cm-\p≈ hgn-sb∂ coXn-bn-emWv Hmtcm bqWn-‰nepw

]th-iIw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. ]th-i-I-ßƒ hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn-\p-≈-

X-√. AXp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p≈ eLp-hmb tNmZy-Øn-eq-sS-tbm, ]Xn-I-c-W-ß-

fn-eq-sS-tbm, N¿®-bn-eq-sStbm bqWn-‰nse ]mT-ß-fn-te°p kzm`m-hn-I-am-b-

coXn-bn¬ IS∂p sN√m≥ Ign-bpw.

Fs‚ IhnXm]pkvXIw/IYm ]pkvXIw]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn-en-√mØ Ihn-Xm-`m-K-ßƒ

hmbn-°m\pw sNm√m\pw Nne hcn-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°m\pw IpńIƒ°v Ah-kcw


e`n-°p∂p≠v. CtXm-sSm∏w Ipń-I-ƒ kz¥ambn cN-\-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p-≠v. Ch-sb√mw Dƒs∏SpØn BZy bqWn‰v apX¬°pXs∂ Ipń-Iƒ

Xbm-dm-°n-Øp-S-tß-≠p∂ Hcp ]T\kma-Kn-bmWv Fs‚ Ihn-Xm-]p-kvX-Iw.

Ihn-Xm-kzm-Z-\-Øns‚ hgn-bn-te°v Ipń-Isf \bn-°m≥ t]cn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp

]h¿Ø-\-ambn CXp ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ i≤n-°-Ww. CXp-t]mse A\p-

I-a-ambn hnI-kn-°p∂ cq]-Øn-¬ IYm-]p-kvX-Ihpw Xbm-dm°n kq£n°mw.

hymI-cW ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒbm¥n-I-ambn hymI-cWImcy-ßƒ ]Tn∏n-°p-I-b√ CXp-sIm-≠p-t±-in-°p-∂Xv.

`mjm-]-T-\-Øn¬ AXp KpW-I-c-amb kao-]-\-a√ F∂v \mw Xncn-®-dn-™n-

´p≠v. hymI-cWw bm¥n-I-ambn kzmb-Ø-am-°p∂ \nb-a-ß-fm-bn-´√ ChnsS

]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂Xv. m-jm-]-tbm-K-Øn¬ ]pe¿tØ≠ kq£va-X-bpsS ]mT-ßƒ

sNdnb ¢mkp-I-fn¬\n∂pXs∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v A¬∏m¬∏-ambn e`n-t°-≠-Xp≠v.

CXn-\mbn hnti-j-W-ßƒ, ]pcp-j-k¿h-\m-a-ßƒ, hn`‡n ]Xy-b-ßƒ,

Nnlv\w, ]Zw ]ncn-°¬, tN¿sØgpX¬ XpS-ßnb eLp-hym-I-cWImcy-ßƒ

]T\]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmbn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬\nc-¥-c-amb ]In-b-bmWv ]T-\w. Adn-hns‚ \n¿am-Whpw ]pXnb A\p-`-h-

ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn-ep≈ sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-am-Wv AXns‚ ImX¬. AXp-sIm≠p

Xs∂ Adn-hp-\n¿amW ]In-b-bvs°m-∏-ap≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ]TnXmhn\v Gsd

klm-b-I-hpw.

$ ]T\mh-iy-ßfpw coXn-im-kvX-ßfpw \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

$ ]T-\-In-b-bn¬\n∂p-Xs∂ ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ ssIh-cn-°p-∂Xp \nco-£n-°m-

hp∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

$ ]T-\-t\´-ßƒ B¿Pn-®-Xns‚ \ne-hmcw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬.

F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p Xc-Øn-ep≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Adnhp\n¿amW

]In-bsb klm-bn-°pw.

CtXm-sSm∏w kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, So®dpsS hne-

bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂n-hbpw ¢mkvapdn-bn¬ \S-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CXn-\p≈ kqN-I-ßƒ

sSIvÃv _p°n¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≈Xv ê-]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-b-

Ww. Ipń°v Xm≥ FhnsS \n¬°p∂p F∂-dn-bm-\pw, So®¿°v Xs‚

]h¿Ø\w FX-amXw ê-]-Z-am-bn-´p≠v F∂-dn-bm-\pw Cu hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ klm-b-I-am-Wv. "Rm≥ Fs∂-°p-dn®v' F∂ coXn-bn¬ bqWn‰v

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ tNmZym-h-enbpw Nne hyh-lm-c-cq-]-ßfpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

kqNIßfpw hnhn[ bqWn-‰p-I-fn¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. CXp-t]mse So®¿ Xbmdm-

°p∂ a‰p hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ D]m-[n-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.


So®¿ sSIvÃv

]T-\-t\-´-ßƒHmtcm bqWn-‰n-epw \n›bn®n-´p≈ ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ°p kzmb-Ø-am-

°m≥ klm-bn-°pwhn[-Øn-emWv ]mT-]p-kvXIØnse ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Iao-

I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. ]T-\-t\-´-ß-fn¬ Du∂n-bp≈ ]T\w F∂-XmWv tIcf ]mTy-

]≤Xn 2013 s‚ G‰hpw ][m\ khn-ti-j-X. So®¿°pw hnZym¿Yn-°pw c£n-

Xm-hn\pw a\-n-em-Ip-∂-hn[w ]T\t\ -ß-fpsS ]ńI sSIvÃv-_p-°n¬Øs∂

Hmtcm bqWn-‰ns‚bpw `mK-ambn sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. ]T-\-t\-´-ßƒ FX-tØmfw

kzmb-Ø-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v F∂v Hmtcm Ipń°pw kzbw Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p≈ hne-bn-

cp-Ø¬ tcJbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

Iem-˛-Im-bnI˛]-hr-Øn-]-cn-Nb km[y-X-IƒHmtcm bqWn-‰n-epw A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Bi-b-ß-fp-sSbpw ]T\ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-

fp-sSbpw mK-ambn Iem- -Im-bn-I- -]-hr-Øn-]-cn-Nb ]h¿Ø\-ßƒ°q-IqSn Ah-

kcw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. ]t®me sIms≠mcp ]®-ØØ \n¿am-Ww, NnXw hc®p

\ndw sImSp-°¬, IS-emkp ]q°ƒ \n¿am-Ww, \mS≥ Ifn-I-fpsS Ah-XcWw

XpS-ßnb ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ CXn-\mbn hyXykvX bqWn‰pI-fn¬ \¬In-bn- p≠v.

XpS¿hm-b\hmb-\-bpsS hnim-e-amb temI-tØ°v Ipń-Isf ssI]n-Sn®p \S-Øm≥ mjm-

]-T-\-¢m-kp-Iƒ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. kmln-Xy-Ønse hnhn[ imJ-Isf

]Xn\n-[oI-cn-°p∂ Nne cN-\-Iƒ amX-am-Wv ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-´p-

≈-Xv. CØ-c-Øn¬ sshhn[yw ]pe¿Øp∂ [mcmfw cN-\-Iƒ thsd-bp-ap-

≠t√m. Ah ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS Ipń-I-fn¬ henb am‰-ßƒ D≠m-

°m≥ Ign-bpw. kmln-Xy-Øns‚ hnime temI-tØ°pw anI® IrXn-I-fpsS

Bkzm-Z-\-Øn-te°pw Ipń-Iƒ ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn sNs∂-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Hmtcm

bqWn‰nsebpw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS mK-ambn \¬In-bn- p≈ XpS¿hm-b-\-m]pkvX-

I-ßƒ CXn-\p≈ ]mY-an-I- Nph-Sp-hbv]mbn thWw ImWm≥. bqWn-‰n¬

\n¿tZ-in-®n-´p≈ ]pkvX-I-ßfpw CtXm-sSm∏w hmb-\bv-°mbn \¬Im-hp∂

a‰p ]pkvX-I-ßfpw kam-l-cn®v ¢mv sse_dn Hcp-°p∂Xp \∂m-bn-cn°pw.

AXp-hgn hmb-\-bpsS temI-tØ°v Ipń-Iƒ°p kzm`m-hn-I-ambn IS∂p

sN√phm≥ Ign-bpw F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an-√t√m.

tI´pw hmbn®pw Kln-°p-I, ]d™pw Fgp-Xnbpw ]I-Sn-∏n-°pI F∂o ]mY-

an-I-amb `mjm-ti-jn-Iƒ Ipń-Iƒ CXn-\Iw t\Sn-°-gn-™n-cn-°p-a-t√m. Cu

tijn-Isf Iam-\p-K-X-ambn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv mjm-]-T-\w-sIm≠p km[n-

t°-≠-Xv. temh¿ ss]adn ¢mknse Ah-km\ L´-Øn-se-Ønb Ipń, Cu

tijn-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏ v kzmb-Ø-am-°n-bn-cn-t°≠ Imcy-ß-fmWv ]T-\-t\ -

ß-fmbn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Ah t\Sp-hm≥ ]mT-

]pkvXIhpw A\p-_-‘-ambn \¬Inb So®¿sSIvÃpw klm-bn-°p-sa∂p

]Xo£n-°p-∂p.


ae-bmfw

kvIow Hm^v h¿°v

\º¿ tSw bqWn-‰ns‚ t]cv amkwBsI

aWn-°q¿

1 AarXw Pq¨ 34

Pqsse

2 lcnXw Pqsse 27

BKÃv

3 alnXw BKÃv 26

sk]vXw-_¿v

4 cknXw sk]vXw-_¿ 27

HIvtSm-_¿

5 a[pcw HIvtSm-_¿ 27

\hw-_¿

6 tafnXw Unkw-_¿ 26

7 tamlnXw P\p-hcn 34

s^_p-hcn

8 NcnXw s^_p-hcn 26

am¿®v

H∂

mw tSw

c≠

mw tSw

aq∂

mw tSw

227 aWn-°q¿

kvt\ln-°m\pw kvt\ln-°-s∏-Sm\pw Ign-

bp-tºm-gmWv Hmtcm Pohn-Xhpw A¿Y-]q¿W-

am-hp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Ah-\-hs‚ kpJ-t`m-K-

ßƒ h¿[n-∏n-°m-\p≈ ]c°w ]m®n-ep-

Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ A]-cs\ ad-∂p-t]m-Ip∂

Ime-ØmWv \Ω-tfm-tcm-cp-Øcpw Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. a‰p-≈-h¿°p-th≠n \mw IcpXn-

hbv°p∂ Hcp Xp≈n IÆp-\o-tcm Hcp ]nSn A∂-tam Hcp Bizm-k-hm-t°m

Xtem-S-tem Zbm-]q¿W-amb t\m´-tam ]p©n-cntbm t]mepw AXm-K-ln-°p-

∂-h¿°v kvt\l-Øns‚ henb A\p-`hw Xs∂-bm-bn-cn°pw kΩm-\n-°pI.

Cu Xncn-®-dnhv Ipń-I-fn-ep-≠-mth-≠-Xp-≠v. Pohn-°m≥ t]cn-∏n-°p∂ Aar-X-

Xp-ey-amb i‡nhntijw Xs∂-bmWv kvt\lw F∂v \ma-dn-bp-∂ \nan-j-ß-

fm-W-h. kvt\l-Øns‚ hyXykvX apJ-ßƒ ImWn®pXcp∂ ]mT`mK-ß-fmWv

Cu bqWn-‰n-ep-≈-Xv. a\p-jy-kvt\-l-Øns‚ alm-Zo]vXn Ip™p-a-\-p-I-fn¬

hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Xc-Øn¬ Cu bqWn-‰nse ]T\m\p-`-h-ßƒ

Hcp-°p-hm\pw AXn-te°v Ipń-Isf \bn-°m\pw So®¿°p Ign-tb-≠-Xp≠v.

kvt\l-Øns‚ NnXw BZy-w \mw ImWp-∂Xv ]th-i-I-ambn \¬In-bn-´p≈

IYm-`m-K-Øn-em-Wv. X\n-t°sd ]nb-s∏´ tNmdpw apf-Ip-N-Ω-¥nbpw, Xs‚

D®-hni∏n-s\-°p-dn-t®m¿°msX, hgn-h-°nse hni-∂p-X-f¿∂ hr≤\p \¬Ip∂,

IY-bnse Ipń-bpsS a\v ¢mknse Hmtcm Ipń-bn-te°pw kwI-an-∏n-°m≥

\ap°p Ign-b-Ww.

amXr-kvt\-l-Øns‚ a[p-tcm-Zmcamb kvarXnNnX-amWv IÆ\pw AΩ-bpw.

(amXr-hm-’-eyhpw IÆs‚ Ipkr-Xn-Ø-c-ßfpw \nd™ IrjvW-KmYmhcn-I-

fmWv "shÆ-°-Æ'-\n-ep-≈-Xv.) amXr-Xz-Øns‚ al-\ob `mh-ß-fn-te°pw

AΩam¿°v a°ƒ \¬tI-≠p∂ kvt\l-km¥z\ß-fn-te°pw Ipń-Isf \bn-

°m≥ \ap°p km[n-°-Ww.

1

AarXw


\nXy-ssN-X-\y-b-Xn-bpsS "kvt\lw Xm≥ i‡n-'sb∂ ]mTw, \Ω-fn¬\n∂v

a‰p≈h-cn-te°pw a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øn-te°pw ]Ir-Xn-bn-te°pw ]S-tc-≠p∂

kvt\l-]-Im-i-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. kvt\l-Øns‚ am¥n-I

-i‡n-sIm≠v \mw Pohn-°p∂ temI-sØ-Øs∂ kpµ-c-am-°m-sa∂ D¬IrjvS-

k-tµiw \¬Ip∂p Cu ]mTw.

H.F≥.hn bpsS "IpS-bn-√m-Ø-h¿' F∂ Ihn-X-bn¬ Ihn-bpsS _mey-Im-e-

kva-c-W-I-fmWp≈-Xv. kvt\l-Øns‚ DZm-Ø- A\p-`-hw Cu IhnX ]I-cp-∂p.

X\n-°m-cp-a-√mØ Hcp-h-s\bpw A\n-b-\mbn (A\n-b-\√mØhs\bpw A\n-

b-\m-bn) ImWm-\p≈ at\m-`m-hw Ip™pß-fn¬ hf¿Øm≥ Cu IhnX Gsd

klm-b-Iam-Ip-sa∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an-√. kvt\l-Øns‚ aqeyw ]I-cm-

\mbn Cu bqWn‰nse sshhn-[y-am¿∂ ]T-\m-\p- -h-ßƒ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-ØWw.

]th-iIw

tUm. sI.io-Ip-am-dns‚ ë"hni∏v' F∂ IY-bnse Hcp `mK-amWv ]th-i-I-

ambn \¬In-bncn°p∂-Xv. kzbw]q¿W-amb Hcp IYm-k-µ¿`w Xs∂-bm-Wn-Xv.

Ipń-Iƒ CXp hmbn-°-s´. Ah-cpsS hmb-\m-\p-`hw Adn-bm-\p≈ sNdp-tNm-Zy-

ßƒ tNmZn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ IY CjvS-s∏t´m?

$ Bscm-s°-bmWv IY-bn-ep-≈Xv?

$ F¥p-sIm-≠mWv IY CjvS-s∏-´Xv?

$ IY-bnse Bsc-bmWv CjvS-s∏-´Xv? F¥p-sIm≠v?

CØcw tNmZy-ß-fn-eqsS IY-bpsS tIµ-]-ta-b-Øn-te°v Ipń-Isf \bn-°m≥

Ign-bpw. ]n∂o-Sv, ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse tNmZyw tNmZn-°mw. IY-bnse Ipń-

bpsS ÿm\Øv \nß-fm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ F¥p-sN-øp-am-bn-cp∂p? F∂pw tNmZn-

°mw. ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ \n¿tZin-°mw. Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ hy‡n-

K-X-ambn (Npcp-ßnb hm°p-I-fn¬) FgpXn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI-bp-am-hmw.

D®bv°p Ign-°m-≥ AΩ sImSp-Ø-b® tNmdpw G-sd- CjvS-s∏´ apf-Ip-N-Ω-

¥nbpw hgn-tbm-csØ hr≤\p \¬Ip∂ Ipń-bpsS at\m-`mhw F√m Ipń-I-fn-

te°pw ]I-cp-I-sb-∂-XmWv ][m-\w. kvt\l-Øns‚ Cu NnX-Øn¬\n∂p

XpSßn CXp-t]mse \sΩ kvt\ln-°p-∂-h-cpw, \Ωƒ kvt\ln-t°-≠-h-cp-

ambn Bscm-s°-bm-Wp-≈Xv F∂ Btem-N-\-bn-eqsS k¿h-N-cm-N-c-ß-tfbpw

kvt\ln-°-W-sa∂ Bi-b-Øn-se-Ø-Ww. kvt\l-Øn¬ Nne XymKß-fp-≠v.

Ipń kz¥w `£Ww XyPn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂-t√m. CXp Ipń kt¥m-j-tØm-sS-

bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. HcΩ aI\p \¬Ip∂ kvt\lw, \Ωƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°p

\¬Ip∂ kvt\lw F∂nh ]ta-b-ambn hcp∂ ]mT-ß-fmWv XpS¿∂p-h-cp-

∂Xv F∂p kqNn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v shÆ-°-Æ-\n-te°p IS-°mw.

67So®

¿sSI

vÃv

Ãm≥

tU

¿U

v -˛ 4 AarXw

bqWn‰v s^bnw AarXwBi-b-ßƒ/tijn-Iƒ hyh-lm-c-cq-]-ßƒ/`mjm-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ

$ Ihn-X-bpsS Xmf-Øn\v AXnse hcn-I-fnse A£-c-ß-fpsS FÆ-hp-ambn_‘-ap-≠v.

$ kl-Po-hn-I-tfmSv kvt\l-]q¿h-ambns]cp-am-dp-∂-Xn-eqsS \mw Pohn-°p∂temIsØ kpµ-c-am°m≥ Ign-bpw.kvt\l-Øns‚ ]Im-i-Øn\v \ΩpsSNp‰p-]m-Sns\ am‰m-\p≈ Ign-hp-≠v.

$ kvt\l-Øn\v hyXykvX apJ-ß-fp-≠v.kvt\lhpw ]cn-N-c-Whpw \¬In-bmWvamXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ Ipń-Isf hf¿Øp-∂Xv. Cu kvt\lw Ah¿°p Xncn®psImSp-°m≥ \ap°p Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ Bh-iy-amb PohnXkuI-cy -ßƒA\p-`-hn-°m≥ Ign-bmsX IjvS-s∏-Sp∂ FXtbm t]¿ \ap°p Np‰n-ep-ap≠v. Ahsc kvt\ln-°m\pw klm-bn-°m\pw \ap°p Ign-b-Ww.

$ kvt\l-Øns‚ alØzw hy‡-am-°p∂ \nc-h[n kmlnXycN-\-I-fp-≠v.

$ AΩ-bpw aI\pw XΩn-ep≈ kvt\l-hm-’-ey-ßfm-hn-jvI-cn-°p∂ Ihn-Xm-`mKw hmbn®v A¿Y`w-Kn, i_vZ-`w-Kn,Bibw F∂nh Dƒs°m≠v Bkz-Zn-°p-∂p.

$ ]pXnb ]Z-ß-fpsS A¿Yw Is≠-Øp∂p. Xmf-Øn-ep≈ Ihn-X-IƒsNm√n ckn-°p-∂p. kam-\-I-hn-X-IƒtiJ-cn-°-p∂p.

$ IY hmbn®v Bi-bw, ]tbmKhnti-j--ßƒ, BJym-\-co-Xn F∂nh hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p. kvt\lhN\-ßƒtiJ-cn-°p-∂p.

$ A]-cn-Nn-X-\mb Ipń-tbm-Sp≈ kvt\l-]-I-S\w Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ Ihn-X.Bi-bw, A¿Y`w-Kn, i_vZ -`w -Kn,]tbmK-`wKn F∂nh Dƒs°m≠phmbn-®m-kz-Zn-°p-∂p.

$ ag-°me A\p-`-h-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p. Ihn-X-bnse Bi-bsØ as‰mcpIhn-Xm-`m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØnN¿® sNøp∂p.

$ Ihn-X-bnse Bi-bsØ NnXo-I-cn-°p∂p.

$ ag-b-\p-`-h-ßƒ h¿Wn-°p∂ Ihn-X-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.

$ ]cn -Nb-s∏-Sp∂ ]pXnb ]Z-ßƒ,]tbm-K-ßƒ, sNm√p-Iƒ, ssien-IƒF∂nh DNnXkµ¿`-ß-fn¬ ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

$ IhnX CuW-Ønepw Xmf-ØnepwsNm√p-∂p.

$ A\p-`-h-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.$ D®m-c-W-ip-≤n, Hgp-°v, Bh-iy-amb

`mh-hy-Xn-bm\w F∂n-h-tbmsS hmbn-°p-∂p.

$ Bkzm-Z-\-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.$ sX‰p-Iq-SmsX DNn-X-amb hyh-lm-c-cq]-

ßƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂p (Ipdn∏v, IhnX,A\p-`-h-°p-dn-∏v).

$ kam\Ihn-X-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂p.$ ]mT-Ønse Bi-bsØ hnh-c-Ww,

NnXo-I-c-Ww, t]mÃ¿, hm¿Ø, A`n-\bw XpS-ßnb hyXykvXcoXn-Ifn¬Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ AΩbpw aI\pw XΩn-ep≈ kvt\l-_-‘-Øns‚ am[pcyw Dƒs°m≈p∂p.

$ \ap°p Np‰p -ap≈ F√m-‰n -s\bpwkvt\ln-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS \mw Pohn-°p∂temIsØ kpµ-c-am-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂pt_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ thZ-\n-°p-∂-h-scbpw Zpcn-X-a-\p- -hn-°p-∂-h-scbpw kvt\ln-°m\pw klm-bn-°m\pw \ap°p Igntb-≠-Xp≠v F∂at\m-`mhw hf¿Øp-∂p.


IrjvW-Km-Ybpw sNdp-t»-cnbpw

ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ AXn-]-[m\ ÿm\-amWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bv°p-≈-Xv.

kmln-Xy-ta∑sIm≠pw ck-]p-jvI-e-X-sIm≠pw Cu Imhyw k¿hmXn-im-bn-

bmbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. Fgp-Ø-—s‚ A[ymflcmam-b-Ww Infn-∏m´v, `mc-Xw

Infn-∏m´v, `mK-hXw Infn-∏m´v F∂o IrXn-Iƒ°p kaio¿j-ambn \n¬°p∂

D¬IrjvS-ImhyamWv IrjvW-KmY. `mK-hXw

ZiakvI‘-sØ ASn -ÿm-\-am -°n -bmWv

IrjvW-KmY cNn-°-s∏- n- p-≈-Xv. ioIrjvWs‚

P\\w apX¬ kz¿Km-tcm-lWw hsc-bp≈ IY-

bmWv CXnse ]Xn-]mZyw.

tIme-Øp-\mńse cmPm-hm-bn -cp∂ DZ-b-

h¿a≥tIm-e-Øn-cn -bpsS sIm´m -c -Ønse

]finX kZ-nse AwK-am-bn-cp∂ sNdpt»cn-

\-ºq-Xn-cn-bmWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS I¿Ømhv

F∂mWv hnizmkw. cmPm-hns‚ B⁄-

]Imcw Fgp-X-s∏´ IrXn-bmWv IrjvW-Km-Y.

KmY F∂m¬ ]m´v. aRvP-cn-hrØØn-emWv

KmY-Iƒ cNn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

"]mem-gn-am-Xp-Xm≥ ]men-®p-t]m-cp∂

tImem-[n-\m-Y-\p-Z-b-h¿a≥

B⁄-sb-s®-bv-I-bm-e-⁄-\m-bp≈ Rm≥

]m⁄s\∂n-ßs\-`m-hn-®n-t∏mƒ

tZh-In-kq-\p-hmbv tahn-\n-∂o-Sp∂

tIh-e≥ X∂psS eoe-sNm¬hm≥

Bh-X-s√-¶n-ep-am-i-Xm≥ sNmevI-bm¬

Bcw-`n-®o-Sp-t∂-\m-b-hÆw' F∂n-ßs\

ImhyØns‚ BZy-`m-KØpw

"B⁄bm tIme-`q-]ky

]m⁄-tkym-Zbh¿aW:

IrXmbmw IrjvW-Km-Ymbmw'

F∂v Ah-km-\-Ønepw sNdp-t»cn Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-Im-Wmw. \mS≥ ]Zßƒ

[mcm-f-ambn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv aµ-a-[p-c-amb Cu Imhyw cNn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈Xv

F∂-XmWv Gsd it≤-b-amb hkvXp-X.

IrjvW-KmY ˛ cN-\bv°p ]n∂nse sFXnlyw

cmPmhpw sNdp-t»cn \ºq-Xn-cnbpwIqSn NXp-cwKw Ifn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. sXm´-

Sp-Ømbn sXmń-en¬ Ipńsb Xmcm-´p]mSn-bp-d-°n-bn-cp∂ cmP-]Xv\n NXpcwK-

°-f-Øn-te°p IÆ-b-®-t∏mƒ I≠-Xv, ASn-b-dhv ]d-bm-s\m-cp-ßp∂ cmPm-hn-

Ihn-Xbw

sNdp-t»-cn, Fgp-Ø-—≥,Ip©≥ \ºym¿ F∂o aq∂vIhn-Isf tN¿Øv ]mNo\Ihn-Xbw F∂p hnfn-°m-dp≠v.

Ipam -c -\m -im≥, D≈q¿.Fkv. ]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿, h≈-tØmƒ \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m≥F∂n-hsc tN¿Øv B[p-\nI Ihn-Xbw F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p.


AarXw

s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp \o°w IqSn sX‰n-bm¬ cmPm-hn\p tXmevhn Dd-∏v. Ipńsb

Xmcm´p ]mSn-bp-d-°p-I-bm-sW∂ hymtP\ "D¥p¥p/¥p¥p¥p/¥p¥p¥p/

¥p¥p¥p/¥p¥p¥p/¥p¥p¥p/¥msf-bp¥v' F∂v cm⁄n ]mSnbt∏mƒ

A¿Yw a\-n-emb cmPmhv Imemƒ°cp- \o°n ]cm-P-b-Øn¬\n∂p Ic-Ibdn.

k¥p-jvS-\mb cmPmhv ]Xv\n ]mSnb CuW-Øn¬ Hcp Imhyw cNn-°m≥

sNdp-t»-cn-tbmSv Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sh∂pw A]-Imcw cNn-°-s∏-´-XmWv IrjvW-

Km-Y-sb-∂p-amWv sFXn-lyw.

IrjvW-Km-Y-sb-°p-dn®v alm-Ihn D≈q¿

amXr- m-j-bnse al-\o-b-ß-fmb Imhy-ß-fn¬ AKn-a-ÿm-\w A¿ln-°p-∂Xv

GXm-sW-∂p≈ tNmZy-Øn\v klr-Z-b≥am¿ GI-I-WvT-ambn \¬Ip∂ DØcw

IrjvW-Km-Y-sb-∂m-bn-cn-°pw. \ΩpsS kmln-Xy-\-t`m-ho-Yn-bn¬ \ap°v mkp-

c-ß-fmb ]e tPymXn¿tKm-f-ß-sfbpw kao-£n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ ]cn-

]q¿W-amb ic-®-µ-_nw_w GI-ta-hm-Zzn-Xo-b-ambn amXta AhnsS ]Im-in-

°p-∂p-≈q. AXv IrjvW-Km-Y-b-√msX as‰m-∂p-a√ F∂v GXp klr-Z-b\pw

kss[cyw ka¿Yn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

-˛ tIcf kmln-Xy-N-cnXw, alm-Ihn D≈q¿

shÆ-°-Æ≥

]mTm]-K-Y\w

AΩ Ipfn-°m-≥ t]mb ka-bØv shÆ -I-´p-Xn-∂m-\mbn Bcpw ImWmsX

IÆ≥ apdn-°p-≈n¬ IS-°p-I-bm-Wv. Ddn-bn¬ Xq°n-bn´ shÆ-°p-S-Øn\p Xmsg

AXn¬ FØn-∏n-Sn-°m≥ Ign-bmsX IÆ≥ Gsd-t\cw \n∂p. Xs‚ Dbc°pd-

hn¬ IÆ≥ tJZn-°p-∂-Xmbn Ihn ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Zqsc-s®∂v Hcp Dc¬ hen-®p-

sIm≠ph∂v Ddn-°p-Xm-sg-bmbn Ia-gvØn-h®p. Dbcwt]msc∂p I≠v Hcp ]oTw

IqSn Dc-en-\p-ap-I-fn¬ Ib‰nh®p. CXv sNdp-t»cn h¿Wn-°p-∂Xp t\m°q.

""kv\m\-Øn-\m-bn´p amXmhp t]mIp∂

Ime-sØ-∏m¿Øp-\n-∂-s∂m-cp-\mƒ

shÆbpw ]mepw sh®p-≈Iw ]qIn-\m≥

thK-Øn¬ t\m°n-s°m-≠-ßp-anßpw

Xq°n-\- \-√pdn X¶o-gn¬sN-∂n´p

t\m°n-\n-∂o-Sn-\m-t\-sd-t\-cw,

]mcn-®p-tJ-Zn-®m≥ \of-an-√m-bvI-bm¬

Cutcgp ]mcp-a-f-t∂m≥ ]ns∂

ZqcØp \ns∂mcp ]mgp-c¬ sIm≠∂p

Nmc-Øp-Nm-se-°-a-gvØn-h-®m≥

D∂-Xn-t]m-cm-™p-]n-s∂-b-Xn≥aosX

D∂-X-am-sbmcp ]oTw h®m≥..........


AXn-t∑¬ Ibdn \n∂v Ddn-bn¬ sXmSm≥ ian-°p-tºmƒ Xmsg hoWp-t]m-Ip-

Ibpw D®-Øn¬ \ne-hn-fn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu Ic-®n¬ tIń-´mWv AΩ

Ahn-sS-sb-Øp-∂-Xv. ""F¥m IÆm \obo sNøp-∂Xv?'' F∂ AΩ-bpsS tNmZy-

Øn-\p-ap-∂n¬ Xs‚ I≈-Øcw ad-®p-h®v Nne-sX√mw ]d™v AΩsb hniz-

kn-∏n-°m≥ IÆ≥ ian-°p-∂p. AΩ Ipfn®p hcp-∂-Xp-hsc Cu ]m¬shÆ

Cu®tbm ]q®tbm a‰m-cptam sXmSmsX Im°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Xms\∂v IÆ≥

AΩsb [cn-∏n-°m≥ ian-°p-∂p.

IÆs‚ Ipkr-Xn -\n-d™ hm°p-Iƒ°p-ap-∂n¬ hm’-ey-Øns‚ Bƒcq-]-

ambn \n¬°p∂ AΩ-sb-bmWv ]mT- m-KØv \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. ""AΩ Ipfn®phcp-

∂-Xp-h-scbpw Cu ]m¬shÆ Rm≥ ImØp kq£n-®-X-t√; Cß-s\-bp≈

F\n°v A¬∏w t]mepw shÆ-X-cmsX AΩ Ftßm-´mWv t]mIp-∂Xv?''

F∂v IÆ≥ tNmZn-°p-∂p. CXp-tI´v AΩ IÆs‚ ssIbn¬ shÆ \¬Ip-

∂p. shÆ Inń-b-t∏mƒ IÆs‚ apJw \nem-hp-t]mse Xnf-ßp-∂p. H‰ss°

X∂n¬ shÆ hbv°p-tºmƒ at‰ss° k¶-S-s∏-Snt√ F∂v IÆ≥ ho≠pw

]d-bp-I-bm-Wv. CXp-tI´v AΩ ]ns∂bpw shÆ-bv°mbn t]mb-t∏mƒ

ssIbnse shÆ ]Xnsb hmbn-en´v shÆ Im°- sIm-≠p-t]mbn F∂p ]d-

bp-I-bm-Wv. IÆs‚ Ipkr-Xn-Ø-c-ßfpw shÆ-s°m-Xnbpw FX-am-X-am-sW∂p

hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xn\v CX \s√mcp kµ¿`w C√-X-s∂. CXp-tI´v AΩ Nncn-®p-

sIm≠v ho≠pw shÆ- sIm≠ph∂v IÆs‚ c≠p ssIbnepw h®psImSp-°p-

tºmƒ Xnf-ßp∂ Xn¶ƒt]mse ]p©n-cn-®p-sIm≠p \n¬°p-I-bmWv IÆ≥.

efnXkpµ-c-amb ]Z-ßƒsIm≠v amXr-hm-’-ey-Øns‚ B¿Z-a-[p-c-amb `mh-

Nn-X-amWv sNdp-t»cn Cu Imhy-`m-KØp hc-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. IÆs‚ Ipkr-Xn-

Bkz-Zn-®v kvt\l-hm-’-eyßƒ sNmcn-bp∂ AΩsb ChnsS ImWmw. Ipń-

Iƒ°v kz¥w AΩ-sb°p-dn®pw AΩ-bpsS kvt\l-hm-’-ey-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw

Hm¿°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

AΩbpw Ip™pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w, amXr-hm-’eyw, Ip™p-ß-fpsS Ipkr-

Xn-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v Hcp s]mXp N¿® \S-Øn-b-Xn-\p-tijw shÆ-°Æ≥

F∂ IhnX hmbn-°m≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw \¬Imw.

shÆ-°-Æ≥ ]h¿Ø-\-hn-i-I-e\w

]dbmw Fgp-Xmw

Ipń-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn IhnX hmbn-°-s´. IhnX CuW-Ønepw Xmf-Ønepw

sNm√n Bkz-Zn-°m-\p≈ IqSp-X¬ Ah-kcßƒ krjvSn-°p-I-hgn Ihn-X-bpsS

Bi-b-Øn-te°v Ahsc \bn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. ]mT-Øns‚ Bi-b-Øn-te°v

Ipń-Isf \bn-°m-\p-X-Ip∂ tNmZy-ß-fmWv ChnsS sImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. Ihn-X-

bpsS Bh¿Øn-®p≈ sNm√-en-eq-sSbpw So®-dpsS hni-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw

Ipń-Iƒ°v Bi-b-K-lWw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. tNmZy-ßƒ°p≈


AarXw

DØcw BZyw Ihn-X-bnse hcn-I-fmbpw XpS¿∂v kz¥w hmIy-ßfmbpw ]d-

bm\pw Fgp-Xm\pw \n¿tZin°mw.

$ shÆ- e-`n-°m≥ IÆ≥ Is≠-Øp∂ \ymb-ßƒ

o AΩ Ipfn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xp-hsc Xm≥ ]m¬shÆ ImØp kq£n-®p.

o Hcp ssIbn¬amXw shÆ -hbv-°p-tºmƒ at‰ss° k¶-S-s∏-Spw.

o shÆ Im° sIm≠p-t]m-bn.

$ shÆ Inń-b-t∏mƒ IÆ≥ sNbvX-Xv

o at‰ ssIbnepw shÆ- th-W-sa∂p ]d-™p.

o shÆ hmbn-enń´v Im° sIm≠p-t]mbn F∂p ]d-™p.

$ shÆn-em-thm-ep∂ Xn¶ƒt]mse IÆs‚ apJw Xnf-ßn-b-Xv

o c≠p ssIbnepw AΩ shÆ \¬In-b-t∏mƒ

o

hcn-Iƒ Is≠Ømw

kqN-\-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn-®p≈ hcn-Iƒ Ihn-X-bn¬\n∂p Is≠-Øn-s®m-√m\p≈

]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. Bh¿Øn®p≈ sNm√-en-\p-tijw Ipń-Iƒ°p hfsc ck-

I-cambpw a’-cn®pw DØcw \¬Im≥ Ign-bp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ambn CXns\

am‰m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ IqSp-X¬ kqN-\-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

$ ssIbnse shÆ Im° sIm≠p-t]m-bn.

"I≈-\m-bp≈ ..................... sIm≠p-t]mbn'.

$ IÆ≥ I≈w ]d-™n´pw AΩ shÆ \¬Ip-∂p.

"sshIm-X-h-Æ-a-ss°-X-h..........-sh-Æ-h-®mƒ'.

A¿Yw Is≠Ømw

]mT- m-K-Øv ]cn-Nn-X-a-√mØ ]Z-ßƒ ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øs´. Cu ]Z-ß-fpsS kµ¿ -

Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®p≈ A¿Yw Duln®p ]d-bm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Smw. ]n∂oSv ]Z-ß-

fpsS A¿Yw bqWn-‰ns‚ ]ndIn-ep≈ A¿Y-kq-Nn-I-bpambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv

Dd∏p hcpØn Fgp-Xm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°mw. A¿Y-kq-Nn-I-bn¬ ]Z-ßƒ A£-c-

ame-I-a-Øn-emWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønbncn-°p-∂Xv F∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ i≤n-

°-Ww. \nL≠p D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-io-e-\-ambn Cu A¿Y-kq-NnI ]tbm-

P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

ASn-h-c-bn´ ]Z-ßƒ°p]-Icw as‰mcp ]Zw tN¿Øp am‰n-sb-gpX¬

ASn-bn¬ hc-bn- n-cn-°p∂ ]Z-ßƒ°p ]Icw ]cn-Nn-X-amb as‰mcp ]Zw tN¿Øp

am‰n-sb-gp-Xp-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. ]Icw ]Z-ßƒ Ipń-I-sf-s°m≠pXs∂ ]d-bn-


°m≥ ian-°-Ww. Ipń-Iƒ Is≠-Ønb ]Z-ß-fpsS tN¿®bpw ]cn-tim-[n-

°Ww. Aßs\ Cu ]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°-mw.

amXr-IbnteXp-t]mse am‰n-sb-gp-Xmw

Ihn-X-bnse Nne ]tXyI ]tbm-K-ßƒ am‰n-sb-gp-Xp-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. DZm-

l-c-W-ambn \¬Inb hm°n-\p-≠mb am‰w t]mse XpS¿∂p hcp-∂h am‰n-sb-

gp-X-s´.

$ GXpta XmcmsX → H∂pw XcmsX

$ tIgpw-t]mse → Ic-bpw-t]mse

sNm√n ckn°mw

IÆs‚ AΩ-bpsS kvt\l-hm-’-ey-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏´pIgn-™p. as‰m-

c-Ω-sbbpw Ipń-sbbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xn-\mbn CS-t»-cn-bpsS ]qX-∏m-

ń¬\n∂p≈ Hcp `mK-amWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. IhnX CuW-Øn¬ sNm√n

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww. Ipń-Isf Kq∏mbn Xncn®v IhnX sNm√n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥

\n¿tZ-in-°mw. Ihn-X-bpsS Bi-b-Øn-te°p \bn-°m-\p≈ sNdp-tNm-Zy-ßƒ

tNmZn-°mw.

$ Fs¥ms° B`-c-W-ß-fmWv DÆn-°p-≈Xv?

$ AΩ Fß-s\-bmWv DÆn°v Blmcw sImSp-°p∂Xv?

$ AΩ Ip™ns\ Dd-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-bmWv?

]qX-∏m v

CS-t»cn tKmhn-µ≥ \mb¿

amXr-kvt\-l-Øns‚ tNtXm-l-c-amb Bhn-jvIm-c-amWv CS-t»-cn-bpsS

"]qX-∏m´v' F∂ Ihn-X. Xs‚ ]nb-s∏´ DÆnsb Xń-sb-SpØ ]qX-Øns‚

ssIbn¬ \n∂pw kvt\l-Øns‚ i‡n-sbm-∂p-sIm-≠p-amXw Ahs\ Xncn®p

hmßp∂p Ihn-X-bnse AΩ. t]Sn-∏n®pw ]tem-`n-∏n®pw Ip™ns\ XncnsI

sImSp-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ ian® ]qX-Øns‚ ap∂n¬ Xs‚ c≠p- I-Æp-Ifpw

Nqgvs∂-SpØp ImgvNhbv-°p-IbmWv AΩ. Xmsg sImSpØ hcn-Iƒ sNm√n-

s°m-Sp-°mhp-∂-Xm-Wv.

"t]Sn-∏n-t®m-Sn-°m≥ t\m°o ]qXw

t]Sn-°m-X-ßs\ \n∂m-fΩ

Imd-dn≥ Npg-en-embvs®∂q ]qXw

Ip‰-nI-W-°ßp \n∂mfΩ

\cn-bmbpw ]pen-bmbpw sN∂-q- ]qXw


AarXw

Xcn-sIs‚ Ip™n-s\-sb-∂m-f-Ω.

]qX-am-°p-∂ns‚ ta¬aq-Sn-∏m-dsb

ssIX-∏q-t]mse ]dn-®p-\o-°n.

I¨Nn-∂p-am-d-Xn¬ s]m∂pw aWn-Ifpw

Ip∂p-Ip-∂m-bn-°n-S-∂n-cp-∂p.

s]m∂pw aWn-Ifpw Ingn-sI-ń-Ø-∂nSmw

s]m∂m-c-°p-´s\ Rms\-Sp°pw

As∏m∂pw t\m°msXbΩWn t\m°msX

bΩ -X≥ IÆp-Iƒ Nqgvs∂-SpØp

]pe-cn-s®-¥m-a-c-t]m-eh ]qX-Øn≥

Xncp-ap-ºn-e¿∏n®p sXmgp-Xp-c-®p.

CXnepw hen-b-Xm-sWs‚ s]mt∂m-a\

AXn-s\-Ø-cn-sIs‚ ]qXta \o.'

kam-\m¿Y-ap≈ ]Z-ßƒ

Ipń-I-fpsS ]ZmheohnI-k-\-Øn\p klm-b-I-am-Ip∂ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. X∂n-

´p≈ ]Z-ßtfmSv A¿Y-]-c-ambn kam-\-X-bp≈ IqSp-X¬ ]Z-ßƒ Is≠Øn

Fgp-Xn-t®¿°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. a‰p Ipń-I-fp-sS klm-b-tØmsS BZyw CXp

Is≠-Ø-s´. ]mT]pkvX-I-Øn-s‚ Ah-km\ t]Pn¬ \¬In-bn- p≈ kam-\m¿Y

kqNnI ]n∂oSv CXn-\mbn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Bh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `wKn

Ihn-Xbv°p Xmf-`w-Knbpw i_vZ-ku-Ip-am-cyhpw \¬Im-\mbn Ihn-Iƒ i_vZm-

e-¶m-c-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ A£-cm-h¿Ø-

\-`wKn IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ [mcm-f-am-bn-°m-Wm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ihn-Xm-kzm-Z-\-L-´-

Øn¬ C°mcyw Ipń-Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. CØcw hcn-Iƒ D®-Øn¬

sNm√n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. A£-c-ß-fpsS Bh¿Ø\w

Ihn-Xbv°p \¬Ip∂ kuµcyw N¿® sNø-Ww. Cßs\ A£-cm-h¿Ø\

`wKn-bp≈ a‰p Ihn-Xm-`m-K-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

DZm: I\-I®n-e¶ Inep-ßn-°n-ep-ßn.......

Im©\ Im©n Ipep-ßn-°p-ep-ßn....

(Nß-ºp-g)

Htc CuWw Htc Xmfw

IrjvW-Km-Y-bnse hcn-I-fpw, alm-Ihn h≈-tØm-fns‚ kmln-Xy-a-RvP-cn-bnse

GXm\pw hcn-Ifpw sNm√n Bkz-Zn-°m-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. Ipń-Iƒ kwL-

ambn sNm√-s´. AXn-\p-tijw Cu c≠p Ihn-X-Ifpw Htc CuW-Øn¬ sNm√m≥

Ign-bp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm-≠mWv F∂p tNmZn-°-Ww. Ipń-Iƒ ]Xn-I-cn-°-s´,


c≠p Ihn-X-I-fn-sebpw hcn-I-fnse A£-c-ß-fpsS FÆw Xpey-am-sW∂v Ipń-

Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww. AXmWv Htc CuWhpw Htc Xmfhpw In´m≥ Hcp ImcWw

F∂v Ipń-Iƒ a\-n-em-°-Ww. Xmf-sØ-°p-dn®pw hrØ-sØ-°p-dn-®pap≈ BZy-

A-dn-hmbn CXns\ ImWmw.

CucSn (c≠p-h-cn)-bmWv Zmhn-U-hr-Ø-ß-fn¬ ASn-ÿm\ GI-I-ambn IW-

°m-°p-∂-Xv, t«mI-a√ (\mep-h-cn). t«mIw kwkvIr-X-hr-Ø--ß-fpsS GI-I-

am-Wv. Zmhn-U-hr-Ø-Øn¬s]´ aRvP-cn-bn¬ cNn-°-s∏- -XmWv Cu c≠p Ihn-

X-I-fpw. BZy]m-Z(-h-cn)-Øn¬ ]¥≠v A£-chpw c≠mw ]mZ-Øn¬ ]Ø-

£-c-hp-amWv aRvP-cn-bn-ep-≠m-hp-I. ZmhnU hrØ-ßsf \n¿W-bn°m≥ amX

(-A-£cw D®-cn-°m-s\-Sp-°p∂ ka-bw)-IsfbmWv ASn-ÿm-\-am-°p-∂Xv.

kvt\lw Xm≥ i‡n

]mTm-]-K-Y\w

hnZym-`ymkw, Btcm-Ky-im-kvXw, kmln-Xyw, kwKo-Xw, NnX-I-e, hmkvXp-

in¬∏w, B[ym-fln-IX, am\-hn-IX XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Gsd ]Tn®pw

]Tn-∏n®pw Pohn-®n-cp∂ tIc-fo-b-\mb Hcp k∂ym-kn-bm-Wv \nXy-ssNX\ybXn.

ùXn-Ihpw B[ym-fln-I-hp-amb kuµ-cyamWv Pohn-X-Øns‚ A¥--Ø-sb∂v

At±-lw \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-®p.

Hcp Ah-[n-°m-eØv ho´p-ap-‰Øv Ifn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ssee-bp-sSbpw Ip´-

s‚bpw ap∂n-te°v Hcp ssa\ ]d-s∂-Øp-∂p. t]Sn-bn-√msX ASp-Øp-h-∂n-cn-

°p∂ ssa\sb ]nSn-°m≥ Ip´≥ ian-°p-∂p. ]d-∂p-t]mb ssa\sb Ip´≥

Xs‚ sX‰m-en-bp-]-tbm-Kn®v FbvXp-ho-gvØm≥ XpSßp-tºmƒ ssee Ahs\

]n¥n-cn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv. "Hcp ]oUsb-dp-ºn\pw hcp-Ø-cp-sX'∂v AΩ ]d™p

]Tn-∏n® ]mTw Ahƒ Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂p. B ]mhw ssa\sb D]-Z-hn-°-cp-sX∂v

Ahƒ ]d-bp-∂p. Xs‚ sX‰v t_m[y-s∏´ Ip´≥ sX‰men Xd-bn-en-´-t∏mƒ

ssa\ amhn≥sIm-ºn-en-cp∂p a[p-c-ambn ]mSp-∂p. B amhn¬ DW-ßnbpw apc-

Sn®pw \n∂ Ce-I-sf√mw At∏mƒ s]mgn™p hogp-∂p. ]´p-t]mse arZp-e-

amb Xfn-cn-e-Iƒ \nd™v GXm\pw \nan-j-ßƒ sIm≠v B amhv kpµ-c-am-bn-

Øo-cp-∂p. ssa\-bpsS Akm-[m-c-WXzw I≠v Ipń-Iƒ AZv p-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. ssa\-

sb-t∏mse \ap°pw ]mSm≥ Ign-™n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ F∂v ssee BK-ln-°p-∂p.

ssa\ ]mSnb hcn-Iƒ G‰p-]m-Sn-s°m≠v Ipń-Iƒ ap‰Øpw ]pc-bn-S-Øn-ep-

sa√mw HmSn-\-S-∂-t∏mƒ Hcp ambmhnZybmse-∂-t]mse ]qs®-Sn-Iƒ Ahn-S-

ß-fnse√mw \nd-™p. Aßs\ Ipń-I-fpsS kvt\l-Km-\-Øn¬ ebn®v temIw

Xs∂ AXo-h-kp-µ-c-ambnØocp-∂p. kvt\l-Øns‚ ssIIƒ \mw Pohn-°p∂

temI-Øns‚ Ccp-f-S™ aqe-I-fn-te°p \ofp-tºmƒ Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ h¿W]pjv]-

ßƒ hncn-bp∂p F∂ `mh-\m-]q¿Wamb Nn¥-bn-eqsS Ip™p-a-\-p-I-fn¬

hniz-kvt\-l-Øns‚ hnØp-Iƒ hnXbv-°p-I-bmWv \nXy-ssN-X-\y-bXn.


AarXw

"Hcp ]oU-sb-dp-ºn\pw hcp-Ø-cp-sX∂v' AΩ ]d-™-Xmbn ssee Ip´s\

Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. kl-Po-hn-kvt\-l-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw Ipń-Isf Hm¿an-

∏n°m\p≈ kµ¿ -ambn CXp ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns‚

"A\pI-ºm-Z-i-I'-Ønse hcn-bm-Wn-sX∂v Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂Xp \∂v. Xmsg- tN¿Ø

a‰p- h-cn-Iƒ IqSn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-am-hmw.

"Hcp ]oU-sb-dp-ºn\pw hcp˛

Øcp-sX-∂p-≈-\p-I-ºbpw kZm

Icp-Wm-Ic! \¬Ip-Ip-≈n¬ \n≥

Xncp-sabv hn´-I-emsX Nn¥bpw?

-˛ A\p-I-ºm-Z-iIw, io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp

Ipń-Iƒ G‰p-]m-Sp∂ kvt\l-Øn¬\n∂p-Zn-°p∂p temIw F∂ hcn-Iƒ

kvt\l-Km-b-I-\mb alm-Ihn Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ "Nfi-me-`n-£p-In-'bn¬ \n∂p-

≈-Xm-sW∂v Ipń-Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kvt\l-Øns‚ kuµcyw,

i‡n, AXn\p kzmX-¥y-hp-am-bp≈ At`ZXzw F∂nh Ihn-X-bn-eqsS km£m-

Xv°-cn® Ihn-bmWv Ipam-c-\m-im≥. hoW-]qhv apX-¬°p≈ IhnX-Iƒ CXn\v

DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. _mly-cq-]-Ønepw ]Xn-]m-Zy-Ønepw hyXymk-ßƒ

Z¿in°m-sa-¶nepw Bim≥ Ihn-X-bpsS s]mXp-hmb A¥¿[m-c-bmbn h¿Øn-

°p∂ hnImcw kvt\lw Xs∂-bm-sW∂p ImWmw. 2500 h¿j-ßƒ°p apºv

\S-∂-Xmbn I¬∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ IY-bmWv Nfim-e-`n-£p-In-bn-teXvv. PmXn-Nn-

¥-bpsS \nc¿Y-IX t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Cu IrXn-bnse apJy IYm-]m-X-

ßƒ amXwKn F∂ Nfim-en-\nbpw B\-µ≥ F∂ _p≤-`n-£p-hp-am-Wv.

Kpcp-hn-s\-°p-dn®v \nXy-ssN-X-\y-bXn

....... Aß-s\bncn°p-tºmƒ Hcm-sf-t∂mSv FgpXn tNmZn®p: "io\m-cm-b-W-

Kp-cp-hns‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ "kvt\lw' Fs∂mcp hmt° ]tbm-Kn®p ImWp-∂n-

√t√m'? F∂v. AXn-\p-]-Icw Acpƒ, A≥]v, A\p-Iº F∂o aq∂p- hm-°p-

I-sf-bmWv Kpcp -]-iw-kn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Kpcp-hns‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ \nd™p \n∂n-

cn-°p-∂Xpw Ah Xs∂. ssZh-sØ-∏‰n ]d-bp-tºm-sgms° lrZ-b-Øn¬

\nd™p Xoh-ambn A\p-`-h-s∏-ń-´p-≈Xv Acp-fpw, kl-Po-hn-I-tfmSv Ahn-

Sp∂v Imń-bn-cp∂ A≥]pamWv; Hcp ]oU Fdp-ºn\pw hcp-Ø-cp-sX∂p ]d-

bp-tºmƒ AXn¬ \nd-™n-cp-∂Xv A\p-I-ºbpw Bbn-cp-∂p. AsX√mw

sIm≠mWv temI-km-ln-Xy-Ønse Hcp cmPy-°m-c-s‚-tbm, Hcp hwi-P-s‚tbm

t\¿°-√, a\p-jy-h¿KsØ H∂mbn Acpfpw A≥]pw A\p-I-ºbpw D≈-h-

cm-°m≥ ian-®n- p≈ ]e al-Øp-°-fp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn-te°v Rm≥

Xncn-™-Xv.


kvt\lwXm≥i‡n ˛ ]h¿Ø-\-hn-i-I-e\w

Is≠Ømw

Ipń-Iƒ ]mT-`mKw hmbn-°-s´. hy‡n-K-X-hm-b-\bv°pw kwLhmb-\bv°pw

tijw \∂mbn hmbn-°p∂ Ipń-Isfs°m≠v s]mXp-hmbn hmbn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

sNømw. XpS¿∂v kmam\ymibw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn Is≠Ømw F∂

`mKØv \¬In-bn-´p≈ tNmZy-ßƒ°v Ipń-Iƒ DØcw \¬I-s´. DØcw ]d-

bn-°p-Ibpw FgpXn Xbm-dm-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°p-Ibpw sNømw.

$ Ip´≥ £p`n-X-\m-bXv

ssa\sb ]nSn-°m-\mbn AXns‚ sXm´-SpØv Ip´≥ FØn-b-t∏mƒ a\p-

jy¿ Nncn-°p∂ kzc-Øn¬ H®-bp-≠m-°n-s°m≠v AXp ]d-∂p-t]m-bn.

CXp I≠mWv Ip´≥ £p`n-X-\m-b-Xv.

$ sseebv°pw Ip´\pw AΩ ]I¿∂p-sIm-SpØ ]mTw.

"Hcp ]oU-sb-dp-ºn\pw hcp-Ø-cpXv'.

$ ssa\-bpsS ]m´p tI´v ac-Øn-\p-≠mb am‰w

DW-ßnbpw apc-Sn®pw \n∂ amhv AXn-thKw ]qØp-X-fn¿Øp.

$ ssa\ a\p-jy-i-_vZ-Øn¬ ]mSn-b- ]m´v

kvt\l-Øn¬ \n∂p-Zn-°p-∂q......

A¿Yw Is≠Ømw

X∂n-´p≈ hm°p-I-fpsS A¿Yw kµ¿`-Øn¬\n∂v Duln-s®-gp-Xm≥ Ipń-I-

tfmSp \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww. icn-bmb A¿Yw Is≠Øn A¿Y-kq-Nn-I -t\m°n

Dd∏p-h-cpØn BZyw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønepw XpS¿∂v t\m´p]p-kvX-I-Ønepw

FgpXs´.

Is≠Ømw FgpXmw

Bg-Øn-ep≈ hmb-\-bn-te°p Ipń-Isf \bn-°m-\p≈ tNmZy-ß-fm-Wn-h.

kµ¿`m-\p-k-cWw IY mhm-fl-I-ambn hmbn-®p-tIƒ°m≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-°mw.

Cu tNmZy-ßƒ°p-Øcw \¬Im≥ ]mTw ho≠pw hmbn-°m≥ Ah-kcw

\¬IWw. XpS¿∂v DØcw Fgp-Xn-Ø-bm-dm-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°mw. ]n∂oSvv Ah-

X-c-Ww, N¿®, sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ F∂nh IrXy-ambn \S-°-Ww.

$ CXp shdp-samcp ssa\-b√ F∂v ssee ]d-™Xv ssa\-bpsS a\p-jy-

i_vZ-Øn-ep≈ ]m´p tI´-Xp-sIm≠pw B ka-bØv B ]m´ptI´v DW-

ßnb ac-Øn-\p-≠mb am‰w i≤n®XpsIm≠pamWv.

$ Ipń-I-fpsS kvt\l-Ko-X-ß-fm¬ ap‰-hpw ]pc-bn-S-hpw Np‰p-]m-Spw \mSp-sa√mw

]qs®-Sn-Iƒ \nd™v at\m-l-c-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.


AarXw

hyXymkw Is≠-Ømw

"A' ap∂n¬ tNcp-tºmƒ hm°p-Iƒ°p-≠m-Ip∂ hn]-co-Xm¿Yw a\-n-em-°m≥

Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww.

\oXn ˛ A\oXn

[¿aw ˛A[¿aw

kXyw ˛ AkXyw

hn]-co -Xm¿Y-ap≈ hm°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v hmIy-ßƒ D≠m-°m\pw

\n¿tZin°mw.

DZm: A\o-Xnsb FXn¿°Ww

AkXyw ]d-b-cpXv

A[¿aw sNø-cpXv

"A' tNcp-tºmƒ amX-a√ a‰p coXnbnepw hn]-co-Xm¿Y-ap≈ ]Z-ßƒ D≠m-

Ip∂Xp ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

CjvSw ˛ A\njvSw

D]-Imcw ˛ D]-Zhw

iXp ˛ anXw

kXvI¿aw ˛ ZpjvI¿aw

tIs´gpXmw

]mT-Øns‚ hni-I-e\-L-´-Øn¬ ]pXnb ]Z-ßƒ A∏-t∏mƒ t_m¿Un-se-

gpXn enJnX cq]-Øn-te°v Ipń-I-fpsS i≤ sIm≠p-h-c-Ww.. Aßs\ Ah-

bpsS D®m-c-Ww, teJ-\w, A¿Yw F∂n-h-bn¬ [mc-W-bp-≠m-°Ww. ]n∂oSv

]mT-Ønse ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Ah-km\w GXm\pw hm°p-Iƒ sX‰p-Iq-SmsX

Fgp-Xm-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ambn tIs´-gpØv \S-Ømw. sX‰n® hm°p-Iƒ

Bh¿Øn-s®-gp-Xn-°p-I-b-√, sX‰v a\-n-em°n Xncp-Øm-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-amWv

XpS¿∂p \S-t°-≠-Xv.

$ tIs´-gp-Øn\p Xncs™-Sp-°m-hp∂ ]Z-ßƒ : £p`n-X≥, sX‰m-en, em°p-

t\m-°p-I, am[p-cyw, Akm-[m-c-Ww, A\p-_-‘w, ]oU, A_-≤w, arZp-ew,

hr≤, apc-Sn-®, Ipcp-Wn-∏v, a\p-jy-i-_vZw, ]Xy--£-s∏-Sp-I.

am‰n-sb-gp-Xmw

]mT-Øn¬\n∂p≈ Nne hmIy-ßƒ A¿Y-hy-Xymkw hcmsX am‰n-sb-gp-Xm-

\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.

$ BZysØ hmIyw ap‰Øv Ah¿ Ifn-°p-I-bm-Wv.


$ c≠m-asØ hmIyw ]Xps° ASp-Øp-sN-∂m¬ AXns\ ssIbn-se-Sp-

°m-sa∂v Ah\p tXm∂n F∂p-amWv am‰n-sb-gp-tX-≠-Xv. ]mT-`m-KsØ

Bibw ¢mkn¬ A`n-\-bn®p ImWn-°mw.

]q°-fp-≠m°mw

`mjm-]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ mK-ambn ]hrØn]cn-Nb-Øn\v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°m≥

IqSnbmWv IS-em-kp-]q-°ƒ \n¿an-°p∂ Cu ]h¿Ø-\w. ]mT-]p-kvXI-Øn¬

ImWn® coXn-bn-tem, hyXy-kvX-co-Xn-I-fntem IS-em-kp-]q-°ƒ D≠m-°m-hp∂-

Xm-Wv. ¢mkvap-dn-bn¬ tai-∏p-dØv Cu IS-em-kp-]q°ƒsIm≠v ]q∏mXw \nd-

®p-hbv°mw. Ipń-Iƒ D≠m-°p∂ ]qhp-Isf hep-∏w, `wKn, BIrXn F∂nh

ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°mw. ]q°-fp-≠m°n-

b-Xn-\p-tijw AXn-s\°pdn®v Ht∂m ct≠m hmIy-ßƒ Fgp-Xm≥ \n¿tZ-in-

°p-Ibpw sNømw.

kvt\l-h-N-\-ßƒ

kvt\l-Øns‚ alØzw hy‡-am-°p∂ hN-\-ßfpw hcn-Ifpw tiJ-cn®v ]mT-

]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ BZyw Fgp-X-s´. t]mÃ¿ cq]-Øn¬ (t]mÃ¿ \n¿amWw hni-

Z-ambn c≠mw bqWn-‰n¬ hcp-∂p-≠v) Nm¿ń¬ FgpXn ¢mknepw kvIqƒ ]cn-

k-cØpw ]Z¿in∏n°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv (Fs‚ Ihn-Xm-ti-J-c-Øn¬ tN¿°p-Ibpw

th-Ww) DZm:

$ kvt\l-am-W-Jn-e-km-c-aq-gn-bn¬

kvt\l-km-c-an-l-k-Xy-ta-I-amw. (Ipam-c-\m-im≥)

$ Hscm-‰-a-X-ap-≠p-e-In-∂p-bncmw

t]a-a-sXm-∂t√m

]cs° \sΩ ]me-ar-Xq´pw

]m¿h-W-i-in-_nw_w (D≈q¿)

$ A\y-Po-h-\p-XIn kzPo-hnXw

[\y-am-°p-a-ate hnth-In-Iƒ. (Ipam-c-\m-im≥)

$ kvt\ln-°-bn√ Rm≥ t\mhp-am-flm-hns\

kvt\ln-®n-Sm-sØmcp XØz-im-kvX-sØbpw (hb-em¿)

hmbn°mw

]mTw Ipń-I-sf-s°m≠v D®-Øn¬ hmbn-∏n-°-Ww. D®m-c-W-ip-≤n, Hgp-°v, mhw,

i_vZ-hy-Xn-bm-\w, Bi-b-hy-‡X F∂nh ]men®p hmbn-°m-\p≈ Ignhv F√m

Ipń-Iƒ°pw D≠m-th-≠-Xp-≠v.

a\p-jy\pw a‰p Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw kky-e-Xm-Zn-I-fp-sa√mw kl-h¿Øn-°p-tºm-

gmWv Cu ]]©w at\m-l-c-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Cu Bibw hy‡-am-°p∂ HmkvIm¿

ssh¬Uns‚ IY aq∂mw ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠v. AXv Hm¿an-∏n-°mw.


AarXw

hm¿Ø Xbm-dm°mw

]mT-`m-KsØ Bibw hm¿Øm-cq-]-Øn¬ Xbm-dm°n ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Smw. hm¿Ø Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ c≠m-

asØ bqWn-‰n¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Cu `mKØv hm¿Ø FgpXn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-

W-sa-∂n√.

IpSbn√m-Ø-h¿

]mTm-]-K-Y\w

F√m-Øcw hn`m-Ko-b-X-Iƒ°p-a-∏pdw a\p-jysc kvt\l-sa∂ hnIm-c-Øn¬

hnf-°nt®¿°m≥ BK-ln-°p∂ Ihn-bmWv H.F≥.hn. Bfl-I-Ymwiw \nd™

"IpS-bn-√m-Ø-h¿' F∂ Cu Ihn-X-bn-eqsS Xs‚ _mey-Im-esØ Hcp

kvt\lm¿Z-\n-an-j-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω-bn-te°p \sΩ sIm≠p-t]m-hp-I-bmWv Ihn.

\o≠ Hc-h-[n-°m-e-Øn-\p-tijw ]≈n-°qSw Xpd-°p-∂p. H∏w ag-bp-sa-Øp-

∂p. Ah-[n-°m-e-Øn-s\m∏w Ipń-I-fpsS a\-ns\ BÀm-Zn-∏n® A\p-`-h-ß-

sf√mw t]mbvad-bp-∂-Xmbn Ihn ]d-bp-∂p. ]qchpw s]cp-∂mfpw ]qXhpw

sXø-hp-sa√mw tN¿∂v BÀm-Zm-c-h-ßƒ Xo¿Ø Zn\-ßƒ am™p-t]m-bn.

]S°w s]mń-®p-Xn-an¿Ø hnjp-°m-ehpw Hm¿abm-bn. ]pXp-a-g-bp-sSbpw ]pØ-

\p-Sp-∏n-s‚bpw ]pXp-]m-T-]p-kvX-I-Øn-s‚bpw "]pXp-aWw' Fßpw \nd-bp-∂p.

h¿W-°p-S-Iƒ NqSn agsh≈-®m-en-eqsS s]mSn-ao-\n≥ \nc-t]mse B¿Øp-√-

kn®p t]mIp∂ Ipń-I-sf-°m-Wp-tºm-gmWv Ihn Xs‚ _meyw Hm¿Øpt]mIp-

∂-Xv. Hcp hmg-bn-esbSpØp -shń Xe-bn¬ h®v t…‰pw _p°pw amdn-e-W®v

\\-bm-sX-bmsI \\-™p-t]m-bn-cp∂ Xs∂ tN¿Øp]nSn®v kz¥w IpS-bn¬

sIm≠pt]mIm≥ a\p ImWn® Hcp sIm®p-s]-ßƒ Ihn-bpsS a\-n¬ \nd-

™p-s]-øp∂ kvt\l-ag-bmbn \n¬°p-I-bm-Wv.

IpSbn√m-Ø-h¿ ˛ ]h¿Ø-\-hn-i-I-e\w

Is≠Ømw

hy‡n-KX hmb-\bv°pw kwL-hm-b-\bv°pw Ah-kcw \¬In-b-Xn\p -tijw

Ihn-X-bpsS kmam-\ym-ibw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ tNmZy-ß-fn-te°p IS-°mw.

DØ-c-ßƒ Ihn-X-bnse hcn-I-fmbn sNm√p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv kz¥w hmIy-Øn¬

]d-bp-Ibpw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw th-Ww. Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ IqSp-X¬ tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn-

°mw.

$ Hgn-hp-Im-e-tØm-sSm∏w t]mbva-d-™Xv ]qc-hpw s]cp-∂m-fpw ]qX-hpw sXø-

t°m-ehpw hnjphpw F√m-am-Wv.

$ ag-sh-≈-®m-en-eqsS ]e-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ IpS-Iƒ ]nSn®v s]mSn-ao-\p-Iƒ

t]mse \S-∂p-\o-ßp∂ Ipń-Isf I≠-t∏m-gmWv Ihn°v _mey-Imew

Hm¿a hcp-∂Xv.


$ hmg-bn-e NqSn-bn- p-s≠-¶nepw ag-bØp \\-™p-t]m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp∂ Xs∂

Xs‚ IpS-bn¬ tN¿Øp-\n¿Øm≥ sIm®p-s]-ßƒ a\p ImWn®p.

Ihn-X-bpsS Bibw kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏´p F∂v Cu L´-Øn¬ Dd-∏p-

hcp-Ø-Ww.

Is≠Ømw Fgp-Xmw

IhnX IqSp-X¬ Bg-Øn¬ hmbn-°m≥ t]cn-∏n-°p∂ tNmZy-ß-fm-Wn-h. hcn-

Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ hmbn-°m\pw hcn-Iƒ°-∏p-d-tØ°p Nn¥n-°m\pw Ipń-Isf

]m]vX-cm-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv CØcw tNmZy-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. IhnX `mhm-

fl-I-ambn sNm√n-t°ƒ°p-∂-Xn\pw kwL-N¿®bv°pw Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-°mw.

$ th\¬°n-\m-°ƒ Icnt™ t]mbv.

Ah-[n-°mew Ign-bp-tºmƒ AXp-h-sc-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ BÀm-Zm-c-h-ßƒ

Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p. Ifn®pw Nncn®pw Iq´p-Iq-Snbpw aXn-h-cmØ Ah-ÿbpw

_m°n-bmb BK-l-ß-fp-sam-s°-bmWv Cu th\¬°n-\m-°-fmbn Ipń-

Iƒ ]d-tb-≠-Xv.

$ IpXn-cp∂p Rm\m ag-bn-e√

ag -\-\™p t]mtI≠nh∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬, Xs∂ IpS-bn¬ tN¿Øp ]nSn®p

sIm≠p-t]m-Ip∂ sIm®p-s]-ßƒ Ihn°v kvt\l-Øns‚ Hcp s]cp-

ags]bvØm-bn-Ø-s∂-bmWv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. A]-Xo-£n-X-amb B

kvt\l-]-I-S\w Ihnsb hfsc-tbsd kv]¿in-°p-∂p.

]tbm-K- wKn

Ihn-Xsb kpµ-c-am-°p-∂Xv AXn¬ kµ¿`m-\p-k-cWw tN¿°p∂ khn-tij

]tbm-K-ß-fm-Wv. Cu ]tbm-K-ß-fpsS wKn Bkz-Zn-°p-tºm-gmWv Ihn-X-bpsS

kuµcyw ]q¿W-ambpw \ap-°m-kz-Zn-°m≥ Ign-bpI. Cu hcn-I-fn¬ sXfn-bp∂

sshIm-cn-Im\p-`-h-ßƒ Ipń-bn-seØm≥ i≤n-°-Ww.

$ ag-Øp-≈n-Ifpw Xp≈n h∂-t√m.

]≈n-°qSw Xpd-°p-tºmƒ Ipń-Iƒ Xp≈n-®mSn hcp-∂-Xp-t]mse ag-Øp≈n-

Ifpw BÀm-Z-tØmsS Xp≈nh∂p.

$ s]mSn-ao-\n≥ \nc-t]memw Iq´p-Im¿

ag-bØv Iq -ambnt∏mIp∂ Ipń-Iƒ ]pXp-a-g-bn¬ sh≈-®m-en-eqsS HgpIn-

\o-ßp∂ s]mSnao-\p-Isf Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ A\n-b-\-√m-tØm-c-\n-b≥

Bcp-a-√m-Ø, Bcm-sW-∂p-t]m-ep-a-dn-bmØ Xs∂ kvt\l-km-ao]yw

sIm≠p ho¿∏p-ap-ń-°p∂, kz¥w A\n-b-\m-bn-°m-Wp∂ sIm®p-s]-ß-

fpsS a\v.


AarXw

hm°p-Iƒ

Ihn-X-bnse ]pXp-aWw F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿Yw N¿® sNbvXp-sIm≠v Cu

]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n-°mw. ]pXp-aWw F∂m¬ ]pXnb aWw F∂mWv A¿Yw.

ISpØ th\-en-\p-tijw ag-s]bvXt∏mƒ aÆn-\p-≠mb aW-amWv ChnsS ]pXp-

aWw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXp-t]mse th\¬ Ah-km-\n-

°p-tºmƒ ]pXn-b-Xmbn s]øp∂ ag-bmWv ]pXp-a-g. Cßs\ "]pXp' tN¿°p-

tºmƒ ]pXnb F∂ A¿Yw hcp-∂Xp i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. ]pXp -tN¿Øp-

≠m-°m-hp∂ hm°p-Iƒ Ipń-Iƒ Is≠Øn ]d-b-s´.

]pXp-a-Ww, ]pXp-a-g, ]pXp-Im-ew, ]pXp-tem-Iw, ]pXp-Km-\w, ]pXp-\m-Zw.....

ad-°mØ ag-°mew

Hcp ag-°me A\p-`hw FgpXn Xbm-dm-°m-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. (So®¿

Xs‚ Hcp ag-°me A\p-`hw ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°Ww). Ipń-I-fn¬ Ipd-®p-

t]¿°v A\p-`-h-ßƒ ]d-bm≥ Ah-kcw \¬Imw.-Xp-S¿∂v A\p-`hw Fgp-Xn-

Ø-bm-dm-°m≥ \n¿tZin-°-Ww. ag-°me A\p-`-h-ßƒ ]e¿°pw ]e coXn-bn-

em-bn-cn°pw D≠m-hp-I. Nne¿°h BÀm-Z-I-chpw Nne¿°p k¶-S-I-c-hpw

Bhmw.

$ Bi-b-ßƒ Ia-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°¬

$ A\p-`-h-Øns‚ XohX tNm¿∂p-t]m-ImsX sshIm-cn-I-X-bp-W¿Øpw

hn[w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°¬

$ a\-n¬Ø´pwhn[w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°¬

$ kµ¿`-Øn-\p- tbm-Pn® ]Z-ßfpw ]tbm-K-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-°¬.

Cu Imcy-ßƒ So®-dpsS A\p-`-hm-h-X-c-W-Ønepw XpS¿∂v Ipń-I-fpsS cN-\m-

L-´-Ønepw ][m-\-amWv. Fw.Sn, C. lcn-Ip-am¿ XpS-ßnb kmln-Xy-Im-c≥am-

cpsS cN-\m- m-K-ßƒ DNn-X-k-µ¿ -Øn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. CXp-t]m-ep≈h

tiJ-cn-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°mw. (ag-sb-°p-dn®v IhnX cNn-°m\pw Bh-iy-s∏Smw.

Fw.Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h≥\m-b-cpsS Hcp ag-b-\p-`-hw hmbn-°q...

AS®p ]nSn®p s]øm≥ XpS-ßn-bm¬ DW-ßmØ DSp-∏p-Iƒ ]iv\-am-sW-

¶nepw Ime-h¿jsØ Hcp D’-h-Imew t]mse Rm≥ ImØn-cp-∂p.... Dd-

ßp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv Ccp-ń¬°nS∂v c≠p sNhnbpw hnc-en-´-S-bv°pI, ]ns∂

]Xps° Xpd-°p-I, At∏m-gmWv ag-bpsS apdp-°n-s°m-´¬ icn°pw ckn-

°p-∂-Xv.... sNdnb Irjn-°m-cpsS hoń¬ th≠X £-W-ap-≠m-sb∂p hcn√.

ap≠-I≥ sImbvØv A]q¿h-amb Rß-fpsS hońse ÿnXnbpw AXp-Xs∂-

bm-bn-cp-∂p. ag-°m-eØv hni∏v IqSpw. ASp°fbn¬ Acn Xnf-bv°p∂ K‘w

DΩ-d-t°m-em-bbn¬ ag I≠n-cp∂ Fs‚ aq°n-se-Øp-∂Xv FX s]s -∂mWv.

˛ Fw.Sn hmkp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿


as‰m-c-\p-`-hw CXm....

.... sshIp-t∂-c-ß-fn¬ t\ctØ Ccp-´p-tºmƒ CSn-an-∂-en\pw t]am-cn-°p-an-S-

bn¬ At∏mgpw FØnbnń√mØ A—-s\ -ImØv Rm≥ ]Sn-°-te°p IÆpw

\´v òXn-Z-amb a\-p-ambn DΩ-d-Øn-Æ-bn-en-cn°m-dp-≈Xv Hm¿a hcp-∂p.

-˛ C. lcn-Ip-am¿

NnXw hcbv°mw

`mjm]T\sØ Iem-]-T-\-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. hcn-I-

fn¬ h¿Wn-®n-´p≈ ZriysØ NnXo-I-cn-°m≥ ]d-b-Ww. ag-°m-eØv ]e-\n-d-

Øn-ep≈ IpS-Iƒ°p Iogn¬ Ipń-Iƒ H∂n®pt]mIp∂ Zriyw Ipń-Iƒ ]e-

t∏mgpw I≠n- p≈XmWv. Ah-cpsS a\-n¬ Xßn-\n¬°p∂ Cu Zriyw Hmtcm

Ipńbpw Ign-bp∂ cq]-Øn¬ hc-bv°-s´. NnX-ßƒ tN¿Øv NnX-]-XnI

Xbm-dm°n ¢mkn¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

tiJ-cn°mw

ag-°-hn-X-Iƒ Ipń-Iƒ ap≥¢m-kn¬ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠v. Ah Hm¿sØ-gp-Xm≥ Bh-

iy-s∏-Smw. IqSp-X¬ ag-°-hn-X-Iƒ, ]m´p-Iƒ, \mS≥]m- p-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw tiJ-

cn-°mw. sNm√mw. ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tN¿°m≥ \n¿tZin-°mw.

$ ab-s]bvXv ab-s]bvXv ab-tbmSv abs∂

F¥ncv aønXv s\Sv¶≠w s\d-™-°n

\mS≥]m v

$ AtΩ hcq hcq sh°w shfn-bn-te˛

°s√-¶n-en-Ω-g-tXm¿∂p-t]m-ta

Fs¥m-cm-Àm-Zam ap‰-Ø-Sn-°Sn

s]m¥p∂ sh≈-Øn¬Ø-Øn-®m-Sm≥.

-˛ _mem-a-Wn-bΩ

Fs‚ Ihn-Xm-]p-kvXIw

]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn hmbn-°m-\pw sNm√m-\pw tiJ-cn-°m\pw

Ah-kcw e`n-°p∂ Ihn-Xm-`m-K-ßƒ tN¿Øp cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ ]pkvX-

I-am-Wn-Xv. sNm√n ckn-°m-\pw Xmc-Xayw sNøm\pw CuWw Is≠-Øm-\p-

sam-s°-bmbn XpS¿∂p≈ bqWn-‰p-I-fn¬ [mcmfw Ihn-Xm-i-I-e-ßƒ IS-∂p-

hcp-∂p-≠v. Ch-sb√mw Ihn-Xm-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈-h-bm-Wv.

Ipń-I-fpsS kz¥w cN-\-I-fmb Ihn-X-Ifpw CXn¬ tN¿°mw. Ipń-Isf Ihn-

Xm-kzm-Z-\-Øns‚ hgn-bn-te°p \bn-°m≥ Cu ]pkvXIw klm-b-I-am-Ipw.

CXp-t]mse hmbn-°p-∂Xpw tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb IY-Iƒ tN¿Øv Fs‚

IYm-]p-kvX-Ihpw Xbm-dm-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.


AarXw

$ CS-h-∏m-Xn-∏m-Xn-c-bm˛

WnSnbpw agbpw s]mSn-]qcw

]pc-ap-‰-sØ-∏p-fn-am-hn≥ta˛

semcp-K-‘¿∆≥ ]mSp∂p?

-˛ CS-t»cn tKmhn-µ≥ \mb¿

$ Nn∂n-sØ-dn°pw \dp-ap-Øp-t]mse

\ofp∂ sh≈n-sØ-fn-\q-ep-t]mse

BIm-i-KwKm ]k-c-ßƒt]m-se˛

bmlm! ]Xn∏q ]pXp-h¿j-tXm-bw?

˛ sshtem-∏n≈n io[-c-ta-t\m≥

$ Hcp ag-s]bvXp

`qan Ipfn¿Øp

Hcp IXn¿ \o≠p

`qan s]men-®p.

˛ Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿ -

$ Im‰ns‚ Iqń-√m-sX-bn-Sn-bn-√msX X\n-˛

®ßs\ s]bvXo-SWw Xma-c-\q-ep-t]mse

Xqsh-≈n-°-ºn-t]mse

Xpºnss°hÆw

HSp°w IpSw-sIm≠p-sNm-cn-bp-∂-Xp-t]m-se.

Fs¥mcp ck-a-Xp-Im-Wp-hm, \Xn≥Km\w tIƒ°p-hm≥.

˛ Ip™pÆn

$ sImń-∏m-Sp∂q ag!

\S-h-c-º-sØmcp

Ipń-bp-≠-Xn≥ ssIbn¬

]pkvX-Iw, s]mXn-t®mdpw

IpS-bm-sbmcp Xqi-\n-ebpw

AXp-sIm-Øn-°p-S-bp-∂pthm

ag-°m-‰ns‚ Im°-°q´w.

˛ H.F≥.-hn. Ipdp∏v


N¿® sNøpI

H.F≥.hn Ipdp-∏ns‚ Ipt™SvØn F∂ Ihn-X-bnse GXm\pw hcn-Ifpw ]mT-

Ønse Bi-bhpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøm\pw N¿® sNøm-\p-ap≈ ]h¿Ø\-

am-Wn-Xv. Ipń-Iƒ c≠p Ihn-X-Ifn-sebpw Bi-b-ßƒ BZyw ]d-b-s´. CXn-

\mbn sNdp-tNm-Zy-ß-ƒ tNmZn°mw. ]n∂o-S-h¿ Ccp-I-hn-X-bn-ep-ap≈ kvt\l-

Øns‚ hyXy-kvX-ap-J-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-b-s´.

]mT-Ønse, Ihn-bpsS Bcp-a-√mØ sIm®p-s]-ß-fmWv Ihn°p kvt\l-km-

ao]yw ]I-cp-∂Xpw ag-bn¬\n∂v IpS-bn-te°p tN¿Øp \n¿Øp-∂-Xpw.

Ipt™-SvØn Xs‚ kz¥w A\n-b-\mb DÆn-°mWv kvt\l-hm-’-ey-ßƒ

]I-cp-∂Xv. aSn-bn-en-cp-Ønbpw amtdmSp tN¿Øpw emfn-°p-Ibpw IY -]-d-bp-

Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv.

Cu Bi-b-amWv Ipń-I-fn¬ FtØ-≠-Xv. Ch-bn¬ GXp kvt\l-amWv al-

Ø-c-am-bXv F∂p tNmZn-°mw. X\n-°-dn-bm-Ø-hsc kvt\ln-°m\pw klm-bn-

°m\pw \ap°p Ign-b-W-sa∂ Nn¥ Ipń-I-fn-ep-W¿Øp-Ibpw thWw.

XpS¿∂v Ipt™SvØn F∂ Ihn-X-sb-°p-dn®v Ah¿ Fgp-X-s´. Bkzm-Z-\-°p-

dn-∏ns‚ BZy-L-´-ambn Cu ]h¿Ø\w ]cn-K-Wn-°mw. (Bkzm-Z-\-°p-dn∏v

Xbm-dm-°m-\p≈ hni-Zamb ]h¿Ø\w c≠mw bqWn-‰n¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.

(FX Infn-bpsS ]m´-dnbmw ˛ ]n. a[p-kq-Z-\≥)

BapJw

P\n®p hf-cp∂ Np‰p-]m-Sns\ Adn™pw

AXn-t\mSp kwh-Zn®pw Ipń-Iƒ hf¿∂p

hcp∂ coXn \Ωp-sS ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ `mK-

am-Wv. X\n°p Np‰n-ep-ap≈ hkvXp-°sf

tNX-\-sat∂m AtN-X-\-sat∂m th¿Xn-cn-

°msX ]qhn-t\mSpw ]qºm‰-tbmSpw I√n-t\mSpw ap≈n-t\mSpw Iq´p-Im-tcm-sS∂

t]mse Ipń-Iƒ k√-]n-°p-∂Xv Ihn-Xm-io-ep-I-fn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v.

\mS≥ ]m´p-I-fn¬ XpSßn alm-I-hn-I-fpsS Ipń-°-hn-X-I-fn¬ hsc CXn\v

DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Is≠-Ømw. Xs∂ ]Ir-Xn-bpsS mK-ambn Icp-Xnb a\p-jy≥

]Ir-Xn -tbmSv CWßn Pohn-®-Xns‚ km£y-]-X-ß-fm-bn -cp∂p Cu

kmlnXymhn-jvIm-c-ßƒ. \K-c-h-XvI-c-W-]-In-bbv°p thKX IqSn-b-t∏mƒ

\ap°p a‰p Poh-Pm-e-ß-tfm-Sp≈ ASp∏w Ipd™p XpSßn. B¿Øn-tbmsS

Iog-S-°m-\p≈ Hcp hn`hw amX-am-Wv ]IrXn F∂ Nn¥ ]_-e-am-bn.

\mw ]Ir-Xn-bn¬\n∂v AI-∂p-t]m-Ip∂psh∂ bmYm¿Yyw Cs∂-√m-hcpw Xncn-

®-dnbp∂p≠v. Cu Ahÿ ]Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw a\p-jys‚ Xs∂bpw \mi-Øn-

te-°mWv \bn-°pI F∂v \ymb-ambpw `b-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-jy\p

]Ir-Xn-bn¬\n∂p thdn´ \ne-\n-ev]n-s√∂ t_m[w Ipń-°mew apX¬°p

Xs∂ hf¿∂p htc-≠Xp≠v. Cu e£yw ap≥\n¿ØnbmWv c≠p kmlnXy

cN-\-Iƒ c≠mw bqWn-‰n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. BZy-tØXv a\p-jy≥

]IrXnbnse Poh-Pm-e-ßsf kvt\l-tØmsS ]cn-N-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚bpw c≠m-

a-tØXv kzm¿Y-em-`-Øn-\mbn ]Ir-Xn-tbmSv AXn-Iaw ImWn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚bpw

NnXo-I-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. hyXy-kvX-amb Cu c≠p NnX-ßfpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn

]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp≈ aa-X Duń-bp-d-∏n-°pI F∂ e£y-amWv Cu bqWn-‰neqsS

ssIhcn-°m-\p-≈-Xv.

2

lcnXw


]th-iI ]h¿Ø\w

alm-Ihn Ip´-a-Øns‚ "]®-°nfn' F∂ Ihn-Xsb ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈

]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS bqWn-‰n-te°p ]thin-°mw.

]th-iI]h¿Ø-\-Øn-∂mbn \evInb Ihn-X-Iƒ hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\p-≈-

X√t√m. Ihn-X-bn-se apJy-]-tabw Ipń-I-fn-se-Øn-b-Xn-\p-tijw IqsS tN¿Ø

]h¿Ø-\-Øn-te°p \oßp-I-bmWv th≠-Xv.

Ipń-Iƒ kzbw hmbn-°-s´. XpS¿∂v Ihn-X-bpsS tIµm-i-b-Øn-te°p \bn-

°p∂ GXm\pw sNdp-tNm-Zy-ß-fm-hmw.

]®-°nfn Fhn-sS-bmWv ]mdn-sbØn-bXv? Infn- h-∂n-cp-∂t∏mƒ Atim-I-

acØns‚ Nn√bv°v F¥p -am-‰-am-Wp-≠mbXv? imcn-I-ss∏-X-ens‚ tamSn-I≠v

BcmWv IqsS°qSn-bXv?

XpS-ßnb tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn®v DØcw ]d-bm≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip∂-Xn-eqsS

Ihn-X-bpsS Bibw Ipń-I-fn-te°v FØn-°mw. kµ¿`m-\p-k-cWw IhnX

sNm√n-b-h-X-cn-∏n-°mw.

]®-°nfn Atim-I-a-c-Øns‚ Nn√-bn¬ sN∂n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ acw AXns\ BÀmZ-

tØmsS kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xpw B BÀmZw ]¶phbv-°m≥ Im‰v ASpØp IqSp-∂-

Xp-amb at\m-l-c-Im-gvN-bn-te°p Ipń-I-fpsS i≤ sIm≠phc-Ww.

XpS¿∂v, Ipń-Iƒ I≠n-´p≈ BÀm-Z-I-c-amb ImgvN-Iƒ Ah-sc-s°m≠p ]d-

bn-°mw.Ipń-Iƒ ]¶phbv-°p∂ ImgvN-I-fn¬ Infnbpw achpw amX-a√ ]q°fpw

ac-ßfpw AS-ßnb ]Ir-Xn-`w-Kn-bpw a‰p Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw Dƒs∏Sp∂p F∂v

Dd∏p hcpØWw.

Cßs\ Ipń-I-fpsS ImgvN-b\p- -h-ßƒ ]¶ph-®p-sIm≠v ]mT- m-K-tØ°p ]th-

in-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]®-°nfn

Atim-I-tØm-∏n-te°v Hcp ]®-°nfn (XØ) ]d-∂n-cn-°p-∂p. ]£n Ccp-∂-

t∏mƒ Cf-Inb sImºv sNdp-i-_vZ-Øn¬ AXn-t\mSv Ifn-hm-°p-Iƒ ]d-™p.

Atim-I-acw Xfn-cn-e-Iƒ sIm≠v hoip-Ibpw ]£n-bpsS tZlØv sN©mb

tim` ]c-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Nph∂ Xfn-cn-e-I-fpsS Ne\w aqe-amWv ]£n-

bpsS tZlØv Nph∂ Nmbw ]qip-∂-Xmbn Ihn°p tXm∂n-b-Xv. XpS¿∂v

]£n-bpsS `wKn-I≠v Im‰pw H∏w tN¿∂p.

]nb-s∏´ Hc-Xn-Ynsb hcth¬°p-∂Xp t]mse-bmWv ]®-°n-fnsb Atim-

I-tØm∏v kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kvt\l-]q¿hw Ifn-hm-°p-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p, hni-dn-

sIm≠p hoip-∂p, sXm´p-X-tem-Sp-∂p. hncp-∂p-Im-cs‚ hc-h-dn-s™-Øp∂

Ab¬°m-c-\mWv Im‰v, kvt\lhpw D√m-khpw \nd™ A¥-co-£-amWv

]®-°n-fn-bn¬ \nd™p \n¬°p-∂-Xv. ]Ir-Xn-bnse ]mc-kv]-cy-Øns‚

DujvafZriy-ambn CXns\ ImWmw.

So®¿sSIvÃv

lcnXw

87Ãm≥tU¿Uv -˛ 4

alm-Ihn Ip -aØv Ip∂n-b-qcv Ip™n-°r-jvW-°p-dp∏v

Imk¿tKmUv Pn√-bnse Ip´-aØv Kma-Øn¬ 1880 HIvtSm-_¿ 12 \v P\n®p.

kwkvIr-X-km-ln-Xy-Ønepw sshZy-im-kvX-Ønepw Ah-Kmlw t\Sn. \ote-

izcw cmPmkv sslkvIq-fn¬ A[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. "tIc-f-N-µnI' bpsS

]Xm-[n-]-c-mbn ]h¿Øn-®p. 1941 ¬ Nnd-bv°¬ hen-b -cm-Pmhv alm-I-hn-

ÿm\w \¬In. Imfn-b-a¿Z-\w, Aar-X-civan ]Øv `mKw, tZh-bm-\n-N-cn-Xw,

_me-tKm-]m-e≥, \Nn-tI-X-v XpSßn ap∏-Xn¬]cw IrXn-Iƒ cNn®p.

1943BKÃv 7 \v A¥-cn-®p.

]®-°nfn (Xmcm-´v)

]®-°n-fn-sbm∂p ]mdn-˛-sbmcp

sIm®-tim-I-tØm-∏n-tedn;

Nm©m-Sn-b-∏gm-®n-√n-˛-s°mºp

Xm≥ NmSp-a¿acw sNm√n.

N©¬X-fn¿ sIm≠p hoin- -\-dpw˛

sN©m-b-sam-∂ßp ]qin.

imcn-I-s∏-X-en≥ tamSn-˛-I≠p

amcp-X\pw sN∂p-Iq-Sn.

Du™m-en-em-Sn-Øp-S-ßo- -Infn

Nm™p Ipg™p Ipep-ßo.

X≥]-Z-aq-∂n-b-s°m-ºn¬- -]e

sNº-hngw Nm¿Øn-b-ºn¬,

Aßp-anßpw Xm≥ sNcn™pw,˛Nn-d˛

Ißnt\ `wKym hncn™pw

Ip¶pa IkvXq-cn-_n-µp-˛-t]mse

X¬IÆp NnΩn hnS¿∂p.

N©p-hmw-]q-sam-´p-e¿Øn-˛-sN-d-dp˛

sIm©n-tbm-a¬Kfw XmgvØn;

hnizin-ev]n-°p≈ krjvSn-˛-KpWw

hnip-X-an-ßnt\ Imń.

A¿°-\-tØm-∏nS \o°n, ˛sas√˛

b°n-fn-tb-sb-Øn-t\m-°n.

Ip´-aØv Ip∂n-bqcv Ip™n-°r-jvW-°p-dp∏v

88So®

¿sSI

vÃv

Ãm≥

tU

¿U

v -˛ 4

bqWn‰v s^bnw lcnXwBi-b-ßƒ/tijn-Iƒ hyh-lm-c-cq-]-ßƒ/`mjm-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ

$ ]IrXnkuµcyw Bkz-Zn-°p-IbpwBkz -Zn -∏n -°p -Ibpw sNøp -∂Xp\ap°pw a‰p-≈-h¿°pw kt¥mjw\¬Ipw.

$ ]Ir -Xn -bnse Poh-Pm -e -ßƒ°p\¬Ip∂ kvt\l-]q¿W-amb ]cn-N-cWw Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ kmln-Xy-c-N-\-I-fpsS Bkzm-Z-\-Øn-eqsS Ipń-Iƒ°v Ah-cpsS Np‰p-]m-Sn-t\mSv B`n-ap-Jy-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p.

$ ]Ir -Xn -ku-µ -cyw, kwc -£WwF∂nh ]ta-b-am-bn-´p≈ \nc-h[nkmlnXy cN-\-I-fp-≠v.

$ ]Ir-Xn-bnse G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´Poh-a-WvU-ehpw A\-\y-amb kuµ-cym-\p-`hw ]I-cp∂ Bhm-k-tIµhp-amWv ImS v . B[p -\nI a\pjy≥kzm¿YXm-¬∏-cy-ßƒ t\Sp-∂-Xn-\mbnImSv \in-∏n-°p-∂p. ImSv kwc-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv.

$ ]Ir-Xn-bnse F√m Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw]mc-kv]-cy-tØm-sS-bmWv Pohn-°p-∂Xv.

$ Ihn-X-bnse A¿Y`wKn, i_vZ-`w-Kn,]tbm-K-`wKn F∂nh Dƒs°m≠vCuW-Ønepw Xmf-Ønepw sNm√nBkz-Zn-°p-∂p.

$ Ihn-X-bnse CjvS-s∏´ hcn-Iƒ Xnc-s™-SpØv CjvS-s∏-Sm-\p≈ ImcWwhy‡-am-°p∂ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ Ihn-X-bnse Bi-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ Ihn-X-bnse Bi-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn NnXw hc-bv°p-∂p.

$ h\-kw-c-£Ww ]ta-b-ambn hcp∂IY `mhm-fl-I-ambn hmbn®v Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p, A]-K-Yn-°p-∂p, N¿®-bn-te¿s∏-Sp-∂p, kzX-¥m-`n-]mbw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ IY-bnse Bi-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ]X-hm¿Ø, t]mÃ¿, \mSI-cq]w F∂nh Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ IY `mhm-fl-I-ambn ]qcn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ ]pXnb ]Z-ßƒ, ]tbm-K-ßƒ, sNm√p-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ F∂nh Dƒs∏-SpØnkµ¿`m -\p -k-cWw cN-\ -Iƒ \S-Øp∂p, kwkm-cn-°p-∂p.

$ Ihn-X-Iƒ CuW-Ønepw Xmf-ØnepwsNm√p-∂p.

$ Ihn-X-bpsS Bkzm-Z-\-Øn-eqsS Xs‚Np‰p-]m-Sn-t\mSpw Poh-Pm-e-ß-tfmSpwkvt\lhpw B`n -ap -Jyhpw hf¿ -Øp∂p.

$ ]mT-`m-KØp≈ kakvX]Z-ßƒ ]ncn-s®-gp -Xp-Ibpw tN¿sØ-gp-Xp-IbpwsNøp∂p.

$ DNn-X-amb coXn-bn¬ IY ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p.

$ D®m-c-W-ip-≤n, Hgp-°v, Bh-iy-amb`mhhyXn-bm\w F∂n-h-tbmsS hmbn-°p∂p.

$ ]mT-Ønse Bi-bsØ hnh-c-Ww,NnXo-I-c-Ww, t]mÃ¿, hm¿Ø, A`n-\bw XpS-ßnb hyXykvXcoXn-Ifh-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ h\-ßƒ ]Ir-Xn-bnse ][m-\-s∏´ssPh-tI-µ-am-sW∂pw AXp kwc-£n-t°-≠Xv \ΩpsS IS-a-bm-sW∂pwt_m[y -s∏ -Sp -∂p. ]IrXn/ h\-kwc£W ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p k∂-≤X ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.

So®¿sSIvÃv

lcnXw


Fs‚ ]\n-\o¿s®Sn

]mTm-]-K-Y\w

tacn-tPm¨ IqØm´p-Ip-f-Øns‚ "A¥n-\-£Xw' F∂ kam-lm-c-Ønse "P∑-

hmk\' F∂ Ihn-X-bpsS BZy-`m-K-amWv "Fs‚ ]\n-\o¿s®Sn' F∂ io¿j-

I-Øn\p Xmsg tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

ho´p-ap-‰Øp \´p-h-f¿Ønb ]\n-\o¿s®Sn-sb ]cn-N-cn® s]Ïp-ń°v ]pe-cn-

Øp-Sp∏n¬ ]qsam- p-Iƒ Xnf-ßp-∂Xp I≠-t∏m-gp≈ BÀm-Z-amWv Ihn-X-bpsS

]ta-bw.

Xm≥ \´p-h-f¿Ønb ]\n-\o¿s®Sn Xs‚ ho´p-ap-‰-Øn\v Ae-¶m-c-am-sW∂p

]d-™p-sIm-≠mWv IhnX Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. Hmtcm Znh-khpw BÀm-Z-tØmsS

Ahƒ ]\n-\o¿s®Snsb sh≈-sam-gn®p ]cn-]m-en-®p. ]\n-\o¿s®Sn samń-Sp-

∂Xp I≠v BÀm-Zn-°p-hm\pw Nn√-Iƒ tXmdp-ap≈ \mºp-Isf ]mWn-Iƒ

\in-∏n-°msX kwc-£n-°phm\pw apf-bv°p∂ Ipcp-∂ne D®-sh-bn-en¬ hmSm-

Xn-cn-°p-hm\pw i≤n® s]Ïpń B sNSn°p Imh¬ amem-J-bmbn amdn.

a™p-Imew h∂p-tN¿∂-t∏mƒ ]\n-\o¿s®Sn Xfn¿Øp at\m-l-cn-bm-bn-

Øo¿∂p. a™p-Xp-≈n-Iƒ aq¿[m-hn-e-Wn™p "kpaw-Ken' bmbn-Øo¿∂ sNSn-

bpsS Nn√-I-fn¬ apIp-f-ßƒ, ]pf-I-ßƒt]mse A¶p-cn-®p. ]pe-cn-Øp-Sp-∏n-s\-

t\m°n B ]qsam-´p-Iƒ aµ-l-kn-®-t∏mƒ Ah-fpsS a\v B\µ kmK-c-Øn-

em-dm-Sn. Ihn-Xbv°p \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ t]cns‚ ]tXy-IX Ipń-I-fpsS i≤-

bn¬s∏Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]\n-\o¿s®Sn F∂√ Fs‚ ]\n-\o¿s®Sn F∂mWv

Ihn-Xm-io¿j-Iw. ]\n-\o¿s®Sn F∂m-Ip-tºmƒ GtXm ]\n-\o¿s®Sn Ft∂

A¿Y-am-Ip-∂p-≈q. Fs‚ ]\n-\o¿s®Sn F∂ io¿jIw ]\n-\o¿s®-Sn-tbmSv

Ipń-°p≈ ASp-∏hpw kvt\l-hpw hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v.

Ipń-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn IhnX hmbn-°-s´. Ihn-X-bnse Nne ]Z-ßƒ (PmX-

tam-Zw, A\p-hm-k-cw, A\p-thew XpS-ßn-bh) Ipń-Iƒ°v A¿Yw- K-ln-°m≥

]bm-k-ap-≈-h-bmbn tXm∂mw. D®m-c-W-Øn\pw ]bm-k-a-\p-`-h-s∏-Smw. AXn-

\m¬Øs∂ i≤m-]q¿hw IhnX sNm√n-b-h-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww.

"]m\'- sNm√p-∂Xns‚ Xmf-Øn¬ IhnX sNm√n t\m°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

c≠p-\m-ep-Zn\w sIms≠m-cp-Øs\

X≠n-te‰n \S-Øp-∂Xpw `hm≥

]h¿Ø\ hni-I-e\w

Ihn-Xm-kzm-Z-\-Øn\p XSw \n¬°p-∂ -]-Z-ß-fpsS A¿Yw A¿Y-kq-NnI

t\m°n Is≠-Ømw.


Ipń-Iƒ°p ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-

cp-Øm\pw So®¿°v Ipń-Isf

hne -bn -cp -Øm\pw Htc

SqƒXs∂ D]-tbm-Kn -°mw.

Ipń-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-

Øp-tºmƒ Sqfp-Iƒ So®¿

hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°Ww

Is≠Ømw

Ihn-X-bnse Bi-b-ßƒ Is≠-Øm\mhptam F∂-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\mbp≈ ]mY-

anI ]cn-tim-[-\-bmWv ChnsS \S-°p-∂-Xv. CXn-\mbn c≠p tNmZy-ß-ƒ ]mT-

]pkvXI-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ipń ]\n-\o¿s®-Snsb Fßs\ ]cn-]men®p

F∂ H∂m-asØ tNmZy-Øn-\p≈ DØ-c-Øn¬

$ Hmtcm Znh-khpw kt¥m-j-tØmsS sh≈-sam-gn-®p

$ apf-Iƒ IoSw \in-∏n-°msX kwc-£n-®p

$ Ipcp-∂ne D®-sh-bn-en¬ hmSmsX t\m°n

Cu Imcy-ßfpw, tla¥w h∂-t∏mƒ ]\n-\o¿s®-Sn-°p-≠mb am‰w kw_-

‘n® c≠m-asØ tNmZy-Øn\v

$ a™p-Imew h∂-t∏mƒ sNSn Xfn¿Øp at\m-l-cn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p.

$ a™p-Xp-≈n-bm-Ip∂ apØ-Wn-™v "kpaw-Ken'bmbn-Øo¿∂p.

$ Hmtcm Nn√-bnepw apIp-f-ßƒ D≠mbn.

F∂o Bi-b-ßfpw DØ-c-Øn¬ D≠m-h-Ww.

`¿Øm-hp-≈-hƒ, Zo¿L-amw-K-ey-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-hƒ F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv

kpa-wKen F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ A¿Yw. kpaw-K-en-am¿ s\‰n-bn¬ knµqcw Nm¿Øm-

dp-≠-t√m. ]qhn-X-fp-I-fn¬ a™p-Xp-≈n-b-Wn™ sNSnsb Ih-bnXn kpaw-

Ken F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv CtXm¿Ømhmw. Cu Bibw kµ¿`m-\p-k-cWw

Ipń-I-fn¬ FØ-Ww.

sNm√n ckn-°mw

Ihn-X-bnse Bi-b-ßƒ Is≠Øn-b-Xn-\p-tijw Bkzm-Z-\-X-e-Øn-te°p

IS-°p-∂-Xns‚ mK-ambn IhnX ho≠pw H‰bv°pw Iq´-ambpw sNm√mw. IhnX

sNm√p-tºmƒ A¿Yw, `mhw F∂nh \jvS-s∏-SmsX hyXy-kvX-amb CuW-

ßƒ ]co-£n®p t\m°mw. \∂mbn sNm√p∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v s]mXp- Ah-X-c-W-

Øn\v Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. Hmtcm s_©mtbm Kq∏mtbm sNm√mw. ¢mkn\v

H∂n®p sNm√mw. So®¿°v H∏hpw sNm√mw.

IhnX CuW-Ønepw Xmf-Ønepw sNm√p∂p

F∂ ]T-\-t\´w Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS

ssIh-cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. Hmtcm kwL-Øn\pw

IhnX sNm√p-tºmƒ ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øm-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kwL-ßƒ H∂n®p sNm√p-

tºmƒ So®¿°p hne-bn-cp-Ømw.

So®¿sSIvÃv

lcnXw


hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ kqN-I-ßƒ

$ `mhw Dƒs°m≠v sNm√p-∂p.

$ DNn-X-amb Xmf-Øn¬ sNm√p-∂p.

$ A¿Y-`wK-an-√msX sNm√p-∂p.

$ A£-c-kv^p-S-X-tbmsS sNm√p-∂p.

Bibw hcp∂ hcn-Iƒ Is≠-Ømw

Bkzm-Z-\-X-e-Øn-te°p ]th-in-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ASpØ L´-amWv

ChnsS \S-t°-≠-Xv. Ipń ]\n-\o¿s®-Sn°p sh≈-sam-gn®p F∂ BZy kqN\-

bv°p-Ø-c-ambn

ioX-f-P-e-[mc ]I¿∂p Rm≥

F∂ hcn Is≠Øm≥ klmbn-°p-a-t√m.

IpńbpsS a\-n¬ kt¥mjw D≠mbn F∂ c≠-masØ kqN-\-bv°p-Ø-c-

ambn

B¿Øn-c-ºp-I-bm-W-\p-th-e-sa˛

∂¥-cw-K-Øn-em-\µ kmKcw

F∂ hcn-I-fm-Wt√m Fgp-tX-≠-Xv.

"t\m°n t\m°n a\w Ipfn¿∏n-°p-hm≥'

F∂ hcn amX-am-bm¬ Bi-bw -]q¿Wam-Ip-∂n√. F¶nepw B hcnbpw Ipń-

bpsS a\-n-ep≈ kt¥mjw hy‡-am-°p∂-XmWv F∂v i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-Øm-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Is≠Ømw Fgp-Xmw

kam-\m¿Y-ap≈ ]Z-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]h¿Ø\w Ipń-bpsS ]Z-

kºØv h¿[n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Dt±-in-®mWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

kt¥mjw F∂ hm°n\p ]Icw tamZw, B\µw F∂o hm°p-Iƒ Ihn-X-

bn¬\n∂pXs∂ Is≠-Ømw. kt¥m-jn-∏n-°¬ F∂ A¿Y-Øn¬ a\w

Ipfn¿∏n-°p-I F∂ ]tbm-Khpw ImWmw. a‰p≈h ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn\p ]n∂n¬

\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ kam-\m¿Y kqNnI t\m°n Is≠-Ø-s´. Ah ]mT-]p-kvXI-

Øn¬ \n¿tZin-°-s∏´ ÿeØv Fgp-Xn-b-Xn-\p-tijw t\m´p-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬

]I¿Øn-sb-gp-Xmw.


EXp-°ƒ

Ime-]-bm-W-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ ]Ir-Xn-°p-≠m-

Ip∂ `n∂-`m-h-ß-sf-bm-Wt√m EXp-°ƒ

F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Ah a\pjy Pohn-XsØ

kzm[o-\n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. Hmtcm

EXp -I-S-∂p-h-cp-tºmgpw Pohn-X-co-Xn-bntem

Blm-c-io-e-ß-fntem Nne aps∂m-cp-°-

ßtfm am‰-ßtfm \S-Øm-dp-≠-t√m.

`mc-Xob k¶-¬∏a-\p-k-cn®v Bdv EXp-°-

fm-Wp-≈-Xv. hk-¥w, Kojvaw, h¿jw,

icXv, tla-¥w, inincw F∂n-h-bm-W-h.

(]m›m-Xy-co-Xn-b-\p-k-cn®v hk-¥w, Kojvaw,

ic-Xv, inincw F∂n-ßs\ \mep EXp-°-

fm-Wp-≈Xv).

Cu EXp-hn- -P\w IrXy-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂n-√. (Hcp EXp c≠p-am-k-Øn¬ Xs∂

Hcpßn \n¬°-W-sa-∂n-√-t√m)

tIc-f-Øn¬ Cu Xc-Øn-ep≈ EXp-hn-`-P\w ]mtbm-Kn-I-a-√. Ipw`w, ao\w,

taSw, CS-h-Øns‚ ]IpXn F∂nh \ap°p Kojva(-th-\¬)-Im-e-am-Wv. CS-h-

am-k-Øns‚ c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-tbmsS Bcw-`n-°p∂ h¿j-Imew Xpemw hsc

\o≠p-\n¬°pw. (c≠p L´-ß-fmbn Ime-h¿jhpw Xpem-h¿j-hpw). CS-h-

∏m-Xn-bp-sSbpw Xpem-h¿j-Øn-s‚bpw CS-bn-embn icXv Imew tIc-f-Øn¬

IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p. am\w sXfn-bp-Ibpw sNSn-Iƒ ]q°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. HmWw

Cu EXp-hn-emWv BtLm-jn-°p-∂-Xv. sImbvØp-Im-e-am-WnXv. CXp tIc-f-

Øns‚ D]-h-k-¥-am-sW∂ A`n]mbw \ne-hn-ep-≠v. ]n∂oSv hr›nIw, [\p,

aIcw F∂o amk-ß-fn-embn tla¥w (a™p-Im-ew) A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p.

tla¥w inin-c-Øn-te°p hf-cp-∂p. Cu EXp-hn¬ sImSpwXWp∏pw ioX-

°m‰pw D≠m-Ipw. Ce-Iƒ sImgn-bp-∂Xpw ImbvI-\n-Ifpw ]qsºm-Snbpw

Im‰ns‚ ssII-fm¬ hnX-cWw sNøp-∂Xpw C°m-e-Øm-Wv. Kojva-Øns‚

sXm´p-ap-∂ntem XpS-°-Øntem hk¥w tIc-f-Øn¬ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p.

hr£ßƒ Xfn¿°p-Ibpw ]q°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv At∏m-gmWv.

Ah-ew_w : th\epw a™pw ag-bmbn ˛ tUm. hnP-b≥ NmtemSv

]dbmw Fgp-Xmw

(Cu ]h-cvØ\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\mbn apI-fn¬ sImSpØ hnh-c-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-

s∏-Sp-Ømw.) Cßs\ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ EXp-°sf kmam-\y-ambn ˛ th\¬°m-

ew, ag-°mew, a™p-Imew (ioX-Im-ew) F∂nßs\ Ipń-Iƒ°p ]cn-N-b-s∏-

Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp°mw.

EXp iI-h¿jamkw

hk¥w ssNXwsshimJw

Kojvaw tPyjvTwBjmVw

h¿jw imhWw`mZ-w

icXv Bi-zn\wIm¿ØnIw

tla¥w AK-lm-b\w]ujw

inincw amLw^m¬Kp\w

So®¿sSIvÃv

lcnXw


Imew ˛ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ amk-ßƒ, ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ, t\cn-Sm-\p-≈- Xbmsd-Sp-

∏p-Iƒ F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ i≤n-°p-a-t√m.

DZm: th\¬°mew ˛ Ah-[n-°m-ew, Pe-Zu¿e-`yw, amº-g-°m-ew.

Fgp-Xmw

Ipń-bpsS a\-n¬ B\µw B¿Øn-c-ºn-b-Xns‚ Imc-W-ßƒ At\z-jn-°p-

∂Xv IhnXmkzmZ-\-]-In-b-bpsS as‰mcp L´-am-Wv.

tNmZyw ¢mkn¬ Dd-s° -hm-bn-®-tijw DØ-c-ßƒ Hcp N¿®-bn-eqsS cq]s∏-

Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°mw. N¿®-bn¬ Db¿∂p-h-cp∂ kqN-I-ßƒ _n._n.bn¬ AXXp

ka-bØp Xs∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ømw. N¿® Ah-km-\n-®-tijw DØ-c-kq-N-\-Iƒ

D]-tbm-Kn®v DØ-c-ßƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°mw. DØ-c-Øns‚ BZy-`mKw ]d-™p-

sIm≠v DØ-c-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-`mKw ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°mw.

Ipń ]\n-\o¿s®-Snsb GsX√mw hn[-Øn¬ kvt\ln®p F∂v Cg-]n-cn®p

hy‡-am-°n-s°m-≠mWv N¿® apt∂m´p t]mtI-≠-Xv.

? Ipń ]\n-\o¿s®-Sn°v Fs¥√mw Imcy-ßƒ sNbvXpsImSp-Øp?

$ sh≈-sam-gn-®p.

$ IoS-ß-fn¬\n∂pw D®-sh-bn-en¬\n∂pw kwc-£n-®p.

? F¥psIm-≠mWv Cß-s\-sb√mw sNbvXXv?

$ ]\n-\o¿s®-Sn-tbm-Sv kvt\lap≈-Xp-sIm≠v.

? Ipń-bpsS BK-l-sa-¥m-bn-cp∂p?

$ ]\n-\o¿s®Sn samń´p ImWp-I.

? Ft∏m-gmWv samń-´p-I-≠Xv?

$ a™p-Im-eØv

? a™p-Im-eØv ]\n-\o¿s®-Sn-bn-ep-≠mb ]qsam-´p-Iƒ Fß-s\-bmWv

kt¥mjw ]I-Sn-∏n-®Xv?

$ ]pe-cnsb t\m°n Nncn-®psIm≠v

? AXp I≠-t∏mƒ Ipń-bn¬ D≠mb kt¥mjw Ihn-X-bn¬ NnXo-I-cn-

°p-∂-sX-ßs\?

$ B\-µ-km-Kcw B¿Øn-cºn

Xm≥ hfsc IqSp-X¬ kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw ]cn-]men°pIbpw sNbvX ]\n-

\o¿s®-Snbnse sam´p-Iƒ a™p-Im-eØv ]pe-cnsb t\m°n Nncn-®Xp

I≠n´mWv Ipń-bpsS a\-n¬ B\-µ-km-Kcw B¿Øn-c-ºn-b-Xv. (]pe-cn-Øp-

Sp-∏n¬ Xnf-ßp∂ ]qsam-´p-Iƒ ]pe-cnsb t\m°n ]p©n-cn-°p∂Xmbn

k¶¬∏n-®ncn°p∂p.)


]Zw ]ncn-s®-gp-Xmw

\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ \mep- ]-Z-ß-fnepw Hcp-t]mse kwhr-tXm-Imcw \jvS-s∏-Sp-

∂Xp i≤n-°p-a-t√m.

\mºv + DW-cp-∂Xv ˛ \mºp-W-cp-∂Xv

B¿Øv + Cc-ºpI ˛ B¿Øn-c-ºpI

Ipcp∂v + Ce ˛ Ipcp-∂ne

a™v + Imew ˛ a™p-Imew

Cßs\ ]Z-ßƒ IqSn-t®-cp-tºmƒ kwhr-tXm-Imcw ( v) \jvS-∏-Sp-∂-XmWv

tem]k‘n-bpsS kz`m-hw. Ipń-Iƒ°v Cu kmt¶-Xn-I⁄m\w ]I¿∂p

sImSp -t°≠-Xn√. ]Z-ßƒ ]ncn -s®-gp -Xptºmgpw IqSn -t®-cp -sºm-gp -w

hyXymkaps≠∂v i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ aXn.

]qcn-∏n-°mw

hm°p-Iƒ Bh¿Øn-®p-]-tbm-Kn®psIm≠v A¿YsØ i‡n-s∏-SpØp∂ ]tXy-

I-ssi-en-bm-Wn-hnsS ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. Ipń-I-fpsS `mjm]tbm-K-tijn

h¿[n-∏n-°p-I-bmWv Dt±-iyw.

tI´p-tI´p a\x]mT-ambn

\S∂p \S∂p Xf¿∂p.

\n∂p \n∂p Im¬ Ipg-™p.

Htc Inb-bpsS apºn¬ Bh¿Øn-®p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hyXy-kvX ]Z-ßƒ

ImWmw. AXp-t]mse

DZm:

tI´p tI´p aSpØp

I≠p I≠p aSpØp

\n∂p- \n∂p aSpØp

Bh¿Øn®p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Z-Øn\p ]n∂n¬ hyXy-kvX-amb Inb-I-fpw

tN¿°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

DZm:

Ccp-∂n-cp∂p aSpØp

\n∂p \n∂p Xf¿∂p

\n∂p \n∂p Im¬ Ipg-™p

So®¿sSIvÃv

lcnXw


CXp-t]m-ep≈ \nc-h[n ]tbmKßƒ `mj-bn¬ \nehn-ep-≠v. \ΩpsS Nne

Km\-ß-fnepw Ihn-X-I-fnepw CØcw ]tbm-K-ßƒ ImWmw.

]tbm-K- wKn hni-Z-am°mw

Ihn-Xm-kzm-Z-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ as‰mcp ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. CXn¬ Ihn-X-

bnse G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ ]tbm-K-Øn-te°p Ipń-bpsS i≤- sIm-≠p-h-cn-I-

bmWv sNtø-≠-Xv.

"Imh¬am-emJ' F∂ ka-kvX-]Zw hnK-ln®v 'Imh¬' F∂pw 'amemJ'

F∂pw c≠p ]Z-am°n am‰n Cu Ahk-c-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNø-mw.

˛ a‰p Ipń-Iƒ ]qdØp t]mb-t∏mƒ ¢mkv eoU¿ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ°p

Imh¬ \n∂p.

? F¥n-\mWv Imh¬ \n¬°p-∂Xv?

$ \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥

? Fß-s\-bmWv Ipń ]\n-\o¿s®Sn°p Imh¬ \n∂Xv?

$ sh≈-sam-gn®p sImSpØpw IoS-ß-fn¬\n∂pw D®-sh-bn-en¬\n∂pw

kwc£n-®p-sIm-≠pw.

? F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Cßs\ sNbvXXv?

$ sNSn-tbm-Sp≈ kvt\l°qSp-X¬ sIm≠v

? Ipń kzbw Bcm-sW∂mWv Icp-Xp-∂Xv?

$ Imh¬am-emJ

? BcmWv amemJ?

$ \∑-bpsS ]Xn-cq]w

sNSn-tbm-Sp≈ kvt\lw Imc-W-ambn AXns\ kwc-£n® Ipń sNSn°p

Imh¬ amemJbmbnØo¿∂p. "Imh¬' F∂ ]ZØnse "kwc-£Ww',

"amemJ'-bnse "\∑' F∂o Bi-b-ßƒ Ipń-I-fpsS i≤-bn¬ sIm≠p

hc-Ww. Imh¬ amemJ F∂ ]Z-Ønse ssZhnI hnip≤n IqSn So®-dpsS

I≠p-I-≠-ßn-cn°pw P\-ßsf

I≠n-s√∂p hcp-Øp-∂Xpw `hm≥

tI´p-tI´p \obp-d-sß≥˛

Ic-fns‚ ImX-te................

tXSn-tØSn Rm≥ Ae™p

]mSn-∏mSn Rm≥ Xf¿∂p.


Hm¿a-bn-ep-≠m-hWw (Hmtcm hy‡n°pw Ahsc kwc-£n-°p∂ Imh¬

amem-J-am-cp≠v F∂mWv hnizm-kw)

hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°-mw

Ipń sNSn \´p-h-f¿ØnbXns\-°p-dn-®m-Wt√m Ihn-X-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. "ho´p

ap‰-Øn\v Ae-¶m-c-amb sNº-\o¿s®Sn ' F∂mWv Ihn-X-bnse h¿W-\.

\nß-fpsS ho´pap‰Øpw sNSn-I-fn-t√?

GsX√mw? ]ń-I-s∏-SpØmw

Hcp sNSn-sb-°p-dnt®m H∂n-e-[nIw sNSn-I-sf-°p-dnt®m hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-

°mw. sNSn-I-fpsS t]cpw `wKnbpw amX-a√ sNSn-I-sf Xm≥ Fßs\ ]cn-]m-

en-°p∂p F∂Xpw hnh-c-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°p-a-t√m

\ndw sImSp°mw

`mjm-]-T-\-]-h¿Ø-\tØmSv Iem-]-T-\w ka-\z-bn-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.

BZyw NnXw \nco-£n-°mw.

Cebpw X≠pw t\m°n sNSn GXm-sW∂p Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ \n¿tZin-°mw.

BZytØXv sNº-c-Ønbpw c≠m-a-tØXv ]\n-\o¿s®Sn-bp-am-sW∂p Xncn-®-

dn-bm≥ Ipń-Iƒ°p Ign-bp-a-t√m. Hmtcm Ipńbpw Ign-bp∂ coXn-bn¬, \n¿tZ-

in-°-s∏´ kvYeØp ]q°ƒ hc®p tN¿°-s´.

Cebv°pw X≠n\pw ]qhn\pw \ndw sImSp-°-s´.

bp‡w-t]mse t\m´p-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ hc®p \ndw sImSp-°m\pw So®¿°p \n¿tZ-

in-°mw. \ndw \¬In-b-Xn-\p-tijw AXn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ k¿Km-fl-I-c-N-\-I-fn-

te°p \bn-°mw.

Rmh¬°mSv

]mTm]-K-Y\w

bqWn-‰nse c≠m-asØ cN-\-bmb Rmh¬°mSv ]n≠mWn F≥.-_n.-]n-≈-

bpsS "ImSp-W-cp∂p' F∂ kam-lm-c-Øn¬ Dƒs∏´ IY-bm-Wv.

hS-°≥a-e-bnse ]Sp-Iq-‰≥ Rmh¬acw ]£n-I-fpsS Xmh-f-am-Wv. a\p-j-y¿

AhnsS Imep-Ip-Øm-dn-√. Kcp-U-Ωm-h-\mWv ]£n-I-fpsS t\Xmhv. Rmh¬°mSv

]£nIfpsS kz¿K-am-Wv. Hcp cmXn GXm\pw \m´p-a-\p-j-y¿ Rmh¬°m-Sn\p

Xoh-®p. D≠-°-Æ≥ aqßbpw Iq´-cp-amWv Imń¬ Xobm-fp-∂ ImgvN BZyw

I≠-Xv. ]£n-Iƒ ]cn-`m-¥-cm-bn. Kcp-U-Ωm-h≥ ]£n-Isf kam-[m-\n-∏n-®p.

So®¿sSIvÃv

lcnXw


Nne ]£n-Iƒ ImSp-hn-´p-t]m-Im≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. Im°-Iƒ Xmhfw shSn-™p-

t]m-bn. aqß-I-fn¬ sNdp-∏-°m-cmb Nnecpw Xmhfw hnSm-s-\m-cp-ßn. A¿[-

cmXn-bn¬ s]s´∂v ag s]bvXp. tImcn-s®m-cn-™ ag Imńse Xo sISp-Øn.

]£n-Iƒ BÀm-Zn-®p.

a\p-j-y-cpsS AXn-I-a-ß-ƒ Rmh¬°mSv F∂ IY ]¶p-h-bv°p-Ibm-Wv. Poh-

Pm-e-ßƒs°√mw `qan-bn¬ Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂pw a\p-j-y≥ ImSns\ BI-an-

°p-tºmƒ kz¥w \ne-\n¬∏pXs∂-bmWv A]-I-S-Øn-em-°p-∂-sX∂pw ChnsS

kqNn-∏n-°-Ww. A]-I-S-Øn-em-Ip-tºmƒ a‰p-≈-h-sc-°p-dn-®m-tem-Nn-°m-sX kzbw

c£-s∏-Sm≥ ian-°p∂hcp-sS at\m- mhw N¿® sNø-Ww. Cu ]h-W-X-bvs°-

Xn-cmb at\m-`mhw Ipń-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ CXn-eqsS Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.

kmam\yw Zo¿L-amb IY-bm-bXn\m¬ IYhm-b\ ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ kabw

IqSp-X¬ sNe-h-gn-t°≠n hcpw. IY Ipń-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°-s´.

s]mXp-hmbn hmbn-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNømw. IYhm-b-\-bpsS mhm-

fl-IX hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ Xmsg tN¿Ø kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

$ th≠n-SØv \n¿Ønbpw Du∂¬ sImSpØpw hmbn-°p-I.

$ kµ¿`m-\p-k-cWw thKw Iqńbpw Ipd®pw hmbn-°p-I.

$ i_vZw Iao-I-cn®p hmbn-°p-I.

$ IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS `mhw Dƒs°m≠v kw`m-j-W-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.

Cßs\ IY hmbn-°m\pw hmbn-®p-tIƒ°m\pw Ign-™m¬ IY-hm-b\ ¢mkn¬

Hcp k¿K-]In-b-bmbn amdpw; Bi-b-hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√msX IYm-

kzm-Z\w henb Afhphsc \S-°pw.

IY -hm-bn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w ]mT-`m-KØp tN¿Øn-´p≈ h¿W-Nn-X-ß-fn-te°p

IqSn Ipń-bpsS i≤- sIm≠phc-Ww. AXp-hgn IYm-kzm-Z\w ck-I-c-amb Hc-

\p-`-h-am°n am‰m≥ Ign-bpw.

Cßs\ NnX-ßƒ \nco-£n-®p-sIm≠v H∂n-e-[nIw XhW IY hmbn-®-Xn-\p-

tijw Ipń-Iƒ IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS t]cv t\m´p ]pkvX-I-Øn-se-gp-X-s´.

˛ Rmh¬acw

˛ Kcp-U-Ωm-h≥

˛ D≠-°-Æ≥ aqß

Cu t]cp-Iƒ BZyw ]pkvXIw t\m°nbpw ]n∂oSv t\m°m-sXbpw Fgp-Xm≥

\n¿tZin-°mw.


XpS¿∂v _n._n.-bn¬ Cu t]cp-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-b-tijw Hmtcm-∂n-\p-ap≈ hnti-

j-W-ßfpw Fgp-Xn-t®¿°mw.

Rmh¬acw ˛ ]£n-I-fpsS Xmhfw

Kcp-U-Ωm-h≥ ˛ ]£n-I-fpsS kwc-£I≥

D≠-°-Æ≥ ˛ aqß-I-fpsS t\Xm-hv.

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ sImSpØ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te°p IS-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv

A]-cn-Nn-X-]-Z-ß-fpsS A¿Yw A¿Y-kq-Nn-I -t\m°n Is≠-Øm\pw Ah t\m´p-

]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xm\pw \n¿tZ-in-°mw.

]h¿Ø\ hni-I-e\w

]dbmw Fgp-Xmw

IY-bpsS ]mY-anIamb Bi-b-K-l-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ c≠p tNmZy-ß-fmWv

\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Rmh¬°mSv ]£n-Iƒ°p kz¿K-ambn A\p- -h-s∏- -Xns‚

ImcWw hy‡-am-°m-\p≈ H∂m-asØ tNmZy-Øn-\p≈ DØcw IY-bn¬ \n∂p-

Xs∂ Is≠-Ømw.

$ ]£n-I-fpsS Xmh-f-amb Rmh¬°m- n¬ a\p-jy-cp-sStbm arK-ß-fp-sStbm

iey-ap-≠m-Im-dn-√.

$ k‘y-bm-bm¬ ]cn-kcw kwKoXwsIm≠p \ndbpw

$ Rmh¬°mbv ]gp-Øm¬ cmhpw ]Iepw Xo‰-bm-Wv.

Cu Bi-b-ßƒ DØ-c-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-´p-sh∂v So®¿°p Dd∏p hcp-Ømw.

Rmh¬°m-ń¬ Xo ]S¿∂m¬ at‰-sX√mw Pohn-Iƒ°p ]bm-k-ap-≠mIpw

F∂ c≠m-asØ tNmZyw ImSn-s\-°p-dn®v Ipń-bpsS Adnhv ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-

Xn\pw, Imńse A¥-co£w Ah-tem-I\w sNbvXpw Duln®pw DØcw ]d-

bm≥ Ahsc ]m]vX-cm-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠n-bmWv. Xo ]S¿∂m¬ Imńse

GXp arK-Øn\pw ]bm-kap≠mIp-a-t√m. Imń¬ GsXms° arK-ß-fmWv Xma-

kn-°p-∂Xv F∂p hywKy-ambn tNmZn-°p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS. ImSv Hcp Poh-tem-I-

amWv F∂ [mc-W- Dd-∏n-°m≥ Cu tNmZ-y-Øns‚ DØ-c-Øn-\mbp≈ At\-z-

jWw klm-bn-°pw. Imń¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ GXp arK-Øns‚bpw t]cv Ah¿

DØ-c-ambn ]d-b-s´.

Is≠Ømw

Ipń-I-fpsS ]Z-k-ºØv h¿[n∏n-°m-\p≈ Cu ]h¿Ø-\-tØm-sSm∏w bp‡w

t]mse Nne A[nI]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw So®¿°p kzoI-cn°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

So®¿sSIvÃv

lcnXw


]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn-se Im´pXo, Im´pa\p-jy≥ F∂o c≠p hm°p-Ifpw ]d-bn®

tijw Ipń-I-fpsS ]Zm-h-en-bn¬ AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ a‰p ]Z-ß-fpt≠m F∂-dn-

bp-∂-Xn-\mbn IqSp-X¬ ]Zßƒ ]d-bm\pw Fgp-Xm-\p-ap≈ Ah-kcw \¬Imw.

Im´p-tNme, Im´p-]£n, Im´-cphn, Im´p-]qhv, Im´p-tX≥ Cßs\ \nc-h[n

]Zßƒ In´p-a-t√m. CtXm-sSm∏w "\mSp-'ambn tN¿∂p\n¬°p∂ ]Z-ßfpw

Is≠-Øm≥ \n¿t±-in°mw. DZm: \m´p`£Ww, \m´ph-gn, \m´p-\S∏v

DNn-X-ambn ]qcn-∏n°mw

kz-¥-ambn A¿Yap≈ ]Z-ß-sf-°q-SmsX i_vZwsIm≠v A¿Yw [z-\n-∏n-°p∂

]Z-ßfpw \ΩpsS mj-bn-ep-≠v. H‰bv°v FSp-Øm¬ Ah A¿Y-t_m[w D≠m-

°p-∂n-s√-¶nepw hmI-y-k-µ¿`-ßfn¬ A¿Y-]q¿W-am-bn-Øocp∂p. CØ-c-Øn-

ep≈ [mcmfw ]Z-ßƒ ssZ\wZn\ hy-h-lm-c-Øn¬ \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v.

IY-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p≈ AØ-c-Øn-semcp ]ZamWv Ie-]n-e. AXp-t]mse

aq∂p hmI-y--ßƒ ]qcn-∏n-°m-\mbn he-b-Øn¬\n∂p ]Z-ßƒ FSp-Øp-

tN¿°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-amWv \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

t\cw ]c-]cm shfp-Øp

hml-\-ß-fpsS IS-IS i_vZw

ag Nd-]d s]bvXp

Cßs\ ]qcn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ i_vZwsIm≠p [z-\n-°p∂ A¿Yw i≤-bn¬

sIm≠p-h-cm-a-t√m.

IqSp-X¬ DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ

InSp-InsS hnd®p

aWn-a-Wn-bmbn DØcw ]d™p

Inep-Inse Nncn®p

aS aSm IpSn®p

Idp-apsd Xn∂p

Ahƒ ]ndp-]n-dpØp

Ah¿ IpipIp-ipØp

Ah≥ IpSp-IpsS Nncn®p

Ah¿ Ie-]n-em∂v _lfw h®p.


\ΩpsS Ihn-X-I-fn¬ CØcw ]tbm-K-ß-fp-≠v

Ip\p-Ip-s\-®n∂pw Ipdp-\n-c-X∂n¬

\\p-\-s\-s∏m-Sn-s™mcp s]mSn-]‰n

˛ Fgp-Ø-—≥

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ IqSp-X¬ ]tbm-K-ßƒ Is≠-Øm≥ Ipń-I-tfmSv Bh-iy-

s∏Smw.

A`n--]mbw ]dbmw

CXv Hcp hmNnI]h¿Ø-\-am-Wv.

IY hmbn®pIgn™ Ipń°v kz¥w A`n-]mbw ]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-kcw

\¬I-Ww. \memw ¢mknse Ipń-bn¬ kmaq-l-y-t_m[w sNdnb Af-hn¬

hnI-kn-®n-cn-°p-a-t√m. AXp ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. So®-dpsS

ssIØmßv \∂mbn Bh-i-y-ap≈ kµ¿`w IqSn-bm-hmw CXv.

? Hcp IpSpw-_-Øn\v B]Øp h∂ptN¿∂m¬ Fß-s\-bm-WXns\ t\cn-

tS-≠Xv? H‰bvt°m Iq´mtbm (N¿®).

˛ F√m-hcpw HØp-tN¿∂v t\cn-S-Ww F∂v tImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.

Rmh¬°m-Sn\p Xo ]nSn -®-t∏mƒ bphm-°-fmb aqß-Iƒ F¥mWv

sNtø≠nbncp-∂Xv? N¿®

$ bphm-°ƒ°v a‰p-≈-h-tc-°mƒ Btcm-K-y-ap≠v

$ hr≤¿°pw Ipń-Iƒ°pw X\nsb c£-s∏-Sm-\m-In√

$ bphm-°ƒ a‰p-≈-h-tc-°qSn c£n-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

bphm-°-fmb aqß-Iƒ F¥mWv sNbvXXv?

$ a‰p-≈-h-sc-°p-dn-®m-tem-Nn-°msX kzbw c£-s∏-Sm≥ ian-®p.

CXp icn-bmtWm F∂p tNmZn-®p-sIm≠v Ipń-Ifn¬ [m¿anItcmjw Db¿Øm≥

Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww. -Ah¿ kz-X-¥-ambn ]Xn-I-cn-°-s´.

Hmtcm Bƒ°pw IpSpw-_-tØmSpw Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ Bfp-I-tfmSpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-

Ø-ap≠v. Ipń-Iƒ°p apXn¿∂-h-tcmSpw apXn¿∂-h¿°p Ipń-I-tfmSpw DØ-c-

hm-Zn-Ø-ap-≠v. bphm-°ƒ°p a‰p-≈-hsc c£n-°m-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ap-≠v.

IY-bn¬ ]d-™-Xp-t]m-ep≈ ]e ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \ΩpsS \mń¬ \S-°p-

∂p. (]X-hm¿Ø-Itfm ]mtZ-in-I-kw-`-h-ßtfm Nq≠n-°m-´mw.) Ah\h-s\-

∏-‰n-am-Xw Nn¥n-°p-tºmg√, adn®v A\-y-s\-°p-dn®p IqSn Nn¥n-°p-tºm-gmWv

\mw \∑bp≈ a\p-j-y-cm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv.

So®¿sSIvÃv

lcnXw

101Ãm≥tU¿Uv -˛ 4

t]mÃ¿ Xbm-dm°mw

NnX-ßfpw eLp-hm-I-y-ßfpw BI¿j-I-ambn hn\-y-kn®v Hcp ]tXyI Bibw

]Ncn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]N-mc-W-am-[-y-a-am-Wv t]mÃ¿.

]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ t]mÃ-dp-I-fp-≠v. Hcp ]tX-yI Bibw ]Ncn∏n°m-\mbn

t]mÃ-dp-Iƒ \n¿an-°mw. AXn¬ BI¿jI-amb hmI-y-ß-fmWv D≠m-hp-I.

Ahbv°v Xmsg ]d-bp∂ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

$ BI¿j-Wo-b-amb `mj

$ te Hu´v

$ kw£n-]vXX

$ A¿Y-h-ym]v-Xn

]Xn-tj-[-hm-I-y-ß-fm-Ip-tºmƒ hmI-y-ß-fn-eqsS ]Xn-tj-[-Øns‚ i‡nbpw

B-th-ihpw shfn-s∏-S-Ww.

t\m´p-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Ifßƒ hc®v BI¿j-I-am°n AXn-\p-≈n¬ CØcw

hmI-y-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-∂ coXn-bn¬ Cu ]h¿Ø\w Bkq-XWw sNømw.

]X-hm¿Ø Xbm-dm°mw

]X-hm¿Ø-sb-°p-dn®v kmam-\-y-[m-cW amXta \memw ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-°p∂

Ipń-Iƒ°v D≠m-hp-I-bp-≈p. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ Cu ]h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-∂-

Xn\p apºmbn ¢mkn¬ ]X-hm-b\ \S-°-Ww.

kvIqfp-amtbm ]-tZ-i-hp-amtbm _‘-s∏´tXm Ah-c-h¿°n-jvS-s∏´ taJ-e-

bn-eq-≈tXm Bb sNdp-hm¿Ø-Iƒ t\m´p-]p-kvX-I-Øn-se-gp-Xn-s°m-≠p-h∂v

¢mkn-¬ hmbn-°-s´. ]Xw hmbn-°p∂Xp ioeam°m≥ CXn-eqsS Ign-bpw.

io¿j-I-ßƒ amX-ambn Fgp-Xn- h-cm\pw \n¿tZin-°mw. Cßs\ ]Xw hmbn-

°p∂ ioew D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-Ø-ti-j-amWv ]X-hm¿Ø Xbm-dm-°p∂

]h¿Ø\w \St°-≠-Xv. tIc-f-Øn¬ Ct∏mƒ ]Nm-c-Øn-ep≈ ]X-ß-sf-

°p-dn®v ¢mkn¬ N¿® sNømw.

hm¿Ø-bpsS io¿jIw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬Øs∂ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. t\m´p-

]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ B io¿jIw FSp-sØ-gp-Xm≥ \n¿tZ-in°mw. AXn\p Xmsg

Xte Znhkw Imń¬ \S∂ ][m\ kw`-h-w F-gp-Xs´. XpS¿∂v AXns‚ hni-

Zmw-i-ßƒ \¬Im≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Smw. hm¿Ø-bn¬ F¥v? ˛ (\S∂ kw`-hw)

FhnsS? ˛ (kw`hw \S-∂- ÿew) Ft∏mƒ? ˛ (kw`hw \S∂ kabw)

Bsc√mw? ˛ (kw`-hpambn _‘-s∏´ Bfp-Iƒ) F¥p-sIm≠v? ˛ (kw`-h-

Øns‚ Imc-Ww) Fßs\? ˛ (kw`hw \S∂ coXn)

Chsb√mw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂ps≠∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-a-t√m? CXn-\mbn


a\p-j-y¿ ImSn\p Xoh®p; ]£n-Iƒ ]cn-`m-¥-cmbn ag s]bvXp -Xo-b-W™p

kw`hw

hS-°≥ ae ˛ kw`-h-ÿew

cmXn ˛ kabw

Rmh¬acw ImSn\p Xoh® a\p-j-y¿, Kcp-U-Ωm-h≥,

D≠-°-Æ≥ aqß ˛ kw`-h-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-h¿

Cu Xc-Øn-ep≈ hni-I-e\w \S-∂-Xn-\p-tijw hm¿Ø Fgp-Xm≥ XpS-ßmw.

DZm: ag tImcns®mcn-™-t∏mƒ Xob-W-™p

hS-°≥ ae : C∂se cmXn-bn¬ GXm\pw \m´p-a-\p-j-y¿ Rmh¬°m-ń\p

Xo h-®¶nepw ag-s]-bvX-t∏mƒ Xob-W™p. Rmh¬ ac-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂

D≠-°-Æ≥ aqßbpw Iq´-cp-amWv BZyw ImgvN -I-≠-Xv. Rmh¬a-c-Ønse

]£n-Iƒ CXp-I≠p ]cn-`m-¥-cmbn. ]£n-I-fpsS t\Xm-hmb Kcp-UΩmh≥

F√m-h-scbpw kam-[m-\n-∏n-®p. Im°-I-fn¬ Nne¿ Xmhfw hn´p-t]m-bn. sNdp-

∏-°m-cmb aqßIfpw ÿew hnSm≥ Hcp-ßn. s]s´∂p Imń¬ ag s]bvXp.

Xob-W-™-t∏mƒ ]£n-Iƒ°v Bi-zm-k-am-bn. a\p-j-y¿ \ncm-i-cmbn \mńte°p

aS-ßn.

hmbn®v Bk-z-Zn-°p, Ipdn-s∏-gp-Xp

IhnX hmbn®v Bk-zm-Z-\-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-t°≠ ]h¿Ø\Øn\v \memw

¢mknse Ipń-Iƒ°p So®-dpsS -k-lmbw Bh-iy-am-Wv.

]n. a[p-kq-Z-\s‚ "FX Infn-bpsS ]m´-dnbmw' F∂ Ihn-X-bmWv Bk-zm-Z-\-

°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°m-\mbn \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ihn-X-bnse ]Z-ßƒ kp]-cn-Nn-

X-ß-fm-b-Xn-\m¬ Ipń-Iƒ°v A¿Yw a\-n-em-°m≥ ]bm-k-ap-≠m-hn√.

IhnX sNm√n-t°ƒ°m≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-°mw. XpS¿∂v, B IhnX Ipń-Iƒ

ct≠m aqt∂m BhrØn hmbn-°-s´.

Bk-zm-Z-\-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-tºmƒ

$ Ihn-X-bpsS ]tabw

$ Ihn-X-bnse kuµ-c-ymw-i-ßƒ (]tbm-K-ßƒ, h¿W-\-Iƒ, Ae-¶m-c-

_nw_-I-ev]-\-Iƒ, `mhw, [z-\-ym-fl-IX, i_vZ-`w-Kn)

$ Ihn-X-bnse kmaq-l-ym-wiw

XpS-ßn-bh IS∂phtc-≠-Xp-≠v.

F∂m¬ \memw ¢mknse Ipń-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p∂ Bk-zm-Z-\-°p-dn-∏n¬ Ch

sb√mw IS-∂p-h-cp-sa∂p ]Xo-£n-°pI hø. Ihn-X-bpsS ]ta-bhpw

So®¿sSIvÃv

lcnXw

103Ãm≥tU¿Uv -˛ 4

GsX¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ h¿W-\m-`w-Knbpw Ah-cpsS Bkzm-Z-\-°p-dn-∏nepw

IS-∂p-h-c-Ww. \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Ihn-X-bnse i_vZ-`wKn, Ihn-X-bnse tNmZy-

cq]Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw.

Nne tNmZ-y-ß-fn-eqsS Ipń-Isf Ihn-X-bpsS ]ta-b-Øn-te°p sIm≠p-h-cmw.

$ Bsc°pdn-s®ms°-bmWv Ihn-X-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv?

Infn, acw, ]pg, ]gw, ]qhv

$ Infn-sb-°p-dn®v F¥p tNmZ-y-amWv tNmZn-°p-∂Xv?

FX Infn-bpsS ]m´dnbmw?

$ ac-sØ-°p-dn®v

]pg-sb-°p-dn®v ˛ Fs¥ms° tNmZ-y-ßƒ?

]g-sØ-°p-dn®v

]qhn-s\-°p-dn®v

\nßƒ FX -In-fn-Isf I≠n-´p≠v? FX-sb-Æ-Øns‚ ]m´v tIń-´p≠v?

\ap°p Np‰pw ImWmØ Infn-I-fnt√? ]pg-Ifpw ]p°fpw ]g-ß-fp-ant√?

\ap°p Np‰pw \mw ImWmØ ]e-Xp-ant√?

\ap-°-dn-bmØ HØncn Imc-y-ß-fnt√?

C\n Ihn-X-sb-°p-dn®v Fgp-Xmtam?

]Ir-XntbmSp \ap-°p≈ _‘-sØ-bmWv IhnX hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xv.

]IrXn-sb-°p-dn®p hf-sc-°p-dt® \ap-°-dnbq. \mw ]Ir-Xn-bn¬\n∂pw AIep-

Ibm-Wv. Ch Bkzm-Z-\-Øn¬ IS-∂p-h-c-Ww. Ihn-Xbv°v DNn-X-amb io¿j-

Ihpw \¬Imw.

Bk-zm-Z-\-°p-dn-∏n\p sXm´p ]pdtI sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

]Inb Bk-zm-Z-\-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°n-b-Xn-\p-tijw Ipń kzbw sNtø-≠-XmWv.

kqN-I-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn®p sImSp-°-Ww. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ]Inb ]q¿Øn-bm-

bm¬ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]kvXpX tImfßfpw Ipń-bpsS t\m´p-]p-kvXIhpw

]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠Xpw XpS¿ap-e-y-\n¿W-b-Øns‚ `mK-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-

am-Wv.

]t®-me-sIm-s≠mcp ]®-ØØ

`mjm-]-T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒs°m∏w Iem-]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]hr-Øn-]-cn-N-bhpw

GtIm]n-∏n-°m≥ th≠n-bp≈ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. Hme-sIm≠v XØsb D≠m-

°n-sb-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Ahsc ]Ir-Xn-tbmSp _‘-s∏-SpØpI IqSn-bm-Wv sNtø-

≠-Xv.

F´p L-´-ß-fmWv ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p-≈-Xv.


Ah NnXØn¬ \n∂pw a\-n-em-°m-a-t√m. NnX-Øn¬ ImWmØ a‰p coXn-

Ifpw ]co-£n®p t\m°m-w. Hme-sIm≠v Infn-sb-°q-SmsX a‰p cq]-ßfpw D≠m-

°m≥ ian-°mhp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ah-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ, hnh-c-W-ßƒ, hmNnI

Ah-X-c-W-ßƒ, ]Z¿i-\-ßƒ, k¿Km-flI cN-\-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ \nc-h[n

]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ HuNn-Xy-]q¿hw \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

FgpXmw A`n-\-bn°mw

]h¿Ø-\-Øn-te°p IS-°p-∂-Xns‚ apt∂m-Sn-bmbn NnXw \nco£n-°s´.

NnX-Øn¬ ImWn® arK-ßƒ amX-a√ Imń-ep-≈-sX∂p t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

]Xn-tj-[-tbm-K-Øn¬ A`n-]mbw ]d™ ]£n-I-fp-sSbpw arK-ß-fp-sSbpw

t]sc-gpXn AXn-\p-t\sc Ah¿ ]d-™n-cn-°m-hp∂ A`n-]m-bßƒ Duln®v

Fgp-Xm≥ \n¿tZin-°mw.

Fgp-Xn-bh hmbn-°pI

hy-X-ykvX arK-ß-fpsS t]sc-gp-Xnb Ipń-Isf D]-tbm-Kn®v cwKw ¢mkn¬

A`n-\-bn®p ImWn-°mw. Htc Ipń-Xs∂ ]e arK-ß-fp-sSbpw t]cv Fgp-Xn-bn-

cn-°p-a-t√m. ]e Ipń-Isf hnfn®v hyXykvX arK-ß-fpsS `mKw A`n-\-bn®p

ImWn-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Smw.

hncp-∂p-Im¿ Bscms°?

]cn-k-c-hp-ambn Ipń-Isf _‘n-∏n-°m-\pt±in® ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. CXv Hcp

`mjm-]-T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-am-bn-Øo-c-Ww.

Ipń-Iƒ ]cn-kcw \nco-£n-°-s´.

sXmSn-bntem ap‰tØm ImWm-dp≈ Hcp ]£nsb \nc-¥cw i≤n-°s´.

\nco-£-W-êw Ipdn-∏p-cq-]-Øn¬, io¿jIw \¬In tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´.

tUm. kmenw Aen

temI-]-kn-≤-\mb ]£n-\n-co-£-I-\mWv tUm. kmenw Aen. 1896 \hw-_¿

12 \v apwss_-bn¬ P\n-®p. C¥y-bpsS ]£n-a-\p-jy≥ F∂mWv At±lw

Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. tUm. kmenw Aensb∏‰n aq∂mw ¢mkn¬ \n∂v Ipń-Iƒ

a\-n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v. Ct±-l-Øns‚ P∑-Zn-\-amb \hw-_¿ 12 tZiob ]£n

\nco-£WZn\-ambn BN-cn-®p-h-cp-∂p.

Cµp-Nq-U≥

tIc-f-Ønse ]£n-\n-co-£W ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p XpS-°-an´ ]kn-≤-\mb

]£n-\n-co-£-I-\mWv Cµp-Nq-U≥. sI.sI. \oe-I-WvT≥ F∂mWv bYm¿Y

t]cv. 1923 ¬ ]me-°mSv Pn√-bnse sIm≠-f-t°mSv Kma-Øn¬ P\n-®p. I¿Wm-

S-I-bnse XpwIq-dn¬ A—≥ tPmen-sN-bvXn-cp∂ arKm-ip-]Xn hf-∏n¬ I≠

So®¿sSIvÃv

lcnXw

105Ãm≥tU¿Uv -˛ 4

D∏p-∏≥ F∂ ]£n-bpsS IqSv Ipń-°m-eØv \oe-I-WvTs\ BI¿jn-®p.

Cµp-Nq-Us‚ ]£n-\n-co-£Ww Bcw-`n-®Xv Cu kw`-h-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. C¥y-

bnse G‰hpw henb s]en-°≥ kt¶Xw Is≠-Øn-bXv At±-l-am-bn-cp-∂p.

tIc-f-Ønse ]£n-Isf°pdn®v teJ\ ]c-ºc ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. Cµp-Nq-U-

\mWv ]e ]£n-Iƒ°pw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ t]cn-´-Xv. "tIc-f-Ønse ]£n-Iƒ'

BWv At±-l-Øns‚ G‰hpw ]kn-≤-amb ]pkvX-Iw. 1992 ¬ At±lw A¥-

cn-®p.

\nßƒ°pw ]£n-Isf \nco-£n°mw

]£nsb \nco-£n®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p∂ ]h¿Ø\w aq∂mw ¢mkn¬ Ipń-

Iƒ sNbvXn- p-≠-t√m. ]£n\nco-£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v Nne Imcy-ßƒIqSn

Ah-cpsS i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-Ømw. ]£n-\n-co-£Ww ]Ir-Xn-\nco£-W-amWv.

]Ir-Xnsb \in-∏n-°p∂ bmsXmcp ]h¿Ø-\hpw ]£n-\n-co-£-W-Øn-

\nSbn¬ D≠m-bn-°q-Sm. ]Xp-ßn-\-S-°m\pw sNSn-Ifpw ac-®n-√-Ifpw Cf-°mXn-

cn-°m\pw ]tXyIw i≤n-°-Ww. Np‰p-]m-Sn\v CW-ßp∂ hkvXw [cn-®mWv

]£n-\n-co-£-W-Øn-\n-d-tß-≠-Xv. Xnf-ßp-∂tXm ISpw\nd-Øn-ep-≈tXm Bb

hkvX-ßƒ ]£n-\n-co-£-W-Øn\pt]m-Ip-tºmƒ [cn-°cpXv. \nß-fpsS

km∂n[yw ]£n-Iƒ°p iey-am-bn-°q-Sm. _lfw Iqń kwkm-cn-°p-Itbm

IqIp-Itbm ]£n-Isf t]Sn-∏n-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ i_vZw D≠m-°p-Itbm

sNøm≥ ]mSn-√. ]£n-IfpsS Iqń¬ Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw ssIbn-S-cp-Xv. IqSv

\nco-£n-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Zqsc amdn-\n∂p sNøWw.

]£n-\n-co-£-W-Øn-\n-d-ßp-tºmƒ Hcp t\m´p]pkvXIw ssIbn¬ Icp-Xmw.

H∂n-e-[nIw ]£n-Isf \nco-£n-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Hmtcm ]£n°pw Hmtcm- t]Pv

\o°n-hbv-°mw. Hmtcm ka-bØp ImWp∂ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ At∏mƒ Ipdn-®p-

hbv-°mw. ]£n-I-fpsS Bhmkw Adn-™m¬ ]£n-\n-co-£Ww Ffp-∏-am-

Ipw. ]£n-I-fpsS sIm°v, Imep-Iƒ, Nnd-Ip-Iƒ, hm¬ F∂o `mK-ß-fpsS

]tXy-IX \nco-£-n®v Ipdn-®p-hbv°mw. ]£n-Iƒ Cc -tX-Sp-∂Xv H‰-bv°mtWm

kwLw tN¿∂mtWm, Blmcw tiJ-cn-°p∂ coXn-bpsS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ,

kky-`p°m-tWm, amwk-`p-°mtWm AtXm ani-`p-°mtWm F∂o Imcy-

ßƒ. ]£n-I-fpsS IqSns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbpw \nco-£n-°mw.

]£n-I-fpsS t^mt´m-Iƒ, Ne-\-ß-fpsS hoUn-tbm-Iƒ, i_vZØns‚

dnt°m¿Uv F∂n-hbpw tiJ-cn-°mw.

IY XpScmw

Ipń-I-fpsS mh-\m-tijn DW¿Øn, AXv Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ kµ¿ -ap-≠m-°pI

F∂Xv `mjm-]-T-\-Ønse Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hmØ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wv.

kz-¥-ambn IY-Ifpw Ihn-X-Ifpw Fgp-Xm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv IYm-

]qc-Wtam, Ihn-Xm-]q-c-Wtam \¬Ip-∂Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. "Rmh¬°mSv'


F∂ IY Ipń-Iƒ hmbn-°p-Ibpw Bk-z-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. IY-bpsS

A¥yw as‰mcp Xc-Øn¬ Bbn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ F∂v Ah-sc-s°m≠pXs∂ Nn¥n-

∏n-°p-Ibpw Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw `mh-\-bv°-\p-k-cn®v IY ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥

Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNømw.

""A¿[-cmXn ka-bw............................'' F∂p XpS-ßp∂ JfinI apX¬ am‰n-sb-

gp-Xm≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Smw.

bqWn-‰nse ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]q¿Øn-bmbm¬ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ tImfw ]qcn-

∏n-°-Ww. F√m-hcpw F√m tImf-ßfpw ]qcn-∏n-°Ww.

Ch XpS¿aq-e-y-\n¿W-b-Øns‚ `mK-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-S-Ww.

BapJw

alnXw F∂m¬ al-Øm-bXv. \ΩpsS al-

Ømb Im¿jnI ]mc-º-cyhpw D’-hm-tLm-

j-ß-fpw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-emWv Cu

bqWn-‰n\v alnXw F∂ t]cp \¬In-bn-cn-

°p-∂-Xv.

\ΩpsS kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS `mK-am-b ]Øm-b-sØbpw HmWm-tLm-j-sØbpw

Ipdn-®p≈ ]mT-`m-K-ß-fmWv Cu bqWn-‰n-ep-≈-Xv. Im¿jnI kwkvIm-cØns‚

`mK-amb ]Ømbw C∂sØ Xe-ap-dbv°v tI´p-tIƒhn amX-am-bn-cn-°mw.

Imfbpw Ie-∏bpw tX°p-]m- p-sams° apØ-»n-°-Y-Ifmbn amdnb ]pXp-Xeapd-

bnse Hcp hn`m-K-Øn\v apcfo[c≥ Xg-°-c-bpsS "]Ømbw' F∂ teJ\w

]pØ-\-dn-hmbn amdntb°mw.

G‰p-am-\q¿ tkma-Zm-ks‚ "Hma-\-bpsS HmWw' BWv Cu bqWn-‰nse as‰mcp

]mTw-. HmW-sa-Øp-tºm-gp≈ Hcp _men-I-bpsS BK-l-ßfpw ]Xo-£-Ifp-

amWv Ihn-X-bn-¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

\ΩpsS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ C∂-se-I-fn-te-°mWv Cu bqWn-‰nse ]mT-`m-K-

ßƒ hnZ-ym¿Yn-Isf \bn°p∂Xv. t]mbv-t∏mb \∑-Iƒ hns≠-Sp-°m\pw

\ΩpsS al-Ømb kwkvIm-c-sØbpw ]mc-º-c-y-sØbpw kvt\ln-°m\pw BZcn-

°m\pw Cu ]mT-`m-K-ßƒ ]tNm-Z-\-am-I-Ww.

]th-iIw

F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-c-y-cpsS "HmWw 1987' F∂ Ihn-X-bnse GXm\pw hcn-

IfmWv bqWn-‰n-te-°p≈ ]thiIw.

HmW-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ N¿®I-fneqsS ]mT-`m-K-tØ°p Ipń-Isf \bn-°m-

hp∂XmWv. (kz¥w HmWm-\p-`-h-ßƒ So®¿°p ]¶p-hbv°mw). Ipń-Iƒ°v

3

alnXw


Ah-cpsS HmWm-\p- -h-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ahkcw \¬I-Ww. -XpS¿∂v

]gb- Im-esØ HmWhpw amdnb Imes-Ø HmWhpw Xmc-X-ay-Øn\p hnt[-b-

am-°m-w. Cu L´Øn¬ Db¿∂phcm-hp∂ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.

$ \ΩpsS \mń¬ Ct∏mƒ ]qs®-Sn-Iƒ kar-≤-ambn hf-cp-∂n-√.

$ hb-ep-I-fn¬ Irjn C√.

$ sXmSn-I-fn¬ hmg-Ifpw ]®-°-dn-Ifp-an-√.

$ \mw \q¬ \q¬°p-∂n-√.

D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-cw, AXns‚ Zqjy-h-i-ßƒ, ]g-b-Im-e-kvar-Xn, \ap°p

ssItamiw h∂ D¬∏mZ-\-ioew F∂n-h-sb√mw kqNn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠mWv Cu

N¿® tImUo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xv. XpS¿∂v ]mT-`m-K-ß-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-Øn-te°p

IS°mw.

HmWw 1987

Hcp sNSnbpw \´p-h-f¿Øo;˛

temW-∏q-sh-ßs\ \p≈m≥?

Hcp hbepw ]qń-hn-X®o;˛

temW-t®m-sd-ß-s\-bp-Æm≥?

Hcp hmg-°∂pw \ó;˛

temW-∏-g-sa-ßs\ Xn∂m≥?

Hcp Ign-\q¬t]mepw \q‰o;˛

temW-Øp-Wn-sb-ß-s\-b-Wn-bm≥?

Hcp cmKw aqfn∏gIo;˛

temW-∏m-s´-ßs\ ]mSm≥?

Hcp Ic-fn¬ kvt\lw ]mIo;

temW-°-fn-sb-¥p-I-fn-°m≥?

D≈-Øn¬ I≈-°¿°Sw;

Fßs\ s]mt∂mWw ]pe-cm≥?

F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cy¿

109So®

¿sSI

vÃv

Ãm≥

tU

¿U

v -˛ 4 alnXw

bqWn‰v s^bnw alnXwBi-b-ßƒ/tijn-Iƒ hyh-lm-c-cq-]-ßƒ/`mjm-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ

$ \ap°p al-Øm-b-˛-Im¿jn-I-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI ]mc-º-cy-ap-≠v.

$ Im¿jnI PohnXw \ΩpsS ico-c -Øn\pw a\-n\pw Dt∑jw ]I-cp-IbpwPohn-XsØ sFiz-cy-]q¿W-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]g-b-Ime Im¿jnIPohn-X-Øns‚ Hm¿abpw kar-≤nbpwhnfn-®-dn-bn-°p∂ FXtbm ]Xo-I-ß-fp-≠v. CØ-c-Øn-sem-∂mWv ]Øm-bw.

$ Im¿jn-I-hrØn \ΩpsS `mj-sbbpwkwkvIm-c-sØbpw hf-sc-tbsd kzm[o-\n-®n- p-≠v.

$ tIc-fo-b-kw-kvIm-c-hp-ambn Gsd _‘-s∏- p-In-S-°p∂ H-cm-tLm-j-amWv HmWw.

$ BtLm-j-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ht´sdA\p-` -h-ßfpw Hm¿a-Ifpw Hmtcma\pjy\pap-≠v. CØcw A\p-`-h-ßƒkmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v.

$ \ΩpsS Im¿jnI ]mc-º-cysØ Hm¿an-∏n-°p∂ teJ\w hmbn®v hni-I-e\wsNøp-∂p. Bibw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.

$ Irjn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p.

$ ]mT-Ønse Bi-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Bfl-IY Xbm -dm -°p -∂p.Im¿jn-tIm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈kw`m-jWw `mhm-fl-I-ambn Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ Im¿jnIPohn-X-Øn¬ h∂ am‰w C∂-sØ kml-N-cy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn N¿® sNøp-∂p.

$ Hcp s]Ïp-ń-bpsS HmWm-\p-`h-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ IhnX hmbn®v Bkz-Zn-°p-∂p. Bkzm-Z-\mwiw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ hnhn[ ]h-¿Ø\-ß-fn¬G¿s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ HmW-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hyXy-kvXm-\p-`-h-ßƒ tN¿Øv HmW-∏-Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°p∂p.

$ apØ-»n-°Y Xbm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p

$ HmW-°-hn-XIƒ, ]m´p-Iƒ F∂nhtiJ-cn®v sNm√n ckn-°p-∂p.

$ HmW-°-fn-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂p.

$ HmW-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ, IY-Iƒ, Ihn-X-Iƒ F∂nhBkz-Zn-®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ IhnX CuW-Ønepw Xmf-ØnepwsNm√p-∂p.

$ `£-Ww, Irjn, ho´p-]-I-c-W-ßƒ,ioe-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bhbpambn _‘-s∏´p Is≠-Ønb ]g-a-Iƒ Ipdn-∏p-Ifn-eq-sSbpw N¿®-Ifneq-sSbpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ßƒ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ HmW-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ IqSp-X¬ ]Z-ßƒ Is≠-Øn kµ¿t`m-Nn-X-ambn]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

$ HmW-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ IY-Iƒ, Ihn-X-Iƒ, NnX-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh tiJ-cn®v HmW-∏-Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ HmW-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ BNm-c-ß-fpsSbpw A\p-`-h-ß-fpsSbpw hnizmk-ß-fp-sSbpw alØzw Xncn-®-dn-™v A`n-am-\n-°p-∂p. Ah kwc-£n-°m-\p≈at\m-`mhw hf¿Øp-∂p.

$ ]g-b-Ime Im¿jnIkwkvIr-Xn-bpsSNcn-Xhpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw Xncn-®-dn™vcN-\-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p.


]Ømbw ˛ ]mTm-]-K-Y\w

apc-fo-[-c≥ Xg-°-c-bpsS "Hm¿abnse Irjn-°m-gvN-Iƒ' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ \n∂pw

FSp-Øn-´p-≈-XmWv "]Ømbw'. [m\-y-ßƒ kq£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kpc-£n-X-

amb kwhn-[m\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]e I¿j-I-Kr-l-ß-fnepw ]Øm-b-ßƒ

CSw ]nSn-®n-cp-∂p. [m\-y-ßƒ°p ]pdsa a‰p kºm-Z-y-ßfpw Chn-sS-bmWv kq£n-

®n-cp-∂-Xv. c≠-d-I-fp≈ ]Ømb-Øn¬ Hcp `mKw hnØp kq£n-°m≥ amX-

ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. ][m\-ambpw πmhns‚ XSn-bmWv ]Øm-b-

Øns‚ \n¿amW-Øn-\mbn D]tbmKn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Nne Krl-\m-Y≥am¿ ]Øm-b-

Øn\p apI-fn¬ ]mb hncn®v kwXr-]vXn-tbmsS Dd-ßp∂ ]Xnhpw D≠m-bn-

cp∂p.

Imew amdn-b-tXmsS ]Øm-b-ßƒ°pw am‰w h∂p. s\¬°rjn \ma-am-X-am-b-

tXmsS ]Øm-b-ßƒ t\m°pIpØnI-fmbn. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ Ah s]mfn®p

am‰n a‰m-h-i-y-ßƒ°mbn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂Xp ]Xn-hmbn.

C∂v an° I¿j-I-Kr-l-ß-fnepw ]Øm-b-ß-fn-√. D≈-h-Xs∂ ÿew apS-°n-

I-fmbpw ]m-‰-bp-sSbpw Fen-bp-sSbpw ]m¿∏n-S-ßfmbpw s]mSn-]n-Sn®p InS-°p∂

Ah-ÿ-bn-em-Wv. £y-[m-\y-ßƒ Dƒs∏sS an°-hbpw a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw hmßn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ C°m-eØv ]Øm-b-ß-sf-¥n-s\∂ tNmZyw

]k-‡-am-Wv. D¬∏mZ\ kwkvIm-c-Øn¬\n∂pw D]-t`mK kwkvIm-c-Øn-te-

bv°p≈ \ΩpsS Nph-Sp-am‰w IqSn-bmWv ]Øm-b-ß-fpsS C∂sØ ]cn-Xm-]-

I-c-amb Ah-ÿ-bn¬\n∂pw hmbn-s®-Sp-t°-≠-Xv. F∂m¬ Im¿jnI kwkvImc-

Øns‚ tijn-∏p-I-fmb ]Øm-b-ßƒ Npcp°w Nne Krl-ß-fn¬ Ct∏mgpw

kq£n-°p-∂p-≠v.

]Ømb-sØ-°p-dn®v ]e sNm√p-Ifpw ]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠v. ]Øm-b-°m-c-t\mSp

ISw sIm≈Ww, ]Ømbw ]ń-Wn -In-S-Ø-cp-Xv. ]Ømb-ap-t≈Sw ]dbpw

ImWpw, hnØmgw sN∂m¬ ]Ømbw \nd-bpw XpS-ßnbh Ah-bn¬ Nne-

XmWv. Cu sNm√p-Iƒ C∂seIfnse Im¿jnI Pohn-X-Øn-te-bv°pw

kwkvImc-Øn-tebv°pw shfn®w hoip-∂-h-bm-Wv.

]Ømbw ˛ ]h¿Ø\ hni-I-e\w

Is≠Ømw

KZym-h-X-c-W-coXn Ah-ew-_n-®p-sIm≠v ]mT-`m-KsØ Bibw Is≠-Øn-b-

Xn-\p-tijw Cu tNmZy-ß-fn-te°p IS-°mw.

Cu tNmZy-ßƒ Ipń-I-fn¬ Bi-b-K-lWw km[y-amtbm F∂-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\pw

]p\¿hm-b-\-bn-te°p \bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Dt±-in-®p≈XmWv. Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ A\p-

_-‘-tNm-Zy-ßfpw tNmZn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.


alnXw

$ s\√pw hnØpw kw`-cn®p kq£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv ]Øm-b-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-

®n-cp-∂-Xv.

$ ]Øm-b-ßƒ C∂v D]-tbm-K-an-√mØ H∂mbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]m‰-

bpsSbpw Fen-bp-sSbpw kt¶-X-am-bn-Øo¿∂ ]Øm-b-ßƒ s]mfn®v XSn

a‰m-h-iy-ßƒ°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bmWv ]ecpw sNøp-∂-Xv.

$ C∂v `£y-[m-\y-ßfpw a‰pw Ab¬kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬\n∂mWv hmßn

D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]Øm-b-ß-fpsS Bh-iyhpw

hcp∂n√.

A¿Yw Is≠Ømw

Cu ]Z-ß-fpsS A¿Yw hmIy-k-µ¿`-Øn¬\n∂v Ipń-Iƒ Duln-°-s´. Dulw

icn-bmtWm F∂v bqWn-‰n-s\m-Sp-hn¬ \¬In-bn-´p≈ A¿Y-kq-NnI ]cn-tim-

[n®v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ømw. "Fs‚ ]Z-tiJc'Øn¬ tN¿°p-Ibpw Bhmw.

At\z-jn-®-dnbmw

]g-b-Im-esØ Im¿jn-tIm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂v ¢mkn¬ N¿®-

bm-hmw. XpS¿∂v apXn¿∂ I¿j-I-tcmSv Ipń-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ Imcy-ßƒ tNmZn-®-

dn-b-s´. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw D]-tbm-Khpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØWw.

$ ]Ømbw ˛ [m\y-ßƒ kw`-cn®p kq£n-°p-∂-Xn\v (Cu DØcw tNmZy-

Øn¬ \n∂p-Xs∂ Ipń°p Is≠-Ømw.)

$ Ie∏ ˛ \new Dgp-Xp-a-dn-°p-∂-Xn\v

$ tX°p-sIm´ ˛ Pe-tk-N-\-Øn\v

$ \pIw Imf-Iƒ AI-∂p-t]m-Im-Xn-cn-°m\pw Ie∏ Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈

D]-I-c-Ww.

$ Acn-hmƒ ˛ sImbvsX-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v

$ Xqº (ssIt°m-´v) ˛ Inf-bv°p-∂-Xn\v

$ apdw (If-ap-dw, tNdp-∂ -ap-dw) s\√p tNdp-∂-Xn\v/s\√pw ]Xncpw th¿Xn-

cn-°p∂-Xn\v

$ ht√mń (h√ hń) ˛ s\√p kw`-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.

$ ]d, CSß-gn, \mgn ˛ [m\y-ßƒ Af-°p-∂-Xn\v

Irjn-s®m-√p-Iƒ

Irjn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ IpńItfmSv Is≠-Øm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-

S-Ww. Is≠-Øn-b-h-sb-°p-dn®v N¿®-bm-hmw. XpS¿∂v Ipń-Iƒ t\m´p-]p-kvXI-

Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.


$ hnØp-KpWw ]Øp-KpWw $ hnØp-IpØn DÆ-cpXv

$ apf-bn-e-dnbmw hnf $ Rmdn-s√-¶n¬ tNmdn√

$ hnØmgw sN∂m¬ ]Ømbw \ndbpw $ hnØn-s\m-Ø- hnf

$ Rm‰n¬ ]ng-®m¬ tNm‰n¬ ]ngbv°pw $ hnØn-√msX Rmdn√

$ ]Øm-b-ap-t≈Sw ]dbpw ImWpw

$ ]Øm-b-°m-c-t\mSp ISw sIm≈Ww

$ ]Ømbw ]ń-Wn- In-S-Ø-cpXv

$ ]Ømbw XS-™n´p sXmgn-®p-Iq-Sm.

$ ]Øm-b-Øn¬ s\√p-s≠-¶n¬ Fen hb-\m-ń¬ \n∂pw FØpw.

Ccp-apdn ]Øm-b-Øn¬ Hcp apdn hnØn\v

]Øm-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Cu sNm√n\v hfsc A¿Y-X-e-ß-fp-≠v. ]Øm-b-

Øn\p s]mXpsh c≠-d-I-fmWv D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I. AXn-sem∂v hnØps\√v

kw`-cn®p kq£n-°m-\mWv ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]Xn-cp- I-f-™v,

DW°n anI-hp-‰-Xm-°n-b-Xm-bn-cn°pw hnØp-s\-√v. hnØp-KpWw ]Øp-Kp-Ww,

hnØp-IpØn DÆ-cpXv XpS-ßnb sNm√p-Iƒ ]kn-≤-am-W-t√m. \ΩpsS

]q¿hnI¿ Irjn-°p -\¬In-bn-cp∂ ]cn-K-W-\bpw ]m[m-\y-hpw \mtf-°p-

th≠n-bp≈ IcpX-ep-amWv CXn-eqsS ]I-S-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

I≠p-ap-ń-bm¬

Ie-∏bpw tX°p-sIm-´bpw ]g-b- Im-esØ Im¿jn-tIm-]-I-c-W-ß-fm-sW∂v

Ipń-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏´pIgn-™p. Ah XΩn¬ I≠p-ap- n-bm¬ Fs¥ms° Imcy-

ßƒ kwkm-cn-°p-sa∂v k¶¬∏n-s®-gp-Xm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Smw.

Fs¥√mw Imcy-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww?

$ C∂-se-I-fn¬ F¥n-\p-th-≠n-bmWv Ch D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv?

$ ]≠p e`n-®n-cp∂ ]cn-K-W\ $ ]Icw h∂ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ

$ C∂sØ Ahÿ $ `mhn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Bi-¶-Iƒ

$

At\z-jn-®-dnbmw

tIcfw C∂v D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ ]nSn-bn-emWv. \ΩpsS apJy Blm-c-

amb Acn Dƒs∏sS an° £y-h-kvXp-°fpw Ab¬kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬\n∂mWv

FØp-∂-Xv. Cßs\ aXntbm F∂ tNmZyw D∂-bn-°-Ww. N¿®bv°ptijw

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-tebv°p IS-°mw. ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-ßfpw N¿® sNø-Ww.

$ ]®-°-dn-Iƒ ˛ Xan-gv\mSv, I¿Wm-SIw $ ap´ ˛ Xan-gv\mSv

$ tImgn-bn-d®n ˛ Xan-gv\mSv $ ]g-ßƒ ˛ Xan-gv\mSv

$


alnXw

So®¿°pth≠n

tIc-f-Ønse Blmc km[\-ßƒ D¬∏mZ-\hpw Cd°p-aXnbpw

D¬∏∂w D¬∏m-Z\w Cd-°p-aXn

Acn 20% 80%

]b¿ 20% 80%

]m¬ 80% 20%

ap´ 30% 70%

ao≥ 70% 30%

amwkw 30% 70%

Ah-ew_w : sF.Sn@kvIqƒ 2011 ˛ 12

Bfl-IY

Hcmƒ kz¥w IY ]d-bp-∂-XmWv Bfl-IY F∂ [mcW Ipń-I-fn¬ Dd-∏n-

°Ww. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Bfl-IY ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw. XpS¿∂v ]Øm-b-Øns‚

Bfl-I-Y-sb-gp-Xm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Smw. Rm≥, Fs‚, F\n°v F∂o ]tbmK

khn-ti-jX i≤-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-c-Ww.

Fs¥√mw Imcy-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

$ ]Øm-b-Øn\p ]≠p -e-`n-®n-cp∂ ]cn-K-W-\bpw ]m[m-\yhpw

$ Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ D≠mb am‰-ßƒ

$ C∂sØ Ah-K-W\

$

BZyw Kq∏n¬ Xbm-dm-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Smw. So®-dpsS CS-s]-S-en-eqsS anI-

®Xv Is≠-Ømw. CXp-t]mse CXc Im¿jn-tIm-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS Bfl-I-Y-

Ifpw Ipń-I-fpsS kz¥w IYbpw Fgp-Xm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Hma-\-bpsS HmWw ˛ ]mTm-]-K-Y\w

F‰p-am-\q¿ tkma-Zm-ks‚ Hma-\-bpsS HmWw F∂ Ihn-X-bnse GXm\pw

hcn-I-fmWv ]mT- m-Kw. HmWsaØp-tºmƒ Ipń-Iƒ ]pe¿Øp∂ BK-l-ßfpw

]Xo-£-I-fp-amWv Gsd kz`m-hn-I-X-tbmsS ChnsS h¿Wn-°p-∂Xv. HmW-t°m-

Sn-bp-ambn A—≥ hoń-te-°p hcp-∂-XmWv Hma-\sb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw

G‰hpw henb kt¥m-jw. I¿°-S-I-Ønse Im¿taLßƒ aqSnb BIm-iØv

shfn®w Imh-Sn-tb-¥n-sb-Øp-tºmsebmWv Hma-\-bpsS a\s∂mWv Ihn

]d-bp-∂-Xv. ap‰w sNØn-sbm-cp°n ]q°-f-an´v NmWIw sagpIn HmW-Ø-∏s\

]Xn-jvTn-°p-∂-Xn\v Hma\ BÀm-Z-tØmsS Xbm-sd-Sp-°p-∂p. a™-\n-d-Øn-

ep≈ HmW-t°mSn-b-Wn-bp-tºmƒ Xs‚ kuµcyw h¿W-\m-Xo-X-am-bn-cn-°p-

sa∂pw X¶®n-d-Ip≈ Xpºn-Iƒ°p-t]mepw AXbpw Ag-Ip-≠m-hn-s√∂pw Hma\


A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p. s]m≥\n-d-ap≈ apØp-°p-S-tb¥n \n¬°p∂ ap°p-‰nbpw,

tImfm-ºn∏qhp Nm¿Ønb ]Ir-Xn-bpsS HmW-∏p-S-hbpw Ah-fpsS Ag-In-s\m∏-

saØp-Ibn√tX.

A—≥ aSn-bn-en-cpØn Du´p-∂Xpw AΩqΩ Ie-h-d-bn¬ Imb- h-dp-ØXp IcpXn

hbv°p-∂Xpw Hma-\sb sImXn-∏n-°p∂ BK-l-ß-fm-Wv. hn`-h-kar≤-amb

HmW--Z-ysb°pdn®v ]d-bm-\p-an-√. amhn≥Nn√-bn¬ ama≥ sIń-s°m-Sp-°p∂

Du™m-em-Sp-tºmƒ apºp ]Tn® ]m´p-Iƒ ]mSp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Ah-sb√mw

Hma\ Hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-I-bm-Wv. sXmSn-bn¬ Infn-Ø´p Ifn-°p∂ Imcyhpw amhn≥

Nph-ń -sem-cp -°p∂ ]®n-e-sa-Ø-bn¬ InS∂p apØ»n ]d-bp∂ IY

tIƒ°p∂Xpw -Hm-a\ kz]v\w ImWp-∂p.

Ihn-X-bnse Hma\ F√m Ipń-I-sfbpw ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂p. D’-hm-tLmj-

ßƒ°m-bp≈ Ipń-I-fpsS Xm¬∏-c-y-]q¿h-ap≈ Xbm-sd-Sp-∏p-Iƒ IhnX

km£ys∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Is≠Ømw

Ihn-Xm-h-X-c-W-L-´-ßƒ ]men-®p-sIm≠v kmam-\ym-ibw Is≠-Øm-\-h-k-c-

sam-cp-°n-b-Xn-\p-tijw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tN¿Ø tNmZy-ß-fn-te°p \bn-

°mw.

$ HmWw h∂m¬ ap‰w sNØn shSn-∏m-°m\pw ]q°-f-an-Sm\pw NmWIw

sagpIn HmW-Ø-∏s\ HØ-\-Sp°v ]Xn-jvTn-°m-\p-amWv Hma\ Dt±-in-

°p∂-Xv.

$ a™-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ HmW-t°m-Sn-bp-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Xs‚ `wKn h¿Wn-°m-\m-

hn-s√∂pw X¶-®n-d-IpI-fp≈ Xpºn-Iƒ°pt]mepw Xs‚bXbpw `wKn-bn-

s√-∂p-amWv Ipń Icp-Xp-∂-Xv.

$ A—≥ aSn-bn-en-cpØn Dcp-f-bp-cpń Ip™n-ss°-I-fn¬ h®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.

ama≥ amhn≥Nn√-bn¬ Du™m-en-´p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.

]dbmw FgpXmw

HmW-Zy hn`-h-k-ar-≤-am-Wv. Hm¿°p-tºmƒØs∂ \mhn¬ sImXn-bq-dp-∂-

Xp-am-Wv. HmW-Øn-s\m-cp-°p∂ hn`-h-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ ]d-b-s´. XpS¿∂v ]ń-I-

s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNømw.

kmºm¿Ahn-b¬ \mc-ßm-°dn i¿°-c-h-cńImf≥ In®Sn ]Y-a≥Hme≥ ]®Sn ]gwtXmc≥ C©n-∏pfn Imb -h-dp-ØXvIq´p-Idn ...........................Fcn-t»cn Dt∏cn ...........................]pfn-t»cn ]∏Sw ...........................

(tamcp-I-dn)


alnXw

GsX-¶nepw Ht∂m ct≠m hn`-h-ßƒ Xbm-dm-°p∂ hn[w N¿® sNømw.

Fgp-Xm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-SpI-bp-amhmw.

]Z-ßƒ .... ]Z-ßƒ

HmWw tN¿∂p-h-cp∂ [mcmfw ]Z-ßƒ ]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠t√m. GsX-√m-am-sW∂v

Ipń-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´. ("]Z-kqcy'\m°nbpw Cu ]h¿Ø\w BI¿j-I-am-

°mw.)

HmW-\n-em-hv, HmW-∏q-°-fw, HmW-Ø-√v, .......... hy‡n-K-X-amtbm kwL-]-h¿Ø\-

amtbm a’-c-cq-]-Øn¬ Cu ]h¿Ø\w kPo-h-am-°mw.

]mSn -c-kn°mw

HmWw ]›m-Ø-e-am-bp≈ [mcmfw Ihn-X-Ifpw Km\-ßfpw cNn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v.

Ipń-Iƒ°v hy‡n-K-X-ambpw kwL-ambpw Be-]n-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.

A¿Y-Øn\pw `mh-Øn\pw XSw hcmØ coXn-bn¬ hnhn[ CuW-ßƒ ]co-£n-°m≥ t]cn-∏n-°-Ww.

Is≠-Ønb cN-\-Iƒ "Fs‚ IhnXm ]pkvXI'Øn¬ tN¿°p-Ibpw sNømw.

amth-en- \m-Sp-hm-WoSpw Imew

amth-en -\mSphmWoSpw Imew

am\p-j-sc-√m-cp-sam-∂p-t]mse

Btam-Z-tØmsS hkn°pw Imew

B]-sØ-ßm¿°p-sam-ń-√-Xm\pw

hnS-cmØ HmW-∏q-°ƒ

Ipń-I-sfØn Ip‰n-°m-ń¬˛

s∏mń-hn-S¿∂p s]mt∂mWw

\Sp-ap-‰-Øp-t≈m-W-Ø-∏˛

∂S-t\-Zn®p apØ»n

angn-bnW amXm-th-Inb ajn-sIm˛

s≠gp-Xn, °dp-I-∏q-®qSn

Iman\ns]ń-Xp-d-∂n-t´-Inb

tImSn-b-e-°n-b-ap-t≠msS,

shfn-bn-en-dßn \S-t∂≥, s]m∂nfshbn-en¬ ]q°pw a\-tamsSB\-µn-°p-I-bn-t√-bns∏m˛t∂mW-°m-e-sØ-√mcpw?C∂m-Wt√m ]mXmfw hn˛ńtßm-s´-ØpI amth-en.

(Hf-∏-a-Æ)


Xpº∏q

am\nt®mtcm ae-cp-Iƒ sN∂qam_-en-tZ-h-s\-sb-Xn-tc¬°m≥X¶-®m-dn¬ X\p-an∂pw ]Snapßn-s®∂p ap°p‰n]mS-eamw ]´m-S-sbm-sSØn]mS-Øp-s≈mcp Nn‰mSBº-en-\p≠p Inco-Sw, s\√n˛°g-In-ep-ap-s≠mcp kuc`yw!IcƒI-h-cp-s∂mcp \ndtam aWtamIWn-Im-Wm-sØmcp Xpº∏qhof-sbm-Xp-°n-b-W-™q, ImeSnt]mse-bn-cn°pw Xpº∏q!tZh≥ I\n-shmSp \dp-ap-°p-‰n˛∏qhn-s\-sbm∂p ISm-£n®pIpXp-Im¬Ø-Shn Nn‰m-S∏qIqSp-X-sem∂p XpSp-∏n-®p.Bº-en-t\Io ]p©ncn s\√n˛∏q¨]ns-\b-sºm-Sp- Npw-_n®p]mhw Xpº-sb-hm-cn-sb-Sp-ØYtZh≥ h®q aq¿[m-hn¬!]pf-Iw-sIm-≈pI Xpº-∏qth]q°-fn¬ \otb `mKy-hXn!

(sshtem-∏n-≈n)

Ifn- I-s≠Ømw

]≠v HmW-°m-eØv Bfp-Iƒ [mcmfw \mS≥I-fn-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

AØ-c-Øn-sem-∂mWv Infn-Ø-´p-Ifn. Ipń-Iƒ CØcw hnt\m-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn®v

At\z-jn-°p-Ibpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNø-s´. Is≠-Ønb Hcp \mS≥ Ifn-

sb-°p-dn®v hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°Ww.

Nne \mS≥ Ifn-Iƒ

Xe-∏-¥p-Ifn amWn-°-s®-º-gp°

Ipńbpw tImepw Ipfw Ic

]qØmw-Iocn tImgnbpw Ipdp-°\pw

]√mwIpgn .................................

IY- ]-dbmw (IY-b-c-ßv )

¢mkn¬ Hcp IY-b-cßv kwL-Sn-∏n-°mw. Ipń-Iƒ GsX-¶nepw ]pkvX-I-Øn¬

\n∂v Ah¿°n-jvS-ap≈ IY Is≠Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´. A\p-tbm-Py-amb

IY-Iƒ Is≠-Øm≥ So®-dpsS \n¿tZ-i-ßfpw Bhmw. Ah-X-cn-∏n® IY-Iƒ


alnXw

"Fs‚ IYm-]p-kvXI'Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNømw.

Fs¥√mw Imcy-ßƒ i≤n-°Ww?

$ IY Is≠-Ø¬

$ IY-hm-bn®v ]cn-io-en-°¬

$ sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø¬

$ IY-b-c-ßnse Ah-X-cWw (IY ]d-bp∂ coXntbm hmbn®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ coXntbm kzoI-cn-°mw. Hcp ka-bØv Hcp coXn amXw aXn.)

$ N¿®

$ tImUo-I-cWw

CuW-Øn¬ sNm√n-c-kn°mw

]mT-]p-kvX-IØn¬ A\p-_-‘-ambn \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ HmW-°-hn-X-Iƒ hyXy-

kvX-amb CuW-Øn¬ sNm√-s´. Bi-bw, `mhw F∂nh Dƒs°m-≠p-thWw

Be-]n-°m≥. kwL-ambpw hy‡n-K-X-ambpw Be-]n-°mw.

]Xn∏v Xbm-dm°mw

Ipń-Iƒ Is≠-Øn-bXpw cNn-®-Xpamb IY, Ihn-X, sNm√p-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ,

NnX-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs∏-SpØn Hm-W-∏-Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏Smw.

Fs¥√mw Imcy-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°Ww?

$ ]Xm-[n-]-k-anXn cq]o-I-cWw

$ ]Xn-∏n\p t]cp-\¬I¬

$ Ih¿ NnXw Xbm-dm-°¬

$ BapJw

$ So®-dpsS/][m-\m-[ym-]-Is‚ ktµiw

$ D≈-S°w

$ NnX-ßƒ

$ ]Im-i\w

Hma-\-bpsS HmWw

a™-t°m-Sn-bp-am-sb-∂-—≥

s]mt∂m-W-Øn-\p-h-cp-at√m!

Icn-ap-In¬ aqSnb hnÆn¬ shfn®w

Imh-Sn-Xp-≈n-b-W-™t√m

Idp-I-sØm-Sn-bn¬ I¿°-S-I-Øn≥

Ime-S-bmfw am™t√m

]p√m-\n∏qw s]m¥-I-fn¬ \dp˛

]p©n-cn-s]m- n-hn-cn-™-t√m.

Xncp-thm-W-Øn\p hc-th-ev]-cp-fm≥

Xnc-°p-Iq-´m-dm-bt√m!

A—≥ \memw \mfnev h∂n-Sp˛

aΩ ]d-™Xp t\sc-¶n¬!


ap‰w sNØnshSn-∏m-t°Ww]pØ≥ ]q°-f-sa-gp-tXWwHmW-Ø-∏s\ HØ\-Sp-°mbvNmWwsagp-In-bn-cp-tØWw

]qh-S-h-®p-\n-th-Zn-t°Ww]pe-cn-bn-em¿∏p-hn-fn-t°Wwa™-∏p-S-h-bp-Sp-°p-tºm-sg≥`wKn-]-d-™m¬ Xocn√

X¶-®n-dIp hncn-Øn-hcpw sNdpXpºn-°n-X-bp-a-g-In-√m.apØp-°pS s]m∂m-sW-∂mepwap°p-‰n°o Ka-bn√m

tImfm-ºn∏q Nm¿Øn-Sp-tam-W˛t°mSn-bp-an-Xn-s\m-Sp-]-‰n√mHmW-Øn≥\mƒ ]∆-dn-tem-a\Hcp-Ø-tcmSpw an≠n√m!

aSn-bn-en-cp-Øn, °p™n-ss°-I-fn˛epcp-f-bp-cpńØcp-a-—≥!Imb hdp-Ø-Xp-`-c-Wn-bn-em-°n˛Ie-h-d-bn¬ h®-ΩqΩ

Rmen-∏q-h≥ Ipe-Iƒ a®n¬Rmep-∂p≠p Ib¿Øp-ºn¬i¿°-c-bmtcm sIm≠-∂Xp cpNn˛t\m°m≥ t\cw Inóem

HmW--Zy-b-tXm¿°pw t\cw\mhn¬ sImXn-bpsS s]cp-sh≈w!ama≥sI-ń-Ø-cp-at√m Infn˛amhn≥ sImºn¬ s]m∂q-™m¬.

]Tn-®-]m-´p-I-sf-√m-a-t∏mƒ]mSm-t\m¿a-bn¬ sht°WwsXm´m-hm-Sn-sØm-Sn-bn¬ Infn-bm˛¥´p-I-fn-®p-X-I¿t°Ww

i¿°-c-am-hn≥ tNmń-sem-tcm-a¬˛∏®n-e-saØ hncn-t°WwsaØ-bn-e-ßs\ Nm™p-In-S-s∂mcpapØ-»n-°-Y-tIƒt°Ww

A—≥ tamsf-°m-Wm≥ hcp, aXn˛eΩ-bvs°¥o kt¥mjw?]n∂n-b-ap-Sn-bn¬ ]qhp-Iƒ NqSm≥,s]m´-Wn-bm-s\-¥p-’mlw!

kvIqfn¬ \n∂p hcp-t∂-c-sØm-cp˛aqfn-∏m-´p-≠o-bn-sS-bmbvthen-bv°-cn-I-Ø-¥n-a-b-ßp˛t∂c-Ø-ßs\ t]mbv \nev°pw

Ie-≠-dn¬ angn-\-ń-s´t¥mIW°p Iqń-Sp-sa-t∏mgpw(]d-b-W-a-—-s\m) tSma-\-a-I-fpsS]Xn-hp-Iƒ t]mepw sX‰n®p!

(G‰p-am-\q¿ tkma-Zm-k≥)

BapJw

Ifn-°m\pw Ifn-Iƒ ImWm\pw Ipń-Iƒ

Gsd CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ipń-I-fn¬ kwL-

t_m[w, kl-I-c-W-a-t\m-`mhw, t\Xr-

]mShw F∂nh D≠m-hm≥ ]e IfnIfpw

klm-b-I-am-hm-dp-≠v. kmaq-ly Pohn-X-Øns‚ BZy-]m-T-ß-fmWv kwL-t_m[-

Øn-eq-∂nb \mS≥ Ifn-IfneqsS Ipń-Iƒ°p e`n-°p-∂-Xv. Adn-hn\pw BlvfmZ-

Øn\pw Ifn-Iƒ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂p F∂ hkvXpX ZrV-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ c≠p

]mT-`m-K-ß-fmWv cknXw F∂ bqWn-‰n¬ Dƒs°m≈n®ncn-°p-∂-Xv.

tPm¨ Ip∂-∏≈n-bpsS "sXbvsXbv' F∂ _me-km-ln-Xy IrXn-bn¬ \ns∂-

SpØ s\lvdp tSm^n h≈w Ifn-bmWv BZy ]mT-`m-Kw. Be-∏p-g-bnse thº-

\m´p Imb-en¬ 1952 Unkw-_¿ 27˛mw XobXn A∂sØ C¥-y-≥ ][m\a¥n

Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp-hns‚ km∂n-[-y-ØnemWv Cu h≈wIfn a’-c-Øn\p

XpS°w Ipdn®Xv. ]i-kvX-amb Cu Pe-ta-f-bpsS BZy-a-’-c-Øns‚ hminbpw

Bth-ihpw kv^pcn-°p∂ hnh-c-W-amWv s\lp tSm^n h≈wIfn F∂ ]mT-

`m-K-w. c≠m-asØ ]mTw Pn. taml-\-Ip-amcn ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Ønb "Bcp ]Tn-

∏n°pw' F∂ _o¿_¬ IY-bmWv. apKƒ NI-h¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂ AIv_dpsS

a¥n-bm-bn-cp∂p ]fin-X-\mb _o¿_-¬. At±-lsamcp-°nb hn⁄m-\-Øn-

eq-∂nb hnt\mZamWv Cu ]mT-`m-KsØ ]tabw. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Htc kabw

A[ym-]-I\pw hnZ-ym¿Yn-bp-am-sW∂ kXyw kc-k-ambpw ka¿Y-ambpw

_o¿_¬ AIv_¿ NI-h¿Ønsb t_m[y-s∏-SpØp-∂-XmWv IY-. kaq-l-

Ønse Hmtcm hy-‡n°pw as‰m-cmƒ°pw Adn-bmØ Nne-X-dnbmw F∂ Xncn-

®-dnhv \ap-°p-≠m-h-W-sa∂ aqey-amWv Cu ]mT-Øns‚ ImX¬.

4

cknXw


imco-cnIamb D√m-k-Øn\p amX-a√ hn⁄m-\-Øn\pw hnt\m-Z-Øn-\pw IqSn

IfnIƒ ]tbm-P\s∏Sp-Øm-sa∂ [mcWbmWv Cu bqWn-‰ns‚ hn\n-a-b-Øn-

eqsS Ipń-I-fn-se-tØ-≠-Xv.

]th-iIw

Ipń-Iƒ°v CjvSam-hp∂ Hcp IS-¶-YbmWv ChnsS ]th-i-I-ambn \¬In-bn-

cn-°p-∂-Xv. ck-I-c-am-sbmcp IS-¶Y∏b-‰m°n ]th-iIw am‰mw.

BZyw hy‡n-KX-ambn Hmtcm Ipń-bpw Adn-bm-hp∂ IS-¶-Y-Iƒ Fgp-Xs´.

AXn-\p-tijw Ipń-Isf c≠p Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xncn®v Hmtcm Kq∏n\pw e`n-® IS-

¶-Y-I-fn¬ anI-®h Is≠Øn ]b-‰n\v Hcp-ßm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww. Kq∏p-Iƒ

XΩn¬ ]b‰p XpS-ßn-bm¬ Ah¿°p e`n-°p-∂ -am¿°v _n._n.-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Øp-Ibpw hmin-tb-dnb a’-c-am-°m≥ CS-bv°nsS Inńb kvtImdns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ Kq∏p-Isf t]m’m-ln-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pIbpw thWw. hnP-

bn°p∂ Soans\ Is≠Øn A\p-tam-Zn-°m≥ ad-°-cp-Xv. ]n∂oSv ]mT-]p-kvX-I-

Øn¬ ]th-i-I-ambn \¬In-bn-´p≈ IS-¶Y Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw. BZyw DØcw

]d-bp∂ Ipńsb thZn-bn¬ hcpØn A`n-\-µn-°p-Ibpw thWw.

CØcw hn⁄m-\-]-Z-amb hnt\m-Z-ß-fp-sSbpw imco-cnIhpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb

Dt∑jw \¬Ip∂ Ifn-I-fp-sSbpw alØzw h¿Wn-°p∂ c≠p ]mT-ß-fmWv

Cu bqWn-‰n¬ \¬In-bn- p≈ "s\lvdp-tSm^n h≈w Ifn'bpw "Bcp ]Tn-∏n°pw'

F∂ _o¿_¬ IYbpw F∂ apJ-hp-c-tbmsS So®¿°v ]mT-`m-K-Ønte°p

]th-in-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]b-‰n-\n-S-bn¬ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]th-iI IS-¶Y Ipń-Iƒ ]d-™p-t]m-

sb-¶n¬ Xmsg \¬In-bn-´p≈ IS-¶Ym tiJ-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw So®¿°v as‰mcp

IS-¶Y Xnc-s™-SpØp tNmZn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

1. Npt‰mSp Np‰pw ap≈p-then, AXn -\ -IØp

N≈pthen, AXn-\-IØp s]m≥X-hf, AXn-\p-

≈n¬ sh≈m≥I√v.

2. aq°v aq∂v, \m°v \mev, \S°pw Imev ]Øv

3. B‰n¬ \ns∂m-s∂-SpØp H∂p sIm≠v aq∂m°n

aq∂n¬ \n∂v cs≠-SpØp c≠p-sIm≠v \qdm°n.

4. F√mw Xn∂pw F√m Zln°pw, sh≈w IpSn-®m¬

NØp-t]mIpw.

5. XSn- I-≠-Øn¬, Xe I√-ymW∏¥-en¬

6. \mepImep≠v, \Sp-hp≠v, apXp-Ip≠v, \mbv°p-

Xn-∂m≥ Cd-®n-bn-√.

N°

Imf-]q-´¬

I°

Xo

hmg

Itkc

121So®

¿sSI

vÃv

Ãm≥

tU

¿U

v -˛ 4 cknXw

bqWn‰v s^bnw cknXw

Bi-b-ßƒ/tijn-Iƒ hyh-lm-c-cq-]-ßƒ/`mjm-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ ]T-\-t\- -ßƒ

$ hnt\mZßƒ am\-kn-Ihpw imco-cn-I-hp-amb D√m-k-Øn\v DX-Ip-∂-tXm-sSm∏whf¿®sb klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p._p≤n-]-c-hpw imco-cn-I-hp-amb hnt\m-Z-ß-fp-≠v. Hmtcm ]tZ-i-Øn\pw kz¥-ambn Ifn-Ifpw hnt\m-Z-ß-fp-ap-≠v.

$ kwL-t_m-[w, kl-I-c-Ww, t\Xr-]mShw, Bfl-hn-izmkw XpS-ßn-bhhf¿Øp-∂-Xn\v Ifn-Ifpw hnt\m-Z-ßfpw klm-bn -°p-∂p. h≈w-IfnCØc-Øn-ep≈ Hcp hnt\m-Z-am-Wv.

$ Ifn-bm-sW∂p \mw Icp-Xp-∂h D∂-X-amb Pohn-X-aq-ey-ßfpw ]mT-ßfpwDƒs°m-≈p-∂h-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.

$ _o¿_¬ IY-I-fnse \¿a-t_m-[hpwPohn-X-]m-T-ßfpw BI¿j-Wo-b-am-Wv.

$ F√m-a-dn-bp-∂-h\pw H∂p-a-dn-bm-Ø-h-\pambn `qan-bn¬ Bcp-an-√.

$ ]Ir-Xn-bnse k¿h-Ncm-N-c-ßfpw Hcp-X-c-Øn-e-s√-¶n¬ as‰mcp Xc-Øn¬\sΩ ]eXpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.

$ h≈wIfn-bpsS X’-ab hnh-cW ]mTwhmbn®v Bi-bhpw kµ¿`hpw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv h≈wIfnbpsS BthiwDƒs°m-≈p-∂p.

$ IY hmbn®p hni-I-e\w sNøp∂p;BkzZn-°p-∂p.

$ IYsb \mS-I-am°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.$ hnfw-_cw Xbm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.$ as‰mcp _o¿_¬ IY hmbn®v Bkzm-

Z-\-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.$ ]pcp-j-k¿h-\m-a-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p.

Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.$ Ihn-X-bnse Bi-bsØ ]mT-Ønse

Bi-b-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂p.Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ IY, hnh-cWw F∂nh D®m-c-W-ip≤n,Hgp-°v, `mhw F∂nh-tbmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ X’-a-b -hn-h-c-Ww, hnfw-_cw F∂nhkz¥w `mj-bn¬ DNn-X-amb coXn-bn¬Xbm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ IYsb \mS-I-am°n Ah-X-cn-∏n°p-∂p-.$ _o¿_¬IY hmbn®v Bkzm-Z-\-°p-dn∏v

Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.$ DØ-a, a[y-a, ]Ya ]pcpj k¿h\m-a-

ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-™p ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.$ hyXykvX hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p-

∂p. CuW-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.$ ]Ir-Xn-bnse k¿h-Ncm-N-c-ßfpw Hcp-

X-c-Øn-e-s√-¶n¬ as‰m-cp-X-c-Øn¬\sΩ ]eXpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v F∂pXncn -® -dn™v kl-Pohnkvt\lwhf¿Øp∂p.


s\lvdp tSm^n h≈w Ifn ˛ ]mTm-]-K-Y\w

]X-]-h¿Ø-I\pw kmln-X-y-Im-c-\p-amb tPm¨ Ip∂-∏≈n-bpsS "sXbvsXbv'

F∂ _mekmln-Xy IrXn-bn¬ \ns∂-Sp-Ø-XmWv Cu ]mT-`mKw. Be-∏p-g-

bnse thº-\m-´p-Im-b-en¬ F√m- h¿-jhpw BKÃv amk-Ønse c≠m-asØ

i\nbmgvN- \S-°p∂ PetafbmWv s\lvdp tSm^n h≈w Ifn.- Ph-l¿em¬

s\lvdphns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn¬ \S∂ h≈w Ifn, ZrIvkm£n hnh-cWcq-]-Øn¬

Cu ]mT-`m-K-Øn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p. (ZrIvkm£n hnh-c-W-sa∂ hyh-lm-

c-cq-]-Øns‚ Nne khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ amXsa ChnsS ImWm≥ Ign-bq).

C¥-y-bpsS ]Ya ][m-\-a¥n Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp-hns\ Ip´-\m-´p-Im¿

BlvfmZm-c-h-ßtfmsS kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xpw Ptem-’-h-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂

IfntbmSß-ƒ AWn-\n-c-°p∂Xpw, XpS¿∂p≈ a’chpw hodpw hminbpw

\nd™ a’cØns‚ kam-]vXnbpw AS-ßp∂ hnh-cWw Cu h≈wIfn t\cn¬

I≠ ]XoXn P\n-∏n-°p-∂p. a’c hnP-bn-bmbn Cc®p Ib-dn-h-cp∂ "\Sp-`mKw

Np≠≥' s\lvdp-hns\ Bth-i-Øn-em-dm-Sn-°p∂ at\m-lc Zriyw Ipń-Isf

BÀmZ- -cn-X-cm-°pw. C¥-y-bpsS ][m-\-a¥n Xs‚ ÿm\hpw ]mbhpw ad∂v,

hnP-bm-c-h-Øn¬ \n¬°p∂ \Sp- mKw Np≠-\n¬ NmSn°bdp∂ cwKw ImWnIƒ

Aº-c-t∏m-sSbpw H∏w Blvfm-Z-tØm-sSbpw ho£n-°p-∂Xv IpńIƒ°p

hyXykvX-amb A\p-`-h-am-bn-cn-°pw. P\-ßƒ ssIsabv ad∂v hnt\m-Z-ß-fn-

te¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xns‚ hnkvab NnXw ChnsS cN-bn-Xmhv kq£va-ambn hc®nSp∂p.

1952 Unkw-_¿ 27˛mw Xob-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p s\lvdp-hns‚ km∂n-[-y-Øn¬

BZysØ h≈w Ifn \S-∂Xv. U¬ln-bn-se-Øn-b-tijw kz¥w ssIsbm-

t∏m-Sp-IqSn sh≈n-bn¬ Xo¿Ø Np≠≥ h≈-Øns‚ amXrI s\lvdp Ab®p

sImSpØp. Cu amXr-I-bmWv hnP-bn-Iƒ°p \¬Ip∂ s\lvdp tSm^n. XpS°-

Øn¬ ss]wan\ntÃgvkv tSm^n F∂m-bn-cp∂p Cu h≈wIfn Adn-b-s∏-ń-

cp-∂-Xv. 1969 Pq¨ H∂n\p IqSnb h≈wIfnkanXn s\lvdphnt\m-Sp≈ BZc-

kq-N-I-ambn s\lvdptSm^n h≈wIfn F∂v Cu Pe-ta-f°v t]¿ \¬In.

XpS¿∂v kuI-c-y-Øn-\mbn s\lptSm^n h≈wIfn BKÃv amk-Ønse

c≠mw i\n-bm-gvN-bn-te°p am‰-s∏- p. CXp \S-°p-∂Xv thº-\m- p-Im-b-ens‚

`mK-amb ]p∂-a-S-°m-b-en-em-Wv. s\lvdptSm^n h≈w-Ifnkan-Xn-bpsS B`n-

ap-Jy-Øn-emWv Cu Pe-taf \S-°p-∂-Xv.

k¿∏m-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ h≈-ß-fmWv Np≠≥ h≈-ßƒ. Hmtcm h≈-Ønepw

120 hsc Bfp-Iƒ°p Ib-dmw. AXn¬ Xpg-°m¿ \qdn¬ Xmsg, Aa-cØv

\mev ]¶m-b-°m¿, AWn-bØv Hcp \b-ºp-Im-c≥. \ne-bm-fp-Iƒ apg-°p∂

h©n-∏m- p-I-fpsS Xmf-e-b-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v Xpg-Iƒ Nen-°pw. BZy ImeØv

Np≠≥ h≈-ßƒ amX-amWv Cu Petaf-bn¬ AWn-\n-c-∂n-cp-∂Xv F∂m¬

Ct∏mƒ Np≠≥ h≈-ß-tfm-sSm∏w ]≈n-tbm-S-ß-fpw a’-cØn-¬ ]s¶S-p-°p∂p.


cknXw

s\lvdp tSm^n h≈w Ifn ˛ ]h¿Ø\hni-I-e\w

]dbmw FgpXmw

]mY-anI hmb-\bv°p t]c-I-amb tNmZ-y-ß-fmWv ]dbmw FgpXmw F∂

]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv. hy‡nKX-amtbm Kq∏v ]h¿Ø-\-amtbm

CXp sNøm-hp∂XmWv. ]p\¿hm-b-\-bv°p-X-Ip∂ IqSp-X¬ tNmZ-y-ßƒ So®¿°v

Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw.

$ a’-cn® Np≠≥ h≈-ßƒ: \Sp- m-Kw, s\t∏m-fn-b≥, Nº-°pfw, Imhmew,

]m¿Ykm-c-Yn, t\Xm-Pn, henb Znhm≥Pn, amºg-°-cn.

$ s\ldp kt¥mjw ]I-Sn-∏n-®Xv: sIm®p-Ip-ń-sb-t∏mse Xp≈n-®m-Snbpw

ASp-Øp- In-ńb Itk-c-bn¬ NmSn-°-b-dnbpw.

$ 63 IXn-\m-sh-Sn-Iƒ s]mń-®Xv: s\lvdp-hns‚ ]mbsØ kqNn-∏n°p∂p.

$ ]p∂-a-S-°m-b-ense sImt®m-f-ßƒ ]pf-I-®m¿Ø-Wn-™Xv: ][m\ a¥n-

sbbpw hln-®p-sIm-≠p≈ bmXbv°v t_m´p-Ifpw h≈-ßfpw AI-ºSn

tkhn®t∏mgp-≠mb B¿∏phnfn-Ifpw Bc-h-ßfpw sIm´pw ]m´pw tI´v.

DØ-c-ßƒ ]d-bm\pw XpS¿∂v Fgp-Xm\pw Ahkc-sam-cp-°Ww.

tN¿sØgpXmw

]h¿Ø-\-am-lm-flywsIm≠p ]i-kvX-cm-b-hsc P\-ßƒ a‰p Nne t]cp-I-

fn¬ hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv Ipń-Iƒ Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠-XmWv. Ph-l¿em¬

s\lvdp-hns\ \h-`m-cX in¬∏n-sb∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse alm-flm-

Km‘nsb alm-flPn F∂pw tIf-∏s\ tIcf Km‘n-sb-∂p-w hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cp-

∂Xp Ipń-Iƒ tIń-cn-°mw. CØ-c-Øn¬ tN¿sØ-gpXmw F∂ ]T\

]h¿Ø\w Ipń-Iƒ \S-Ø-s´.

C¥-y-bpsS hm\-ºmSn ˛ ktcm-Pn\n \mbnUp

C¥-y-bpsS ]q¶p-bn¬ ˛ eXm-a-t¶-jvI¿

Gj-y-bpsS ]Imiw ˛ io_p-≤≥

hnf-t°-¥nb h\nX ˛ ^vtfmd≥kv ss\‰nw-tK¬

tIcf knwlw ˛ ]g»ncmP

Cu t]cp-Ifpw Ah kqNn-∏n-°p∂ kz`mh hnti-j-ßfpw N¿® sNømw.

X’-ab hnh-cWw

\S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp kw`-h-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°mØh¿°p-th≠n AXp

ho£n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp hy‡n \¬Ip∂ hy-‡-X-bm¿∂ hnh-c-W-am-

Wt√m ZrIvkm£n hnh-c-Ww. CXns‚ hni-Z-]-T\w aq∂mw ¢mkn¬ \S-∂n-´p-

≠m-hpa-t√m.


In°-‰v, ^pSvt_mƒ, I_-Un, thmfn-t_mƒ ap-X-emb Ifn-I-fp-sSbpw ]mtZ-

inIamb a‰p hnt\m-Z-ß-fp-sSbpw X’-ab hnh-c-W-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ tIń-´p-

≠mhpw.

Cu hnh-cWw tIƒ∏n-°mw.

h≈w Ifn ˛ ZrIvkm£n hnh-cWw

]p∂-a-S-°m-b-ense Hmf-ßsf ]pf-I-®m¿Ø-Wn-bn®v Rm≥ aptº Rm≥

aptº F∂p hnfn-®-dn-bn®v Pe-cm-Pm-°∑m¿ ^n\n-jnwKv t]mbn‚n-te°p

IpXn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Bbn-c-am-bncw ImWn-Ifpw Xpg°mcpw apg-°p∂ "sXbvsX-

bvX-I-sX-bvsXbvtXmw' F∂ hmbv-Øm-cn-bn¬ A¥-co£w apJ-cn-X-am-Ip-∂p.

Ct©m-Sn©v t]mcm´w; BcmWv H∂m-a-sX-ØpI! Imcn-®mtem?.....

ImhmewNp≠t\m? ....... AtXm ]m¿Y-km-c-Yntbm?...... H∂pw ]h-Nn-°m-

\m-hp-∂n-√..... CXm Imcn-®m¬Np-≠≥ ImhmewNp≠-t\bpw ]m¿Y-km-c-Yn-

tbbpw ]n¥-≈n Aev]w apt∂-dn-°-gn-™p. Imcn-®m¬®p-≠-\nse Xpg-°m¿

hnPbw Dd-∏n-°m-\p≈ iaØn-em-Wv. ]t£, hnPbw Xßƒ°mWv F∂p

]Jym-]n®v \Sp-`mKw Np≠≥ ]m™-Sp-°p-∂p. a‰p h≈-ßsf ]n¥≈n

Ah¿ apt∂-‰-Øn\p Xbm-dm-hp-I-bmWv. A¬∏w ]n∂n¬ \n∂n-cp∂ a‰p

h≈-ßfpw Ifn Ah-km-\n-°m-dm-b-t∏m-tg°pw Htc \nc-∏n¬ h∂p Ign™p.

Hmtcm Xpg-sb-dn-®n-enepw Bthi-Øns‚ ]qØn-cn-I-Øn®v Nodn-∏m-bp∂

h≈-ß-tfm-sSm∏w B¿∏p hnfnIƒ-sIm≠v Ccp-I-c-Ifpw Cf-In-a-dn-bp-∂p.

XnØn-Øm-cm-Xn-Øn-sØbv

XnssØ -XI-sXbvtXmw

AsX \Sp-`mKw Np≠≥ hnPbw Dd-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

alm-`m-cX IY-bn¬ A‘-\mb [rX-cmjvS alm-cm-Pm-hn\v a¥n-bm-bn-cp∂

kRvP-b≥ alm- m-c-X-bp-≤-Øns‚ ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ AXXp ka-bØp hnh-cn-

®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ kµ¿`w So®¿°p ¢mkn¬ kqNn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Ipń-Iƒ kvIqfn¬ kwL-ambn Ifn-°p∂ GsX-¶nepw Ifn-bpsS X’-ab hnh-

cWw FgpXn Xbm-dm-°-s´. Ifn-bpsS t]cv, Ifn-ÿ-ew, Ifn-°m-cpsS FÆw,

D]-I-c-W-ßƒ, Ifn-°m-cpsS Ne-\-ßƒ Ch Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw. Ah-X-c-W-Øn\pw

N¿®-°p-ap≈ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww.

tN¿sØ-gpXmw

c≠p ]Z-ßƒ IqSn-t®-cp-tºmƒ Nne kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ c≠m-asØ ]Z-Ønse

BZ-y-£cw Cc-ń-°m-dp-≠v. ssZ\w-Zn\ hy-h-lm-c-Øn¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ \nc-

h[n ]Z-ßƒ \Ωƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp≈Xns‚ ]n∂n-ep≈ `mjmhkvXp-X-Iƒ

]ecpw i≤n-°m-dn-√. Cu Cc-ń-∏v Ipń-I-fpsS i≤bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm-\mWv

Cu ]h¿Ø\w.


cknXw

hnti-jW hnti-j-y-ßƒ

]q¿thm-Øc ]Z-ß-fmbv

kam-kn-®m-en-c- n∏q

ZrVw ]c-]-Zm-ZnIw

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw

c≠p ]Z-ßƒ IqSn-t®-cp-tºmƒ BZ-y-]Zw hnti-j-Whpw c≠mw ]Zw hnti-jy-

hp-am-bn-cp-∂m¬ c≠mw ]Z-Øns‚ BZ-y-h¿Ww ZrV-hy-RvP\-am-sW-¶n¬ Cc-

ń-°pw. ZrVhyRvP\-a-s√-¶n¬ Cc-ń∏v hcn-I-bp-an-√. Cu kmt¶XnIX Ipń-

Ifnte°p ]I-cm-\√, mj-bpsS Hcp khn-ti-jX i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-Øm≥ th≠n

amX-amWv CXp-]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xv.

Cc-ń-°p-∂h DZm:

\oe + Xmac ˛ \oe-Øm-ac

NmSn + Ibdn ˛ NmSn-°-bdn

Xp≈n + NmSn ˛ Xp≈n-®mSn

t\m°n + I≠p ˛ t\m°n-°≠p

Nodn + ]m™p ˛ Nodn-∏m™p

Cc-ń-°mØh DZm:

\oe + ae ˛ \oe-ae

Xe + hc ˛ Xe-hc

]Z-ßƒ Is≠Ømw

Ipń-I-fn¬ ]Z-k-ºØv h¿[n-∏n-°m≥ CØcw ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]tbm-P-\-

s∏SpØWw. thK-Øn¬ t]mhpI F∂-Xn\v Nodn-∏m-bpI F∂mWv ]tbm-Kn-

®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.

Cc-ºn-°p-Xn-®v, ]S-°p-Xn-c-sb-t∏m-se, an∂¬ thK-Øn¬ Cßs\ thKsØ

kqNn-∏n-°p∂ a‰p ]Z-ßƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂pw Is≠-Øm≥ Bh-iy-

s∏-Smw.

CXp-t]mse i_vZw, hm’-ey-]-I-S\w, kt¥m-j-]-I-S-\w XpS-ßn-b-hsb kqNn-

∏n-°p∂ ]Z-ßfpw kqN-\-bn-eqsS Is≠-Øm≥ kl-mbn-°-Ww.

kt¥m-j-]-I-S\w : Blvfm-Zm-c-hw, Pb-tLmjw, B¿∏p-hn-fn-Iƒ, l¿jm-chw

i_vZw : Ae-dn-hn-fn-°p-I, Iqhn hnfn-°p-I, \ne-hn-fn-°p-I, Bchw

hm’-ey ]I-S\w : emfn-°p-I, sIm©n-°p-I, Xmtem-en-°p-I.

]mSn-c-kn°mw

hnZ-ym¿Yn-I-fnse CuWhpw Xmfhpw ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m-\p-X-Ip∂ k¿Km-flI

]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.


h≈w Ifn-bnse Xpg-®n-ep-Im-cpsS A[-zm\w eLq-I-cn-°m-\mbn Iq´-ambn Xmf-

Øn¬ ]mSp∂ ]m´mWv CXv. Ipń-Iƒ BZyw hy‡n-K-X-ambpw ]n∂oSv kwLw

tN¿∂pw IhnX sNm√-s´. XpS¿∂v kµ¿`m-\p-k-cWw So®¿°v IhnX ¢mkn¬

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw (sF.Sn, D]-I-c-W-ßfneq-sSbpw anI® hnZ-ym¿Yn-Iƒ, klm-

[ym-]-I¿ F∂nh-cn-eq-sSbpw CXp tIƒ∏n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv) anI® Kq∏ns\

Is≠Øn A`n-\-µn-°m≥ ad-°-cp-Xv.

h©n-∏m´v

h≈w Ifn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏- p-≠mb ]m´p-I-fmWv s]mXpsh h©n-∏m´v F∂-

dn-bs∏Sp-∂-Xv. h≈hpw sh≈hpw kar-≤-amb Ip´-\m-S≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv

Chbv°p ]Np-c-]-Nm-cw. h©n Xpg-bp-∂-Xns‚ Xmf-amWv (h©n Xpg-bp-

tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ Db¿®bpw XmgvN-bpw)- h©n∏mńs‚ Xmf-ambn kzoI-cn-®n-

cn°p-∂Xv. Ihn-X-I-fn¬ Cu Xmfw "\tXm-∂X' F∂ t]cn-ep≈ hrØambn

Adn-b-s∏-´p. cma-]p-c-Øp-hm-cy-cpsS IptN-e-hrØw h©n-∏m´v Cu Xmf-Øn-

se-gp-Xnb (\tXm-∂X hrØ-Øn-ep-≈)- Im-hy-am-Wv. Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ "IcpW'

as‰mcpZml-c-W-am-Wv.

A¿Yw Is≠Ømw

CXv Hcp Kq∏v ]h¿Ø-\-am°mw. ]mT-`m-K-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-´p≈ ]Z-ß-fpsS

A¿Yw kµ¿ -Øn¬\n∂p Is≠-Ønbtijw A¿YkqNnI-bpambn HØp-t\m-

°-s´. _m°n-h-cp-∂h So®-dpsS klm-b-tØmsS i_vZ-Xm-cm-h-en-bn¬\n∂pw

Is≠-Øm≥ ian-°-Ww.

A`q-X-]q¿hw ˛ apºv kw`-hn-®n-ń-√mØ

Pe-\uI ˛ tXmWn

l¿jw ˛ Blvfm-Zw, kt¥mjw

XcwKw ˛ Hmfw, Xnc

AX-y-¥w ˛ G‰-hpw, Atß-b‰w

\mµn- Ip-dn-°pI ˛ Bcw`w Ipdn-°pI

Ch Ipń-I-fpsS ]Z-ti-J-c-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]mSn A`n-\-bn°mw

Ipń-Iƒ°p Xm¬∏-c-y-]q¿hw sNøm-hp∂ Hcp ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. h©n-∏m-

ńs‚ CuWhpw Xmfhpw A\p-k-cn®v hnhn[ Kq∏p-Iƒ, Ah-cn-cn-°p∂

_©ns\ tXmWn-bmbn k¶¬∏n®v AwKNe-\ßtfmsS ]mSn A`n-\-bn-°-s´.

anI® Ah-X-c-W-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-Ibpw t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww. ]mSn

ckn°mw F∂ ]h¿Ø-\-Ønse IptN-e-hrØw h©n-∏m- nse hcn-Ifpw CtX

coXn-bn¬ A`n-\-bn®p ]mSm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. (h©n-∏m-ńs‚ hoUntbm Ipń-Iƒ°p

ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv).


cknXw

]d-™-X-ß-t\-Xs∂ ]mXn-cm-hm-bt√m ]Xv\o

Ipd-s™m-∂p-d-ßs´ Rm\peIotcgpw

\nd™ IrjvWs\°mäm≥ ]pe¿Imte ]pd-s∏Smw

Adn™p h√Xpw IqsS-Ø-∂-b-bv-t°Ww

Xn`p-h-\-a-S°n hmWn-cp-∂-cp-fp∂ alm

]`p-hn-s\-°mäm≥ ssI°-teXpw IqSmsX

kz-`-h-\-Øn-¶¬\n∂p Kan-°-cp-Xmcpw ssI°

-en-`-hp-am-an-e-bpamw Ipkp-a-hp-amw.

Ah-epamw ae-cpamw ê-hpamw bYm-i‡n

ae¿°-\-ym-a-W-hm-f-s\m-s°-bp-am-Ipw.

aew If-a-\-n-en-s∂-¥p-th-s≠∂dn-bm™p

ae-bvt°-≠, sNm∂-Xn-sem-∂p-≠m-°n-bmepw

IptN-e-hrØw ˛ h©n-∏m-´v

Ifn-Iƒ

sNdnb Ipń-I-fpsS an° Ifn-Ifpw ck-Ic-ß-fm-Wv. Ifn-®mepw Ifn-®mepw aXn-

h-cmØ Bh¿Ø\ kz`mhw Ah-cpsS Ifn-I-fpsS s]mXp-k-hn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.

Ch-cpsS Ifn-Iƒ°p ]mtbW imco-cn-Im-[zm\w Ipd-hm-bn-cn°pw. h´w Np‰pI,

A¬∏m¬∏w HmSp-I, ]c-kv]cw sXmSp-I, \n¿ZnjvS e£y-Øn-se-Øp-I,

tcJ-Iƒ NmSn-°-S-°p-I, IÆp-Iƒ s]mØn-°-fn-°pI XpSßn A[nIw k¶o¿W-

a-√mØ hnt\m-Z-ß-fmWv Ipń-Iƒ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. hnt\m-Z-ß-fn¬ ]e-Xn\pw

Ipń-Iƒ Xmf-hpw ]mk-`wKn-bp-ap≈ \nc¿YI ]Z-ßƒ ]tbm-Kn°pI km[m-

c-W-am-Wv. sNdnb Ipń-I-fpsS \nc¿YI Km\-ßfpw Ifn-I-fpsS Bh¿Ø-\-

kz`m-hhpw apXn¿∂ Ipń-Iƒ°p Nne-t∏mƒ \nm-c-ß-fmbn tXm∂mw. AhcpsS

Ifn-I-fn-ep≈ it≤-b-amb Hcp Imcyw a’-c-Øns‚ XpS-°-am-Wv. apXn¿∂-

Ipń-Iƒ kzbw hnP-bn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ Ifn-I-fp-ambn CS-]-g-Ip-∂p. IqSp-X¬

ss\]p-Wyhpw Iui-ehpw ]tbm-Kn-t°-≠n-h-cp∂ Ifn-I-fmWv Ah¿ IqSp-X¬

CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. HmSp-I, Hfn-°p-I, At\z-jn-°p-I, ]nSn-Iq-Sp-I, Fdn-bp-I, G‰p-

]n-Sn-°p-I, IpXn®p NmSp-I, ico-c-Øns‚ Xpe-\m-h-ÿ-bn¬ i≤n-°pI XpS-

ßn-bh apXn¿∂ Ipń-I-fpsS Ifn--I-fn¬ ImWmw.

Ah-ew_w : \mS≥ Ifn-I-fpw hnt\mZßfpw

Fw. hn. hnjvWp-\-ºq-Xncn

kwLw tN¿∂p≈ Ifn-Iƒ

kwL-t_m[w hf¿Øm\pw Ipń-I-fn-ep≈ t\Xr-]m-S-h-tijn Is≠-Øm\pw

kwLw tN¿∂p≈ hnt\mZw D]-I-cn-°pw. ]mtZ-in-I-ambn ]Nm-c-Øn-ep≈

Ifn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp N¿®-bn-eq-sS Cu ]h¿Ø\w XpS-ßmw. Is≠-Ønb

Ifn-I-fn-sem∂p Ifn-®-Xn-\p-tijw hy-‡n-K-X-ambn AXv FgpXn Xbm-dm-°m≥

Bh-i-y-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.


Xqhm-e-°fn

Ipń-Isf c≠v Kq∏m°n \n›nX AI-e-Øn¬ (10 ao‰¿) \n¿Øp-I. \Sp°p

hc® kmam-\yw henb hrØ-Øn¬ Hcp Xqhme hbv°p-I. Kq∏p-Iƒ Ah-

cpsS AwK-ßƒ°p Ia-\-º¿ \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. d^dn Hcp \º¿ Dd-s°-

∏d™p hnkn-e-Sn-°p-tºmƒ Htc \º-cn-ep≈ c≠p Kq∏n-tebpw Ipń-Iƒ

h∂v FXn-cm-fnsb shń®v Xqhm-e-sb-SpØp Xs‚ Kq∏n¬ FØn-t®¿∂m¬

t]mbn‚ v. FXn-cmfn ]pd-Øv. Xqhme ssIbn-se-Sp-Ø-bmsf at‰-bmƒ sXm´m¬

Xqhme FSp-Ø-bmƒ ]pd-Øm-Ipw. Cßs\ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ AwK-ßƒ Ah-

ti-jn-°p∂ Kq∏v hnP-bn-°p-∂p. Ifn \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ Ipń-Iƒ

ssIbSn®p t]m’m-ln-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

hmIyw \n¿an°mw

]mT-Øn¬\n∂pw sXc-s™-Sp-Øn- p≈ GXm\pw ]Z-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v kz-¥-ambn

hmIyw cNn-°m-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. X∂n-´p≈ hm°p-Iƒ tN¿∂p-h-cp∂

hmI-y-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ ]mT-Øn¬\n∂pw BZyw Is≠Øn Fgp-X-s´. XpS¿∂v

Cu hm°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v kz¥w hmI-y-ßƒ Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw hmbn®v Ah-

X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww. a‰p Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-X-cWw tIƒ°m\pw sa®-s∏´

hmI-y-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Ipń-I-tfmSp \n¿tZin-°-Ww.

A£-a-cm-hpI : apJ-ym-XnYn hcm≥ sshIn-b-t∏mƒ ImWn-Iƒ A£-a-cm-bn.

e£-y-ÿm\w : e£-y-ÿm-\-sØ-Øm≥ F√m-hcpw ITn-\-]-bXv\w sNtø-≠-

Xmbn hcpw.

Cßs\ hmIy-ßƒ cNn-°m≥ t]m¬km-ln-∏n-°-Ww.

Bcp ]Tn-∏n°pw? ˛ ]mTm-]-K-Y\w

Pn. taml-\-Ip-amcn ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Ønb _o¿_¬ IY-bmWv Bcp ]Tn-∏n°pw

F∂ ]mT-`mKw. AIv_¿ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS sIm´mc-k-Z-mWv ]›m-Ø-ew.

Xs‚ ]mfin-Xyw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn A[-ym-]-Isc Bh-i-y-s∏´ AIv_¿

NI-h¿Øn°p ap∂n¬ _o¿_¬ Hcp°n \n¿Øp-∂Xp Pohn-X-Øns‚ hnhn[

taJ-e-I-fn¬ ]mho-W-y-ap-≈-h-sc-bm-Wv. CXpI≠v tIm]m-Ipe-\mb NI-

h¿Ønsb _o¿_¬ ck-I-chpw Nnt¥m-±o-]-I-hp-amb tNmZ-y-ß-fn-eqsS Aº-

c-∏n-°p∂ ImgvN Ipń-I-fn¬ IuXp-I-ap-W¿Øpw.

\ap°p Np‰p-ap≈ Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw \sΩ Fs¥-¶n-ep-sams° ]Tn-∏n-°m-\m-

hp-sa∂ bmYm¿Y-yhpw, \mw F√m-hcpw Hcp-t]mse A[-ym-]-I\pw hnZ-ym¿Yn-

bp-am-sW∂ hkvXp-Xbpw NI-h¿Ønsb [cn-∏n-°m≥ _o¿_¬ kzo-I-cn®

hnt\m-Z-Øn-eq-∂nb am¿Kw Ipń-Isf ckn-∏n-°m≥ amX-a√ Bg-Øn¬ Nn¥n-


cknXw

∏n-°m\pw CS-\¬Ipw. ]n∂oSv _o¿_¬ Bƒ°q-´-Øn-\n-S-bn¬\n∂pw NI-

h¿Øn-bpsS ap∂n-se-Øn® hr≤ X\n°p e`n® A[-ym-]-I-cn¬ G‰hpw \√

A[-ym-]n-I-bm-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Ah¿ Bcm-sW∂ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS At\-z-

j-W-Øn-\p≈ DØcw hmb\°m-cn-te°p hn´p-sIm-≠mWv IY Ah-km-\n-°p-

∂-Xv.

AIv_¿ ˛ _o¿_¬

16˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ DØ-tc-¥y `cn-®n-cp∂ apK-ƒcm-P-hw-i-Ønse NI-h¿Øn-

bm-bn-cp∂p AIv_¿ (1542-- 1605). hnI-am-Zn-XycmP-k-Z-n-se-∂t]mse AIv_-

dns‚ kZ-nepw \h-c-Xv\-ßƒ F∂ t]cn¬ HºXv a¥n-am¿ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

AIv_dn\v G‰hpw ]nb-s∏´ a¥n _o¿_-em-bn-cp-∂p. bap\m \Zn-°-c-bnse

Xnhn-I-a-]pcw Kma-Øn¬ Hcp _m“W IpSpw-_-Øn-emWv _o¿_-ens‚

P\-\w. BZ-ysØ t]cv atl-ivZmkv F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øn\v AIv_¿

\¬Inb ]pXnb t]cmWv _o¿_¬ F∂X.v Ch¿ XΩn¬ \S∂ cl-k-yhpw

]c-k-y-hp-amb kw`m-j-W-ßƒ GsXm-cm-sfbpw Htc kabw Nncn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw

Nn¥n-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬Øs∂-bm-Wv- Ah -N-cn-X-Ønepw km-ln-

Xy-Ønepw Hcpt]mse ÿm\w t\Sn-b-Xv.

Bcp ]Tn-∏n°pw? ˛ ]h¿Ø-\-hn-i-I-e\w

Is≠Ømw

]mT-Ønse Bibw Dƒs°m≠v ]mT-`mKw hy-‡n-K-X-ambn hni-I-e\w sNøm-

\p≈ Ignhv Ipń-Iƒ t\tS-≠-Xm-Wv. AXn\p klm-b-I-amb tNmZ-y-ß-fmWv

ChnsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ipń-Iƒ°p tNmZ-y-ß-tfmSv hy‡n-K-X-ambn ]Xn-

I-cn-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.

$ AIv_¿ NI-h¿Øn _o¿_-en-t\mSv Bh-i-y-s∏-´-Xv?

˛ F\n°p th≠X ]mfi-n-X-y-an-√. F\n-°-dn™pIqSm-Ø-Xmbn Hcp]mSp

Imc-y-ß-fp-≠v. F√mw F\n°p ]Tn-°-Ww. \msf apX¬ ]T\w XpS-ßm-

\p≈ G¿∏m-Sp-Iƒ sNøp-I.

$ Z¿_m¿ lmfn-se-Ønb NI-h¿Ønsb Aº-c-∏n®Xv?

˛ F√m-Øcw Bƒ°m-scbpwsIm≠v lmƒ \nd-™n-cn-°p-∂p. hr≤¿, Ipń-

Iƒ, ho -Ω-am¿, Ae-°p-Im¿, Irjn-°m¿, BIn-°m¿, Imen-ta-bv°p-∂h¿,

I®-h-S-°m¿, Kpa-kvX≥am¿, B[m-c-sa-gp-Øp-Im¿, km[m-c-W-°m¿,- k-∂ym-

kn-am¿. IqSmsX a‰-t\Iw t]¿.

$ NI-h¿Ønsb _o¿_¬ t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]mTw?

- Cu lmfn-ep≈ Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Aßsb Fs¥-¶n-epsams° ]Tn-∏n-

°m-\p-≠v. Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw a‰p≈h¿°-m¿°pw Adn-™p-Iq-SmØ

NneXdnbmw. HmtcmcpØ¿°pw Fs¥-¶nepw Ign-hp-≠v. Adn-hp≠v. Nne


]tXyI hmk-\-I-fp≠v. AXp-sIm≠v F√m-h¿°pw A[-ym-]-I-cm-Im-\mIpw.

AXp-t]mse F√m-h¿°pw hnZ-ym¿Yn-I-fm-Im\pw Ign-bpw.

$ hr≤ AIv_¿ NI-h¿Øn-tbmSv ]d-™-sX¥v?

˛ Aßp-t∂, _p≤n-am-\-dnbmw F√mw ]Tn-°pI Akm-[-y-am-sW-∂v. F∂m¬

Hcp \√ a\p-j-y-\m-Im≥ F√m-h¿°pw Ign-bpw. AsX-ß-s\-sb∂v F√m-

hcpw ]Tn-°p-Ibpw thWw.

$ _o¿_-ens‚ BZ-ysØ A[-ym-]nI Bcm-bn-cp-∂n-cn°mw?

˛ BZ-ysØ A[-ym-]-I-cn-em-sc-¶nepw. AΩ, AΩqΩ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ DØ-

c-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ ]d-™mepw AwKo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

A¿Yw Is≠Ømw

]mT-`m-K-Øp≈ ]pXnb ]Z-ß-fpsS A¿Yw A¿YkqNnI t\m°n Dd-∏p-h-cp-

Øm≥ ]cn-io-e-n®n-cn-°pw. Is≠-Ønb A¿Y-ßƒ Ip-ń-Iƒ ]Z-ti-J-c-Øn¬

Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-s´. hµn-°pI F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ A¿Yw Duln-®-Xn\ptijw i_vZ-

Xm-cm-h-en-bp-ambn HØp-t\m-°m≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww.

hµn-°pI ˛ hW-ßpI

Fs¥ms° ]Tn-∏n°pw

Hcp ]tX-yI sXmgn¬ taJ-e-sb-°p-dn®v AXn¬ ]mho-W-y-ap≈ Hcmƒ as‰m-

cm-tfmSv Fßs\ hni-Zo-I-cn°pw F∂mWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ hy‡-amt°-

≠-Xv. Irjn-°m-c-\mb Hcmƒ°v Fs¥ms° Imc-y-ß-fm-bn-cn°pw NI-h¿Ønsb

]Tn-∏n-°m-\m-hpI F∂Xv Hmtcm Ipńbpw Fgp-X-s´. (kqN\: \ne-sam-cp-°¬,

hnX-bv°¬, \So¬, Pe-tkN\w, hf-]-tbmKw, IoS-\m-in\n D]tbm-Kw, hnf-

sh-Sp∏v)

Ahn-sS-sb-Ønb a‰p-≈-h¿ Bsc-√m-sa∂p ]ń-I-s∏-SpØn Ah¿ ]d-bm-\n-S-

bp≈ Imcy-ßƒ Fgp-Xm≥ Kq∏p-Is-f Npa-Xes∏Sp-Ømw.

hmbn°mw FgpXmw

AIv_¿ NI-h¿Ønbpw _o¿_-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ \nc-h[n IY-Iƒ tiJ-cn-

°p-∂-Xn\pw hmbn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ipń-Iƒ°p t]cW e`n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

as‰mcp _o¿_¬ IY hmbn®v hy-‡n-K-X-ambn hmb-\m-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°Ww.

CXn-\mbn Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ IYbpw a‰p IY-Ifpw \¬Imw.

hmb-\m-Ip-dn-∏n¬ Fs¥√mw Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

$ IY-bpsS t]cv

$ Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ t]cv

$ GXp hn`mKw (IY, Ihn-X, t\mh¬....)

$ Bibw

$ CjvS-s∏´ `mKw

$ IYm-]m-X-ßƒ


cknXw

_o¿_¬ IY

kz-]v\-Ønse ISw

[\n-I-\mb I\-I-dmapw Zcn-Z-\mb Na≥emepw Ab¬°m-cm-Wv. Hcp \mƒ

Na≥em¬ Hcp kz]v\w I≠p. I\-I-dm-an¬\n∂pw \qdp kz¿W\mW-b-ßƒ

ISw hmßp-∂Xpw AXp-sIm≠v \√ hkvX-ßƒ hmßp-∂Xpw \√ `£Ww

Ign®p kpJ-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xpam-bn-cp∂p kz-]v\w. ip≤-K-Xn-°m-c-\mb

Na≥em¬ Cu hnhcw ]nt‰∂v I\-I-dm-ans\ I≠-t∏mƒ Adn-bn-°p-I-

bp≠mbn.

""F¶n¬ B kz¿W\mW-b-ßƒ Xncn®p Xt∂°v'' F√mw tI´pIgn-™-t∏mƒ

I\-Idmw Kuc-hØn¬ Adn-bn-®p.

""Rm≥ kz-]v\-Øn-et√ ISw hmßn-®Xv?'' Na≥em¬ angn®p \n∂p t]mbn.

""kz-]v\-Øn-em-bmepw ISw ISw Xs∂-bm-Wv. AXv Xncn®p Xt∂ aXn-bm-hq.''

I\-Idmw Xd-∏n®p ]d-™p. ]iv\w AIv_¿ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS ap∂n-se-Øn.

CXns\mcp Xo¿∏p I¬∏n-°m≥ NI-h¿Øn _o¿_-en-s\-bmWv Npa-X-e-s∏-

Sp-Øn-b-Xv.

_o¿_¬ Hcp IÆm-Snbpw \qdp kz¿W-\m-W-b-ßfpw sIm≠p-h-cm≥ Bhiy-

s∏-´p.

IÆm-Sn°p ap∂n¬ kz¿W\mW-b-ßƒ Iqń-bn-´p. IÆm-Sn-bn¬°mWp∂

kz¿W\mW-b-ßƒ FSp-Øp-sIm-≈m≥ I\-I-dm-an-t\mSv _o¿_¬ Bh-

iys∏´p.

""AsX-ßs\ ]‰pw''? I\-Idmw tNmZn-®p.

""kz-]v\-Ønse ISw ho´m≥ IÆm-Sn-bnse ]Ww aXn-bmIpw.'' _o¿_¬ ]d-

™p.

I\-Idmw Xs‚ A]-cm-[-Øn\p am∏n-c-∂p. ""\nßƒ \qdp- k-z¿W-\m-Wbw

Cu ]mh-Øn\p \¬I-Ww. AXmWv \nßƒ°p≈ in£.'' _o¿_¬ Xo¿∏p

I¬∏n®p.

NI-h¿Øn Dƒs∏sS kZ-n-ep≈hsc√mw _o¿_-ens\ hmt\mfw ]pIgvØn.

\mS-I-am-°mw, A`n-\-bn°mw

Hcp hy-h-lmc cq]sØ as‰mcp hy-h-lmc cq]-Øn-te°p am‰m-\p≈ ]cn-ioe\-

amWv Cu `mjm-]-T\ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ \S-t°-≠-Xv. kwL-ß-fmbn Xncn™v

Hmtcm kwLhpw \mSI cq]w Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m°n ¢mkn¬ A`n-\-bn-°p-I-bmWv

th≠-Xv.

IY \mS-I-am-°p-tºmƒ

$ ]›m-Øew (AIv_¿ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS sIm´mcw)

$ IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS t]cv


$ Hmtcm IYm-]m-X-Øns‚bpw kw`m-jWw

$ IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS Ne\w.

Ch Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ i≤n-°Ww.

Cßs\ Xbm-dm°n Ign-™m¬ Hmtcm Kq∏pw ¢mkn¬ \mSIw Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°Ww. Hmtcm Kq∏n-sebpw eoU¿am¿ tN¿∂p≈ kwLw CXp hne-bn-cp-Øs´.

\mSIw hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ

$ kw`m-jWw $ A`n-\bw

$ cwK-N-e\w $ thjw

Ch-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ G‰hpw anI-hm¿∂ A`n-\bw ImgvN-h® Kq∏n-

s\bpw Ipń-sbbpw Is≠-Øp-a-t√m.

hmI-y-ßƒ Is≠Ømw

hmIyØn\v A¿Y]q¿W-X -h-cp-Øm-\mWv Nn”-ßƒ D]t-bm-Kn-°p-∂Xv. X∂n-

´p≈ Nn”-ßƒ tN¿∂phcp∂ hmI-y-ßƒ ]mT-Øn¬\n∂pw Ipń-Iƒ

Is≠Øn Fgp-X-s´. hmI-y-ß-fn-ep≈ Nn”-ßƒ F¥ns\ kqNn-∏n-°p∂p F∂v

Duln®p ]d-bm≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Smw. XpS¿∂v AXns‚ icn-bmb D]-tbmKw

]d™psImSp-°-mw. CXp-t]mse Ipń-Iƒ°p ]cn-N-b-ap≈ a‰p Nn”-ßƒ ]d-

bn-°p-Ibpw t_m¿Un¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNømw.

km[m-cW D]-tbm-K-Øn-ep≈ Nn”-ßƒ

[.] _nµp [;] tcm[n\n

[,] A¶piw [:] `nØnI

[?] ImIp (tNmZy-Nn-”w) [!] hnt£-]nWn

[" ''] D≤-cWn [( )] hebw

[ - ] irwJe (Hcp hcn-bpsS

Ah-km\ hm°v Ah-km-\n-®n-ń√

F∂ kqN\)

[ - ] tcJ (kwt£-]n®p ]d-™Xv

hnh-cn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

DZm: F√mw ASßn ˛ Io¿Øn,

[\w, ]Xm-]w, kpJw.

[ ' ] hnt«jw [ f ] ]t«jw (F, H CX-ym-Zn-Isf

A[nIw \o´Ww F∂v kqN\.

Nn”-ßƒ tN¿°m-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ XpS¿∂p hcp∂ bqWn-‰p-I-fn¬

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p≠v


cknXw

hnfw-_cw Xbm-dm°mw

]mT-`m-K-Ønse Hcp kµ¿`-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnfw-_cw Xbm-dm-°m-\p≈

]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.

cmP-I¬∏\-Iƒ ]P-Isf Adn-bn-°m-\mbn ]gb ImeØv \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-

cp∂ Hcp coXn-bmWv hnfw-_-cw. cmP-tk-h-I¿ s]cp-º-d-t]m-ep≈ hmZ-y-ß-fp-

]-tbm-Kn®v D®-Øn¬ i_vZ-ap-≠m°n Bfp-I-fpsS i≤£Wn®v cmP-I¬∏\Iƒ

Dds° hnfn®p ]d-bpIbmWv sNbvXncp∂-Xv. C°m-cyw Ipń-Isf t_m[-y-s∏-

Sp-Øn-b--tijw, P\-ßsf hnh-c-a-dn-bn-°m-\mbn C∂p \mw kzo-I-cn-®p-h-cp∂

am¿Kßsfs¥ms°-bmWv F∂p tNmZn°mw. t\mó-kv, t]mÃ¿, ssa°v sIń-

bp≈ ]Nm-c-Ww, ]Xw, Sn.hn F∂n-h-sbm-s°-bm-sW∂v Ipń-Iƒ ]d-bpw.

C∂v hnfw-_-c-ß-fn-√. k¿°m¿ Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ C∂v hn⁄m-]\ (Notifica-

tion) cq]-Øn-emWv ]pd-Øn-d-ßp-∂-Xv.

CXn-\p-tijw ]mT-Øn¬ \¬In-bn- p≈ ]h¿Ø-\sØ hnfw-_-c-am°n am‰m≥

\n¿tZin-°-Ww. c≠p-t]¿ tN¿∂ Kq∏n¬ hnfw-_cw Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw

Ah¿Xs∂ AXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xp \∂m-bn-cn-°pw.

hmbn°mw Is≠Ømw

kw`m-jWØn¬ ]d-bp-∂-bmƒ, tIƒ°p-∂-bmƒ, Bsc-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂pthm/

F¥n-s\-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂pthm Abmƒ/AXv F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p hn`m-Kap-≠-t√m.

kw`m-j-W-Øn¬ \ma-ßƒ°p ]Icw k¿h \ma-ß-fmWv (\ma-ßƒ°p ]I-c-

ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ \ma-amWv k¿h-\m-aw) an°t∏mgpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dv. ae-

bm-f-Øn¬ kwkvIr-X-Øns‚ coXn A\p-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v DØa ]pcp-j≥, a[ya

]pcp-j≥, ]Ya ]pcp-j≥ F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p-Xcw ]pcpjk¿h-\m-a-ßƒ IS∂p

hcp-∂p.

DØ-a-]p-cp-j-\n¬ ae-bm-f-Øn\v aq∂p _lp-h-N\ cq]-ß-fp-≠v. (Rßƒ, \Ωƒ

F∂p≈ hI-t`Zw Cw•o-jnepw kwkvIr-X-Ønepw ImWp-∂n-√.)

DØ-a ]pcp-j≥ ˛ Rm≥, Rßƒ, \Ωƒ, \mw

a[-ya ]pcp-j≥ ˛ \o, \nßƒ

]Ya ]pcp-j≥ ˛ Ah≥, Ahƒ, Ah¿, AXv, Ah

F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ k¿h\ma-ß-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°mdv. kw`m-jWØn¬ IS-∂p-

h-cp∂ Cu k¿h\ma-ßsf kmt¶-XnI ]Z-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-°msX Ipń-Iƒ°p

]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Dt±iyw.

Cu ]h¿Ø-\Øn\v c≠p `mK-ap-≠v. BZ-y-`m-K-Øp≈ aq∂v tNmZ-y-ß-fn¬

k¿h \ma-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ \ma ]Z-ß-fmWv Fgp-tX-≠Xp DZm:

tNmZyw 1 ˛ Rm≥ F∂ ]Zw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv AIv_¿ NI-h¿Øn-sb.


]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ c≠mw `mK-Øv k¿h-\m-a-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ \ma-]-Z-ßƒ

Fgp-X-s´.

DZm.

hmIyw 1 $ AIv_¿

$ _o¿_¬

Ubdn dnt∏m¿´v XpS-ßnb cN-\-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-tºmgpw ssZ\w-Zn\ hyh-lmc-

ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-tºmgpw k¿h-\m-a-ßƒ Fßs\ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p F∂p hniZ-

am-°p-∂Xp \∂m-bn-cn-°pw.

Xmc-X-ayw sNømw

`mj-bnse c≠v hy-XykvX hy-h-lm-c-cq-]ßfmWt√m IYbpw Ihn-X-bpw. Bcp-

]-Tn-∏n°pw F∂ IY-bnse Bi-bsØ Hf-∏-a-Æ-bpsS Ihn-X-bnse Bi-b-hp-

ambn Xmc-X-ayw sNøp-I-bmWv th≠-Xv.

IhnX ct≠m aqt∂m XhW Bh¿Øn®p hmbn-°m\pw tIƒ°m\pw Ah-k-

c-sam-cp°n AXnse Bi-bw Ipń-I-fn¬ FØn-°m≥ ian-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Cu

`qan-bn¬ Fs∂ ]Tn-∏n-°mØ Kpcp-\m-Y≥amcmbn Bsc-¶n-ep-apt≠m F∂ Ihn-

-bpsS tNmZyw Ipń-Iƒ°p t_m[y-s∏-Sp--tºmtg Ah¿°p IY-bnse Bi-bsØ

Ihn-X-bp-ambn Xmc-X-ayw sNøm≥ km[n-°q. N¿®-bn-eqsS Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw

a‰p-≈-h¿°m¿°pw Adn™pIqSmØ NneXdn-bm-sa∂pw, F√m-h¿°pw Htc-

k-abw A[ym-]-I\pw hnZym¿Yn-bpam-Im≥ Ign-bp-sa∂pap≈ \nK-a-\-Øn-se-

Øn-t®cpw. XpS¿∂v Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°-s´.

BapJw

k¿h-Po-h-Pm-e-ßƒ°pw `£Ww IqSn-tb-

Xocq. Poh≥ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ \mw Ign-

°p∂ `£-W-Øn\p henb ÿm\-ap-≠v.

\mhneqdp∂ cp-Nn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv \mw Cu

temIsØ BZyw Adn-bp-∂Xv. Fcnhpw

]pfnbpw a[p-chpw ]e kml-Nc-y-ß-fnse cpNnb\p-`-h-ß-fmbn ]n∂oSv \Ωfn-

se-Øp-∂p. ]nb-ta-dn-bXp Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-\p≈ ]cn-io-e\w Cu cpNn-I-fn¬

\n∂mWv Bcw- n-°p-∂sX∂p ]d-bmw. Imew amdn-b-t∏mƒ cpNn-Iƒ amdn. £W-

ioew amdn. Adn-™p-≠n-cp∂ ]g-b -X-e-ap-d-sb ]pXp-X-e-apd ad∂p XpS-ßn-.

Blm-c-Ønse hn`hsshhn-[-y -sØbpw cpNn-s∏-cp-a-sbbpw Im¿jnI

kwkvIrXn-sbbpw \mS≥ £W ]mc-º-c-y-sØbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂XmWv

a[p-cw F∂ -Cu bqWn-‰v.

Ip©≥ \º-ym-cpsS cpIvan-Wo-k-zbwhc-w Xp≈-en¬ kZ-y-h´w hnh-cn-°p∂

"DuWns‚ taf-'hpw Ip™pÆn amjv cNn® N°-bp-sSbpw amß-bp-sSbpw hn`h-

ssh-hn[yw ]Xn-]mZn-°p∂ "Xmfpw XI-c-bp-w' F∂ teJ-\hpamWv Cu bqWn-

‰nse ]mT- m-K-ßƒ. hc-cp-Nn-bpsS IY- bqWn-‰ns‚ ]th-i-I-ambn \¬In-bn´p≠v.

sIt¶-a-amb Hcp kZ-y-bpsS ZrIvkm£n hnh-c-W-amWv Ip©≥ \º-ym-cpsS

DuWns‚ tafw F∂ ]mT`mKw. Bfp-\n-c∂ Du´p-]p-cbnse cpNnt`Z-ßfpw

hmk\mhnti-j-ßfpw i_vZ-tIm-em-l-e-ßfpw kc-k-\mb \º--ym-cpsS DuWns‚

taf-Øn¬ Bk-z-Zn°mw. sImXn-bq-dp∂ hn`-h-ß-fpsS tLmj-bm-XbmWv Cu

]mT-`m-Kw.

ae-bm-fn-bpsS Blm-c-io-e-ß-fn¬ Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hmØ cpNn-I-fmb N°bpw

amß-bp-amWv Ip™pÆnbpsS Xmfpw XI-cbpw F∂ teJ\Ønse ]ta-bw.

D/TB-2015/Malayalam/Handbook/Std_IV/

5

a[pcw


Cu c≠p ê-h¿K-ßfpw tIc-fob `£-W-Øn¬ FÆn-bm-sem-Sp-ßmØ cq]-

`m-h-tØmsS IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p. ae-bm-fn-bpsS ]g-b-Ime Blm-c-io-e-ß-fn-te°pw

coXn-I-fnte°pw IqSn Cu ]mT-`mKw shfn®w hoip-∂p≠v.

]th-iIw

sFXnl-y-am-e-bn¬ ]d™n- p≈ hc-cp-Nn-bpsS IY-bn-eqsSbmWv bqWn‰v A©v

Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. IY hmbn-°m≥ Ipń-I-tfmSv Bh-i-y-s∏-SWw. XpS¿∂v Nne

eLp tNmZ-y-ßƒ tNmZn®v DØcw ]dbm-\p-ff Ah-kcw \¬IWw.

$ hc-cpNn Ft∏m-gmWv C√Øp h∂-Xv?

$ hoń-se-Ønb hc-cpNn FhnsSt∏mbn?

$ Ipfn-I-gn-™p-h∂ hc-cpNn F¥p sNbvXp?

Ct∏mgpw IY ]q¿W-ambpw Ipń-Iƒ°v Bk-zm-Z-y-am-hWsa∂n-√. AXn-\m¬

"]©an Fßs\-bm-bn-cn°pw hm°p-]m-en-®Xv' F∂ tNmZyw (Sn._n-bnse) IqSn

Ipń-Iƒ°p \¬I-Ww.

F√m-h¿°pw DØcw ]d-bm-\p≈ Ah-kcw \¬In-b-ti-jhpw Ipń-I-fn¬\n∂v

DØcw e`n-®n-s√-¶n¬ hc-cp-Nn-bpsS H∂m-asØ Bh-i-y-Øn\p ]©an Hcp°nb

X¥w A[-ym-]-I\p ]d-bmw.

"\qs‰m∂p Idn-Iƒ thWw' F∂m¬ \qs‰m∂p Idn-I-fpsS KpW-aps≠∂v

]kn≤n-bp≈ C©n°dn-thWw F∂m-Wv a\-n-em-t°-≠-Xv. Cu Ah-

kcØn¬ Nne-sc-¶nepw a‰v Bh-i-y-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn™p ]d-bp-∂p-≠mIpw.

F¶n¬ Ah¿°v Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. Cs√-¶n¬ aq∂m-sf -Xn-∂Ww F∂m¬

sh‰nebpw ]m°pw NpÆmºpw tN¿Øv apdp-°-W-sa∂pw \memfv Npa-°W-

sa∂Xp Iń-ense InS-∏m-sW∂pw ]d-bmw.

]©-an-bpsS HuNn-Xy t_m[-sØbpw B IpSpw-_-Øns‚ AXn-Yn-k¬°m-c-

Xm¬∏-c-y-sØbpw Ipń-Isf Hm¿an-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p-thWw IY-b-h-km-\n-∏n-°m≥.

XpS¿∂v \qs‰m∂p Idn-I-fp≈ kZ-y-h-´-Øn-te°p Ipń-I-fpsS i≤ £Wn-®p-

sIm≠v bqWn-‰ns‚ BZy-]m-T-amb DuWns‚ taf-Øn-te°p IS-°mw.

So®

¿sSI

vÃv

a[pcw

Ãm≥

tU

¿U

v -˛ 4

137

bqWn‰v s^bnw a[pcw


$ BlmcImcy-Øn¬ al-Ømb ]mc-ºcyw \ap-°p-≠v.

$ Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-Øn\p klm-b-I-am-bXpw ]Ir-Xn -°n-W-ßp-∂-Xp-ambPohnX-ssi-en-Ifpw `£-W-co-Xn-Ifpw\ΩpsS \mń-ep-≠v. Cu \∑-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv.

$ \ΩpsS £-W-io-e-Øn¬ Btcm-Ky-Ic-a-√mØ ]e ]h-W-X-Ifpw h¿[n®phcp-∂p-≠v.

$ `£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ssien-Iƒ,sNm√p-Iƒ, Ihn-X-Iƒ, F∂nh \ap-°p-≠v.

$ A£-c-ß-fpsS Bh¿Ø-\w, ]Z-ß-fpsS Xmfm-fl-I-amb Iao-I-cWwkq£vakz`m-h-ap≈ h¿W-\-Iƒ, \¿aa[p -c -amb BJym\w, ]cn -lmkwF∂nh Xq≈¬°hn-X-I-fpsS ]tXy-IX-Ifm-Wv.

$ Xp≈¬°hnX hmbn®v kµ¿`w, Bi-bw, Xmfw F∂nh a\-n-em-°p-∂p.

$ Ihn-X-bn¬ ]d™ £-W-km-[-\-ßƒcpNn-t -Z-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.

$ \ΩpsS £-W-io-e-Øn¬ h∂ am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn®v N¿® sNøp-∂p.

$ `£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sNm√p-Iƒ,IS-¶-Y-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ F∂nh tiJ-cn®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ \m´p-`-£-W-Øns‚ ta∑ hy‡-am-°p∂ teJ\w hmbn®v BibwDƒs°m-≈p-∂p.

$ ho´p-]-d-ºn¬\n∂v A∂p-an∂pw e`n-°p∂ `£-W-km-[-\-ßƒ ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

$ ]g-b ho´p]-I-c-W-ßƒ, ioe-ßƒ,sNm√p-Iƒ F∂nh tiJ-cn-°p-∂p.

$ `£-W-km-[-\-ßƒ tISp-Iq -SmsXkq£n-°m≥ ]≠p-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂am¿K-ßƒ Is≠Øn Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p∂p.

$ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Dƒs°m≠v Ihn-X-sNm√n Bkz-Zn-°p-∂p.

$ sNm√p-Iƒ, IS¶-Y-Iƒ, ssien-IƒF∂nh hymJym-\n-°p-∂p.

$ ]pXnb £-W-io-e-hp-ambn _‘-s∏Ń¿®-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂p.

$ ]kwKw Xbm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.$ \ΩpsS ]gb `£-W-kw-kvImcw

Btcm -Ky -kw -c -£-W-Øn\v GsdDØaambn-cp∂p F∂v Adn-bp-∂p.]pXnb ioe-ßfpambn XmcXaywsNøp∂p.

$ t]mÃ¿ Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.$ ]IrXnZriysØ NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂p.$ \ap°p kº-∂-amb Hcp \m´p-`-£-W-

]mc-ºcyw Ds≠∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, Ipdn-∏p-Ifneq-sSbpw N¿®bneq-sSbpw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂p.


DuWns‚ tafw

]mTm-]-K-Y\w

cpIvanWo-kz-bwhcw

`mK-hXw Zi-a-kvI-‘w, A[ymbw 53, 54 D]-Po-hn-®mWv Ip©≥ \ºym¿

cpIvanWo-kz-bw-hcw Hm´≥ Xp≈¬ cNn-®-Xv.

hn`-h-k-ar-≤-amb kZ-y-bn-tebv°p hmb-\-°msc Iqń-s°m≠p t]mIp∂ Ihn-

X-bmWv DuWns‚ tafw. shfpØp Ipdp-Inb tNmdpw cpNn-I-c-amb Idn-Ifpw

hnfºn kZ-y- Xbm-dm-hp-I-bm-Wv. tNmdn-tebv°p s\øv Xqhn, i¿°-c-h-c-ńbpw

]¿∏-S-Ihpw hnfºn DusWm-cp-ßn. XpS¿∂v Ihn-X-bpsS ck-°q- mbn amdp-∂Xv

kZy-bn¬ hnf-ºnb hn`-h-ß-fpsS hni-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. B\-bpsS Im¬∏m-Z-

tØmfw hep-∏-ap≈ ]∏-Shpw, a[p-c-Øn-\mbn tX\pw ]©-km-cbpw hnf-ºn.

tN\-°-dn-tbm-sSm∏w ]®-Sn-Ifpw In®-Sn-Ifpw, i¿°-cbpw Np°pw tN¿Ø

]m\Ish≈hpw hnf-ºn. ]ns∂ \mc-ßm-°-dn-bpw tN\ hdp-ØXpw N°-]-Y-

a\pw AS-]-Y-a\pw hnf-ºn. hnf-ºn-b-sXm-s°-∏-d-bm≥ t\cw t]mcm F∂p ]d-

bp∂ \º-ym¿ Ign-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂hcpsS ASp-tØ-bv°m-Wn\n \sΩ -

sIm≠pt]mIp∂-Xv.

hn`-h-ß-fpsS B[n-Iyw ImcWw F¥mWv ]d-tb-≠-Xv? GXmWv BZ-yw- ]-d-

tb-≠Xv? F∂ Bi¶ \ºymcpw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]mepw tamcpw ssXcpsams°

]e hn`-h-ß-fm-bn-h∂p \nc-°p-∂p. Ign-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-h-cpsS thK-Xbpw

sImXnbpw ]I-S-am-°p-∂XmWv Du´p-]p-c-bn¬\n∂v Db¿∂p-sIm-≠ncn-°p∂ hnfn-

Iƒ. Hcn-S-Øp-\n∂v ]∏Sw thW-sa∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ as‰m-cn-S-Øp-\n∂v ]g-Øn-

\mbn hnfn-°p∂p. N°-]-Y-a\pw i¿°-c-]Y-a\pw ho≠pw ho≠pw Bfp-Iƒ

cpNn-tbmsS Xn∂p Xo¿°p-I-bm-Wv. ]©-km-c-s∏mSn Hcp-]-d-tbmfw thW-sa∂p

]d-bp-tºmƒØs∂ a[p-c-°-dnbpsS ta∑ Adnbmw. sh≈w tNcmØ tamcp-

sIm≠p≠m°nb aYn-X-°-dnbpw t]mcm t]mcm F∂p ]d™v Bfp-Iƒ ho≠pw

ho≠pw hcp-Øn®v Ign®p ckn-°p-∂p. cpNn-I-c-amb Blmcw P\sØ FX-

amXw kt¥m-jn-∏n-°p∂p F∂pw Blm-c-Øns‚ sshhn-[yw \ΩpsS £-W-

io-esØ FX-amXw kº-∂-am-°p-∂p-sh∂pw \ºymcpsS Cu Ihn-X-bn¬\n∂p

a\-n-em-°mw.

DuWns‚ tafw ˛ ]h¿Ø\ hni-I-e\w

]d-bmw -F-gpXmwIhnX BZyw hy‡n-K-X-ambpw ]n∂oSv kwL-ambpw hmbn-°-s´.

Ihn-X-bnse kmam-\ym-i-b-K-l-W-Øn-\mbn AXn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°-p∂ kZ-y-h-´-

sØbpw hn -h-ß-sfbpw Hm¿-sØ-Sp-Øv Ah-X-cn∏n°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp ]h¿Ø\-

So®¿sSIvÃv

a[pcw

Ãm≥tU¿Uv -˛ 4 139

am-Wn-Xv. Xqi-\n-e-bn¬ hnf-ºp∂ kZy Ipń-Iƒ°p ]cn-N-b-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. kZy-

tbmSp _‘-s∏´ Nne tNmZ-y-ßƒ tNmZn-°mw.

$ Fs¥√mw hn`-h-ßƒ kZ-y-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p?

$ Fs¥ms° Idn-I-fmWv tImcn-s°m-≠p-h-cm≥ ]d-bp-∂-Xv?

Cu tNmZ-y-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Du´p-]p-c-bpsS A¥-co-£w-IqSn Ipń-Isf Hm¿an-∏n-°-

Ww. HmSn \S-°p-∂-hcpw `£Ww In´m-Ø-hcpw hnf-ºp-Imcpw `£Ww aXn-

bm-Im-Ø-hcpw ho≠pw ho≠pw `£Ww th≠-hcpw Aßs\ Aß-s\...

Cu _lfab-amb A¥-co-£-amWv ]¥-ense tImem-l-ew. CØ-c-Øn¬ ]e-

Zn-°n¬ \n∂p≈ tImem-l-e-ßƒ Ipń°p t_m[-y-amhp-∂p-s≠∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-

Ø-Ww. a\-n-em-bXp ]d-bm≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. XpS¿∂v Ah¿ AXp

t\m´p-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øs´.

Is≠-Ømw F-gpXmw

sImXn-tbmsS sNøm-hp∂ Hcp ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. hn -h-k-ar-≤-amb kZ-y-bpsS

hnh-cWw Ihn-X-bn¬\n∂p Ipń-Iƒ a\-n-em-°p-∂p-≠v. Ah FsX-√m-sa∂p

]d-bp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n eLp tNmZ-y-ßƒ tNmZn-°mw.

$ GsX√mw Xcw ]mb-k-ßƒ kZ-y-bn¬ hnf-ºn?

$ ]∏-S-tØm-sSm∏w Fs¥√mamWv hnf-ºnbXv?

CØcw tNmZ-y-ß-fn-eqsS kZ-y-bnse hn`-h-ßfpsS t]cp-Iƒ Is≠-Øm≥

Ignbpw. Ipń-Iƒ ]d-bp∂ DØ-c-ßƒ Ah¿ Fgp-Xs´. H∏w ]mtZ-in-I-ambn

Ipń-Iƒ°p ]cn-N-b-ap≈ ]e Idn-Ifpw D≠m-Ipw. Ahbpw ]tX-yIw Fgp-

Xm≥ Ah-kcw \¬Imw.

N¿® sNømw

kt¥m-jm-h-k-c-ßfn¬ cpNn-I-c-amb `£Ww a\p-j-ys‚ s]mXp-io-e-ß-fn¬

H∂m-Wv. CØcw thf-I-fn¬ -am-X-a√ \Ωƒ kZ-y Ign-°p-∂-sX∂p IpńIƒ°-

dn-bmw. BZyw Nne sNdp tNmZ-y-ßƒ tNmZn°mw.

$ GsXms° Ah-k-c-ß-fn-emWv hnti-j `£Ww \mw Ign-°m-dp-≈Xv?

$ ]≠p-Im-e-sØ-t∏mse F√m-Øcw `£-Whpw Ct∏mgpw hoń¬Øs∂-

bmtWm D≠m-°p-∂-Xv?

$ tlm´¬ `£Ww Ign-°m-dp-t≠m?

]pØ≥ Xe-ap-d-bpsS BlmccoXn-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ a‰p tNmZ-y-ßfpw Cu

kµ¿`-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw. C\n-bmWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w Ipń-I-fn¬ kPo-h-

am-Im≥ t]mIp-∂-Xv. IpØ-cn-t®mdpw \mS≥ ]e-lm-c-ßfpw ]d-ºp-I-fnse

Im¿jnI hnf-Ifpw amXw Ign-®n-cp∂ ImeØp-\n∂v FÆn-bm-sem-Sp-ßmØ


KpW-]-Z-a-√mØ Blmc km[-\-ßfn-tebv°p ae-bmfn amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

\n¿_-‘-am-t°≠ ]`mX £Ww ka-b-an-√mØXns‚ t]cn¬ Ipń-I-f-S°w

]ecpw Hgn-hm-°p-∂p. t\c-Øpw ImeØpw Ign-t°≠ Blmcw ae-bm-fn-°n∂v

Imew sX‰nb ag-t]msebm-Wv. CXns‚ ]cn-WXê-sa-t∂mWw PohnXssieo

tcmK-ßfpw ae-bm-fnsbtØSn FØp-∂p.

apI-fn¬ ]d™ kqN-\-IƒIqSn Dƒs∏-SpØn ]g-b-Ime Blm-c-Øns‚bpw

]pXnbIme Blm-c-Øns‚bpw KpW-tZm-j--ßƒ N¿®-sN-øWw. So®¿ tamU-

td-‰-dmbn N¿® \bn-°-Ww. Bi-b-ßƒ Is≠-Øm\pw Fgp-Xm\pw Ipń-Iƒ°p

kabw \¬IWw.

Cu kqN-\-Iƒ IqSn N¿®-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw.

$ Blmcw Btcm-Kyw

$ Blmcioe-ßƒ

$ ^mÃv ^pUv hn`-h-ßƒ

$ Blm-c-Ønse ambw

$ ]m°‰v `£-Whpw t_°dn ]e-lm-c-ßfpw

Is≠Ømw hni-Z-am°mw

tI´pw hmbn®pw ]d™pw Ipń-Iƒ°p ]cn-Nn-X-amWv IS-¶-Y-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ

apX-em-bh. bp-‡-amb Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ Ah ]tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ tijn Hcp

]t£ Ah¿ t\Sn-bn- p-≠m-hn-√. AXn-\p≈ Ah-k-c-am-Wn-Xv. Cu sNm√p-IfpsS

Bibhy-‡-Xbv°v CXp-IqSn D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

C√-ØΩ....

sh≈w Xnf-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Ie-Øn-tebv°v Acn IgpIn CSp-∂Xpw Xnf-

bv°p-∂-Xp-amWv Cu IS-¶-Y-bpsS DØ-cw. Xnf-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ sh≈-Øn-

tebv°v CSp∂ Acn Xnf®v Db-cp-∂-Xns\ Ipfn Ign™ aS-°-ambpw sh≈w

Xnf®p ]X-bp-∂-Xns\ sh≈n-°nÆw Xp≈p-∂-Xmbpw kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

]¥n°p ap∂n¬....

BlmcImc-y-Øn¬ ap∂n¬ \n¬°p-∂-hsc Ifn-bm-°p∂ Hcp sNm√m-Wn-Xv.

CØ-c-°m-cpsS ss[c-yhpw Bth-ihpw `£-W-tØmSp amX-amhpw. ]Sbv°p

t]mIp-tºmƒ Ah¿ Ign-bp-∂X ]nt∂m-´p -am-dp-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv.

A∂-hn-Nmcw....

FX XnSp -°-s∏´ tPmen-bmWv sNøp-∂-sX-¶nepw ]c-a-]-[m-\-amb

i≤ Nne¿°v Blm-c-Øn¬ amX-am-bn-cn-°pw. sNtø≠ tPmen-bpsS Kuchw

Ipd-®p-Im-Wp-∂-hsc kqNn-∏n-°m≥ Cu sNm√v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. £-W-Øns‚

So®¿sSIvÃv

a[pcw

Ãm≥tU¿Uv -˛ 4 141

]m[m-\-ysØ kqNn-∏n-°m\pw Cu sNm√v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v.

`£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ IqSp-X¬ ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ

]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ

$ A∂w Huj-[-amWv

$ AØmgw AØn-∏-g-tØmfw

$ A∂-_ew ]mW-_ew

$ hnfbpw ]b¿ apf-bnte Adnbmw

$

$

]ń-I-s∏-SpØmw

Ihn-X-bn¬\n∂pw ap≥ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw CXn-t\m-SIw Xs∂ hn`-h-

ß-fpsS Hcp \o≠ \nc Ipń-Iƒ a\-n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠m-hpw. Ah¿°-dn-bm-hp∂

`£W ]Zm¿Y-ßƒ thsdbpw ImWpw. CØcw £-W-ßsf thhn-®Xv, thhn-

°m-ØXv F∂ am\-Z-fi-Øn¬ h¿Ko-I-cn®v ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mWv Cu

]h¿Ø\w. ]h¿Ø\tØmsSm∏w thhn®pw thhn-°m-sXbpw Ign-°p∂

`£W km[-\-ß-fps≠∂ Bi-b-w IqSn IpńbnseØ-Ww.

Blmcw ]mIw sNbvXp Ign-°p∂ Htc Hcp Pohn a\p-j-y-\m-Wv. ]e hn`-h-

ßfpw Iqń-tbm-Pn-∏n®p Ign-°p-∂Xpw a\p-j-y≥ Xs∂. Blm-c- km[\ßƒ

Cßs\ ]mI-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns‚ ][m\ ImcWw cpNn-tbm-Sp≈ Xm¬∏-c-y-w

Xs∂bmWv.

thhn-®Xv thhn-°m-ØXv

tNmdv tamcv

]®Sn

kmºm¿ ]gw

]mbkw

h¿Ko-I-cn-°m\pw ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ap≈ Ipń-bpsS Ign-hv Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬

hne-bn-cp-Ømw.

cpNn- Ip-dn°mw

CXn-t\m-SIw a\x-]m-T-am-°m-\n-S-bp≈ hn`-h-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]d-bm≥ Ipń-I-

tfmSv Bh-i-y-s∏-Smw. hn`-h-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw CjvS-s∏-´h IpńIƒ ]d™p Ign-

bp-tºmƒ Cu ]h¿Ø\w Bcw- n-°p-∂p. ]mb-ksØ Ipń-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ CjvS-


s∏-Sm≥ km[-y-X-bp-≠v. F¶n¬ AXv CjvS-s∏-Sm-\p≈ ImcWw tNmZn-°mw.

a[p-c-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Ipń-Iƒ ]mbkw CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F¶n¬ kZy-bnse

Idn-Iƒs°√mw a[p-c-amtWm F∂v At\-z-jn-°Ww. XpS¿∂v Ipń-Iƒ ]d-

bp∂ DØ-c-ß-fn¬\n∂v Fcnhv, ]pfn apX-emb ck-ß-fn-tebv°pw B ck-

ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ hn -h-ß-fn-tebv°pw So®¿°p Ipń-Isf sIm≠p-t]m-Imw.

hn`-h-ßƒ Sn._n-bnse ]ń-I-bn¬ tN¿Øp Xcw-Xn-cn°mw.

CuW-Øn¬ sNm√mw

Sn._n-bn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ IhnX H‰bv°pw Iq´mbpw Ipń-Iƒ sNm√-s´.

Xmfhpw CuWhpw So®-dpsS klm-b-Øm¬ IqSp-X¬ \∂m-I-s´. IhnX Xcw-

KnWn hrØ-Øn-em-b-Xn-\m¬ kam\hrØ-Øn-ep≈ Cu hcn-IƒIqSn ]cn-K-

Wn-°mw.

cmh-W-s\-∂Xp tIƒ°pw t\cw

tZh-I-sfms° hnd-®o-Sp-∂p.

D≈-Øn¬ `b-ta-dp-I-aqew

sh≈-Øn¬ Nne¿ NmSn-sbm-fn-®p.

sNm√n ckn°mw

Blm-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sshtem-∏n-≈n-°hn-X-bmWv Sn._n-bn¬ X∂n-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. kam-\-amb Ihn-Xm-i-I-e-ßƒ tiJ-cn°m\pw kq£n-°m\pw Ipń-Iƒ°p

t]cW \¬I-Ww. sNm√n -c-kn-t°≠ Cu Ihn-Xbv°p hni-Z-]-T\w Bh-i-y-

an√. kwL-am-bp≈ Ah-X-cWw Ipń-Iƒ°v ckI-c-amb A\p- -ham-bn- amdWw.

sNm√-en-s\m∏w BwKyßfpw sNdpNe-\-ß-fpam-hmw.

`£-W-s°m-Xn-b-∑msc ]cn-l-kn-®p-sIm≠v ]mX-N-cnXw Xp≈en¬ ]mT-`m-K-

Ønse hcn-Iƒ°p kam-\-amb h¿W\ \ºym¿ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

"sIm≠m ]∏S' sas∂mcp hn]≥

"sIm≠m ]g' sa∂-sßmcp hn]≥

"tImcnI sIm≠p-S-\S a[p-c-°dn

tImcn hnf-ºW sas∂mcp hn]≥

"C©n-ssØcpw amßm-°-dnbpw

In©n¬ t]mSW' sas∂mcp hn]≥

"]©-]ÿw ]©m-c-s∏mSn

]m¬]m-b-k-a-Xn-en´p Ie¿∂pS

\©m-Xn-e-bn¬ hnf-ºp-In-se-∂psS

s\©p-Ip-fn¿°q' asX-s∂mcp hn]≥

So®¿sSIvÃv

a[pcw

Ãm≥tU¿Uv -˛ 4 143

Xmfpw XI-cbpw ˛ ]mTm-]-K-Y\w

N°bpw amßbpw cpNn-°mØ ae-bmfn D≠m-Im≥ CS-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-t]mse \mS≥

cpNn-I-fn¬ Ch-bpsS ÿm\hpw Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hm-Ø-Xp-Xs∂. ]g-ambpw Idn-

bmbpw ]pgp-°mbpw FXtbm Ime-ambn Ch ae-bm-fn-bpsS ]in-bS°p∂p.

N°bpw amßbpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-≠m-°m-hp∂ hn`-h -ssh-hn-[ysØ Ah-X-cn-

∏n°pI-bm-Wv Ip™p-Æn-bpsS Xmfpw XI-c-bp-sa∂ teJ\w. ]≠v ho- p]dºp-

I-fn¬ kpe-`-am-bn-cp∂ Im¿jnI D¬∏∂-ß-fmWv aqJyambpw Blm-c-Øn-

\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. aØ-\ne, hmg-Ø-S, ImbvtØmev apX-emb ]W-

s®e-hn-√mØ C\-ß-fmWv _lp-`q-cn-]-£-Øns‚bpw hoSp-I-fn¬ cpNn-bp≈

hn`-h-ß-fm°n D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Ch-bpsS ImbvI-\n-Iƒ A∂sØ ]W-

°m¿ amXta D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p≈q F∂pw Ip™pÆn Hm¿an--°p-∂p.

XpS¿∂v N°-bp-sSbpw amß-bp-sSbpw ]Xm]Ime-sØbmWv teJ\Øn¬

kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. CSn-®-°bpw ]g-®-°bpw ]®-®-°bpw sIm≠p-≠m°n-bn-cp∂

sshhn[y-am¿∂ hn`-h-ßsf°pdn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. -N°°pcp-sIm≠v sagp-

°p-]n-c-ńbpw samfq-j-y-hp-a-S°w D≠m-°m-hp∂ hn`-h-ßƒ \nc-h[nbmsW∂v

Cu `mKØp ]d-bp∂p≠v. CXn¬ ]e -hn-`-h-ßfpw ]e t]cp-I-fn¬ ]e \mSp-

I-fn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂hbm-Wv. Nneh ]mtZ-in-I-ambn amXw D≠m-°p-∂-Xp-

amhmw. Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬\n∂v A\m-bmkw tiJ-cn-s®-Sp-°p∂ Btcm-K-y-Zm-b-I-

amb CØcw `£-y-h-kvXp-°-fm-bn-cp∂p ]g-b- XeapdbpsS Btcm-Ky cl-k-y-

sa∂pw CXv Hgn-hm°n ]pXp-X-e-ap-d- tX-Sp∂ A\m-tcm-K-y-I-c-amb £W ioe-

ßƒ Adn-™p-sIm≠p hnjw Ign-°-em-sW∂pw Cu `mKØp teJ-I≥ ]d-

bmsX ]d-bp-∂p.

N°-°p-cp-hns‚ t]mj-I-aq-e-yhpw kwkvI-c-Whpw kqNn-∏n-®-tijw amß-bpsS

hnti-j-ß-fn-te-°mWv teJ\w \oßp-∂-Xv. D∏n-en´p kq£n-°p∂ amßm hn`-

h-ß-sfbpw hnti-j-s∏´ £-W-ß-fmb Xnc-am-ß-sbbpw AS-am-ß-sbbpw ]‰n

hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v Hcp Ime-L-´-Ønse ae-bm-fn-bpsS £W ]mc-º-

c-y-Øn-te-bv°mWv Ip™pÆn IS-s∂-Øp-∂-Xv.

kz¥w ]d-ºnse Im¿jn-I-hn-f-I-sf Ce-bmbpw Imbmbpw ]qhmbpw Blm-c-

am-°n-bn-cp∂ ae-bmfn ]Ww sImSpØp ]®-°dn hmßn- Iq- m≥hbv°p∂ ]Xn-

hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. \m´p- -£-W-Øns‚ cpNn-°q- p-Iƒ amXw ioen-®Xv A∂sØ

s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI ]cm-[o-\-X-Iƒ sIm≠p-am-X-am-h-W-sa-∂n√.

Aßs\ \ΩpsS ]q¿hn-I¿ Ign-®-sX-√mw ambw Ie-cmØ hnjw Xo≠mØ

Aar-Xm-bn-cp-∂psh∂p \mw Xncn-®-dnt™ aXn-bm-hq.

sXmSn-bnse hmgbpw ap‰sØ Aa-c-∏-¥epw ]d-ºnse apcn-ßbpw Hcp hmb\m

\p-`-h-Øn-\-∏p-d-tØbv°p \sΩ FØn-°p∂p. F¥pw hne-sIm-SpØp hmßn


D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]cn-io-en-°p∂ ae-bm-fn-bpsS ho´p-ap-‰-Øp-\n∂v CØcw sNdp-

Ir-jn-Iƒ C∂v A]-Xy£-am-hp-I-bm-Wv. \jvS-s∏-Sp∂ CØcw \∑-Isf Cu

teJ-\-Øn-¬ Hm¿a-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v. Ahsb ImØp kq£n-°p-Ibpw \ne-

\n¿Øp-Ibpw sNøm-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-amWv \ap-°p-≈-sX∂ Xncn-®-dn-hp- IqSn

\¬Im≥ Cu ]mT-`m-K-Øn-eqsS km[-y-am-I-Ww.

Xmfpw XI-cbpw ˛ ]h¿Ø\hni-I-e\w

tNmZn-®-dnbmw

Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ ]mT-`m-KØp kqNn-∏n-°p-

∂-Xn\m¬ Ibn¬, acnI F∂nh Ipń-Iƒ°p a\-n-em-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. AXp-

sIm≠v ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-tebv°p IS-°m-\p≈ Nne- tNmZ-y-ßƒ tNmZn-°mw.

$ Fs¥√mw ho´p-]-I-c-W-ßfpsS t]cp-Iƒ \nßƒ°-dnbmw?

$ Ah F¥n-s\-√m-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv?

$ Ch-bpsS ]gb t]cp-Iƒ/cq]-ßƒ \nßƒ°v Adn-bm-tam?

]e D]-I-c-W-ßfpw Ipń-Iƒ°v Hm¿°m≥ Ign-bpw. Is≠-Øp-∂Xv Ipń-Iƒ

t\m´p-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Ipdn-®p-h-bv°-s´. XpS¿∂v apXn¿∂-h-tcmSpw a‰v A[-y-m-

]-I-tcmSpw tNmZn®v Ign-bp-∂X D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´.

ASpØ-Zn-hkw Is≠-Ønb t]cp-Iƒ ¢mknse hmb-\bv°pw N¿®bv°pw

]¶p-h-bv°-en\pw tijw t\m´p-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬\n∂p Npa¿]-Xn-II-fn-te°p

am‰mw. XpS¿∂v Ah F¥n-s\-√m-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂p IqSn Fgp-Xm≥

\n¿tZ-in-°mw. CXp Iq´m-bn- sN-øn°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ D]-I-

cWw Is≠-Ønb Ipńsb A\ptam-Zn-°m\pw ad-°n-√-t√m.

ioe-ßƒ At\-z-jn-®-dn-bq

\nX-y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ]k-‡-amb sNm√p-I-ƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu

]h¿Ø\-w Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. apXn¿∂-h-cpsS kw`m-j-W-ß-fn¬

[mcmfambn IS-∂p-h-cp∂ Nne sNm√p-Iƒ:

$ AØmgw Ign™m¬ Ac-°mXw \S-°-Ww.

$ D≠n´p Ipfn-°p-∂-hs\ I≠m¬ Ipfn°-Ww.

Chbn¬ NneXv Ipń-Iƒ°v Adn-hp-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. ¢mknse N¿®-I-fn¬ Ah-

sb√mw ]d-bm≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw \¬Ip-Ibpw thWw. H∏w IqSp-X¬

sNm√p-Ifpw ssien-Ifpw tiJ-cn-°m≥ hońse apXn¿∂-h¿, A[-ym-]-I¿ F∂n-

h-cpsS klmbhpw, IqSmsX kvIqƒ sse_-dnbpw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \n¿t±-

in-°-Ww. \√ £-W-io-e-ßƒ BI¿j-ß-fmb sNdp-hm-Iy-ß-fn¬ Fgp-Xmw.

t]mÃ¿ cq]-Øn¬ ¢mkn¬ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

So®¿sSIvÃv

a[pcw

Ãm≥tU¿Uv -˛ 4 145

]mN-I-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm°mw

N°bpw amßbpw Ipń-Iƒ°v CjvS-ap-≈XmWv; Ign-®n-´p-≈-Xp-amWv. Ah

sIm≠p-≠m-°p∂ ]e hn -h-ßfpw Ipń-Iƒ°p ]nb-s∏- -Xp-Xs∂. ]h¿Ø\-

Øn-te°p IS-°m≥ Ipń-I-tfmSv Nne tNmZy-ß-fm-hmw.

$ N°bpw amßbpw hoń-ep-t≠m?

$ ChsIm≠v Fs¥-¶nepw Blmcw D≠m-°m-dp-t≠m?

$ BcmWv Cu hn`-h-ßƒ D≠m-°m-dp-≈-Xv?

$ \nßƒ ]mN-I-Øn¬ klm-bn-°m-dp-t≠m?

$ \nßƒ°v G‰hpw CjvS-s∏´ Hcp hn`-h-Øns‚ t]cp ]d-bmtam?

$ B hn`hw Xbm-dm-°m≥ Fs¥√mw thWw?

hn`-h-Øns‚ \n¿amW coXn-bn-te°p \bn-°p∂ CØcw tNmZ-y-ß-fn-eqsS

Ipń°v Adn-bp∂ hn`-h-Øns‚ ]mN-I-coXn Fgp-Xm≥ Bh-iy-s∏Smw. ]mN-I-

coXn Ipń hoń¬\n∂p a\-n-em-°-s´. a\n-em-°nb hnh-c-ßƒ t\m´p-

]pkvXI-Øn¬ Ipdn°-s´. ¢mknse N¿®bv-°p-tijw F√mw tN¿Øp

]Xn∏m°mw.

¢mkn¬ Hcp kZy

]Tn-®p-I-gn™ DuWns‚ tafhpw ]ns∂ Xmfpw XI-cbpw icn-°pw Idn-I-fpsS

tafw IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂-t√m. cpNn-I-c-amb B hn`-h-ßƒ \mhn¬ sXmSm≥ Inń-

bm¬ Cu ]mT-m`Kw Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-am-Ipw, Xo¿®. AXn-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-amWv

"¢mkn¬ Hcp kZy'. sNdnb Nne Iao-I-c-W-ß-tfmsS Cu ]h¿Ø\w ¢mkn¬

\S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ipń-Iƒ hoń¬\n∂v £Ww sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-h-cm-sW-¶nepw,

kvIqfnse D®-`-£Ww Ign-°p-∂-h-cm-sW-¶nepw, Cu kZy kwL-Sn-∏n-°m-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv. BZyw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb Hcp Znhkw Xnc-s™-Sp-°-Ww. Ah-c-

h¿°p≈ Cebpw tNmdpw Ipń-IƒXs∂ sIm≠p-h-c-s´, As√-¶n¬ Ah

kvIqfn-ep-≠v. C\n Hmtcm Idn-bp-sSbpw Npa-Xe Hmtcm Ipń-°mbn hoXn®p

\¬Imw. A®mdpw ]®-Snbpw kmºmdpw ]mb-khpw A¬∏m¬∏w hoń¬\n∂p

sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn¬ Ipń-Iƒ°pw ho´p-Im¿°pw _p≤n-ap-´p-≠m-In-√t√m. GsX-

¶nepw coXn-bn¬ _p≤n-ap-´p≈ Ipń-Isf AXn¬\n∂pw Hgn-hm°n Ah¿°p

as‰-s¥-¶nepw Npa-Xe \¬Imw.

Cu bqWn-‰nse c≠p ]mT-ß-fnepw \nXy]cn-N-b-an-√mØ ]e Idn-I-sfbpw

Ipdn®p ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Ign-bpw-hn[w B cpNn-°q- p-Iƒ IqSn Cu kZ-y-bn¬ Dƒs∏-

Sp-Øm≥ ian-°-Ww.

So®-dpsS hI-bmbn hnf-ºp∂ ]mb-ktam a[p-c-°-dntbm Ipń-Iƒ IqSp-X¬

Bk-z-Zn°pw. hn`-h-ßƒ Xbm-dm°n h∂m¬ kZ-y-h-´-am-Wv. Ce-bn-Sp-∂Xpw

hnfºp-∂-Xp-sa√mw Ipń-IƒXs∂ sNø-s´. hn`-h-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Nm¿ń¬

FgpXn ¢mkn¬ ]Z¿-in-∏n°mw. DuWpIgn-°p-tºmƒ hn -h-ßsf t]cp-sNm√n

hnfn®ph-cp-Øm≥ DuWns‚ taf-Ønse hcn-Iƒ IqSn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬

kZy Kwò-c-am-Ipw.


sNm√n ckn°mw

Ip™pÆn°hn-X-Iƒ Ipń-Iƒ°p ]cn-N-b-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. sNm√n ckn-°m≥ IqSp-

X¬ Ihn-Xm-i-I-e-ßƒ ]mT-]pkvXI-Øn¬ \¬I-nbn-cn-°p-∂p. £-W-hp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ Cu Ihn-Xm-i-I-e-ßƒ sNm√m≥ So®dpsS klmbw Ipń-Iƒ°p

Xo¿®-bmbpw th≠n-h-cpw.

Ihn-Xm-i-I-e-ßƒ tiJ-cn°q

Cu bqWn-‰n¬ hnhn[ £-W-hn-`-h-ßƒ \mw ]cn-N-b-s∏-´p-I-gn™p. \ap-°-dn-

bm-ØXpw IuXp-I-ap-W¿Øp-∂-Xp-amb ]e-Xcw hn -h-ßƒ C\nbpap-≠p-Xm\pw.

AØcw cpNn-I-sfbpw hn`-h-ß-sfbpw Hm¿°m≥ Ah ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ ]m´p-

Ifpw Ihn-X-Ifpw sNm√p-Ifpw tiJ-cn-°mw. AXn-\mbn ]pkvX-I-ßƒ, ]Xn-

∏p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bp-sSbpw apXn¿∂-h¿, A[-ym-]-I¿ F∂n-h-cpsSbpw klmbw

tXSmw. In´p-∂Xp ]¶p-h-bv°mw.

]m´p-Iƒ°pw sNm√p-Iƒ°pw ]mtZ-inI-amb hy-X-ymkw hcp-∂Xp kz-`m-hn-I-

am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬

Xmfpw XItcw apΩmkw

Nt°w amtßw apΩmkw

F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒØs∂ ]mT- m-K-Øns‚ BZy-h-cn-bn¬ Nt°w amtßw Bdp-

am-k-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂p. F∂m¬ kml-N-cyw hni-Zo-I-cn-®m¬ Ch hy-‡-am-Ip-

∂-tX-bp-≈p. tiJ-cn-®- h-cn-Iƒ ¢mknse Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\p-tijw "Fs‚

IhnXm-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬' tN¿Øp kq£n°mw.

Ia-s-∏-SpØmw

]Z-ßƒ A£-c-ame Ia-Øn¬ Fgp-Xm≥ Ipń°p ]cn-in-e\w \¬Ip∂

]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. Hmtcm bqWn-‰ns‚bpw Ah-km\w \¬In-bn-´p≈ A¿Y

kqNnI Ipń-Iƒ°p ]cn-N-b-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. AXnse hm°p-I-fpsS Iaw Ipń-I-

fpsS i≤-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂ncn-°p-at√m. A¿Y-kq-Nn-I- A£-c-am-e- Ia-Øn¬

hcp-∂-Xm-sW∂v Ah¿ Xncn-®-dn-™n-cn-°pw. AXv Hm¿a-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tijw X∂n-

cn-°p∂ hm°p-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v Ia-Øn¬ Fgp-Xm≥ \n¿tZ-in°mw. kz¥w

]Z-ti-J-chpw CXp-t]mse Ia-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ipń-Iƒ°p Ign-b-Ww.

¢mkn¬ Hcp ]kw-K-a-’cw kwL-Sn-∏n-°mw.

hnj-b-ßƒ

\m´p-`-£-W-Øns‚ ta∑

\nßsf BI¿jn® ]Ir-Xn-Zriyw

BapJw

Ad -_n -°-S -en\pw ]›n -a -L´ ae-

\ncIƒ°p-an-S-bn¬ ImSpw- taSpw Ip∂pw

]pgbpw Imb-ep-Ifpw XSm-I-ßfpw \nd™v

\o≠p-In-S-°p∂ \ΩpsS \mSns‚ hiyX

Bscbpw BI¿jn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. ]IrXn

I\n™p \¬Inb Cu _mly-ku-µcywsIm≠p amX-a√, kº-∂-amb Iem-

]m-c-ºcywsIm≠p IqSn-bmWv tIcfw khn-tij i≤-bm-I¿jn-°p-∂

`q]tZi-ambn Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv. sXøhpw Xndbpw ]S-bWnbpw IpΩm-ń°-fnbpw

Xncp-hm-Xn-cbpw Xp≈epw IqSn-bm-´hpw IY-I-fn-bp-apƒs∏sS \nc-h[n Iem-

cq]-ß-fpsS P∑-\m-SsX tIcfw.

]IrXnkuµ-cyhpw Iem-]m-c-º-cyhpw tafn-°p∂ \ΩpsS \mSv A\pKr-lo-X-

amb aÆp Xs∂-bmWv. Ie-bpsSbpw ]IrXnkuµ-cy-Øn-s‚bpw Cu "taf\w'

\ΩpsS Ipń-I-fn-te°pw ]I¿∂p Int´-≠-Xp-≠v. ]nd∂ aÆns\ ASp-Ø-dn-bm-

\p≈ kml-N-cyhpw kµ¿`hpw Hcp-°n-s°m-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v Ipń-Isf \ΩpsS

]mc-º-cy-tØmSp IÆn-tN¿°m≥ Ign-bpw. ]Ir-Xn-`w-Knbpw Iem-]m-c-º-cyhpw

HØp-tN¿∂ P∑-\m-Sns‚ CuSp-hbv∏p-Iƒ ]pXp-X-e-ap-dbv°p ssIam-dp-Ibpw

AXns\ `mjm-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ ]›m-Ø-e-am°n am‰n-Øo¿°p-Ibpw sNøpI

F∂-XmWv tafnXw F∂ bqWn-‰n-eqsS e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv. AXn-\mbn alm-Ihn

h≈-tØm-fns‚ ae-bmfw F∂ Ihn-Xbpw IY-Ifnsb°p-dn®p≈ Hcp BJym\-

hp-amWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bncn-°p-∂Xv.

]th-i-I-]-h¿Ø\w

ae-bm-f-Ønse it≤-b-\mb am∏n-f-∏m-´p-I-hnbpw `mjm-k-ap-≤m-cW ]h¿Ø-

I-\p-am-bn-cp∂ Sn.Dss_-Zns‚ "hnS-hm-ß¬' F∂ Ihn-X-bn¬\n∂p≈ GXm\pw

hcn-I-fmWv ]th-i-I-]-h¿Ø-\-ambn \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

6

tafnXw


Ihn-X-bn-te°p ]th-in-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv Ipń-I-fpsS i≤ H∏w tN¿Øn-´p≈

NnX-ß-fn-te°p sIm≠p-h-cmw. Fgp-Øm-Wn, sXøw, Xp≈¬ th-jw, sXtßme

F∂o NnX-ß-fmWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hmtcm NnXhpw Ipń-I-fpsS i≤-

bn¬s∏-SpØns°m≠v Ah-bpsS D]-tbm-K-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-bmhmw BZyw.

Fgp-ØmWn : ]g-b- Im-eØv Hme-bn¬ Fgp-Xm-\p-]-tbm-Kn® D]-I-cWw

sXøw : hS-°≥ ae-_m-dnse Hc-\p-jvTm\ Iem-cq-]w.

Xp≈¬ : Ip©≥\-ºym¿ cq]w \¬Inb tIc-f-Øns‚ X\-Xmb Iem-

cq]w.

sXtßm-e : hni-Zo-I-cWw Bh-iy-an-s√-¶nepw tIc-f-Øns‚ hr£amb

sXßns‚ Hme F∂ Imcyw Hm¿an-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

XpS¿∂v Ihn-Xm-hm-b-\-bn-te°p ]th-in-°mw. BZyw Ipń-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-

ambpw XpS¿∂v kwLw tN¿∂pw hmbn-°-s´. kµ¿`m-\p-k-cWw IhnX sNm√n-

t°ƒ°m≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-IWw (So®¿°p t\cnt´m a‰p- Ip- n-I-fp-sStbm A[ym-

]-I-cp-sStbm D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sStbm klm-b-tØmsStbm tIƒ∏n-°mw)

Ipń-Iƒ°v Bh¿Øn®p sNm√p∂Xn\pw G‰p-sNm-√p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Ah-kcw

\¬I-Ww. XpS¿∂v GXm\pw eLp-tNm-Zy-ßƒ tNmZn-°mw.

? GXp \mSn-s\-°p-dn-®mWv Ihn-X-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv?

? BcpsS ss]¶n-fn-bmWv ae-\m-ń¬ ]mSp-∂Xv?

? BcmWv Xp©≥?

? BcpsS \¿Ø-In-bmWv BSp-∂Xv?

? BcmWv Ip©≥?

? F¥mWv Ifn-bm-Sp-∂Xv?

? s\©p -Ip-fn¿∏n°p-∂Xv F¥mWv?

? sXßp-Iƒ F¥n-s\-bmWv amSn hnfn-°p-∂Xv?

Ch-bpsS DØ-c-ßƒ Is≠-Øn-b-Xn\ptijw GXmWv Cu ae-\mSv F∂

tNmZyw D∂-bn-°mw. tIcfw F∂ DØcw e`n®pIgn-™m¬ tIc-f-sØ-°pdn®v

Fs¥ms° Imcy-ß-fmWv Ihn-X-bn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂ tNmZy-Øn-

eqsS Ihn-X-bpsS D≈-S-°-ØneqsS Hcn-°¬°qSn k©-cn-°m≥ Ipń-Iƒ°p

Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-°-Ww.

Cu N¿®-bpsS tImUo-I-c-W-Øn¬

$ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ]pXp-a-e-cp-Iƒ hncn-bp-∂- \mSv

$ Fgp-Ø-—\pw Ip©≥ \ºymcpw Pohn® \mSv

So®¿sSIvÃv

tafnXw

Ãm≥tU¿Uv -˛ 4 149

$ Xp≈-ens‚ \mSv

$ Cf-\o-cns‚ \mSv

$ sXßp-IƒsIm≠v ]®-∏¥-en-´ -\mSv

Cu Bi-b-ßƒ Du∂n-∏-d-bp-a-t√m

tImUo-I-c-W-Øn-\p-tijw tIc-f-Øns‚ wKn-sbbpw Iem-cq-]-ß-sfbpw Ipdn®v

hni-Z-ambn ]Tn°mw F∂ apJ-hp-c-tbmsS ]mT-`m-K-ß-fn-te°p ]th-in-°mw.

Sn. Dss_Zv (1908 ˛ 1972)

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Z-i-I-Øn¬ ImkdtKmUv P\n® Sn. Dss_Zv ae-

bmf Ihn-Xbv°p ]pXnb CuW-ßƒ kΩm-\n® Ihn-bmWv. atX-Xc

kwkvImc-Øns‚ Imh¬ `S-\m-bn-cp∂ At±lw ]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw

t\SnbXp I∂U mj-bn-em-bn-cp-∂n- p-IqSn sFIy-tI-cf ]ÿm-\-Øn-\p-th≠n

Du¿Pkz-e-ambn ]h¿Øn-®p. Hcp ImeØv tIc-f-Øn¬ ]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-

cp∂ Ad_nae-bm-fsØ ae-bmf kmlnXytemI-tØmSp tN¿Øp \n¿Øn-

bXv Dss_-Zm-Wv. A[ym-]-I-\mbpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI¿Øm-hmbpw kmln-Xy-

Im-c-\mbpw ]kw-K-I-\mbpw Xnf-ßnb At±lw ae-bm-f-Ønse am∏n-f-∏m´p

]ÿm-\-Øn\p \¬Inb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \nkvXp-e-am-Wv. \h-c-Xv\-am-en-I,

_mjv][mc, kapZmb-Zp-µp`n, c≠pZvt_m-[-\-ßƒ, Nµ-°e, Km\-ho-Nn,

Xncpap¬°mgvN XpS-ßnb Ihn-X-Ifpw Poh-N-cn-X-ßfpw hnh¿Ø-\-ßfpw

Fgp-Xn. \nc-h[n ae-bmf Ihn-X-Iƒ I∂-U-bn-te°p hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp.

hnS-hm-ß¬ F∂ Ihn-X-bnse hcn-I-fmWv ]th-iI-ambn \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

150So®

¿sSI

vÃv

Ãm≥

tU

¿U

v -˛ 4

bqWn‰v s^bnw tafnXw


$ ae-bmf \mSns‚ ]Ir -Xn -`wKnBscbpw Gsd BI¿jn-°p-∂p.

$ tIc-fob ]Ir-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw kuµ-cyhpw Bkz-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS kz¥w \mSn-s\-°p-dn®v A`n-am-\n-°m≥ \ap°p Ign-bp-∂p.

$ hm°p-IƒsIm≠p hc-bv°p∂ at\m-lc NnX-ßƒ Ihn-Xsb Gsd Bkzm-Zy--am-°p-∂p.

$ tIc-f-Øn\v al-Ømb Hcp Iem-]m-c-º-cy-ap-≠v.

$ tIcfw \nc-h[n Ie-I-fn¬ kº-∂-amWv. Hmtcm ]tZ-i-Øn\pw X\-XmbIem-cq-]-ap-≠v.

$ Hmtcm Iem-cq-]-Øn\pw khn-ti-j-ambNn -h- -ß-fp-≠v.

$ tIc-f-Øns‚ ][m\ Iem-cq-]-ambIY-I-fn-bn¬ Htc kabw H∂n-e-[nIwIe-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Z¿in-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

$ Bi-bw, ]Z-]-tbm-K- w-Kn, h¿W-\-IƒF∂nh Dƒs°m≠v IhnX CuW-Ønepw Xmf-Ønepw sNm√n Bkz-Zn-°p-∂p.

$ Ihn-X-bnse ]tbm-K-`wKn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

$ ]Ir -Xn -`wKn Bhn -jvI -cn -°p∂h¿W\ Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ CjvS-s∏´ hcn-Iƒ Is≠Øn ImcWwhni-Z-am-°p-∂p.

$ kam-\-I-hn-X-Iƒ tiJ-cn®p sNm√p-∂p.$ Ihn-X-bnse ZriysØ NnXo-I-cn -

°p∂p$ hcn-Iƒ Iqń-t®¿Øp IhnX ]q¿Øn-

bm-°p∂p$ ]mTw hmbn®v IY-Ifn F∂ Iem-cq-]-

hp -ambn _‘-s∏´ Bi-b-ßƒDƒs°m-≈p-∂p.

$ D®m-c-W-ip-≤n, Hgp-°v, Bh-iy-amb`mh-hy-Xn-bm\w F∂n-h-tbmsS ]mTwD®-Øn¬ hmbn-°p-∂p.

$ IY-I-fn-bnse hmZy-ßƒ, thj-ßƒF∂nh Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p, Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ Hcp Iem-cq-]-sØ-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ IY-I-fn-bnse thj-ßƒ, hmZy-ßƒF∂n-h-bpsS NnX-ßƒ tiJ-cn®vB¬_w Xbm-dm-°p∂p

$ tIcfØns‚ ]Ir-Xn-ku-µcyw A\p-`-hn-°p∂-Xn-eqs-Sbpw BkzZn°p∂-Xn-eqsSbpw \mSn-s\-°p-dn-®-dn-bp∂p. A`n-am-\n-°p-∂p.

$ Bi-bw, ]pXn-b- ]-Z-ßƒ, ]tbm-K-ßƒF∂nh Dƒs°m≠v IhnX Bkz-Zn®vCuW-Øn¬ sNm√p-∂p.

$ ]Ir-Xn-h¿W\ Xbm-dm°n Ah-X-cn∏n°p-∂p.

$ tIc-f-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Ihn-X-Ifpw Km\-ßfpw tiJ-cn®p sNm√p-∂p.

$ hcn-Iƒ Iqń-t®¿Øp IhnX ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p.

$ Ihn -X -bn¬ h¿Wn -®n -cn -°p∂ZriysØ kz¥w hmIy-Øn¬ hnh-cn°p-∂p.

$ tIc-f-Øns‚ ]kn≤ Iem-cq-]-ambIY-I-fnbpsS NS-ßpIƒ, thjwF∂nh kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-´v,Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ, B¬_w F∂nh Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ Hmtcm ]tZ-i-Øn\pw X\-Xmb Iem-cq-]-ap-s≠∂p Xncn-®-dn™v khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠Øn Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ tIc-fob Ie-Iƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ at\m-`mhw hf¿Øp-∂p.

So®¿sSIvÃv

tafnXw

Ãm≥tU¿Uv -˛ 4 151

ae-bmfw ˛ ]mTm-]-K-Y\w

ae-bmfw

a\-ns\ kt¥m-jn-∏n-°p∂ ae-bm-f-\mSv `mc-X-tZ-i-Øns‚ at\m-l-c-amb

Nne-¶-t]mse tim`n-°p-∂p. taL-ß-fm-Ip∂ DSp-∏n´ aebpw Ip∂pw taSpw,

B\, am≥, ]∂n, ]pen, t]mØv XpS-ßn-bh hnl-cn-°p∂ ImSp-Ifpw, sXfn™

Hmf-ß-fpsS aqfn-∏m-´p-ambn t]mIp∂ Bdp-Ifpw, Bºepw s\bvXepw \nd™

s]mbvI-Ifpw, \m\m-h¿W-Øn-ep≈ ]£n-Iƒ tNt°-dp∂ hr£-ßfpw, πmhv,

]pfn, amhv, hmg XpS-ßnb hr£-ßƒ \nd™- tXm-∏p-Ifpw, Atim-Ihpw

sNº-Ihpw ]n®nbpw -ap-√bpw tN¿∂ ]qt¥m-´-ßfpw. \\-hp≈ ]mS-ßfpw,

]ip tabp∂ ]d-ºp-Ifpw \nd™v ]IrXnkuµ-cy-Øns‚ ]Z¿i\ÿehpw

Ie D√-kn-°p∂ Xf-hpamb tIc-f-Øn\v awKfw `hn-°-s´.

ae-bmfw F∂ t]cv BZyImeØv tZi-\m-a-am-bn- mWv D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-∂n-cp∂Xv.

]n∂o-SmWv AXp `mjm-\m-a-ambn Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv. ae-bmfw F∂ Ihn-X-bn¬

"ae-bmf'sØ tZi-\m-a-am-bn-´mWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

alm-Ihn h≈-tØm-fns‚ kam-l-cn-°-s∏-SmØ Ihn-X-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏´ Ihn-X-

bmWv "ae-bmfw'. tIcf Ncn-X-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ "ae-bmfw' F∂

t]cn¬ Hcp alm-Imhyw Fgp-Xm≥ alm-Ihn BK-ln-°p-Ibpw AXp XpS-

ßnhbv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]t£ ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ At±-l-Øn\p Ign-™n√.

B Imhy-Øns‚ H∂mw k¿K-Øn-ep≈ GXm\pw hcn-I-fmWv ]mT-`m-K-ambn

tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

ae-bmfw ˛ ]h¿Ø-\-hn-i-I-e\w

Is≠Ømw FgpXmw

Ihn-X-bpsS D≈-S°w kmam-\y-ambn Kln-®n-´pt≠m F∂-dn-bm-\p≈

]cntim[\-bm-Wn-Xv. IhnX ]e-X-hW sNm√n-°-gn-™m¬ Cu `mKØp

\¬Inbn-´p≈ tNmZy-ßƒ Hmtcm-∂mbn tNmZn-°mw. Hmtcm- tNmZyØn\pw,

Ipń-Iƒ Hcn-°¬°qSn Ihn-X-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-bn, DØ-c-ambn hcm-hp∂

hcn FSpØp-]-d-b-s´.

H∂mw tNmZy-Øn\v ae, Ip∂p-Iƒ, taSp-Iƒ F∂pw c≠m-a-tØ-Xn\v

sXfnt™mf-ßƒ X≥ aqfn-∏m-´p-ambv F∂pw aq∂m-a-tØ-Xn\v πmhv, ]pfn,

amhv, hmg F∂pw DØ-c-ambn e`n-°p-a-t√m.

A¿Yw Is≠Ømw

Ihn-X-bpsS D≈-S-°-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]mY-an-I-[m-cW D≠m-bn-°-gn-™m¬

Bkzm-Z-\-X-e-Øn-te°p IS-°-Ww. Bkzm-Z-\-Øn\p XS--am-tb-°m-hp∂


]Zß-fpsS A¿Yw Is≠-Øn-b-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv Bkzm-Z-\-]-Inb Bcw- n-t°-

≠-Xv. "A¿Yw Is≠Ømw' F∂ io¿j-I-Øn\p Xmsg sImSpØ hm°p-I-

fpsS A¿Yw Is≠-Øp-Ibpw t\m´p-]p-kvXI-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNø-s´. Bh-

iy-sa-¶n¬ IqSp-X¬ ]Z-ßƒ tN¿°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Item-√m-k-Øfw XpS-ßnb

]Z-t®-cp-h-Iƒ DNn-X-ambn ]ncn®p ImWn-°mhp-∂-XmWv. Ie D√-kn-°p∂

Xfw F∂p ]ncn®p ]d™psIm-Sp-°p-∂Xp Ipń-bpsS Bkzm-Z\sØ klm-

bn°pw.

kam\ ]Z-ßƒ Is≠Øn FgpXq

Ipń-I-fpsS ]Z-ti-Jcw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-t±-in®p \¬Inb Cu ]h¿Ø-\w,

ap≥]p ]Tn-®Xv Hm¿sØ-SpØpw Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ kam-\m¿Y kqNnI t\m°nbpw

sNømw. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \n¿tZin® ÿeØv Fgp-Xn-b-Xn-\p-]p-dta t\m´p

]pkvX-I-Ønepw Fgp-Xm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww.

Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Bi-b-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ hcn-Iƒ

Bi-b-ßƒ \¬In kam-\-amb hcn-Iƒ Is≠-Øm-\p≈ Cu ]h¿Ø\w

Bkzm-Z-\-]-In-b-bpsS Db¿∂ Xe-am-Wv. aq∂p kqN-\-I-fmWv \¬In-bn-cn-

°p-∂-Xv. H∂mw kqN\,

B\, am≥, ]∂n, ]pen-Iƒ

t]mØpw tafn® ImSp-Iƒ F∂pw

c≠mw kqN\

Bºepw s\bvX¬ X≠m-cp˛

anS-Xn-ßnb s]mbvI-Iƒ˛F∂pw,

aq∂mw kqN\

]in-a-s∏´ ]mS-ßƒ ˛ F∂p-ap≈ hcn-I-fmWv e£y-am-°p-∂-Xv. Ch Xncn-®-

dn™v Fgp-Xp∂p F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-a-t√m.

]tbm-K- wKn

Bkzm-Z-\-]-In-b-bpsS as‰mcp Xe-amWv ]tbm-K-`wKn Is≠-ØpI F∂-Xv.

So®-dpsS ssIØmßv \∂mbn Bh-iy-ap≈ L´w IqSn-bm-WnXv.

"alm-`m-c-X`q-hns‚ aWn-Ø-¶-®n-e¶' F∂ ]tbmKw hymJym-\n-°p-tºmƒ

`mc-X-Øns‚ ]mZ-`m-K-ØmWv tIcfw F∂pw Im¬®n-e¶ t]mse AXp

at\mlc-am-Wv F∂pw hni-Zo-I-cn-°mw.

`mc-X-t£m-Wn-X≥ ]mZ

]oT-an-∏m-cnSw ]pcm

F∂ hcnbpw

lna-hm-s\∂ X\n sh¨˛

]ń≥ Xe-bn-W-bv°p-ta¬

Xe-h®p InS-∂o-Sp˛

arjn-\m-Sn≥ ]Z-ßsf

So®¿sSIvÃv

tafnXw

Ãm≥tU¿Uv -˛ 4 153

F∂ hcn-Ifpw Hm¿Øn-cn-°-Ww (ae-bmfw F∂ Ihn-X-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ hcn-

I-fm-Wn-Xv). alm-`m-cXw F∂ tZi-Øns‚ Imep-I-fn¬ AWn-™n-cn-°p∂

aWn-Ø-¶-®n-e-¶-bmWv tIcfw F∂p h¿Wn-°p-tºmƒ ]Ir-Xn-ku-µ-cy-Øns‚

h¿W `wKnbpw Iem-cq-]-ß-fpsS Inep-°hpw kqNn-∏n-°-Ww.

"hnNnX ]£n-®n-d-In¬ ag-hn-√m¿∂ imJn-Iƒ'

hnNnXw F∂ ]Z-Øn\v ChnsS \m\m-h¿W-Øn-ep≈ F∂ A¿Y-sa-Sp-Øm¬

aXn-bm-Ipw. \m\m-h¿W-Øn-ep≈ Nnd-Ip-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]£n-Iƒ tNt°-dp∂

ac-ßƒ F∂ Bibw Ipń-I-fn-se-Øn-b-Xn-\p-tijw ]£n-®n-d-Ip-I-fpsS h¿W-

`wKn ag-hn√v t]mse-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂pw FSpØp ]d-b-Ww.

h¿Wn-s®-gpXmw

Ihn-Xbv°v Ipń Fgp-Xp∂ Bkzm-Z-\-°p-dn∏p Xs∂-bmWv ChnsS ]h¿Ø-

\-Øns‚ D¬∏-∂-ambn htc-≠-Xv. ]mTm-]-K-Y-\-Ønse kqN-\-Iƒ So®¿°v

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. sXm´p ap≥]p sNbvX ]tbm-K- wKn hni-Z-am°mw

F∂ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ \evInb hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw.

h¿W\

Be-¶m-cnI`m-j-bn-ep≈ hnh-cWwXs∂-bmWv h¿W\. ImgvNbpw

a‰\p`hhpw h¿Wn-°mw. h¿W-\-bn¬, I≠-Xn-s‚tbm A\p- -hn-®-Xn-s‚tbm

B›-cy-amWv sXfn-™p-h-cn-I. ]tbm-K-ßƒ, AXn-i-tbm‡n F∂nh h¿W\-

bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Is≠Ømw

tIc-f-sØ-°p-dn®p≈ Ihn-Xm-i-I-e-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-Ibpw "Fs‚ Ihn-Xm-

]pkvXI-'Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNø-s´. c≠p amXr-I-Iƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-

Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

IqSp-X¬ hcn-Iƒ

tIc-f-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Ihn-X-Iƒ

]mcn-\p-]-cn-`qj Nm¿ØnSpw

`mc-X-Øns‚ NnXIw

tIcfw hnf-ßp∂p tImafw

tIc-hr-£I k¶pew

tIcfw ˛ ]mem \mcm-b-W≥\m-b¿

tIcfw ˛ Kncn-\n-c-Iƒ ImØ-cp-fp∂ kpµ-c-tI-cfw

tIcfw ˛ IS¬s]‰ as‰mcp ]qa-Iƒ X∂m-ebw

tIcfw ˛ apIn¬\n-c-I-fn¬ ag-hn√v ]q°pw ]qh\w

tIcfw ˛ amthen hmWp at\m-⁄-am-°nb aXn-e-Iw.

tIcf Km\w ˛ H.F≥.-hn. Ipdp∏v


tIc-f-ta, \ns‚-tbm-a-\-t∏¿ tIƒs°

tImƒa-bn¿ sIm≈p-s∂-∂p≈sa∂pw

\ocm-f-∏® hncn® hb-ep-Iƒ˛

\osf-°n-S°papƒ\mSp-Ifpw

hmcnfw]p√-Wn-°p-∂n≥ ]pd-ßfpw

t\c‰ \oc-e¿s]mbvI-Ifpw

]qØncn IØn®p ]mXn-cmhpw ]ns∂

]qØn-cp-hm-Xnc∏q \nemhpw

a™-°p-dn-bn´ aqh¥nam\hpw

a™p-]p-X® ]pe-cn-Ifpw

]pØ-\m-bp≈ apfIn≥ sImSn-Ifpw

ssXsØ-ßn-\-ß-fp-sa-∂p-th-≠....

\n¥n-cp-ta-\n-bn¬ ]‰n-b-]m-gm-tbm˛

sc¥n\paps≠m-c-gIp thsd.

tIcfKm\w ˛ Fkv. sI. s]ms‰-°m´v

s]mt∂m-W-am-Wn∂o tIc-f-Øn¬

]pWyw ]pe-cp-ao-bm-cm-a-Øn¬

tIcf kwkvImcw ˛ Nß-ºpg IrjvW-∏n≈

ae-bp-am-gnbpw c≠p ]pdhpw ImØp-sIm-≈p-am˛

ae-bmf \mtS tZho! aa amXmth!

..................... ........................... ............................... .......................

Pbn° P\\o \nXyw Pbn° P\\o! \nXyw

Pbn° \o kº¬ kar-≤-bmbn!...

tIcf hnemkw ˛ Ip´-aØv Ip∂n-bqcv

Ip™n-°r-jvW-°p-dp∏v

temI-tam-l-\m-Ir-Xn-bm¬

tIc-fmw_ hmgvhq

]®-∏-´p-Sp-∏p-SpØp

kz—-KmXn \nXyw

tIc-fmw_ ˛ ktlm-Z-c≥. sI. Aø-∏≥

tIc-f-ta, tIc-f-ta, tIc-f-ta, tIc

\nc-sbßpw \nd-bp-t∂m-cm-cm-ata

XØ-bpsS Np≠n-ee-Xp-≈n-∏p-cm-W-ßƒ

XØn-sbmcp Znhyamw ae-bm-f-\m-tS...

So®¿sSIvÃv

tafnXw

Ãm≥tU¿Uv -˛ 4 155

amhm-Wn-am¿ aln-X-a-cp-fp∂ \mtS...

amam-¶-am-Sn-sbmcp ae-bmf \mtS...

tIc-f-ta.... ˛ Imhmew \mcm-b-W-∏-Wn-°¿

\a-k-ar-≤-tI-cfw

\h-hn-_p-≤-tI-cfw

hnI-N-ho-c-tI-cfw

hnX-X-hn-iz-tI-cfw

hoc-tI-cfw ˛ ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥\m-b¿

hcn-Iƒ tN¿Øp IhnX ]q¿Øn-bm°mw

tIc-f-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ eLp-I-hn-X-bn¬ CS-an´ `mKØv Ipń-Iƒ CjvSm-\p-k-

cWw DNn-X-ambn ]qcn-∏n-°-s´. Fgp-Xm≥ XpS-ßp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv IhnX ]e

BhrØn hmbn-°p-Ibpw D≈-S-°w, Xmfw F∂nh a\-n-ep-d-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw.

tIc-f-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wt√m Ihn-X-bpsS D≈-S-°-ambn tN¿t°-≠-

Xv. c≠phcn Xs∂ Bbn-s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n-√. IqSp-X¬ hcn-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-t®¿°mw.

Fgp-Xnb hcn-Iƒ t\m´p-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ FSp-sØ-gp-X-Ww.

apcfn I≠ IYIfn ˛ ]mTm-]-K-Y\w

bqWn-‰nse c≠m-asØ ]mT-amb "apcfn I≠ IY-Ifn' tIc-f-Øns‚ hnJymX

Iem-cq-]-amb IY-I-fn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcm-Jym-\-am-Wv. Cu BJym-\-Øns‚ khn-

ti-jX io¿j-I-Øn¬Øs∂ kqNn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. IY-Ifn F∂√ "apcfn

I≠ IY-Ifn' F∂m-Wt√m io¿j-Iw. Hcp Ipń-bpsS IÆn-eqsS IY-Ifn

F∂ al-Ømb Iem-cq-]sØ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS. IY-I-fn-sb-°p-

dn®v apcfnbpsS IuXp-I-tØmsSbp≈ tNmZyßfpw Ahbv°v A—≥ \¬Ip∂

adp-]SnIfp-amWv D≈-S-°w. IY-I-fn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ah-cpsS kw`mjW-

ß-fn-eqsS hni-Z-am-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

IY-Ifn ImWm-\mbn apcfn A—-t\m-sSm-∏-sa-Øp-tºmƒ kZv Xnßn-\n-d-™n-

cp-∂p. ]n≥`m-KØv taf-°m¿ \n∂p. Acßp-tIfn Bcw-`n-®p. B NS-ßn¬

sN≠ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Ø-Xns‚ ImcWw apcfn A—-t\mSv Xnc-°p-∂p. Ac-ßp-

tI-fn-bn¬ sN≠ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dn-s√∂v A—≥ adp-]Sn ]d-™p. Ipsd-°-gn-

™-t∏mƒ c≠p-t]¿ Xnc-»oe ]nSn-®p. ]m´p-Im¿ cmK-hn-kvXmcw XpS-ßn.

ap≥]n¬ t]mbn-cn-°m-sa∂p apcfn ]d-™-t∏mƒ C\nbpw Gsd NS-ßp-I-fp-

s≠∂v A—≥ adp-]Sn \¬In. tXmSbw Bcw-`n®p. AXn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ apc-fn-

bpsS kwi-b-ßƒ°pw A—≥ adp-]Sn ]d-™p. apcfn Xnc-»o-e-bpsS `wKn

Bkz-Zn-®p. hµ\t«mIw Bcw-`n-®p. XpS¿∂v Xnc-»oe Xmgp-Ibpw ]pd-∏mSv

thj-ßƒ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]®-th-jhpw an\p°p thj-hp-amWv


]pd-∏mSv thj-ß-fmbn ]Xy-£-s∏-´-Xv. Ccp-th-j-ß-fp-sSbpw ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

t\cn´pI≠pw A—-t\mSp tNmZn-®-dn-™pw apcfn a\-n-em-°n. kvXothjw

thZn-bn¬\n∂p- t]m-hp-Ibpw ]pcp-j-thjw Iemiw Nhn-ń-Øp-S-ßp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. A¬∏t\cw B \rØw I≠n-cp∂ apcfn IY Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-

°p-dn®p Nn¥n®v A£-a-\m-bn.

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∂-t]mse Bkzm-Z-\-Øn\pw imkvXo-b-amb ap∂-dnhp-

Iƒ Bh-iy-ap≈ cwK-I-em-cq-]-amWv IY-I-fn. NS-ßp-Iƒ, thj-ßƒ, A`n\b-

co-Xn-Iƒ, \rØ hnti-j-ßƒ, DSp-Øp-sI- v, hmZy-ßƒ, ssIap-Z-Iƒ, IY-bpsS

kq£vamw-i-ßƒ, `mjm-]-tbm-K-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn-sems° Ah-Km-l-ap≈

Hcmƒt° IY-Ifn Adn-™m-kz-Zn-°m≥ Ign-bq. Ipń-bpsS IÆn-eqsS

IYIfnsb Ipń-Iƒ°p ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Bkzm-Z\w

e£yw hbv°m≥ Ign-bn-√-t√m. tIc-f-Øns‚ al-Ømb Iem-ss]-Xr-I-sØ-

°p-dn-®p≈ [mcW Ah-cn¬ krjvSn°p-∂-Xn-\mbn IY-Ifn Hcp am[y-a-am-bn-

Øo-cp-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS. Iem-cq-]-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]mY-an-I-amb [mc-W-Iƒ amXta

Cu ]mb-Øn¬ Ipń-Iƒ°p ]I¿∂p \¬Im≥ Ign-bq. IY-Ifn ImWm-s\-

Øp∂ Hcp Ipń-bpsS IuXp-Iw, IY-I-fn-bpsS Bcw-`-Øn-ep≈ NS-ßp-Iƒ,

]®, an\p°v F∂o thj-ß-fpsS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ, IY-IfnhmZy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®pff

kqN-\-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn-emWv Ipń-bpsS i≤- ]Xntb-≠-Xv. IY-I-fn-bp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ [mcmfw ]tbm-K-ßƒ `mj-bn¬ D≠-t√m. IY Adn-bmsX B´w

ImWp-I, Iemiw, in¶n-Sn-]m-SpI, tIfn-sIm-´v, t«mI-Øn¬ Ign-°pI XpS-ßn-

bh Ah-bn¬ Nne-XmWv. CØcw ]tbm-K-ßƒ kµ¿`m-\p-k-cWw ]cn-N-b-

s∏-Sp-Ømw. apjn-bpI F∂ ]Zw c≠n-S-Ømbn ]mT-`m-KØp IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p.

`mj-bn¬ A\yw\n∂p-t]m-Ip∂ ]tbmK-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv CXv. aSp∏pw

£oWhpw H∂n-®-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ Ahÿ kqNn-∏n-°m≥ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ thsd

]Z-ß-fn-√-Xs∂ (Cw•ojv ]Z-amb "t_m¿' D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn \mw D]-tbm-Kn-

®p-h-cp∂ t_md-Sn-°pI F∂ ]Z-Øn\v apjn-bpI F∂ ]Z-Øn\p ]Icw

\n¬°m≥ Ign-bn-√.) CØcw ]Z-]-tbm-K-ßfpw N¿®-bn¬ IS-∂p-h-tc-≠-Xp≠v.

A—\pw apc-fnbpw XΩn-ep≈ kw`m-j-W-Øn-eqsS IY-I-fn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-

Iƒ hnhcn-°p∂ Cu BJym\w BZyw Ipń-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hmbn-°-s´.

XpS¿∂v IYm-hm-b-\-bpsS coXn ]n¥p-S¿∂p-sIm≠v ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-

s∏-S-Ww. A—-s‚bpw aI-s‚bpw -`m-h-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≠p≈ hmb-\bpw \S-°-

Ww. ]mT-`mKw `mhm-fl-I-ambn hmbn-°m\pw hmbn®p tIƒ°m\pw Ah-k-c-

sam-cp-°-Ww.

apcfn I≠ IYIfn ˛ ]h¿Ø\ hni-I-e\w

Is≠Ømw

]mT-`m-KsØ Bi-b-ßƒ kmam-\y-ambn Kln-®n-´pt≠m F∂-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\mbn

tN¿Øn-´p≈ \mep tNmZy-ß-fpsS DØ-c-w Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn ]p\¿hmb\

So®¿sSIvÃv

tafnXw

Ãm≥tU¿Uv -˛ 4 157

\S-°-Ww. BZy-L-´-Øn¬ Ipń-Iƒ kz¥w hmIy-Øn-e-√, ]mT-`m-KsØ

]k‡-amb hmIy-ßƒ t\m°n-hm-bn-®p-sImt≠m FSpØp ]d-™p-sImt≠m

DØcw ]d-™m¬ aXn. F√m tNmZy-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw IS-∂p-t]mbn DØcw

]d™p-I-gn-™m¬ c≠mw L´-ambn. kz¥w hmIy-Øn¬ Ahbv°v DØcw

\¬Im\pw Fgp-Xm\pw Bh-iy-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

BZy-tNm-Zy-Øn-\p≈ DØ-c-ambn NS-ßp-I-fpsS t]cp amX-amWv Is≠-tØ-

≠-Xv. ]mTw Hcn-°¬°qSn hmbn®v NS-ßp-I-fpsS t]cn\p Xmsg hc-bn-Sm≥

\n¿tZin-°mw. ASn-h-c-bn´ ]Z-ßƒ So®¿ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Ah¿ ]d-

bs´. Ac-ßp-tI-fn, tXmS-bw, hµ-\-t«m-Iw, ]pd-∏mSv F∂n-h-bm-Wt√m ]mT-

`mKØp kqNn-∏n-°p∂ NS-ßp-Iƒ. Iq´-Øn¬ tIfn F∂ NS-ßns\-°p-dn®p-

IqSn So®¿°p ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°mw. c≠mw tNmZy-Øn-\p≈ DØ-c-ambn thj-

hn-[m-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p-amXw Ah¿ kqNn-∏n-°-s´. Xnf-ßp∂ Inco-Sw, ]®-\n-d-

Øn-ep-≈ -ap-Jw, XmSn-tbmSp tN¿Øphbv-°p∂ Npń, \o≠p IdpØ ]pcn-Iw,

ajn-sb-gp-Xnb IÆv, s\‰n-bn¬ tKm]n, sNhn-∏q-hv, tXmS, Be-h- w, Igp-Ønse

apØp-am-e, sImc-emcw sIńb amdv, ssIh-f, DØ-co-bw, Nph-∂- Ip-∏m-bw, DSp-

Øp-sI´v Ch Is≠-Øs´. aq∂mw tNmZy-Øn\v \Sp-hn¬ Xma-c-∏qhv s\bvXp

]nSn-∏n® Xnc-»o-e-bn¬ ]e-Xcw h¿W-ßfpw hnNn-X-th-e-Ifpw ImWmw F∂

DØ-c-amWv ]d-tb-≠-Xv.

kam-\m¿Y-ap≈ ]Z-ßƒ Is≠Ømw

Ipń-I-fpsS ]Zm-hen sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns‚ mK-am-bp≈ Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚

DØ-c-ßƒ k-am-\m¿Y kqNnI -t\m°n Is≠-Ø-s´. Cu ]Z-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®p-

sIm-≠p≈ hmIy-\n¿Ωm-Whpw \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]Z-ßƒ Is≠Ømw

\ndw kqNn-∏n-°m-\mbn C∂p \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ "Nph∏v' F∂ ]Z-Øn-\p-

]Icw BZy-Im-eØv sNa∏v F∂m-bn-cp∂p D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. hnti-j-W-

i_vZ-ambn sNa∂ F∂pw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-t]m-∂p. F∂m¬ Ime-I-taW sNa∏v,

sNa∂ F∂o ]Z-ßƒ ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xp Ipd™phcn-Ibpw Nph-∏v, NpI-∏v,

Npa∏v, Nph-∂, NpI-∂, Npa-∂, Nph-∂p, NpI∂p XpS-ßnb ]Z-ßƒ°p ]Nmcw

IqSn hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ hkvXp-°-tfm-tSm, Pohn-I-tfmtSm "sNw' Iqń-

t®¿Øv "B \nd-ap-≈Xv' F∂ A¿Y-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn®ph∂-Xn\p am‰-sam∂pw

D≠m-bn-√. C∂p \mw CØ-c-Øn¬ [mcmfw hm°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂p.

sN©p≠v ˛ sNa∂ Np≠v

sN¶p-∏mbw ˛ sNa∂ Ip∏mbw

Cu ]Z-ßƒ ]mT-`m-KØp IS-∂p-h-cp∂p. IqSp-X¬ ]Z-ßƒ Is≠-Øm-hp-∂-

Xm-Wv. (sNº-\o¿s®Sn F∂ ]Zw c≠mw bqWn-‰n¬ ]Tn-®n-´p≠v)


sNΩo≥, sNΩm-\w, sNº-cp-¥v, sNº-c-Øn,

sN¶-S¬, sNt¶m-´, sN©o-c, sNº-´v.....

am‰n-sb-gpXmw

ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam ]Z-ßƒ Iqń-t®¿Øv D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXn \ΩpsS

`mj-bn¬ k¿h-km-[m-c-W-am-Wv. hymI-c-W-co-Xn-bn¬ CXn\p kam-kn-°pI

F∂mWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Iqń-t®¿Ø ]Z-ßsf ka-kvX-]Zw F∂p hnfn-°pw.

Iqń-t®¿Ø ]Z-ßsf th¿s]-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\p hnK-ln-°pI F∂mWv ]d-bp-I.

`mjbv°p i‡nbpw HXp-°hpw kuµ-cyhpw ssIh-cp-Øp-I, A¿Y-Øn-ep-≠m-

Im-hp∂ Bi-b-°p-g∏w Hgn-hm-°p-I F∂o Dt±-iy-ß-fm-Wv hm°p-Iƒ Iqń-

t®¿°p-∂-Xn-eqsS \nd-th-dp-∂-Xv.

Iqń-t®¿°p-tºmƒ ]Z-ßƒ°v \mep-X-c-Øn-ep≈ ]m[m-\y-amWv ae-bm-f- mjm-

co-Xn-b-\p-k-cn®p ssIh-cn-I.

BZy-]-Z-Øn\p ]m[m\yw ssIhcmw ˛ Zn\w ]Xn (Hmtcm Znh-k-hpw)

c≠mw ]Z-Øn\p ]m[m-\y-ap-≠mImw ˛ ]ip-°pń (]ip-hns‚ Ipń)

c≠p ]Z-ßƒ°pw Xpey-]m-[m-\y-ap-≠mImw ˛ cma-e-£va-W≥am¿ (cma\pw

e£va-W-\pw)

A\y-]-Z-Øn\p ]m[m\yw ssIhcmw ˛ \m∑p-J≥ (\mep apJ-tØmSp

IqSn-b-h≥ ˛ _“m-hv)

CXn¬ Iqń-t®¿°-s∏´ c≠p ]Z-ßƒ°pw Xpey-]m-[m\yw ssIh-cp∂ hm°p-

Iƒ Is≠-Øp-I F∂ ]h¿Ø-\-amWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kmt¶-XnI Imcy-

ßƒ Ipń-Isf Adn-bn-t°-≠-Xn-√. c≠p ]Z-ßƒ IqSn-t®¿∂mWv CØcw

]Z-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-sX∂pw ]Z-ßƒ Cßs\ IqSn-t®-cp-∂Xp \ΩpsS `mj-

bn¬ km[m-c-W-am-sW∂pw CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ At\Iw ]Z-ßƒ \mw ssZ\wZn\

Pohn-X-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p≠v F∂p-ap≈ [mcW Ipń-Iƒ°p-≠m-h-Ww.

]mT-`m-K-Øp≈ aq∂p ]Z-ßƒ ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mKØp \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Xmf-ta-f-ßƒ F∂ ]Zw th¿Xn-cn®p sImSp-Øn-´p-ap-≠v. Ifn-Nncn F∂ ]Z-

Øn\v Ifnbpw Nncnbpw F∂pw BS-bm-`-W-ßƒ F∂ ]Z-Øn\v BSbpw B`-

c-Whpw F∂pw Is≠-Øm≥ klm-bn-°m-a-t√m. BS F∂ ]Z-Øn\v hkvXw

F∂m-W¿Y-sa∂p kmµ¿`n-I-ambn kqNn-∏n-°mw. ]Z-ßƒ am‰n-sb-gp-Xp-tºmƒ

Iqń-t®¿°-s∏´ ]Z-ßƒ Xs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv Ah am‰n-sb-gp-tX-≠Xv F∂

-Imcyw So®-dpsS i≤-bnep-≠m-I-Ww. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v BS-bm- -c-W-ßƒ F∂

]Zw BSbpw B`-c-Whpw F∂p Xs∂ ]d-bWw, hkvXhpw B`-c-Whpw

F∂p ]d™m¬ t]mcm.

So®¿sSIvÃv

tafnXw

Ãm≥tU¿Uv -˛ 4 159

]mT-`m-K-Øn\p ]pd-Øp-\n∂v CXp-t]m-se-bp≈ GXm\pw hm°p-Iƒ Is≠-

Øm-\p≈ ]h¿Ø\w IqsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXn¬ kpJZpxJ-ßƒ F∂

]Zw th¿Xn-cn-s®-gp-Xm\pw A—\pw AΩbpw F∂ ]Zw Iqń-t®¿Øv Fgp-Xm-

\p-amWv \¬Inbn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kpJhpw ZpxJhpw F∂v BZy-tØ-Xn\pw A—\Ω-

am¿ F∂v c≠m-a-tØ-Xn\pw DØcw Is≠-Øm-a-t√m. GXm\pw ]Z-ßƒ IqSp-

X-embn Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNømw.

ssIIm-ep-Iƒ,

ktlm-Zcoktlm-Z-c-ßƒ

_menIm_me-∑m¿

\∑-Xn-∑-Iƒ

ImbvI-\n-Iƒ

XpSßn [mcmfw hm°p-Iƒ Is≠-Øm-a-t√m.

Xncn-®-dnbmw

Ggv hmtZym-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS NnXw sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah bYm-Iaw sN≠,

tNßn-e, sImºv, iwJv, a±fw, Ce-Øm-fw, CSbv° F∂n-h-bm-sW∂p Xncn-®-

dn-bm≥ klm-bn-°mw.

sN≠ ˛ Akp-c-hm-Zy-sa-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. -ap-J-cn-X-am-b-Xp-sIm≠pXs∂

sN≠bv°v Bkp-c- m-h-am-Wp-≈-Xv. XpI¬sIm≠p \n¿an-°p∂p.

tNßne ˛ hmZy-tLm-j-Ønse Ime-]-amWw Ia-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-

°p-∂p. HmSv sIm≠p≈ XIn-Sv.

sImºv ˛ sN≠-ta-f-Ønse ]©m-cn-, ]m≠n apX-emb tafßƒ°p

sImgp∏p Iq´m-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. teml-\n¿anXw.

iwJv ˛ "hmZ\w' (hmb-\) C√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v hmtZym-]-I-cWw F∂p

]d-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. ]©-hm-Zy-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂n-√. ]©-hm-Zy-

Øns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ HmwImc [z\n-bp-≠m-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-

°p∂p.

a±fw ˛ Xoh-ipXntbmSp-Iq-Snb Hcp XpI¬ hmZyw.

Ce-Ømfw ˛ HmSpsIm≠p-≠m-°nb c≠p XIn-Sp-Iƒ ]©-hm-Zy-Øn-epƒs∏-

Sp-∂p.

CSbv° ˛ ]©-hm-Zy-Øn-epƒs∏-´ hmZyw. ]ip-hns‚ hb-dn-\-I-Øp≈

t\cnb N¿aw sIm≠p-≠m-°p-∂p. k]vX-kz-c-ßƒ t\cn-´p-

hmbn°p-∂p. 64 Ie-Isf kqNn-∏n-°p∂ 64 sN≠p-Iƒ Xq°nbnń-

cn-°p-∂p.


IY-I-fn-tafw

sN≠, a±-fw, tNßn-e, Ce-Ømfw F∂n-h-bmWv IY-Ifn°p]-tbm-Kn-°p∂

hmZy-ßƒ. IY-I-fn-bpsS BZy-cq-]-amb cma-\m- -Øn¬ Akp-c-hm-Zy-amb sN≠

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]n∂oSv cma-\m´w ]cn-jvI-cn-®-t∏mƒ sN≠ IY-I-fn-

hm-Zy-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn. tIfn F∂ NS-ßn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v \mep -hm-Zy-

ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Acßp tIfn-bn¬ sN≠-sbm-gn-sI-bp≈ hmZy-ß-

fmWv ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. taf-∏-Z-Øn¬ F√m -hm-Zy-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

sN≠-sIm-´p-∂-h-cp-sSbpw a±fw hmbn-°p-∂-h-cp-sSbpw ssh`hw kzX-¥-ambn

]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Ah-kcw IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv.

NnXw \nco-£n®v Fgp-Xmw

]mT-`m-KØp IS-∂p-h-cp∂ IY-I-fn-th-j-ßƒ ]®bpw an\p°pamW-t√m. ]®,

an\p°v Ch-bpsS NnX-ßƒ \nco-£n®v Ah-sb-°p-dn®v ]mT-`m-KØp \¬Inbn-

´p≈ hnh-cWw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv.

c≠p NnX-ßfpw \nco£n°-s´. Is≠Ømw F∂ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Ccp-

thj-ß-sfbpw Ipdn®v Ipń-Iƒ Is≠Øn ]d-™n-´p-≠v. B Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ

A¬∏w IqSn hn]p-eo-I-cn®v Ipdn∏p cq]-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. c≠p

thjß-sfbpw Ipdn-®p≈ `mKw Hcn-°¬°qSn hmbn-®-tijw ]®, an\p°v

F∂o io¿jI-ßƒ°p Iosg, Is≠-Ønb Imcy-ßƒ Ah¿ Fgp-X-s´.

[¿a]p-X¿, ioIr-jvW≥, \f≥ XpS-ßnb \√ kz`mh-tØmSp IqSnb IYm-

]m-X-ßƒ AWn-bp∂ thj-amWv ]®. ]®-th-j-Øns‚ Na-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw

DSp-Øp-sI-ń-s\-°p-dn®pw ]mT-`m-KØv ]d-™n-´p-≠v.

"an\p°v' F∂ ]Zw ]mT-`m-KØv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂n-√. kvXothjw an\p-°mWv

F∂p So®¿ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

CXp kwL-]-h¿Ø-\-ambn sNbvXp-t\m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. \mep kwL-am°n

Xncn®v c≠p kwL-Øn\p ]®, c≠p kwL-Øn\p an\p°v F∂nh \¬Imw.

Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm°n \mep-kw-L-ßfpw ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.

hn´p-t]mb Imcy-ßƒ So®¿°p Iqń-t®¿°mw. (IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ°p t]Pv

161 ¬ \¬Inb t_mIvkv t\m°p-I). F√m-hcpw c≠p- th-j-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw

Fgp-Xn- ]q¿Øn-bm-°-s´.

So®¿sSIvÃv

tafnXw

Ãm≥tU¿Uv -˛ 4 161

]®-thjw

IY-I-fn-th-j-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw kpµcw F∂mWv ]®-thjw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

apJØp ]®-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ a\-tbme tX°p-∂Xp sIm≠mWv Cu thj-Øn\v

"]®' F∂ t]cv e`n-®-Xv. Nph∂ Ip∏m-bhpw tIi-`mcw Inco-S-hp-amWv Cu

thj-Øn\v km[m-cW D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. kXz-KpW ][m-\-cmb cmPm-°-

∑m¿°pw Nne D]-\m-b-I¿°p-amWv ]®-thjw hn[n-®n- p-≈-Xv. [otcm-Zm-ØX,

[oc-im-¥-X, emfnXyw XpS-ßnb `mh-ß-fmWv kmam-\y-ambn ImWp-∂-Xv.

irwKmctam hoctam ÿmbn-bmb ck-am-bn-cn-°pw. lcn-›-µ≥, cp‹mw-K-

Z≥, \f≥, [¿a-]p-X¿, A¿Pp-\≥, ioIr-jvW≥, iocm-a≥, DØ-c≥, EXp-

]¿W≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿s°√mw ]®-th-j-am-Wv. ]®-bpsS \mb-I-Xzhpw B`n-

Pm-Xyhpw a‰p thj-ßƒ°n-√. iocm-a-e-£va-W-∑m¿, Ipi-e-h-∑m¿,

ioIrjvW≥ F∂n-h¿°v ]oen-apSn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

an\p°v

_m“-W¿, Ejn-am¿, kvXoIƒ, kqX-∑m¿, Bim-cn, a√≥ F∂n-h¿°p IY-

I-fn-bn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ thj-amWv an\p-°v. euInI kº-Zm-b-ß-tfmSv G‰hpw

ASp-Øp-t]m-Ip∂ IY-I-fn-th-j-amWv an\p-°v. Hmtcm -hn-`m-K-Øns‚bpw DSp-

Øp-sI-ńepw Ae-¶m-c-ß-fnepw Nne- hy-Xym-k-ß-fp-≠v. apJw an\p°epw

XneIw Nm¿Øepw intcm-h-kvXw, saøm-`-c-W-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh AWn-bepw

kvXoth-j-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv. Ipeo-\-Xz-ap≈ kvXothjw Xe-bn¬

sIm≠ sI- pw. kvXothjw emky-]-[m-\-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v sN≠-tafw ]Xnhn√.

FX FX Ie-Iƒ

IY-Ifn F∂ Iem-cq-]-sØ-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ Imcy-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ a\-n-em-°n-

b-t√m. Ie-I-fpsS \mSmb tIc-f-Øn¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ FX-sb-X- I-e-Ifp≠v.

Ah-c-h-cpsS \mń-ep≈ Iem-cq-]-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ipń-Iƒ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°s´.

]mtZ-in-I-amb Iem-cq-]-ß-sf-°p-dn®v At\z-jn-®-dn™v Ah¿°v Adn-bm-hp∂

F√m -Im-cy-ßfpw Ipdn-®p-hbv-°-s´. aq∂p NnX-ß-fmWv ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚

`mK-ambn ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. H∏-\, am¿Kw Ifn, Xncp-hm-Xn-c-

°fn F∂n-h-bpsS NnX-ß-fm-W-h. B Iem-cq-]-ß-sf-°p-dn®v IqSpXe-dn-bm≥

So®¿°p Xmsg-s°m-SpØ hnh-c-ßƒ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ipdn-∏p-

I-fpsS amXr-Ibpw AXn¬\n∂p e`n-°pw. ChnsS \¬In-bn-´p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ

kwK-ln®p ¢mkn¬ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.


H∏\

ae-_m¿ am∏nf kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kw`m-h-\-bmWv H∏-\. Ieym-W-Øn-\mWv

][m-\-ambpw H∏\ ]mSp-∂-Xv. am¿°-°-eym-Ww, ImXp-IpØp Ieym-Ww,

\mev]Xp-Ip-fn, ]nd-∏p-apSn If-b¬ XpS-ßnb NS-ßp-I-fpsS `mK-ambpw H∏\

Ac-tß-dm-dp-≠v. h[q-h-c-∑m-cpsS \mWw am‰p-I, Ipń-I-fpsS `bw am‰pI

XpS-ßn-b-h Cu Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ ZuXyamWv. Ieym-W-Øn\p aW-hm-ń°p

Np‰pw IqSn Iq´p-Im-cn-Iƒ H∏\ ap´pw. am∏n-f-∏m-ńs‚ Ci-ep-I-fmWv H∏-\bv-

°mbn ]mSp-∂-Xv. irwKm-c-ckw \nd™ ]m´p-Iƒs°m∏w ]S∏m- p-Ifpw ]mSm-

dp-≠v. ]Xn™ Xmf-Øn-ep≈ Nmb¬, ZpX-Xm-f-Øn-ep≈ apdp°w F∂n-

ßs\ c≠p coXn-bn-ep≈ ]m´p-I-fp-≠v. h[q-h-c-∑m-cpsS B`-c-W-ßfpsSbpw

hkvX-ßfpsSbpw wKn, Ieym-W-∏-¥-en-s‚bpw aWn-b-d-bp-sSbpw tamSn XpS-

ßn-b-h-bmWv ]mńs‚ D≈-S-°w. AX-Xp -ÿ-e-ß-fnse ]c-º-cm-KX hkvX-

ßfpw B`-c-W-ß-fp-amWv H∏-\-∏m-´p-Im¿ [cn-°p-∂-Xv. ssIbnepw Imenepw

ssaem©n AWnbpw. H∂n-®p-\n∂pw Ccp∂pw ÿm\w-am-dnbpw Np‰n-\-S∂pw

D≈ Cu Ifn-bn¬ Ci-ep-I-fpsS amX-Iƒs°mØv Ifn-°m¿ ssIap-´p-∂p.

am∏n-f-ho-Sp-I-fnse AI-Ø-f-ß-fn¬ Ifn-®n-cp∂ Cu Ifn C∂v lrZyhpw

BI¿j-I-hp-amb Hcp Iem-hn-cp-∂mbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.

am¿Kw Ifn

\m\qdp h¿jtØmfw ]g-°-ap≈ Hcp \rØ-I-em-cq-]-am-Wv am¿Kw Ifn. F.Un

1600 \pw 1700 \pw CS-bn-emWv am¿Kw-Ifn cq]-s∏-´Xv F∂p hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-

∂p. Cu ]mńse "am¿Kw' F∂ hm°v InkvXp-am¿Kw F∂v A¿Y-am-°p-

∂p. hnhml BtLm-j-th-f-I-fnepw s]cp-∂m-fp-I-fnepw Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hmØ

Iem-cq-]-ambn am¿KwIfn ]n∂oSp amdn. InkvXob BNm-c-ßfpw tIc-fob

kwkvIm-chpw ka-\z-bn-°p∂ Iem-cq-]-amWv CXv. kwL-°-fn, the-I-fn,

IWym¿I-fn, Xncp-hm-Xn-c-°-fn, ]cn-N-ap- p-Ifn XpS-ßn-b hnhn[ Iem-cq-]-ßfpsS

kzm[o-\w- am¿KwIfn-bn¬ ImWmw. am¿KwIfn-bn¬ hmZyßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-

°m-dn-√. ]mtZ-in-I-amb hyXym-k-ßƒ am¿KwIfn-bn¬ D≠v. hnhn-[-Im-ebfhp-

I-fn¬ hnhn[ cq]-ßƒ ssIh-cn-®p-sIm≠p hf¿∂p-h∂ kwL-\r-Ø-amWv

Cu Iem-cq-]w. am¿tØm-am-]-Io¿Ø-\w, ss__nƒ IY-Iƒ, sk‚ vtXm-akv

IY-Iƒ F∂n-h-bmWv am¿Kw Ifn-bnse ]mń-ep≈ ]ta-bw. BZy-Im-eØv

]pcp-j-∑m¿ amX-am-bn-cp∂p Ifn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]cn-N-ap-ńs‚ cq]-Øn-

ep≈ Bbp-[m- ymkw Ifn-bpsS mK-am-bn-cp-∂p. kvXoIƒ Ifn Ah-X-cn∏n®p-

Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ am¿KwIfn ]cn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-´p. IpΩn-bpsS kz`m-h-ap≈

\rØhpw Xncp-hm-Xn-c-°-fn-bpsS emky-`w-Knbpw C∂sØ am¿KwIfn-bn¬

ImWmw. N´bpw ap≠p-amWv Ifn-°m-cpsS thjw.

So®¿sSIvÃv

tafnXw

Ãm≥tU¿Uv -˛ 4 163

Xncp-hm-Xn-c-°fn

tIc-f-Ønse kvXoIƒ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn BtLm-jn®phcp∂ Hcp-’-h-amWv

[\p-am-k-Ønse Xncp-hm-Xn-c. Xncp-hm-Xnc BtLm-j-Øn\v Ht´sd NS-ßp-

Ifp-≠v. Cu NS-ßp-I-fn¬ ][m-\-s∏´ H∂mWv Xncp-hm-Xn-c-°-fn. ssIsImń-

°fn F∂pw ]d-bm-dp-≠v. IØn-®p-h® \ne-hn-fn-°n\p Np‰pw \n∂v kvXoIƒ

]m´p]mSn-s°m-≠mWv Ifn-°p-∂-Xv. \ne-hn-f-°n\p kao-]-Ømbn \nd-]-dbpw

AjvS-aw-K-eyhpw In≠n-bn¬ sh≈hpw hbv°pw. H∂-c-ap≠pw thjvSn-bp-

amWv Ifn-°m-cpsS thjw. ap√-∏qhpw Zi-]p-jv]hpw NqSpw. KtW-i-kvXp-Xn-

tbmSpw kc-kz-Xoh-µ-\-tØmSpw IqSn-bmWv Ifn XpS-ßp-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv inh-

s\bpw hnjvWp-hn-s\bpw kvXpXn-°p∂ ]m´p-Ifpw ]mSpw. \mS≥]m-´p-Ifpw

IY-I-fn-∏Z-ßfpwhsc Xncp-hm-Xn-c-°-fn°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v. h´-Øn¬

\n∂mWv Ifn-°p-∂-Xv. ]mńs‚ Xmf-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®p≈ ]mZ-hn-\ym-k-tØm-sS-

bmWv Ifn. Xmf-I-a-Øn-ep≈ Nph-SpIfpw emky-]-[m-\-amb `mhhpw Xncp-

hm-Xnc°fn-bpsS ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. Ing-t°m´p Xncn™p \a-kvI-cn-®-tijw

F√m-hcpw Ingt°m´p Xncn™p\n∂p Xs∂ Ifn Bcw-`n-°p-∂p. AXp

ItaW hrØ-Øn-embn amdp-∂p. apXn¿∂ kpaw-K-en-I-fmWv KW-]-Xn- ]mSn

Ifn-Xp-S-tß-≠-Xv.

Ah-ew_w : tIc-f-Ønse Iem-cq-]-ßƒ ˛ _me-Ir-jvW≥ sImøm¬

[\p-am-k-N-µnI ˛ Fkv. k‘ym-tZhn

IY-I-fn- ImWmw

IY-Ifn Hcp Zriy-I-e-bm-W-t√m. FX hnh-c-W-ßƒ hmbn-®m-epw t\cn´pI≠v

Bkz-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\p ]I-cw-hbv-°m-\m-hn-√. IY-Ifn t\cn-´p-Im-Wm≥ Ah-k-c-

sam-cp-°m≥ So®¿°p Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ Aßs\ sNømw. As√-¶n¬ hoUntbm

]Z¿in-∏n-°mw. AXn-\p-tijw B A\p-`hw Fgp-Xm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°Ww.

]qcn-∏n°mw

]Z-ßƒ Iqń-t®¿Øv A¿Y-t_m-[w krjvSn-°p-tºm-gm-Wt√m hmIyw D≠m-

Ip-∂-Xv. hmIy-Ønse ]Z-ßƒ°p ]c-kv]-c-_-‘-an-s√-¶n¬ hmIy-Øn\p A¿Y-

]q¿W-X-bp-≠m-In-√. ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \¬Inb BZy-hmIyw i≤n-°q.

A—≥ apcfn hnfn-®p.

A—≥, apcfn F∂o c≠p \ma]Z-ßfpw hnfn®p F∂ Inbm-]-Z-hp-amWv hmIy-

Øn-ep-≈-Xv. ]Z-ßƒ ]c-kv]-c-_-‘-an-√msX H‰-bvs°m-‰bv°p \n¬°p-∂Xp

sIm≠v hmIy-Øn\p IrXy-amb A¿Y-an-√. hmIy-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏´ ]Z-

ßsf ]c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p `mj-bn¬ Nne "]Zmw-i'-ßƒ D]-tbmKn-

°p-∂p. ]Xybw F∂m-Wn-Xn-\p- t]-cv.


A—≥ apc-fnsb hnfn-®p.

"F' F∂ ]Xybw IqSn-t®¿∂-t∏mƒ hmIyw A¿Y-]q¿W-am-bn. ]mT-]p-kvXI-

Øn¬ XpS¿∂p sImSp-Øn-´p≈ DZm-l-c-W-ß-fnepw CXp-Xs∂ kw`hn-°p-

∂p. \mw ssZ\w-Zn\ hyh-lm-c-Øn¬ ]Xy-b-ßƒ tN¿Øp-Xs∂bmWv hmIy-

ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. hmIy-Øn¬ \ma-]-Z-ßƒ°v a‰p ]Z-ß-tfm-Sp≈

_‘sØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ CØcw "Awi'ßsf-°p-dn-®v kmam-\y-[m-cW Ipń-

Iƒ°p ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bmWv ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Dt±-iyw. kmt¶-XnI-

⁄m\w Ipń-Iƒ°p \¬tI-≠-Xn-√.

\n¿tZi-ßƒ hmbn®pIgn-™m¬ Bh-iy-amb hniZo-I-cWw \¬I-Ww. _n._n.

bn¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ a‰p hmIy-ßƒ FgpXn hni-Zo-I-cn-°mw.

]h¿Ø\w Ipń-Iƒ kzbw sNø-s´.

Paoe hgn-bn¬h®v Kncn-Psb I≠p.

tacn AΩ-tbmSp tNmZn®p

cm[n-I-bpsS IÆv \nd™p

BcXn apdn-bn¬ Ibdn P\¬ Xpd∂p

\fn\n ]pkvXIw hmbn®p

F∂n-ßs\ ]qcn-∏n-°m≥ Ah¿°p ]bm-k-ap-≠m-In√. Ah-km\ tNmZy-Øn\v

\fn-\n-bpsS ]pkvXIw hmbn®p F∂v Bsc-¶nepw ]qcn-∏n-®n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ hmIy-

Øn\v ]q¿WX Cs√∂ Imcyw Ah-cpsS i≤-bn¬ sIm≠p hc-Ww. ]pkvXIw

Bcp hmbn®p F∂Xp hmIyw hy‡-am-°p-∂n-√-t√m.

B¬_w Xbm-dm°mw

IY-I-fn-sb-°p-dn®v tiJ-cn-°m-hp∂ NnX-ßfpw Ipdn-∏p-Ifpw Dƒs∏-SpØn

B¬_w Xbm-dm-°m-\p≈ Cu ]h¿Ø\w Hcp t\m´p]pkvX-IØn¬ sNøn-

°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ¢mkn\v Hcp B¬_w aXn-bm-Ipw. IY-Ifn thj-ßƒ, hmZy-

ßƒ, \h-c-k-]-I-S-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS NnX-ßƒ, IY-I-fn-bp-ambn _‘-

s∏´ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ F∂nh B¬_-Øn¬ Hń-°p-Itbm Fgp-Xn-t®¿°p-Itbm

sNømw. F√m Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw ]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. B¬_w Xbm-dm-

°m≥ FUn-‰-dpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ kanXn cq]o-I-cn-°mw. Hmtcm ]h¿Ø-

\hpw So®¿ \nco-£n-°p-Ibpw Bh-iyamb am¿K\n¿tZ-ißƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw

thWw.

BapJw

\m w hkn -°p∂ temIw Fs¥¥p

hnkvab-ßƒ \nd-™-Xm-sW∂v Ht∂m¿Øp-

t\m°q! ]p¬s°m-Sn-I-fn¬ ]p©n-cn-°p∂

a™p-Xp-≈n-Ifpw Nnd-Ip-hn-S¿Øn hm\n¬-

∏d°p∂ ]£n-Ifpw Np‰p-]m-Sns\ kpK‘-

]q-cn-X-am-°n hncn™p \n¬°p∂ ]q°fpw

agbpw a™pw \nem-hp-sa√mw \Ω-fn¬ hnkva-b-ap-W¿Øp-∂-h-X-s∂. Ipń-

°m-e-Øns‚ kl-P-amb IuXp-I-ßƒsIm≠v FXtbm tNmZy-ß-fn-eqsS Cu

AZv`p-X-ß-fpsS Npcp-f-gn-°m≥ \Ωƒ ian-°p-∂p-≠v. F∂n´pw hmbn-®mepw

hmb-n®mepw XocmØ hnkva-b ]pkvXI-ambn ]Ir-Xnbpw ]]-©hpw \ap-°p-

Np‰pw \n¬°p-∂p. Ic-bnepw IS-enepw BIm-i-Ønepw \sΩ tamln-∏n-°p∂

hnkva-b-ß-fn-te°p IÆpw ImXpw a\pw Xpd-°m≥ Gsd CjvS-am-W-t√m.

tamln-X-w F∂ Ggm-asØ bqWn-‰v e£yw hbv°p-∂Xv AXmWv.

Aºn-fnbpw \nemhpw Ipń-Iƒ°v Gsd IuXpIw P\n-∏n-°p∂ BIm-i-hnkvab-

ßfm-Wv. Ipń-°m-eØv am\-tØ°p hnc¬Nq≠n Aºn-fn-am-a-s\ -Im-Wn-®p-

sIm-Sp-°mØ AΩ-am-cp-≠m-hn-√. Ihn-Iƒ°pw ]nb-¶-c-amWv Aºn-fn. FXtbm

Aºn-fn-°-hn-X-Iƒ \mw sNm√n Bkz-Zn-®n-´p-≠v. \nem-hns\ hnfn®v IuXp-I-

°-Æp-I-fp-ambn \n¬°p∂ Ipń-bpsS ASp-tØ°p hcm≥ ]d-bp-I-bmWv \nem-

hn-t\mSv F∂ Ihn-X-bn¬ Ihn sNøp-∂-Xv.

]Ir-Xn-bnse as‰mcp hnkvabamWv ]qºm-‰-Iƒ. ]e-h¿W-°p-∏m-b-ß-fp-ambn

]mdn-∏-d-°p∂ ]qºm-‰-I-sf-°≠v AΩ-bpsS H°-Øn-cn-°p∂ Ipń mh-\m-]q¿W-

amb tNmZy-ßƒ D∂-bn-°p-I-bmWv alm-I-hn -Ip-am-c-\m-ims‚ Ipńbpw X≈bpw

F∂ Ihn-X-bn¬. ae-bm-f-Ønse Gsd it≤-bhpw \nXy-l-cn-X-hp-amb _me-

I-hn-X-bm-Wn-Xv.

]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb hnkva-b-ßƒt]mseØs∂ a\p-jy-\n¿an-X-ß-fm-b-hbpw

\sΩ Gsd AZv`p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. temIm-Zv`p-X-ßƒ t]mse temI-Øns‚

]e-`m-K-ß-fn-embn \ne-sIm-≈p∂ a\p-jy-\n¿anXamb alm-ku-[-ßƒ Gsd-

bp≠v. Ah-bn-sem-∂mWv \ΩpsS Xe-ÿm-\-\-K-cn-bnep≈ IpØ-∫v ao-\m¿.

7

tamlnXw


IpØ∫vao\m¿ kµ¿in-®-Xns‚ kva-c-W-I-fmWv -t\m-h-enÃpw k©m-c-kmlnXy-

Im-c-\p-amb Fkv. sI. s]ms‰-°m-ńs‚ KZy-]mTw. bmXm-\p-`-h-ßƒ hmbn-

°m\pw bmX-tbmSv Xm¬∏-cy-ap-≠m-°m\pw Cu ]mTw ]tNm-Z-\-am-hpw. A¤p-

X-ß-fpsS s]mcpƒtX-Sn-bp-≈ At\z-j-W-ßfpw bmX-I-fp-amWv a\p-jys\

]e- ]p-Xnb I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ß-fn-te°pw Adn-hp-I-fn-te°pw sIms≠Øn-®n-´p-

≈Xv Ft∂m¿t°-≠-Xm-Wv. ]]-©-hn-kva-b-ßƒ°p-ap-∂n¬ AZv`p-Xm-Z-c-ß-

tfmsS \n¬°m\pw Ah-tbmSv k¿Km-fl-Ihpw `mh-\m-fl-I-hp-ambn ]Xn-I-cn-

°m\pw Cu bqWn-‰nse ]mT-ßƒ klm-bn-°pw.

]th-i-Iw

-I-hnbpw Km\-c-N-bn-Xm-hp-am-bn-cp∂ ]n. `mkvI-c≥ cNn® Hcp kn\n-am-Km-\-

Ønse BZy-h-cn-I-fmWv ChnsS ]th-i-I-ambn \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

\mgn-bp-cn-∏m-ep-sIm≠v

\mSmsI IeymWw

\me-©p-Xpº sIm≠v

am\-sØm-cp-s]m-t∂mWw

Cu hcn-Iƒ Ipń-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn sNm√-s´. XpS¿∂v Ipń-Iƒ°v

CuWØn¬ ]mSn-s°m-Sp-°-pItbm Cu ]m´v tIƒ∏n-°pItbm sNømw. (cmcn-

®≥ F∂ ]uc≥ F∂ kn\n-a-bn-te-XmWv Cu Km\w) hcn-I-fnse \mS≥ ]Z-

]-tbm-K-ßƒ, Bibw F∂n-h-bn-te°p \bn-°p∂ eLp-tNm-Zy-ßƒ tNmZn-

°-Ww.

$ \mgn-bp-cn-∏mev F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv GXn-s\--bmWv?

$ am\-Øp≈ Xpº-s®-Sn-Iƒ F¥mWv?

\nem-hv s]m-gn-°p∂ Nµ\pw an∂n-Øn-f-ßp∂ \£-X-ßfpw tN¿∂ BIm-

isØ°pdn-®mWv Cu hcn-I-sf∂p Is≠-Øm≥ Ipń-Iƒ°p Ign-b-Ww.

]mńs‚ XpS¿∂p≈ hcn-Iƒ

a™ns‚ X´-an´v

Nµ≥ tate......

kpdp-a-bm¬ IÆ-gpXn

Xmc-Iƒ \osf

X≥ho-ń¬ ]Sn-™mdv

sNs¥ßn≥ Ipe-shń I√ym-W-ho-ń-em-tcm..

Hcp ap-√-∏-¥ep sIń

CXp-t]mse FX-sbX hnkva-b-ß-fmWv \ap-°p- Np-‰p-ap-≈Xv? ]d-™p-t\m°q

F∂p \n¿tZ-in -°mw. CXp-t]m-se-bp≈ hnkva-b-°m-gvN-I-fmWv Cu

bqWn‰nep≈sX∂pw Ch-bn¬ G‰hpw hnkva-b-ap-≠m-°p∂ Hcp ImgvN h¿Wn-

°p∂ Ihn-X-bn-te°p IS°mw F∂pw kqNn-∏n®v \nem-hn-t\mSv F∂ Ihn-X-

bn-te°p hcmw.

167So®

¿sSI

vÃv

Ãm≥

tU

¿U

v -˛ 4

tamlnXw

bqWn‰v s^bnw tamlnXw


$ \sΩ hnkvabn-∏n-°p∂ \nc-h[n A\p-`-h-ßƒ \nd-™-XmWv Cu ]Ir-Xnbpw ]]-©-hpw.

$ BImi hnkva -b -ß-fn¬ GsdBI¿j-I-amWv Aºn-fn.

$ BImi Zriy-ß-ƒ \sΩ F°m-ehpwAZv`p-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

$ BImiØnse AZv`p-X-ßƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ \nc-h[n Ihn-X-Iƒ D≠v.

$ \ap°p Np‰p-ap≈ hnkvabw \nd™A\p-`-h-ßsf ASp-Ø-dn-bp-∂-Xn\pbmX-Iƒ klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p.

$ C¥y-bnse Ncn - X - ] -kn -≤-ambkvamcI-amWv IpØ∫v ao\m¿.

$ IhnX CuW-Øn¬ sNm√n ckn-°p-Ibpw Bi-bw Is≠-Øp-Ibpw]Z]tbm-K-`wKn XpS-ßn-bh Bkz-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

$ Ihn-X-bnse ]tbm-K-`wKn hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.

$ Ihn-X-bnse Bi-bsØ as‰mcp Ihn-X-bnse Bi-b-hp-ambn Xmc-XaywsNøp-∂p.

$ kam-\-I-hn-X-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v H‰bv°pwIq´mbpw sNm√n ckn-°p-∂p.

$ kam-\m-i-b-ap≈ IhnX kz¥-ambncNn-°p-∂p.

$ Ihn-X-bnse Bi-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ÍS-¶-Y-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂p.

$ ]mTw hmbn®v Bi-bw, BJym-\-co-Xn,khn-tij ]tbm-K-ßƒ F∂nh hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.

$ ]mTw D®m-cWip≤n-tbmsS hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ DNn-X-amb Nn”-ßƒ tN¿Øp hcn-Iƒam‰n-sb-gp-Xp-∂p.

$ ]]©hnkva-b-ßƒ Bkz-Zn°p-∂p.Ah-tbmSv BZ-chv ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.Ah-sb°p-dn®v eLp-hn-h-c-ßƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂p. N¿®-I-fn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ CuWw, Xmfw F∂nh ]men®v, `mhm-fl-I-ambn IhnX sNm√p-∂p.

$ \n¿tZ-in-°-s∏´ Bi-b-ap≈ IhnXcNn-°p-∂p.

$ Hcp Ihn-X-bnse Bi-bsØ kam-\-I-hn-X-bnse Bi-b-hp-ambn Xmc-XaywsNbvXp Ipdn∏m°p∂p.

$ C¥y-bnse G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ NcnXkvamc-I-amb IpØ-_van-\m-dns‚ khn-ti-jX-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™v cN-\-Iƒ\n¿h-ln-°p∂p

$ bmXm-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ Xbm-dm°n Ah-X-cn∏n-°p∂p.

$ cN-\-I-fn¬ DNn-X-amb Nn”-ßƒtN¿°p∂p.

$ ]IrXn Zriy-ßƒ a‰pImgvNIƒF∂nh h¿Wns®-gp-Xp∂p.

168So®

¿sSI

vÃv

Ãm≥

tU

¿U

v -˛ 4

bqWn‰v s^bnw tamlnXw


$ A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]tbm-K-hn-ti-j-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw h¿W-\-I-fn-eq-sSbpw P\-Pohn-Xw, ]Ir-Xn-Zr-iy-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v t\c-\p-`hw P\n-∏n-°p∂ cN\-I-fmWv bmXm-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ.

$ ]Ir-Xn-bnse hnkva-bn-∏n-°p∂ kuµ-cym-\p-`-h-amWv ]qºm-‰.

$ IuXpIw \nd™ IÆp-I-tfm-sS-bmWvIpń-Iƒ ]qºm-‰-Isf t\m°p-∂-Xv.

$ ]qºm-‰-I-fpsS kuµcyw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ \nc-h[n Ihn-X-Iƒ D≠v.

$ h¿W\ Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.$ bmXm-hn-h-c-W-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.$ hnti-j-W-]-Z-ßƒ tN¿Øv hcn-Iƒ

]qcn-∏n-°p-∂p.$ Bibw, ]tbm-K-`w-Kn, CuWw, Xmfw

F∂nh Dƒs°m≠v IhnX CuW-Øn¬ sNm√n ckn-°p-∂p.

$ Ihn-X-bnse Bi-bsØ kw`m-j-W-cq-]-Øn¬ am‰n-sb-gp-Xp-∂p.

$ Ihn-X-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Ipdn∏vXbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ k¶¬∏n®v Fgp-Xm-\p≈ ]h¿Ø\wDNn-X-ambn Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ IS-em-kp-]q-ºm-‰-Isf \n¿an-°p-∂p.$ kw`m-jW cq]-Øn¬ IhnX sNm√n

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.


tamlnXw

\nem-hn-t\mSv ˛ ]mTm-]-K-Y\w

]fin‰v sI. ]n. Idp∏s‚ "_mtem-Zym\w' F∂ IrXn-bnse hcn-I-fm-Wn-h.

IuXpIw ]q≠ IÆpw a\-p-ambn am\-tØ°p t\m°n-\n¬°p∂ Ipń-bpsS

Nmc-tØ°v Aºn-fn-am-as‚ ]q\n-em-hns\ hnfn-°p-I-bmWv Ihn. ]n©p-ssI-

\oń Ip™v IuXp-I-tØmsS \nem-hns\ kzmKXw sNøp-∂p. Aºn-fn-tØcn¬

\n∂n-d-ßn hm F∂pw taL-am-Ip∂ B\-∏p-dØv Ibdn hm F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p-

≠v. qan-bn-en-dßn Ifn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ ]mepw ]ghpw ]qt¥\pw ]qhp-sa√mw

Xcm-sa∂v \nem-hn-t\mSp ]d-bp-∂p. hnÆn¬\n∂v Aºn-fn-s°m-®-Ωm-h≥ Xpº-

∏q-hnt\-°mƒ sh◊-bp≈ \nem-hm-Ip∂ Xqhm-e -sIm-Sp-Ø-b-°pw. ]q\n-emth

\o HmSn-hm, Hma-\-°p-™ns‚ ap∂n-te-°p hm F∂mWv Ihn kvt\l-]q¿hw

]-d-bp-∂-Xv. Ihn-X-bpsS hy‡n-KX hmb-\, kwL-hm-b\, `mhm-flI Ah-X-

cWw F∂n-h \mw i≤n-°p-a-t√m.

\nem-hn-t\mSv ˛ ]h¿Ø-\-hn-i-I-e\w

Is≠Ømw

Bi-b-K-l-W-Øn-\p≈ tNmZy-ßƒ°p Ipń-Iƒ Ihn-X-bn¬\n∂v DØcw

Is≠Øn kz¥w hmIy-Øn¬ ]d-bp-Ibpw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNø-s´.

$ Hma-\-°p-™ns‚ ap∂n-te-°mWv Ihn \nem-hns\ hnfn-°p-∂-Xv.

$ ]n©p-ssI- \oń IuXp-I-tØm-sS-bmWv ss]X¬ \nem-hns\ hnfn-°p∂Xv.

$ ]mepw ]ghpw Xcm-sa-∂mWv Ip™v ]d-bp-∂Xv

CXn-eqsS Bi-b-K-lWw ]q¿W-am-bn-´p-s≠∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww.

A¿Yw -I-s≠Ømw

Ihn-X-bn¬\n∂p≈ ]Z-ß-fpsS A¿Yw kµ¿`-Øn¬\n∂p-Xs∂ Ipń-Iƒ

Duln®p ]d-b-s´. Duln® A¿Yw icn-bmtWm F∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ A¿Y-

kq-NnI D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°pa-t√m.

]tbm-K- wKn

Ihn-Xbnse kpµc]tbm-K-ßƒ hni-Z-am-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv.

$ Aºn-fn-bm-Ip∂ tXcn¬ k©-cn-°p-I-bmWv \nemhv.

$ taL-am-Ip∂ B\-∏p-dØp Ibdnhcm\pw ]d-bp-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS.

$ Xpº-∏q-hns‚ shä-sbbpw tXm¬∏n-°p-∂-XmWv \nem-hns‚ wKn-sb∂pw

Ihn kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

FX -]-Z-ßƒ

]Zm-h-eo-t]m-j-W-Øn\p klm-bn-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-am-WnXv. Ihn-X-bnse Nne

][m-\-]-Z-ßƒ°p kam-\m¿Y-ap≈ IqSp-X¬ ]Z-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ Is≠Øn

Fgp-X-s´. ]cym-b-\n-L≠p CXn-\mbn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°m-hp∂-

Xm-Wv.


]Z-ßƒ Is≠Ømw

"]q' tN¿Øv IqSp-X¬ ]Z-ßƒ Is≠Øn Fgp-Xm\pw Ah -tN¿Øv kz¥w

hmIy-ßƒ Xbm-dm-°m\pw Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS km[n-°-Ww. AXn-\p≈

\n¿tZ-i-ßfpw DZm-l-c-W-ßfpw \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]qam-\w, ]q¶m-h-\w, ]qºp-e-cn, ]q¥-W¬, ]qssº-X¬, ]q¥n-¶ƒ

$ ]qam\w ]qØp-e-™p............

$ ]q¥n-¶ƒ am\Øv ]p©n-cn-®p.............

sNm√n ckn°mw

]¥fw tIc-f-h¿a, D≈q¿ Fkv.]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿, Ipam-c-\m-im≥ F∂n-h-cpsS

Aºn-fn-°-hn-X-I-fn¬\n∂p≈ `mK-ß-fmWv ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ sImSp-Øn-´p-

≈-Xv. IqSp-X¬ Aºn-fn-°-hn-X-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v sNm√n-c-kn-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw

Ipń-Iƒ°p e`n-°-Ww. XpS¿∂v Hcp Aºn-fn-°-hnX kz¥-ambn cNn-°m-\p≈

\n¿tZiw \¬Imw. Fgp-Xnb Ihn-X-Iƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°s´.-

]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Ønbpw kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ønbpw sa®-s∏-SpØn FgpXm≥

\n¿tZ-in-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww. Cu Ihn-X-Iƒ tN¿Øv Aºn-fn-°-hn-Xm-∏-Xn∏v

Xbm-dm-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]¥fw tIc-f-h¿a-bpsS Aºn-fn-A-Ωm-h-t\mSv F∂ IhnX ]q¿W-cq-]-Øn¬

Xmsg- tN¿°p-∂p.

Aºn-fn-b-Ωmhm Xncn™p \n˛

∂≥]n-t\m-sSm∂p sNm√q

Fßp-t]m-Ip-∂n-hÆw \o X\n˛

®ßp Rm\pw hct´m?

t\c-an-cp-ń-bt√m X\n-®tøm

t]Sn-bnt√ \S-∏m≥

Iqń-\mbv h∂nSmw Rm≥ \√ \√

]m´p-Iƒ ]mSnSmw Rm≥

Xmc-I-s∏ä-Wn-Iƒ \Sp-hn¬ \o

cmP-\mbv hmWn-Sp-tºmƒ

XmW-h-tcm-Sp-an-≠m≥ \n\-s°mcp

\mWam-Ip-∂-Xpt≠m?

sh≈n-Ø-fn-I-t]mse am\-Øp\o

an∂n-Øn-f-ßp-∂t√m

h√Xpw X∂n-Smtam hni-°p∂p

IqsS Rm\pw hct´m?

-˛ ]¥fw tIc-f-h¿a


tamlnXw

Aºn-fn-b-Ωm-h≥

Aºn-fn-b-Ωmhm! FhnsS \o

apºn¬ \nt∂m-Sn-Sp∂q?

cmXn acp-a-It\! \ap-°p≈

bmX-ap-S-°n-°qSm!

F¥n-s\-∂-Ωmhm! hcp∂p \o

b¥n-a-b-ßn-Sp-tºmƒ?

]mcn¬ acp-a-It\! ]c-s∏mcp

Iqcn-cpƒ \o°n-\n¿Øm≥

Cu hn[-a-Ωmhm ! Znh-khpw

t]mh-Xn¬ £oW-ant√?

GXpw acp-a-It\ ! ]Xn-hm-bm¬

sNbvXp sIm≈m-sa-fp∏w

hm\n-se-∂-Ωmhm ! ab-ßm-™m¬

Zo\w ]nSn-°-bnt√?

hm\n¬ acp-a-It\ ! \S-∏m¿°p

Zo\-a-ti-j-an-√.

\ns∂-sb-∂-Ωmhm! ]S-®-Xm¿

\n∂psS hm\n-s\bpw?

\ns∂ acp-a-It\! ]S-®-h≥

\n∂psS `qan-sbbpw!

˛ D≈q¿ Fkv. ]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿

Xmc-Xayw sNømw"Aºn-fn-Nn-cn-°pw am\Øv

Xpº Nncn°pw XmgØv' F∂ hcn-Ifpw

"Xpº-∏q-I-≠n´v Xp√p-sNm√pw

Xqhm-e-bnßp sImSp-Ø-b°pw' F∂ hcn-Ifpw

Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I-bmWv th≠Xv

Aºnfn am\Øp Nncn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Xpº-∏q- Xm-gØp Nncn-®p-\n¬°p∂p

F∂v BZysØ hcn-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]mT-Ønse hcn-I-fn¬ \nem-

hns‚ `wKn Xpº-∏q-hns‚ shäsbt∏mepw tXm¬∏n°p-∂-Xm-bn-´mWv Ihn

]d-bp-∂-Xv. Cu Bibw ]I-S-am-°p∂ coXn-bn-emWv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xv.

CXn-\p≈ kqN-\-Ifpw \n¿tZi-ßfpw \¬In-thWw Ipdn-∏n-te°p Ipń-Isf

\bn-°m≥.


IS-¶Y-Iƒ tiJ-cn°mwBIm-iw, Aºnfn F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ IS-¶-Y-Iƒ tiJcn-°m≥ \n¿tZ-

in-°-Ww. IS-¶-Y-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°m≥ amX-a√ kz¥-ambn \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\pw

Ah-kcw \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ Npcp-ń-bmepw Npcp-ń-bmepw XocmØ ]mb.

$ Acapdn∏pń\v Bbncw apdn tXß.

IpØ-∫v ao\m¿ ˛ ]mTm-]-K-Y\w

ae-bm-f-Ønse ]apJ-\mb IYm-Im-c-\pw t\mh-enÃpw k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-

\p-amb Fkv. sI. s]ms‰-°m-ńs‚ bmXm-kva-c-W-Iƒ F∂ IrXn-bn¬ \ns∂-

SpØ `mK-amWv IpØ-∫v ao\m¿ F∂ ]mT`mKw. ]pcm-X\ C¥y-bn¬ \n¿an-

°-s∏´ Ncn-X-]m-[m-\y-ap≈ B tKm]p-cw- kµ¿in® A\p-`hw efn-X-kp-µ-c-

ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv teJ-I≥ sNøp-∂-Xv.

IpØ-∫v ao\m¿ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Z¬ln-bpsS ]cn-k-c-]-tZ-i-Øns‚

khntijX-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠mWv hnh-cWw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. IpØ-

∫v ao-\m-dns‚ apI-fn¬\n∂p≈ ImgvN-Iƒ, bap-\m-\-Zn, sshtkmbn aµn-cw,

Akw-ªn-s°-ń-S-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS hnZq-c-Zr-iy-h¿W-\-Iƒ IuXp-I-I-c-am-

Wv. B›cyNn”w-t]m-se-bp≈ tKm]p-c-ir-wKw, tKm]p-c-Øns‚ ap‰sØ

]qt¥m´w, sImØn-h-®n-cn-°p∂ Jpdm≥ hmIy-ßƒ, tKm]p-c-Øns‚ Db-cw,

]S-hp-Iƒ, CS-bv°p≈ X´p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-°p-dn-s®√mw hni-Z-ambn teJ-

I≥ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v. tKm]p-c-Øns‚ \n¿am-W-Øn\p t\XrXzw sImSpØ

cmPm-°-∑m¿, Znh-khpw Cu Ncn-X-kvam-cIw ImWm-\m-sb-Øp∂ \qdp-I-W-

°n\p P\-ßƒ F∂nh ChnsS hnh-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-\n¿an-X-ß-fmb CØcw

hnkva-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v IqSp-X-e-dn-bm\pw Ah kµ¿in-°m-\p≈ BKlw P\n-

∏n-°m\pw bmXm-hn-h-c-W-K-Ÿ-ßƒ hmbn--°m-\p≈ Xm¬∏cyw hf¿Øm\pw

Cu ]mTw Gsd ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-b-Ww.

IpØ-∫v ao\m¿ ˛ ]h¿Ø-\-hn-i-I-e\w

Is≠ØmwBi-b-K-l-W-Øn-\p≈ tNmZy-ßƒ°p Ipń-Iƒ ]mT-Øn¬\n∂v DØcw

Is≠Øn ]d-bs´. XpS¿∂v DØ-c-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-Ø-bm-dm-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°Ww.

IpØ-∫v ao\m-dns‚ apI-fn¬\n∂p≈ kz]v\-Xp-ey-amb ImgvN-Iƒ.

$ sNdp-]m-Wn-I-sf-t∏mse Bfp-Iƒ

$ IpØn-h-c® tcJ-Iƒt]m-se -cm-P-]m-X-Iƒ

$ sh≈n-b-c-™m¨ t]mse shń-Øn-f-ßp∂ bap-\m-\Zn

$ aÆ∏w D≠m-°n-h-®-Xp-t]mse sshtkmbnaµn-c-Øn-s‚bpw Akwªn-

s°-ń-S-ß-fp-sSbpw Ipw`-tKm-]p-c-ßƒ


tamlnXw

IpØ-∫v ao\m-dns‚ apIƒ`m-K-tØ°p Ib-dp-tºmƒ A\p-`-hn-t°≠n

hcp∂ ]bm-k-ßƒ

$ BsI 379 ]S-hp-Iƒ

$ ta¬t∏m´v sN√p-t¥mdpw ]S-hp-I-fpsS hoXn Npcp-ßp-∂p.

$ Iptd apI-fn-te-°p- sN-√p-tºmƒ shfn-®-an-√msX Ccp-ń¬ CSp-ßnb

I¬∏-S-hp-I-fn¬ X∏n-Ø-S-tb-≠n-h-cp-∂p.

$ apI-fn¬\n-∂n-d-ßp∂ kµ¿i-I-cp-ambn Iqń-ap-ń-t∏m-Ip-∂p.

IpØ∫v ao-\m¿ kµ¿in-°m≥ hcp∂ Hcmƒ G‰hpw Db-cw-Iq-Snb Hcp

tKm]pcw kµ¿in-°pI amX-a√ sNøp-∂Xv

IpØ-∫v ao\m¿ ]I-cp∂ Zriym-\p- hw a\-n¬\n∂v Hcn-°epw ambv°m≥

Ign-bm-Ø-Xm-Wv. \ΩpsS Ncn-X-kva-c-W-I-fn-te°p k©-cn-°m\p≈

kµ¿`w IqSn-bmWv CsX-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv teJ-I≥ Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

A¿Yw Is≠Ømw]mT-`m-K-tØm-sSm∏w ]pXnb ]Z-ßƒ t_m¿Un¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Ch-

bpsS D®m-c-Ww, teJ-\w, A¿Yw F∂nh Ipń-Iƒ°p t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

thWw. ]pXnb ]Z-ß-fpsS A¿Yw Duln-®p-]-d-bm≥ Ipń-I-tfmSv Bh-iy-

s∏Smw. Duln® A¿Yw icn-bmtWm F∂v A¿Y-kq-Nn-I -t\m°n Is≠-

Øs´.

Nn”w tN¿sØ-gpXmwsImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Nn”-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Ah D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kµ¿ -

ßƒ a\-n-em-°m\pw Ipń-Iƒ°v BZyw Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww. ]mT-`mKsØ

hmIy-ßfpw a‰p hmIy-ßfpw CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. X∂n- p≈ IYm- mKØv

DNn-X-amb Nn”w tN¿°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww. Ipń-Iƒ tN¿°p∂ Nn”-ßƒ

IrXy-ambn ]cn-tim-[n®v DNn-X-amb Nn”-ßƒ GXm-sW∂v Ahsc t_m[y-

s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hm-bn-Øs∂ Cu Nnlv\\-]-Inb, F√m-

hcpsSbpw ]h¿Ø\w ]cn-tim-[n--®-tijw, So®¿°p sNbvXp-Im-Wn-°m-hp-∂-

XmWv.

Hcn-°¬ ]m°-\mcpw `mcybpw apf-sh-´p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp henb apf shń-b-

t∏mƒ AXn-\-IsØt¥m Inep-ßp∂p s]s´∂v ]m°-\m-cpsS `mcy ]d™p:

""t\m°q, AsX-¥mWv?'' ]m°-\m¿ i≤n-°p-∂n-s√∂p I≠v mcy AXn\SpØp

sN∂p. Ah¿ sRń-t∏mbn. apf-¶p‰n \ndsb kz¿W-\m-W-b-ßƒ!


hnh-cWw Xbm-dm°mw

Hcp ImgvNbpsS A\p-`-h- hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°p-hm-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.

Xs‚ Hm¿abn-ep≈ kz]v\-Xp-ey-amb Hcp ImgvN h¿Wn-®p-sIm≠v kwkm-cn-

°m≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw \¬IWw. B Ah-X-c-W-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-

Iƒ N¿®-bn-eqsS t_m[y-s∏-S-Ww. ]n∂oSv AXns\ h¿Wn-s®-gp-Xm≥ ]d-b-

Ww.-X-bm-dm-°nb hnh-c-W-ßƒ hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

]Inbbbv°ptijw sa®-s∏-SpØn Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNøm≥ \n¿tZin-°-Ww.

So®dpw kµ¿`m-\p-k-cWw ImgvN-b-\p-`hw hnh-cn-°Ww.

]tbm-K- wKnbmXm-\p-`-h-Ønse khn-ti-j-amb ImgvN-Iƒ h¿Wn-°p-∂-Xn\p teJ-I≥

D]-tbm-Kn® khn-tij ]tbm-K-ßƒ Is≠-Øm-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.

CXn-\mbn ]mT`mKw ho≠pw hmbn-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww. CØcw ]tbm-K-

ßƒ hmb-\m-th-f-bn¬Øs∂ ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´.

kz¿W-Ø-fnI

aÆ∏w D≠m-°n-h-®-t]mse

sNdp-]m-Wn-Iƒt]mse

B›-cy-Nn-”w-t]mse

IpØ-∫v ao-\m-dns‚ apI-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnZq-c-Zr-iy-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv bap-\m-

\Zn sh≈n-b-c-™m-Wp-t]m-se-sb∂v teJ-I\p tXm∂p-∂-Xv.

]Z-ßƒ Is≠Ømw

"ae¿' F∂ ]Zw hnti-j-W-ambnhcp∂ IqSp-X¬ hm°p-Iƒ Ipń-Iƒ Is≠Øn

Fgp-Xs´. Ah-bp]tbm-Kn®v ]pXnb hmIy-ßƒ \n¿an-°m\pw \n¿tZiw

\¬IWw.

ae¿a-Ww, ae¿am-e, ae¿s∏mSn ae¿sa-Ø, ae¿hm-Sn

$ ae¿aWw Fßpw ]c∂p

$ ae¿am-e- NqSn Ahƒ h∂p

bmX-bv°p-apºv

kvIqfn¬ \n∂p≈ ]T-\-bm-Xbv°v Fs¥ms° Hcp-°-ß-fmWv \S-tØ-≠Xv?

¢mkn-semcp N¿®-bm-hmw. Ipń-Iƒ kzX-¥-ambn ]Xn-I-cn-°-s´.

$ t]mtI≠ ÿew \n›-bn-°¬

$ bmX-bpsS XobXn Xocp-am\n-°¬

$ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-h¿°p≈ Adn-bn∏v \¬I¬


tamlnXw

$ hml\w G¿s∏Sp-Ø¬

$ Bh-iy-amb km[\˛kma-Kn-Iƒ Hcp-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°¬

$ c£n-Xm-hns‚ kΩ-X-]Xw hmß¬

$ t]mIp∂ ÿe-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°¬.

hmIy-ßƒ Is≠Ømw

h¿W-\m-]-c-amb hmIy-ßƒ ]mT-Øn¬\n∂pw Is≠Øn Fgp-Xm-\p≈

]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. CXn-\mbn ]mTw ho≠pw hmbn-∏n-°p-Ibpw hmIy-ßƒ

Is≠Øn Fgp-Xm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°p-I-bpw sNø-Ww.

$ Bfp-Iƒ sNdp-]m-Wn-I-sf-t∏mse.

$ IpØn-h-c® tcJ-Iƒt]mse cmP-]m-X-Iƒ

$ sh≈n-b-c-™m¨t]mse bap-\m-\Zn

$ B›-cy-Nn-”w-t]mse tKm]p-c-irwKw

bmXm-hn-h-cWw Xbm-dm°mw

Ipń-Iƒ Ah-cpsS bmXbp-ambn _‘-s∏-´ -Im-cy-ßƒ kqN-\-Iƒt]mse

Ipdn-®p-hbv°s´. XpS¿∂v Cu kqN-\-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n®p Ia-s∏-SpØn hnh-c-W-

am-°n-am-‰m-\p≈ \n¿tZiw \¬Imw. So®¿ Xs‚ Hcp bmXm-\p-`hw Fgp-Xn-Ø-

bm-dm°n hmbn-°Ww.

$ bm-X-t]mb ÿe-ßƒ

$ bmX-]p-d-s∏´ kabw

$ Xncn-s®-Ønb kabw

$ kµ¿in® ÿe-sØ-°p-dn--®p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ, a\p-jy¿, q]-Ir-Xn, a‰p ]tXy-

I-X-Iƒ

$ BI¿jn® ImgvN-Iƒ, A\p-`-h-ßƒ

Cu kqN-\-Isf \√ -Xp-S-°w, DNn-X-amb `mj, Jfin-Im-I-c-Ww, BibIao-

I-cWw F∂nh ]men®v Fgp-Xm≥ \n¿tZin-°Ww. XpS¿∂v Ah-X-c-Whpw

hne-bn-cp-Øepw \S-Ø-Ww. sSIvÃv _p°n-ep≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ t^m¿am‰v

D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww.

hnti-jn-∏n°mw

amXr-I-bmbn \¬In-bn-´p≈ hnti-jW ]Z-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ°p ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-

Øp-Ibpw hnti-j-W-]Zw tN¿°p-tºmƒ XpS¿∂p hcp∂ hm°n-\p-≠m-Ip∂

am‰w t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNø-Ww. ]n∂oSv he-b-Øn¬\n∂v DNn-X-amb


hnti-j-W-ßƒ tN¿Øv Ipń-Iƒ ]h¿Ø\w kzbw ]q¿Øn-bm-°-s´. \ma-

hn-ti-jWw, Inbm-hn-ti-jWw F∂nh i≤-bn¬s∏-SpØmw.

Nph∂ ]qhv

sXfn™ sh≈w

saen™ icocw

]gpØ amß

]Xps° \S∂p

D®-Øn¬ ]d™p

Ipńbpw X≈bpw ˛ ]mTm-]-K-Y\w

alm-Ihn Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ "]pjv]-hmSn' F∂ IrXn-bn¬\n∂p-sa-SpØ ]kn-

≤-amb _me Ihn-X-bmWv "Ipńbpw X≈-bpw'. ]qh-≈n-I-fn¬\n∂v ]d-∂p-

bcp∂ ]e-h¿W-∏q-ºm-‰-Isf IuXp-I-tØmsS t\m°n-s°m≠v h≈n-bn¬

\n∂nXm ]q°ƒ ]d-∂p-t]m-Ip∂p F∂mWv AΩ-tbmSv Ipń ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

\n\°p sX‰n-sb∂pw AXp ]qºm-‰-I-fm-sW∂pw AΩ ]d-bp-tºmƒ AhbpsS

IqsS ]mdn-∏-d∂p Ifn-°m≥ F\n°p Nnd-Ip-Iƒ C√t√m F∂p Ipń k¶-S-

s∏Sp-∂p. sNøm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v ZpxJn-°p-I-b√ th≠-sX∂pw a‰p-

≈-h¿°n-√mØ Ign-hp-Iƒ \ap-°p-s≠∂pw AΩ Ip™ns\ [cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

Ipń°p ]n® \S-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p≠v; F∂m¬ ]n®-I-Øn-\Xp Ign-bn-√t√m

F∂v AΩ Iqń-t®¿°p-∂p. F¥p-sIm-≠m-Wn-ß-s\-sb∂p ]d-™p-X-∂m¬

AΩbv°v Xms\m-cpΩ sImSp°m-sa∂p Ipń ]d-bp-tºmƒ `qan-bnse CØcw

Imcy-ß-sf√mw ssZh-\n›-b-am-sW∂v AΩ kam-[m-\n-∏n-°p-∂p. _me`mh-\-

bpsS kl-P-amb IuXpI-°-Æp-Ifpw BK-l-ß-fp-amWv Cu Ihn-X-bn¬

\nd™p \n¬°p-∂-Xv.

Ipńbpw X≈bpw ˛ ]h¿Ø-\-hn-i-I-e\w

Is≠Ømw

IhnX CuW-Ønepw Xmf-Ønepw sNm√n Bkz-Zn-°p-tºmƒØs∂ Ffp-∏-

Øn¬ Bi-b-K-lWw km[n-°p∂ emfn-Xy-am¿∂ Ihn-X-bm-Wn-Xv. AXp-

sIm≠p-Xs∂ Cu tNmZy-ßƒ°pØcw \¬Im≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ffp-∏-Øn¬

km[n-°pw.

$ ]qºm-‰-Isf ... ]d-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ ]q°-fmbn tXm∂p-∂p.

$ ]d-°m≥ Ign-bn-√t√m Ft∂m¿Øp ZpxJn-°p∂p.

$ Ipń ]n® \S-°p-∂p, ]n®-I-Øn-\Xp Ign-bp-∂n-√.

$ F√mw ssZh-\n-›-b-am-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂p.


tamlnXw

A¿Yw Is≠Ømw

\¬In-bn-´p≈ ]Z-ß-fpsS A¿Yw kµ¿`-Øn¬\n∂v Ipń-Iƒ Duln®p ]d-b-

s´. ]n∂oSv A¿Y-kq-NnI t\m°n Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw Fgp-Xn-Ø-bm-dm-°p-Ibpw

sNøs´.

Bibw hcp∂ hcn-Iƒ

So®¿ \¬Ip∂ kqN-\-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn-®p≈ hcn-Iƒ (AtX Bibw hcp∂

hcn-Iƒ) Ihn-X-bn¬\n∂p Is≠Øn sNm√m-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-am-WnXv.

$ Cu h√n-bn¬ ............................. ]d-∂tΩ

$ Bhm-Ø-Xn-ßs\ ............................. Ft∂m-a-ep-Æo.

$ \man-ß-dn-bp-h-X¬∏w ............................. ssZh-k-¶¬∏w

]Icw ]Z-ßƒ

`wKn, ]qºm-‰, h√n F∂o ]Z-ßƒ°p-]-Icw kam-\m¿Y-ap≈ ]Z-ßƒ

Is≠Øn Fgp-Xp-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. BZyw Ipń-Iƒ kzbw Is≠Øn ]d-

bs´. ]n∂oSv kam-\m¿Y-kq-Nn-I-bpsS klmbw tXSm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

kw`m-jWw FgpXmw

Ihn-X-bnse Bi-bsØ AΩbpw Ipńbpw XΩn-ep≈ kw`m-j-W-am°n am‰n-

sb-gp-Xp-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. Ihn-X-bnse hcn-Isf kz¥w hmIy-Øn-em-°n-bn-

´mWv kw`m-j-W-Øn¬ ]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xv. Ipń-bpsS IuXp-Ihpw BÀm-Zhpw

k¶-S-hp-sa√mw hm°p-I-fn¬ [z\n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ignbpwhn[-Øn¬ DNn-X-amb mj-

bn¬ Fgp-Xm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww.

ImcWw Is≠Ømw

]qºm-‰-sb-°m-Wp-tºmƒ Ipń hnkva-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ImcWw F¥m-hm-sa∂

tNmZy-Øn-\p-Ø-c-amWv Is≠-tØ-≠-Xv. ]d∂p t]mIp∂ ]q°-fm-bn- mWv Ipń

]qºm-‰-Isf ImWp-∂-Xv. ta¬°p-ta¬ F∂ \ne-bn¬ s]mßn-∏-d-°p∂ ]e-

h¿W-ß-fmWv Ipńsb hnkva-bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

Ipdn-s∏-gpXmw

]mT-Ønse Bi-bhpw X∂n-´p≈ sNdp-I-hn-X-bnse Bi-bhpw Xmc-X-ay-

s∏SpØn Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. ]q°fpw ]qºm-‰-Ifpw XΩn¬

Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bmsX ]q°ƒ ]d∂p t]mIp∂p F∂p ]d-bp∂ Ipń-bmWv

]mT-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. ]qhn-en-cp∂p ]qt¥-\p-Æp∂ ]qºm‰ ]qhn-X-fp-t]m-se-Ø-

s∂-bm-Ip-∂p F∂pw ]qhns‚ ]nb-s∏-´-h-\m-bn-am-dp∂p F∂p-amWv X∂n-´p≈

sNdp-I-hn-X-bn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. C°m-cy-ß-fmWv Ipń Fgp-Xp∂ Ipdn-∏n¬

htc-≠-Xv. CXn-te°p \bn-°p∂ tNmZy-ßfpw N¿®bpw ¢mkn¬ \S-°-Ww.


k¶¬∏n-s®-gpXmw"\nßƒ°pw Nnd-Ip-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶ntem' F∂v km¶¬∏n-I-ambn Nn¥n®v FgpXn-

Ø-bm-dm-°m-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. Ipń-Iƒ°p ]cn-]q¿W-kz-X-¥-cmbn

CjvSm-\p-k-cWw Nn¥n-°m\pw k¶-¬∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ km[yX \¬Im-hp-∂-

XmWv. ]n∂oSv Fs¥ms° sNøp-am-bn-cp∂p F∂ Imcy-ßƒ Ipdn-®p-h-®v, Ia-

s∏-Sp-Øn, DNn-X-amb coXn-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-Ø-bm-dm-°m≥ \n¿tZin-°-Ww. So®¿

Hcp km¶¬∏n-I-Nn¥ Ah-X-cn-∏n®p tIƒ∏n-°p-I-bp-am-hmw.

sNm√n ckn°mwIhnX Ipńbpw AΩbpw XΩn¬ kwkm-cn-°p∂ cq]-Øn¬ c≠p-t]¿ tN¿∂p

sNm√n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. CXn-\mbn ¢mknse Ipń-Isf c≠p-

t]¿ hoX-ap≈ Iq´-ambn Xncn-°-Ww. ]n∂oSv Ch¿°p Xbm-sd-Sp-∏n-\p≈

kabw \¬I-Ww. XpS¿∂v Ah-X-c-W-am-hmw. anI® Ah-X-c-W-ßƒ Is≠Øn

t]m’m-ln-∏n-°-Ww. Fs¥ms° Imcy-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.

$ `mhm-fl-I-amb Ah-X-cWw

$ D®m-c-W-ip-≤nbp≈, hy‡-amb Bem-]\w

$ CuWw, Xmfw, Bi-b-hy-‡X

$ AwK-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ tbmPn∏v

]qºm-‰sb D≠m°mwIem-]-T-\sØ mjm-]-T-\-Øns‚ mK-am-°m-\p≈ as‰mcp ]h¿Ø-\-am-WnXv.

h¿W-°-S-em-kp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Ipń-Iƒ°-dn-bm-hp∂ t]mse hyXykvX coXn-

bn¬ ]qºm-‰-Isf \n¿an-°-s´. ¢mkn¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°-s´.

Ihn-X-Iƒ ]qcn-∏n°mwXmsg tN¿Ø ]qºm-‰-°-hn-X-Iƒ DNn-X-amb coXn-bn¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ \n¿tZ-

in°mw

$ ]qºmt‰ \osb-tßm´m

Nncn-Xq-In-s°m-s≠-tßm´m

˛ -˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛

˛ -˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛

$ ]qºm‰ ]mdn-∏-d∂p h∂p

]qºm‰ ]qhn≥ta¬ sN∂n-cp-∂p

˛ -˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛

˛ -˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛


tamlnXw

"F¥n\m Cßs\ Hcp \o≠ aq°v'

\n\°v F¥n\m Cßs\ \os≠mcp aq°v? Ac-bn¬ ssIbpw IpØn\n∂v

Ipń B\-bpsS Xpºnss° ASn-apSn ]cn-tim-[n-®p. B\ tI´ `mhw ImWn-

®n√. henb sNhnbpw Bń-s°m≠v H∂pw an≠msX ]\-º-´bpw Xn∂-ßs\

\n∂p.

""\o tIńtey Rm≥ tNmZn-®Xv? F\n-s°ms° sNdnb aq°m-W-t√m.''

""\ns‚ ssIbpw Imepw Hs° sNdp-Xt√? \n\°v F‚X hep∏wt≠m?''

B\ kam-[m-\n-∏n-®p. ]ns∂ Hc¬∏w Ifn-bm°n Xpºnss°sIm≠v Ah-

fpsS Xe XShn ]d™p: ""AtXbv, sNdnb Iptýmfv Ifhv ]d-bp-sºmgm

aq°v \o≠v \o≠v hczm. ]nt\m-Jn-tbm-hns‚ IY \o hmbn-®n-ńt√?''

""Ipdp-º-\m-t\, \osbs∂ Ifn-bm-°-≠, t´m. Ifhp ]d-bm-sdm∂pw Cey

Rm≥, AXp-t]m-s´, s\mW ]d-™n-´mtWm \ns‚ aq°n-ßs\ hep-Xm-bXv?''

""At√-b-√. AXn\v CXp shdpw aq°v amX-a-√-t√m. Fs‚ aq°pw ta¬®p≠pw

IqSn-t®¿∂p-≠m-b-Xm-Wv. hnfn-°vWXv Xpºn"ss°' F∂pw. ssIbnt‚w

aq°nt‚w Np≠nt‚w tPmen-I-sfms° CXp sNøvWv≠v.''

""AsX-ßs\?'' Ipń AZv`p-X-s∏-´p.

""\nßƒ ssIsIm≠v sNøvW ]e tPmen-Ifpw Rßƒ Xpºnss°sIm≠v

sNøp-∂p-≠v. henb ac-Ø-Sn-sb-SpØp am‰m\pw Cu Xpºnss° Xs∂.

Fs‚bo \o≠ aq°ns‚ A‰w \o t\m°ntbm?''

""A‰w I≠m¬ Np≠pt]msetbm hncept]msetbm Hs°-bp≠v.'' Ipń Xpºn-

ss°-bpsS A‰w sas√ s]m°n t\m°n.

""Cu A‰wsIm≠v Hcp sNdnb kpNow IqSn FSpØp am‰m-s\-\n°p Ignbpw.''

""Hm, hoºp-]-d-tb-≠. F∂n-s´t¥ Xø¬°m-c≥ kqNn-sIm≠v \ns∂ IpØo∂v

]tdW ItY-ev, \obm kqNn Xncn-®p-]n-Sn®v hmßm-™Xv?''

""Hm, AXp s]s´-∂m-b-Xp-sIm-≠m. F¥m-bmepw ]Icw Xø¬°m-cs\ Ipfn-

∏n®p hn´Xv Hm¿a-bpt≠m? AXn-\mbn sh≈w Hfn-∏n®p kq£n®ph®Xpw

Xpºn-ss°-bn¬Øs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂ns√? sh≈-sa-SpØp Ipfn-°m\pw Blm-

c-sa-SpØp hmbn¬ hbv°m\pw F√mw Xpºnss° Xs∂.''

""\o sh≈w IpSn-°-WXpw Xpºnss°sIm≠m-Wt√m? Rß-sfms°

kvtSmsIm≠v k¿_Øv hen®pIpSn-°Wt]mse.''

""Xpºn-ss°-sIm≠v sh≈w hen-s®-Sp-°pI amtX sNøp-≈q. F∂n-´Xp

hmbn-sem-gn-°p-IbmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. Xpºnss° Fs‚ aq°pw-Iq-Sn-b-t√.

aq°neqsS Bsc-¶nepw sh≈w IpSnt°ym?''

""Hm Rm\Xp adt∂ t]mbn. At∏m \o izmkw Ign-°-WXpw Xpºn-ss°-bn-

eqsS X∂ym-Wv, t√?''


""AtX, Cu "ssI' sIm≠v aq°ns‚ tPmeow sNtøt≠? izmkw Ign-°m≥

amX-√, aWw ]nSn-°m\pw Rßƒ°v Cu "aq°pssI' Xs∂.

""Hm! tIaw Xs∂ \ns‚bo Xpºnss°.''

""AsX-b-sX, tIaw Xs∂. 40,000 amwk-t]-in-I-fm-WsX RßsS Xpºn-ss°-

bn-ep-≈-Xv. AXp-sIm≠m CtXw tPmen-Iƒ sNøm≥ ]‰p-∂-Xv.''

""F\n°pw \os≠mcp aq°p-≠m-bn-cp -s∂-¶n¬ ckm-bn-cp -∂p. c≠p

ssIIƒ°p ]pdsa ]Wn-Iƒ sNøm≥ Hcp ssIbpw IqSn. t]mcm-ØXn\v

Xpºn-ss°-bn¬ sht≈mw FSpØp kq£n®v ¢mkn¬ sImt≠zm-hm-bn-cp-

∂p. Bsc-¶nepw hg-°n\p h∂m¬ "iq...' sh≈w sXdn-∏n-°ym-bn-cp-∂p.''

""Blm! F¥m tamlw! AtXmsS \ns‚ kvIqfn¬ t]m°pw \nev°pw.''

B\ Ifn-bm-°n.

˛ Fw. KoXm-RvPen

P¥p-tem-I-Ønse IuXp-I-ßƒ

BapJw

tZ-ikvt\l-Øns‚ DZm-ØamXr-I-I-fmb

\nc-h[n hy‡n-Iƒ NcnXØnep -≠v.

\mSns‚ ]ptcmK-Xnbpw bipw amX-am-bn-

cp∂p Ah-cpsS e£-yw. kaq-lsØ cq]-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ Ch¿ hln-®n-´p≈ ]¶v

hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. Ncn-X-Øn¬ CSw t\Sn-b-h-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ `cWm[n-Imcn-

Ifpw Iem˛ImbnI kmwkvvIm-cnI ]h¿Ø-Icpw Hs°-bp-≠v. Ah-cpsS PohnX

Z¿i-\ -ßfpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \ap°p amXr -I -bm -th -≠-h -bmWv.

tZiobt_m[hpw Xym-K-a-t\m- m-hhpw hnZym¿Yn-I-fn¬ hf¿Øn FSp-°pI F∂

e£-y-amWv NcnXw F∂ Cu bqWn-‰n-\p-≈-Xv.

Ncn-X-]p-cp-j≥am¿ \ap°p hgn-Im-ń-I-fm-sW∂v Hm¿a-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂XmWv

"NcnX'Øn¬ N¿®sNøp∂ c≠p ]mT-`m-K-ß-fpw.

]g-»n-bpsS XymtKm-Pz-e-amb PohnXaqlq¿Ø-ß-fn-eqsS IS∂p t]mIp∂ "]g-

»n-Ø-ºp-cm≥' BWv BZysØ ]mT-`mKw. c≠m-a-tØXp tlm°n Xmcw

[ym≥Nµns‚ Imbn-I-Po-hn-X-Ønse kph¿W\nan-j-ß-fn-te°p shfn®w

hoip∂ "tlm°n am¥n-I≥' F∂ ]mT-`m-K-amWv.

kz-mX-¥-y-k-ac Ncn-X-Øns‚ D-P-z-e-amb kvacW DW¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw hnZym¿Yn-

I-fn¬ tZio-b-t_m[w krjvSn-°p∂-Xn\pw ]cym-]vX-amb coXn-bn-emWv ]g»n-

bpsS sN-dp-Øp-\n¬∏pw ac-Whpw ]g»nØºp-cm-\n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

c≠mw mKØp N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp∂ "tlm°n- am-¥nI≥' F∂ ]mTw C¥ybpsS

ImbnIcwKØp it≤-b-\mb tlm°n-Xmcw [ym≥Nµns‚ ImbnI

PohnXØnse Nne Ahn-kva-c-Wobkµ¿`-ß-fmWv Ah-X-cn-∏n°p-∂Xv.

tlm°n X\n°p tIhew hnt\m-Z-as√∂pw kz¥w \mSn-t\m-Sp≈ BZ-chv

]I-Sn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw IqSn-bm-sW∂pw \sΩ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p

[ym≥Nµv.

8

NcnXw


bqWn‰v e£yw hbv°p∂ tZinbt_m[w, A¿∏W at\m-`mhw XpS-ßnb

D∂X e£-y-ß-fn-te°p shfn®w hoip∂ Xc-Øn¬ ]mT-`m-K-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-

∏n-°-s∏-S-Ww. 3˛mw ¢mkn¬ ]Tn® "shfn®w ]I¿∂-h¿' F∂ ]mT-`m-KsØ

Cu bqWn-‰p-ambn _‘-s∏SpØn Hm¿an-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

]th-iIw

]mT-ß-fn-te°p ]th-in-°m≥ DX-Ip-∂-X-c-Øn¬ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS sse≥

kvsI®pw io\m-cm-bWKpcp-hns‚ hcn-Ifpw ]th-i-I-ambn tN¿Øn´p-≠v.

NnX-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ kvsI®v almflmKm‘n-bm-sW∂p Xncn-®-dn-bm≥

Ipń-Iƒ°p ]bm-k-ap-≠m-hn-√. At±-l-Øns‚ al-Ømb ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-

°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-bn-eqsS alm≥am-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ F°m-ehpw Hm¿an-°-

s∏Spw F∂ [mc-W-bn-se-Ømw. XpS¿∂v Kpcp-hns‚ Ihn-X-bnse hcn-Iƒ

hmbn-°m≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw \¬Imw.

tijw Bi-b-sØ-°pdn®v ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-N¿® kwL-Sn-∏n-°mw.

XpS¿∂v, \√ Nn¥-I-fn-eq-sSbpw \∑ \nd™ ]hr-Øn-bn-eq-sSbpw \ΩpsS

a\-n¬ ÿm\w ]nSn® Ht´sd alm-∑m-cnt√? s]mXp-tNm-Z-y-ap∂-bn-°p∂p.

Ipń-Iƒ°v Adn-bm-hp∂ alm-∑m-sc-°p-dn®p ]d-bp-hm≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Smw.

(aq∂mw ¢mknse ""shfn®w ]I¿∂-h¿'' F∂ ]mT- m-K-Ønse Bibßƒ

ChnsS _‘-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.) (Ipń-Iƒ ]d-bp∂ t]cp-Iƒ BB bn¬).

F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Chsc alm-∑m-cmbn IW-°m-°p-∂Xv?

a\p-jy¿ Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-Im-eØp sNbvXpXo¿°p∂ \√ ]hr-Øn-Isf \mw

Hm¿Øp-h-bv°-Ww. AXp \ap°pw Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°pw hgn-I-mń-bmIpw F∂

alØmb Bi-b-amWv io\m-cm-bW Kpcp Cu hcn-I-fn-eqsS Hm¿a-s∏-Sp-Øp∂Xv.

(Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ DNn-X-amb a‰p tNmZy-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv).

\mw F°m-ehpw A`n-am-\-]q¿hw kvacn-°p∂ c≠p-N-cn-X-]p-cp-j≥am-cpsS Ahn-

kva-c-Wo-b-amb PohnX kµ¿`-ß-fmWv Cu bqWn-‰n-ep-≈Xv F∂ apJ-hp-c-

tbmsS ]mT-`m-K-tØ°p IS-°mw.

183So®

¿sSI

vÃv

Ãm≥

tU

¿U

v -˛ 4 NcnXw

bqWn‰v s^bnw NcnXw


$ kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n s]mcpXn hoc-N-caw ]m]n® [oc-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-IƒGsd-bp-≠v.

$ tIc-f-N-cn-X-Ønse CXn-lmk kam\-amb Pohn-X-am-bn-cp∂p ]g-»n-cm-P-bp-tS-Xv.

$ kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n XymKw A\p-jvTn® alm≥amsc \mw Hm¿°p-IbpwBZ-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw.

$ Ifn-°-f-Ønse AXpey ]I-S-\-Øn-eqsS \ap°p ]tNm-Z-\-am-Ip∂ \nc-h[n ImbnI ]Xn-`-Iƒ D≠v.

$ Ifn -°-f -ß-fn¬ DPz -e -amb tZi-kvt\lw ]I-Sn-∏n® Imbn-I-Xm-c-ßsf\mw BZ-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ ]mTw hmbn®v Bibw Kln-°p-∂p.$ ]g-»n-cm-P-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬\n∂v

Bthiw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.$ ]mT-Ønse khn-tij ]tbm-K-ßƒ

Is≠Øn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.$ Bi-b-hy-‡-X-tbm-sSbpw D®m-c-W-

ip≤n-tbm-sSbpw hmbn-°p-∂p.$ ]pXnb ]Z-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v hmIy-

ßƒ cNn-°p-∂p.$ ]Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.$ ]mTw hmbn®v Bibw hni-I-e\w

sNbvXv ]pXnb ]Z-ßƒ, ]tbm-K-ßƒF∂nh a\-n-em-°p-∂p.

$ ]mT-Ønse Bi-bsØ ]X-hm¿Ø-bm°n am‰p-∂p.

$ ImbnI ]Xn-`-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v Poh-N-cn-X-°p-dn∏vXbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ \n¿ZnjvS hnj-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´\nth-Z\w Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ A\p-tam-Z-\-°Øv Xbm-dm-°p∂p

$ hntZ-in-Iƒs°-Xnsc t]mcm-Sn hoc-N-c-a -a -S™ ]g-»n -cm -P -bpsS Pohn -X-Øn¬\n∂v Bthiw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.

$ ]pXnb ]Z-ß-fpsS A¿Yw a\-n-em°n hmIy-c-N\ \S-Øp-∂p.

$ D®m-c-W-ip-≤n-tbm-sSbpw Bi-b-hy-‡-X-tbm-sSbpw D®-Øn¬ hmbn-°p-∂p.

$ tlm°n am¥n-I-\mb [ym≥N-µns‚DPze-amb Imbn-I-Po-hn-XsØ °pdn®vASp-Ø-dn-bp∂p.

$ ]X-hm¿Ø Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.$ Imbn-I-hn-t\m-Z-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-

Iƒ Dƒs∏-SpØn hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ \nth-Z-\w, Pohn-N-cn-X-°p-dn∏v F∂nhXbm-dm-°p-∂p.

$ A`n-\-µ-\-°Øv Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.


]g-»n-Ø-ºp-cm≥ ˛ ]mTm-]-K-Y\w

Sn.kn.tPmWns‚ "hb-\m-S≥ IY-Iƒ Ipń-Iƒ°v' F∂ ]pkvXIØnse Hcp

`mK-amWv "]g»nØºp-cm≥'F∂ ]mT-`m-Kw. ]g-»n-bpsS A\-i-zcPohnX

aplq¿Ø-ß-fpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-amWv Cu ]mTw-.

"NcnXw' F∂ bqWn-‰n¬ apt∂m´p hbv°p∂ almhy-‡n-I-sf-°p-dn®v eLp-

hn-h-cWw \¬In-s°m≠v BZy `mK-amb "]g-»n-Øºp-cm-\n-'te°p IS-°m-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv. (]g-»n-bpsS Ncn-Xhpw hb-\m-S≥ ae-\n-c-I-fpsS `qan-imkvX]c-

ambv ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw N¿®-sN-øWw).

C¥y-bpsS kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-N-cn-X-Ønse hfsc ][m-\-s∏´ Hcp ka-c-\m-b-

I-\m-bn-cp∂p ]g-»n. _nó-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc kac]Jym-]\w \S-Ønb BZysØ

\m´p-cm-Pm-°≥am-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp-∂p At±lw. Aßs\ _nó-jp-Im-cpsS t\m -

∏p-≈n-bmbn amdnb ]g-»nsb h[n-°m≥ hb-\m-S≥ ae-\n-c-I-fn-em-I-am\w Ah¿

ssk\ysØ \nc-Øn. A∂sØ hb-\m-Sns‚ `qan-im-kvX]c-amb -]-tXy-I-X-

Ifpw ]g-»n-bpsS Hfn-t∏m-cns‚ kq£va-X-e-ßfpw hfsc hnIm-c-\n¿`-c-am-bn-

´mWv ]mT-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xv. ]g-»n-sbbpw Iq´scbpw ]nSn-°m-

\p≈ Xbm-sd-Sp-∏n¬ Im´p-s]m-¥-I-fnepw Nhn´phgn-tbm-cØpw sh≈-∏-´m-f-

°m-cpsS Nmc≥am¿ ad-™p-\n-∂p. Ipdn-Ny-Ø-eh≥am-c-S-°-ap-≈-h¿ \mfp-I-fmbn

]g-»n°pw ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ°pw Hfn-]m¿°m-\p≈ IpSn-ep-Iƒ amhnemwtXmSns‚

Ic-bn¬ Xbm-dm°n kwc-£n-®p. ]p¬∏≈n koXm-tZ-hn-t£-X-Øn\p kao]w

sh≈-∏-´m-f-Øns‚ Xe-h≥ _m_dpw Iqćpw Xº-Sn®v \m´p-Imsc `b-s∏-Sp-

Øp-Ibpw Nne B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ sImSp-ØpsIm≠v kzm[o-\n-°m≥ ian-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXph-∂p. At∏mgpw sh≈-∏-´m-f-Øn-s\-Xnsc i‡-amb Xbm-sd-Sp-

∏mWv ]g»n \S-Øn-b-Xv.

]g-»n-bpsS Xmhfw At\z-jn-®n-d-ßnb sh≈-∏-´m-f-°m¿°v GXm≠v Bdp

amkw AXp Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™n-√. Cß-s\-bn-cns° B¿°pw Ffp∏w IS∂p

sN√m≥ ]‰mØ amhnemwtXmSns‚ Ic-bnse ImSv hI™pt]mIp∂ Imf-

h≠n Imh¬°m-cs‚ IÆn¬s∏-´p. ]ns∂-sb-√m -i-≤bpw amhnemwtXmSns‚

Ic-bnse Acn-∏q-°m- n-te-bv°m-bn. Iº-\n-∏- mfw ]g-»n-bpsS Hfn-Øm-hfw e£y-

am°n aptºm-´p-\o-ßn. ImSns‚ òI-cNnXw AtX-]Sn Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ Ah-

X-c-W-Øn¬ sXfn-bp-∂p≠v. \S-°m≥ t]mIp∂ Zpc-¥sØ ap≥Iq-ń-°-s≠-

t∂mWw ]Ir-Xnbpw ]£narKm-Zn-Ifpw BsI Akz-ÿ-amIp∂ NnXhpw

ChnsS ImWmw.

amhnemwtXmń-en-d-ßnb sh≈-∏-´mfw CS-Xq¿∂ ImSv Xpf®p aptºm´p \oßn.

]g-»n-bpsS Hfn-k-t¶-X-Ønse IpSn-ep-Iƒ Ah-¿ I≠p-]n-Sn®p. ]´m-f-°m¿°p

aptºm- p-t]m-Im-\p≈ \n¿tZiw Iam-≠¿ sImSp-Øp. At±lw Dds° K¿Pn®p:


NcnXw

"^b¿...' Xpcp-Xpsc DXn¿∂ shSn-sIm≠v ]ecpw acn-®n-cp-∂p. ]´m-f-°m¿

GIkzc-Øn¬ At\z-jn-®p. "FhnsS ]g»n?'

acn-®-h-cpsS Iq´-Øn-te°v Hcmƒ hnc¬ Nq≠n. shSn-sIm-≈p-∂-Xn\p ap≥]v

]g-»n-Ø-ºp-cm≥ Xs‚ ssIbnse sshc-tam-Xncw hngp-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. ac-W-Øn\p

Iogvs∏´ ]g-»n-tbm-Sp≈ BZckqN-I-ambn sh≈-∏-´mfw tXm°p-XmgvØn Xe

Ip\n-®p. _m_-dpsS ]√-°n¬ am\-¥-hm-Sn-bn-te°p sIm≠p-h∂v Hcp Ip∂n≥

]tZ-isØ Imń¬ A¥y hni-a-Øn-\p≈ Hcp-°-ßƒ sNbvXp. BNmc-acymZ-

I-tfmsS B [oc-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpsS ùXnI icocw kwkvI-cn-®p. Hcp tImfn-a-

c-Øns‚ sImºpw AhnsS AS-bm-f-ambn IpØn. _nó-jp-Im¿°p t]Sn-kz]v\-

am-bn-cp∂ ]g»n hb-\m-Sns‚ ]®-∏n¬ \nXy-hn-π-h-Im-cn-bm-bn.

bqWn-‰ns‚ Bap-J-ambn \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ NnX-ß-fpsS hni-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS

]mT-Øn-te°p IS-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. hb-\m-S≥ ae-\n-c-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-ehpw

]tXy-I-X-Ifpw Ipń-Iƒ°p hni-Z-am-°n-s°m-Sp-°-Ww. AtXm-sSm∏w kzmX¥y-

k-a-c-Øn¬ ]g-»n-cm-PbpsS ]¶pw _nó-jp-Im¿ ]g-»n-cm-Pbvs°-Xnsc i‡-

amb FXn¿∏v ]I-Sn-∏n® kml-N-cy-ßfpw N¿®-sN-øWw. _nójv ssk\y-

Øn\p ap∂n-ep≈ ]g-»n-bpsS sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏v, hb-\m-S≥ ae-\n-c-I-fn¬ ]g»n

Hcp-°nb Hfn-t∏mcv X¥-ßƒ, t]mcm´w XpS-ßn-b-hbpw hnZym¿Yn-I-fp-ambn

]¶p-h-bv°-Ww.

Ipń-Iƒ°p au\-hm-b-\bv°pw ]p\¿hm-b-\bv°pw Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. ]mT-

`mKw ka-K-ambn Ipń-Iƒ a\-n-em°n F∂p Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØWw L´-am-Wn-Xv.

a™v Ip-Sn-]m¿Ø C√n-°m-Sp-Iƒ... Xe-bpb¿Øn \n¬°p∂ Im´p-am-hns‚

Iq´w... XpS-ßnb Hmtcm hmN-IØns‚bpw ]tbm-K- w-Kn-bpw kuµ-cyhpw Is≠-

Øp-hm-\p≈ kml-Ncyw Hcp-°p-hm≥ i≤n-°-Ww. hmb-\-bn¬ ]Z-ß-fpsS

D®m-cWw, hmIy-L-S-\, cN-\m-co-Xn, ssien XpS-ßn-bh i≤-bn¬s°m-≠p-

hc-Ww.

]g-»n-Ø-ºp-cm≥ ˛ ]h¿Ø-\-hn-iIe\w

Is≠Ømw

hmb-\-bn-eqsS Is≠-Ønb hnh-c-ß-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-amWv \S-t°-≠-Xv. Sn._n

t]Pv 127 se Is≠Ømw F∂ ]h¿Ø-\-Ønse tNmZy-ßƒ°v DØcw

Is≠-Øm≥ Ipń-I-tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Smw.

So®¿ Is≠-Øp∂ ]pXnb tNmZy-ßfpw Dƒs∏-SpØmhp-∂-Xm-Wv.

XpS¿ tNmZy-ßƒ Is≠-Øm≥ hnZym¿Yn-I-tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Smw. ]mT- m-K-Øns‚

Bh¿Øn®p≈ hmb-\-bn-eqsS Ipń-Iƒ°v tNmZy-ßƒ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.

Bi-b-K-l-W-Øns‚ Xew Is≠-Øp∂ ][m\ ]h¿Ø-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬

C\n kqNn-∏n-°p∂ hkvXp-X-Iƒ IqSn IW-°n-se-Sp-°-Ww.


]mT-`mKw hmbn-®-tijw F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw DØcw Is≠-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bp∂

kml-N-cy-ap-≠m-°-Ww. CXn-\mbn kwL-]-h¿Ø\w Bkq-XWw sNøm-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv. hy‡n-K-X-ambpw DØcw Is≠-Øm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°mw.

˛ ]p\¿hm-b\ IqSmsXXs∂ DØcw Is≠-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂pt≠m?

˛ FX-t]-cmWv ]p\¿hm-b-\bv°p tijw DØcw Is≠-Øn-bXv?

˛ DØ-c-ßƒ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h¿ Bsc-¶nepw D≠m-bn-cpt∂m?

DØcw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h¿°p XpS¿hm-b-\bv°v Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂-

Xn\p i≤n-°-Ww.

DØ-c-ßƒ s]mXp-hmbn ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-S-Ww.

? FhnsS Bbn-cp∂p ]g-»n-bpsS Hfn-Øm-hfw?

hb-\m-S≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ amhnemwtXmSns‚ Ic-bnse Acn-∏q-

°m-Sm-bn-cp∂p ]g-»n-bpsS Hfn-Øm-hfw (‰n._n t]Pv 125)

? ]g-»n-bpsS arX-i-co-c-tØmSv Iº\n ]´mfw Fß-s\-bmWv BZ-chv ]I-

Sn-∏n-®Xv?

sh≈-∏-´mfw tXm°v XmgvØn BZ-c-thmsS Xe-Ip-\n-®p. _m_-dpsS ]√-

°n¬ ]g-»nsb am\-¥-hm-Sn-bn-te°p sIm≠p-h-∂p. h≥a-c-ßƒ CS-Xq¿∂p

\n¬°p∂ Imń¬ A¥y-hn-i-a-Øn-\p≈ Hcp-°-ßƒ sNbvXp. BNmc

acym-Z-I-tfmsS B [oc-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpsS ùXn-I-i-cocw kwkvI-cn-®p.

tImUo-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS Ipń-Iƒ Is≠-Ønb icn DØ-c-ßƒ t\m´p-_p-°n¬

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \n¿tZin-°mw.

A¿Yw Is≠Ømw

A¿Y-kq-NnI t\m°nbpw \nL-≠p-t\m-°nbpw BibKl-W-Øn\p XSw

\n¬°p∂ ]Z-ß-fpsS A¿Yw Is≠-Ømw.

]tbm-K- wKn hy‡-am°mw

]mT- m-KsØ BI¿j-I-am-°p∂ khn-ti-j-]-tbm-K-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bpI F∂p-

≈-XmWv Cu ]h¿Ø\wsIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. ]mT-`m-KØv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-

°p∂ Nne ]tXy-I-]-Z-ßfpw ssien-Ifpw Ipń-IfnsetØ≠-Xp-≠v. Ch ]mT-

Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ kµ¿`hpw A¿Yhpw Xncn-®-dn-bpI F∂-XmWv

i≤n-t°≠ ][m\ Imcyw.

$ a™v IpSn-]m¿Ø C√n-°m-Sp-Iƒ

hb-\m-S≥ ae-\n-c-I-fpsS Imem-hÿ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu ]tbmKw.

C√n-°m-ń¬ a™v Hcp ÿncXma-k-°m-c-s\-t∏mse \nd™p \n¬°p-

∂p F∂v Cu ]tbm-Kw A¿Y-am-°p-∂p. Cu ]tZ-iØv F√mbvt∏mgpw

a™v \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ ImgvN ImWmw.


NcnXw

$ Ip\n™p \n¬°p∂ C√n-°q´w

amhnemwtXmSns‚ Ic-bnse Acn-∏q-°m- n¬ \n¬°p∂ C√n-°q´w Ft¥m

Zpc¥w B ]tZ-iØp kw`-hn-°m≥ t]mIp-∂p-sh∂ Xncn-®-dn-hn¬ Xe

Ip\n®v ZpxJ-`m-h-tØmsS \n¬°p-∂p-sh∂p hymJym\n°p-I-hgn kky-

Pmeßƒ°pw am\p-jn-I-`mhw \¬In-bn-cn°p∂p F∂p kqNn-∏n°mw.

$ ap≈v, apc-Sv, aq¿J≥ ]mºv

ImSns‚ òI-cX hy‡-am-°p-hm≥

Dt±-in-®p-≈-XmWv Cu ]tbm-Kw.

ImSv F√m-Øcw Poh-Pm-e-ß-fp-

tSbpw Bhm-k-tI-µ -am -sW∂

BibamWv ChnsS hy‡-am-°-s∏-

tS≠Xv. km[m-c-W-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-

°p∂ a‰p ssien-Ifpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-

Sp-Ømw. CXp-t]m-ep≈ ssien-Ifpw

]tbm-K-ßfpw Is≠-Øm≥ Bh-iy-

s∏Smw

DZm: I√v, Ic-Sv, Im™n-c-°p-‰n; D∏p apX¬ I¿∏qcw hsc XpS-ßn-bh

$ AkvX-abkqcys‚ sNº´v Np‰pw ]pX®p

BNmc acym-Z-I-tfmsS sh≈-∏-´mfw ]g-»n-bpsS arX-i-cocw am\-¥-hm-Sn-

°p-∂ns‚ apI-fn¬ sIm≠ph∂p. B kabsØ ]IrXnh¿W-\-bm-WnXv.

]g»n-tbm-Sp≈ BZ-c-kq-N-I-ambn ]Ir-Xn°p am‰w h∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v

ChnsS kqNn-∏n-°mw. arX-i-co-c-Øn¬ kwkvImc ka-bØp sNº´v ]pX-

∏n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ImSv apgp-h≥ AkvX-ab kqcys‚ Nph∂ Inc-W-ßƒ

hym]n-®p F∂ ]tbm-Kw ]g-»n-tbm-Sp≈ ]Ir-Xn-bpsS BZ-c-]q¿Æ-amb

]Xn-I-c-WsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ k‘y-bpsS Ihn-fn¬ a™p-Xp-≈n-Iƒ C‰phoWp

]g-»n-bpsS kwkvImcw \S∂ k‘ym-k-a-b-Øns‚ h¿W-\-bm-Wn-Xv.

k‘y-bpsS Ihn-fn¬ a™p-Xp-≈n-Iƒ C‰p-hoWp F∂-Xn-eqsS

]IrXnt]mepw ZpxJ-Øn-em≠p F∂ kqN-\ \¬Ip∂p. G‰hpw ASpØ

_‘p-hn-t‚tbm kplr-Øn-t‚tbm hntbmKw \sΩ Ic-bn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse

B [oc-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpsS hntbmKØn¬ ]Ir-Xn-°p≈ ZpxJw a™p-

Xp≈n-I-fmIp∂ IÆo-cmbn k‘y-bpsS Ihn-fn-eqsS C‰p-ho-Wp.

hmIyw cNn-°pI

ASnh-c-bn´ ]Z-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v kz¥-ambn hmIy-ßƒ \n¿an-t°≠ ]h¿Ø-

\-am-Wn-Xv. ]mT-Øn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏´ ]Z-ßƒ ]pXnb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ]tbm-

Kn-°p-hm-\p≈ ]cn-io-e-\-amWv ]h¿Ø-\-ØneqsS e`n-t°-≠Xv. Sn. _n t]Pv

128 se amXrI ]cn-tim-[n®v ]pXnb hmIyw \n¿an-°p-hm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww.

Nne ]tXyI kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ D]-

tbm-Kn®v ]XnjvT t\Snb ]Z-

ßfpw ]tbm-K-ßfpw kmam-

\ym¿Y-Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂

\ne-bn-te-°p-bcpw. Ch-bmWv

`mj-bnse ssien -Iƒ. CXv

`mj°v Be-¶m-c wKn-\¬Ip∂p.


]Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°pI

CXn-\mbn kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬ Poh-XymKw sNbvX tZi-kvt\-ln-I-sf ]cn-

Nbs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. XpS¿∂v Hcp s]mXp-N¿® kwL-Sn-∏n-°Ww. tijw ]Xn-

∏n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ t]cp-Iƒ ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°mw.

XpS¿∂v Ah-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ, NnX-ßƒ, Pohn-X-Im-e-w XpS-ßn-bh At\z-

jn®p Is≠-Ø-Ww. CXn-\mbn kvIqƒ sse_-dnbn¬\n∂v Bh-iy-amb

]pkvXI-ßƒ, hmb\m-km-a-Kn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh e`y-am-°m≥ So®¿ klm-bn-

°-Ww.

e`y-amb hnh-c-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hy‡n-]-c-amb cN\bv°h-kcw

\¬IWw. cN-\-Iƒ Kq∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®p sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn ]Xn-∏n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-

Ømw. ]Xn-∏ns‚ ]Im-i-\hpw ]Z¿i-\hpw kwL-Sn-∏n-°mw.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ kqN-I-ßƒ

$ ]pXnb hnh-c-ßƒ

$ X\-Xmb `mj

$ ]tbm-K-ßƒ

$ ]Z-ßƒ

$ ssien

$ A\p-tbmPyamb NnX-ßƒ, te Hu´v

]g-»n-cmP (1753 ˛ 1805)

1753 P\p-hcn 3 \v P\n-®p. _nójv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒs°-Xntc t]mcm-Snb

\m´p-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ cmPysØ B`y-¥c Imcy-ß-fn¬ _nó-jp-Im¿

CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn-s\-Xntc hb-\m-ńse BZn-hmkn kaq-lØns‚ ]n≥Xp-W-tbm-

sS- kacw sNbvXp. Xs‚ k¿h-kzhpw kz¥w P\-ß-fpsS kzmX-¥y-Øns‚

_en-]o-T-Øn¬ ka¿∏Ww sNbvXv A¥y-\n-anjw hsc hntZ-in-I-fpsS apºn¬

ap´pIpØmsX\n∂p t]mcm-Snb tIcf knwl-am-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. (tIc-f-

Ønse kzmX-¥y-k-acw ˛ ]pdw 56)

Hcp P\kaq-l-Øns‚ PohnXØn\m-h-iy-amb hn`-h-ßƒ as‰mcp kaqlw

Xß-fpsS B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-®p-sIm≠v sIm≈ sNøp-tºm-gp≈ kzm`m-

hnI ]Xn-I-c-W-amWv ]g»n \S-Øn-b-Xv. tZiob ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Ime-L-´-

Øn¬ Ihn ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿, "]pc-fn-a-e-bnse ]qa-cw', "]p¬∏≈n-°m-

ńse s]m≥am≥" XpS-ßnb at\m-lc IrXn-I-fn-eqsS tZiobt_m[-Øns‚

A\-izc ktµiw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. tIcfknwlw F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-

∂ ]g-»n-cmP 1805 \hw-_¿ 30 \v hb-\m-ń¬ h®v hoc-N-caw AS™p F∂v

NcnXw.


NcnXw

]g-»n-cm-PbpsS h[w kw_-‘n®v 1805 Unkw-_¿ 31 \v ae-_m¿ t]mhn≥kv

]n≥kn-∏¬ If-IvS¿ tXmakv hm¿U\v _m_¿ Fgp-Xnb IØns‚ D≈-S-°-

Øn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv:

F√m _m“-W-tcbpw hnfn-®p-sIm≠v ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb BNm-c-ß-tfmSpw _lp-

a-Xn-tbmSpw IqsS ih-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-\p≈ \n¿tZiw sImSp-Øp. Abmƒ

Hcp Iem-]-Im-cn-bm-sW-¶nepw Cu cmPysØ ]IrXym \ne-hn-ep≈ \mSp-

hmgn-Ifn-sem-cm-sf∂ \ne-bn¬ \new]Xn® iXp-thmSv ImWn-°m-dp-≈-Xn¬

\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn Abmsf ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp≠v.

(tUm. sI.sI.-F≥. Ipdp-∏v, ]g-»n-cmP ˛ Imehpw Pohn-Xhpw, ]pdw, 111)

""]g-»n°p e`n-®n-cp∂ _lp-P\ ]n¥p-Wbpw BZ-chpw _m_¿ t\cn- p-Xs∂

a\-n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p h[n-°-s∏´ ]g-»n°p hotcm-

NnXhpw PmXym-Nm-c-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®pw D≈ Hcp kwkvImcw At±lw A\p-

h-Zn-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Iem]w ho≠pw s]mń-∏p-d-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-

°p-hm≥ IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p _m_-dns‚ Cu \S-]-Sn.

(tUm. sI.sI.F≥. Ipdp∏v, ]g-»n-cmP ˛ Imehpw Pohn-Xhpw, ]pdw, 73)

_m_¿

ae-_m¿ ]tZ-isØ `c-W-Im-cy-ßƒ t\m°n-\-S-Øm≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏´

_nójv k_v If-IvS¿. apgp-h≥ t]cv tXmakv lm¿ho _m_¿ (‰n.F-®v.

_m_¿) F∂m-Wv. Ipdn-Nykaq-l-Øns‚ FXn¿∏ns\ adn-I-S∂v Iq¿Kns\

ae-_m-dns‚ `mK-am-°pI Bbn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ ][m\ ZuXyw. ]g-»n-

bpsS Hfn-Øm-hfw Is≠-Ønb _nójv ZuXy-tk-\-bn¬ AwK-am-bn-cp-∂p.

hb-\mSv Pn√-bnse ]p¬∏-≈n-bn¬\n∂pw 12 Intem-ao-‰¿ AI-se-bmWv

amhnemwtXmSv F∂ ÿew ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv.

Iam≠¿

hb-\m-S≥ ae-\n-c-I-fn¬ ]g»n \S-Ønb Hfn-t∏m-cm-´-ßsf ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-

Øp∂Xn\mbn aZm-knse _nójv Kh¨sa‚ v _nójv B¿an Iam≠dmbn

tIW¬ B¿X¿ sh√-…nsb \ntbm-Kn-®p.

tImfn-acw

hb-\m-S≥ ae-\n-c-I-fnse tXmSp-Iƒ°cnsI I≠p-h-cp∂ ac-am-Wn-Xv. \ΩpsS

\mń¬ k¿h-km-[m-c-W-ambn ImWp∂ B¬a-c-Ønt\mSp kmZr-iy-ap-s≈mcp

ac-am-Wn-Xv. tImfn-a-c-Øns‚ thcn¬ \ns∂-Sp-°p∂ tXmev- D]-tbm-Kn®v hn√ns‚

Rm¨ \n¿an-°m-dp-≠v. am\-¥-hm-Sn-bn¬ ]g-»n-bpsS ih-Ip-So-cw Hcp tImfn-

acØns‚ XW-en-em-Wv. Ct∏mƒ ]kvXpX acw AhnsS C√. (tlmfn-a-c-

sa∂pw tImfn-a-c-Øns\ ]d-bp-∂-Xmbn tUm.sI.-sI. F≥. Ipdp-∏ns‚ ]g-»n-

cmP ˛ Imehpw Pohn-Xhpw F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ImWp-∂p≠v)


sh≈-∏-´mfw

_nójv ]´m-f-sØ-bmWv sh≈-∏-´m-f-sa∂p kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

Hfn-k-t¶Xw : Hfn-hn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ CSw.

tlm°n- am¥n-I≥ ˛ ]mTm-]-K-Y\wC¥y-bpsS ImbnI Ncn-X-Ønse it≤-b-\mb Hcp ]Xn- -bm-bn-cp∂p tlm°n-

Xmcw [ym≥N-µv. At±-l-Øns‚ ImbnI Pohn-X-Ønse c≠p kp]-[m\ kw`-

h-ß-fmWv ]mT- m-KØp \¬In-bn- p-≈-Xv. B¿. cm[m-Ir-jvWs‚ "Ifn-°-f-Ønse

alm-]-Xn-`-Iƒ' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Ønse Hcp `mK-amWv CXv.

1928 se BwÃ¿Umw Hfn-ºn-Ivkn-emWv tlm°n-bn¬ mcXw BZy-ambn ss^\-

en¬ IS-∂-Xv. Ifn Bcw- n-t°≠ ka-b-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw mc-X-So-anse Iym]v‰≥

AS°w A©p- I-fn-°m¿ Akp-JwsIm≠v Ah-i-cm-bn. tami-amb Btcm-Ky-

ÿnXn Ifn-°-f-Øn-en-d-ßp-∂-Xn\p XS--am-bn. A°q- -Øn¬ [ym≥Nµpw D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. A∂sØ a’-cw Gsd ]m[m-\yap≈Xmbn-cp-∂p. tlm°n-bn¬ BZy-

ambn ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂ C¥y ss^\-en-¬ Ifn-t°≠ Znh-k-am-bn-cp-∂p. BXn-

tYb cmPy-tØm-SmWv G‰p-ap-t -≠-Xv. kz¥w \m´p-Im-cpsS t]m’-ml-\-tØmsS

hodnepw hmin-bnepw Ifn-°p∂ tlmf≠v Soans\ Fßs\ ]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-

\mhpw? Ifn-°m¿°v Bflss[cyw \jvS-s∏´ \nan-j-ß-fm-bncp∂p AXv. Hcp

apdn-bpsS aqe-bn¬ ico-c-amsI Nq´p-s]m≈n aqSn-∏p-X-®p-In-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p

[ym≥Nµv F∂ Ifn-°m-c≥. imco-cn-I-amb Akz-ÿ-XIƒ hI-hbv°msX

Ifn-°n-d-ßm≥ At±lw Xocp-am-\n-®p. [ym≥N-µns‚ AN-©-e-amb hnizmk

]IS\w I≠-t∏mƒ a‰p Ifn-°m¿°pw Bfl-ss[cyw ho≠p-In-ń. Ifn-°-f-

Øn¬ AXp-ey-]-I-S\w ImgvN-h® C¥y≥ Sow 3 ˛ 0 \v tlmf-≠ns\ ]cm-P-b-

s∏-SpØn. tlm°n-bnse BZy Hfn-ºnIvkv kz¿Ww C¥y Ic-ÿ-am-°n.

[ym≥Nµv F∂ Ifn-°m-cs‚ cmPy-kvt\-lhpw Ifn-°-f-Ønse A¿∏Wat\m-

`m-hhpw Bbn-cp∂p B a’-c-Ønse hnP-b-Øn\p ]n∂n¬.

1932 se temkv G©¬kv Hfn-ºn-Ivknepw [ym≥N-µns‚ ]I-S\w AXyp-Pz-e-

am-bn-cp-∂p. BXn-tY-b-cmb Ata-cn-°≥ Soans\-bmWv C¥y≥ Sow A∂p t\cn-

-Xv. Kyme-dn-bn¬ Xt±-io-b-cmb ImbnI t]an-I-fpsS B¿∏p-hn-fn-Ifpw t]m’m-

l-\-ßfpw. CXn-s\m∏w DW¿∂p-I-fn-°m≥ Ata-cn-°≥ Sow InW™p ian®p.

]t£ `mcX Soans‚ BIa-WsØ sNdpØp\ndp-Øp-hm≥ Ah¿°p Ign-

™n-√. Ah-cpsS tKmƒ he-b-Øn¬ Xpcp-Xpcm tKmfp-Iƒ hoWpsIm-≠n-cp-

∂p. Ifn-bpsS ]IpXn ka-b-am-b-t∏mƒ d^-dn-bpsS hnkn¬ apg-ßn. s]s´∂v

Iptd Ata-cn-°≥ Ifn-°m¿ HmSnh∂v d^-dnsb hf™v ]cmXn D∂-bn-®p. mc-

X-Øns‚ BI-aW\nc-bn¬ Ip¥-ap-\-bmbn Ifn® IdpØ Hcp Ifn-°m-cs‚

tlm°n-Ãn-°n-s\-∏-‰n-bmWv Ah¿ ]cmXn ]d-bp-∂-Xv. "Abm-fpsS tlm°n-

Ãn-°n\v Ft¥m am¥n-I-i-‡n-bp-≠v. AXp-h®p Ifn-°m≥ Abmsf A\p-h-Zn-

°-cpXv'.


NcnXw

d^dn hnj-an-®p. temIw AwKo-I-cn® Af-hp-Iƒ°v A\p-k-cn®p \n¿an-°-s∏´

tlm°n-Ãn°v D]-tbm-Kn®v Ifn-°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂p ]d-bp-∂sXßs\? hnj-

an®p \n∂ d^-dn-bp-sSbpw ]Xdn\n∂ Ata-cn-°≥ Ifn-°m-cpsSbpw CS-bn-

te°v B a¥-h-Sn-bpsS DSa Nncn-®p-sIm≠p \S-∂p-h∂v ]cn-lm-c-am¿Kw \n¿tZ-

in-®p. ASpØ ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ Xs‚ am¥n-I-hSn D]-tbm-Kn®v Ata-cn-°≥ Ifn-

°m-cn-em-sc-¶nepw Hcmƒ a’-cn-°-s´. Abm-fpsS tlm°n-Ãn-°p-]-tbm-Kn®v

Xm\pw Ifn-®p-sIm≈mw. Aßs\ Ãn°p-Iƒ ssIamdn. Ifn ho≠pw Bcw-`n-

®p. B Ipdnb Ifn-°m-c≥ BI-aW\nc-bn¬ Hcp sImSp-¶m‰v Agn-®p-hn-´p.

Abmƒ Xs∂ ho≠pw tKmf-Sn-®p-I-b-‰p-∂p. tKmfp-Iƒ XpSscØpSsc h∂-

t∏mƒ Ata-cn-°≥ Ifn-°m¿°v Hcp Imcyw t_m[y-s∏- p. "B hSn-b√ ]iv\w.

Abm-fm-Wv. B Ifn-°m-c≥, Abm-fmWv ]iv\w? Abm-sfmcp tlm°n am¥n-

I≥ Xs∂.' Ifn Ah-km-\n-®-t∏mƒ `mcXw Ata-cn-°sb 24 ˛ 1 F∂ Ia-

Øn¬ tXm¬∏n®v tlm°n kz¿Æ°∏v \ne-\n¿Øn. Hfn-ºnIvkv tlm°n

Ncn-X-Øn¬ C∂pw Hcp dn°m¿Umbn Cu tKmƒ\ne \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. C¥y

t\Snb 24 1 ¬ 8 tKmfp-Ifpw "a¥-h-Sn-bpsS DSa'bmbn Ata-cn-°°m¿ NnXo-

I-cn® [ym≥N-µn-t‚-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

tlm°n-bn¬ NcnXw cNn® [ym≥N-µns‚ Ifn-°-f-Ønse AXyp-Pze ]I-

S\w hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v Bth-iambn A\p-`-h-s∏-S-Ww. tlm°n F∂ Ifn-bpsS

eLp-N-cn-Xhpw ][m-\-s∏´ tlm°n-Xm-cß-sfbpsa√mw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

^pSvt_mƒ F∂ Ifn-bp-ambn tlm°n Ifn-°p≈ _‘hpw kam-\-X-Ifpw

kqNn-∏n-°mw. tlm°n-Xm-c-am-bn-cp∂ [ym≥Nµns‚ ImbnI cwKsØ kph¿W-

t\-´-ßfpw Ifn-tbm-Sp≈ A¿∏-W-at\m-`m-hhpw N¿®-sN-øWw

tlm°n

C¥ybpsS tZiob hnt\m-Z-amWv tlm°n. ]Xn-s\m∂p t]¿ hoXw AS-ßnb

c≠p Soap-I-fmWv tlm°nIfn°p th≠-Xv. ]Xn-tcm-[hpw BI-a-Whpw Hcp-

t]mse tIm¿Øn-W-°n-bn-´p≈ Ifn-bm-Wn-Xv. kz¥w tKmƒh-e-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬

FXncmfn-Iƒ ]¥-Sn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS s\‰v Nen-

∏n-°p-hm\pw ian-°-Ww.

temI-Øns‚ ]e `mKØpw tlm°n-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ F∂p hnfn-°m-hp∂

Ifn-Iƒ ]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]cpØn sIm≠p-≠m-°nb ]¥v Hcp shfpØ

hSnsIm≠p Xń t]mÃn-en-Sp∂ Ifn 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬Øs∂

C¥y-bn¬ ]e `mKØpw Ifn-®n-cp-∂p. JnUvtUm JpUvVn (Khiddo Khuddi)F∂mbncp∂p Cu Ifn-bpsS t]cv. F∂m¬, B[p-\nI tlm°n C¥y-bn¬

]Nm-c-Øn¬ hcp-ØnbXv _nójv ssk\n-tIm-tZym-K-ÿ-cm-Wv.

1861˛¬ Cw•-≠nse ªm°v loØn-emWv BZysØ tlm°n ¢_v cq]w

sIm≠Xv. e≠-\nse kvIqfp-I-fn¬ 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬Øs∂ Cu Ifn ]Nm-c-

Øn-em-bn. BZy-ambn Hcp tlm°n Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ cq]w-sIm-≠Xpw e≠-


\n-emWv; C¥y-bnse BZysØ tlm°n Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ _wKm-fn-emWv

Bcw-`n-®-Xv.

1908˛emWv tlm°n, Hfn-ºn-Ivknse Hcp C\-am-Ip-∂-Xv. 1928˛56 hsc C¥y-bm-

bn-cp∂p Hfn-ºn-Ivkn¬, tlm°n-bn¬ tPXm-°ƒ.

tlm°n-t]m-semcp Ifn ^m≥kn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tlmsIz Bń-S-bs‚ hSn

F∂mW¿Yw.

sFkv I´-IƒsIm≠v Ifn-°-f-Øn¬ Ifn-°p∂ ]tXy-I-Xcw tlm°n-bmWv

sFkvtlm-°n.

Ifn-bpsS kz-`m-hwh®v t\m°n-bm¬ ^pSvt_mƒ Ifnbpambn Gsd kam-\-X-

Ifp≠v tlm°n°v. Ifn-°m-cpsS FÆw 11 hoX-amWv c≠p Ifn-bnepw. ]¥p-

Iƒ tXmepsI-m≠v \n¿an-®n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ hep-∏-Øn¬ Gsd hy-Xymk-

ap≠v. tlm°n Ifn-bn¬ ]¥v X´p-∂Xn\v D]tbm-Kn-°p∂ hf™ hSnsb

tlm°nkv‰n-s°∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

tlm°n-Ãn°v

CS-Xp-hiw ]c∂ apJ-ap≈ hf™ hSn-bmWv tlm°n-Ãn-°v. ]m¿iz-ßƒ

Dcp-≠-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. teml-ßtfm aq¿®-tb-dnb a‰p hkvXp-°tfm tlm°n-

Ãn°n¬ D≠m-Im≥ ]mSn-√. CXp XSnbpw Nqcepw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv \n¿an-°p-

∂Xv. 12˛24 Hu¨kmWv CXns‚ `mcw.

$ Ifn-°p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]¥ns‚ `mcsØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ bqWn-‰mWv

Hu¨kv. (1 Hu¨kv = 28.35 Kmw)

[ym≥Nµv ˛ Pohn-X-tc-J (1905 ˛ 1979)

1905 ˛ BKÃv 29 \v Ae-l-_m-Zn¬ ssk\nI DtZ-ym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp∂

kmtaizdns‚ aI-\mbn P\n-®p. 1921 ˛ ¬ (16 ˛mw hb-n¬) A—s‚ ]mX

]n≥Xp-S¿∂v ssk\y-Øn¬ tN¿∂p. Iq´p-Im¿s°m∏w tlm°n-Ãn°v ]nSn®v

KmaoW ssaXm-\Øp Ifn®p XpS-ßnb [ym≥Nµv ssk\-y -Øn¬

tN¿∂tXmsS-bmWv Kuc-h-ap≈ Ifn-°m-c-\mbn amdn-b-Xv. 1922 ˛ 26 hsc

B¿an tlm°n-Sq¿W-sa‚p-I-fn¬ amX-amWv At±lw Ifn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. 1926 ¬

Hfn-ºnIvkv Soan-te°p \S∂ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ sFIItWvTy\ [ym≥Nµpw

Soan¬ AwKambn. 1928 se BwÃ¿Umw Hfn-ºn-Ivknepw 1932 se temkv

G©¬kv Hfn-ºn-Ivknepw an∂p∂ ]I-S\w ImgvN-h®v C¥-ybv°p kph¿W

IncoSw Nm¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ ][m\ ]¶v hln-®p. XpS¿∂v 1936 ¬ _¿en≥ Hfn-

ºn-Ivkn¬ C¥-y≥ tlm°nSoans‚ \mb-I-ÿm\Øp \n∂p-sIm≠v ho≠pw

kph¿W-t\´w kΩm-\n-®p. tlm°n°v AXp-e-y-kw-`m-h\Iƒ sNbvX

[ym≥Nµv C¥-y≥ tlm°n-bpsS am¥n-I≥ F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. G‰hpw

anI® ô¬Uv tlm°n-I-fn-°m-c-\mb [ym≥Nµv `mc-X-Øns‚ it≤-b-\mb

Hcp Imbn-I-Xm-c-am-Wv.


NcnXw

1921 ¬ ssk\nI DtZ-ym-K-ÿ-\mbn HutZym-Kn-I-Po-hnXw Bcw- n® [ym≥Nµv

1956 ¬ taP¿ ]Zhnbn¬ hncan®p. ImbnI cwKsØ AXp-ey kw`m-h-\-Iƒ

]cn-K-Wn®v 1956 ˛ ¬ `mcXw G‰hpw Db¿∂ aq∂m-asØ knhn-en-b≥ _lp-

a-Xn-bmb ]fl-`q-j¨ \¬In BZ-cn-®p. ssk\-y-Øn¬\n∂p hnc-an® tijw

]S-ym-e-bnse tZiob ImbnI ]cn-io-e-\-tI-µ-Øn¬ apJy ]cn-io-e-I-\mbn

Npa-Xe hln-®p.

C¥-y-bpsS ImbnI taJe [ym≥Nµv F∂ tlm°n am¥n-Is\ Gsd BZc-

thm-sS-bmWv ImWp-∂-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ P∑-Zn-\-amb BKÃv 29 \v tZiob

ImbnI Zn\-ambn BN-cn-®phcp-∂p. ImbnI cwKsØ ]K-ev`¿°p \¬Ip∂

][m\ Ahm¿Up-I-fmb cmPohv Km‘n tJ¬cXv\, A¿Pp\, tZmWm-Nm-cy

Ahm¿Up-Iƒ At∂ Znh-k-amWv kΩm-\n-°p-∂-Xv. 2002 ¬ U¬ln \mj-

W¬ tÃUn-b-Øns‚ t]cv "[ym≥Nµv \mj-W¬ tÃUnb' sa∂v ]p\¿\m-

a-I-cWw sNbvXp.

]n.B¿. iotPjv

2014 se C©n-tbm¨ Gj-y≥ sKbnw-kn¬ tlm°n-bn¬ C¥-ybv°v kz¿Ww

kΩm-\n® Soanse Hcp Imbn-I-Xm-cw. tIcfØns‚ A`n-am-\-amWv Cu Ccp-]-

Øn-bm-dp-Im-c≥. \ne-hn¬ C¥-y≥ Soans‚ D]-\m-b-I-\m-Wv.

C¥y-bnse ]apJ tlm°n-Xm-c-ßƒ

k¿Zm¿knwKv (Iym]v‰≥)

[≥cmPv ]n≈ Binjv _em¬

]n.B¿. intPjv (tKmƒIo-∏¿) tImXm-PnØv knwKv

BImiv Zo]v knwKv _ntc-µ¿em¿°

cq]o-µ¿ knwKv Zcwho¿ knwKv

tIc-f-Øn¬ ]Nm-c-ap≈ Nne Ifn-Iƒ NphsS tN¿°p-∂p

B´-°-fw-Ip-Ø¬, NcSp]n∂n-°-fn, Cu¿°n¬°fn, sNmń-°-fn, ]¥-Sn-®p-I-fn,

sNº-gp-°m-°-fn, Xq∏p-h-®p-I-fn, sh≈-Øn¬ °fn, ssIIp-Øn-°-fn, sNmh-Sp-

I-fn, ]p©-°-fn, sNc-bv°m-]n-©p-I-fn, sXm∏n-°-fn, ]º-c-°-fn, ]In-S-Ifn F∂n-

h-sbms° tIc-f-Øn¬ ]Nm-cap≈ Ifn-I-fm-Wv.

hyXy-kvX-amb \mS≥ Ifn-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØmw

Xcw-I-fn, Ipw`-I-fn, \mbbpw ]pen-bpw-I-fn, Hfn-®p-I-fn, A®p-I-fn, Ce-bq-Xn-

°fn, AΩm-\-°-fn, Imd-I-fn, I√p-tkm-Un, Infn-Ø-´p-I-fn, ]mºpw tImWn-bpw,

Imc-I-fn, X∏m-Wn-∏m- v, Iew s]mń-°¬, sNm°≥I-fn, Im°m-∏o-en-I-fn, IÆp-

Nn-Ωn-°-fn, Ddp-ºp-I-fn, H∂mw-X-√n-∏m-‰n, NXp-cw-Kw, Ddn-I-fn, IS-I-S-Ip-Sp-IpSp

Ifn F∂n-h-sbms° hyXy-kvX-amb \mS≥ Ifn-I-fm-Wv.


tlm°n-am-¥n-I≥ ˛ ]h¿Ø-\-hn-i-I-e\w

Is≠Ømw

$ tlm°n a’-c-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ Ata-cn-°≥ Ifn-°m-cpsS ]cm-Xn-sb-¥m-bn-

cp∂p?

`mc-X-Øns‚ BI-a-W-\n-c-bn¬ Ip¥-ap-\-bmbn Ifn® Idp-Øp- Ip-dp-Inb

Hcp Ifn-°m-cs‚ tlm°n-Ãn-°n-s\-∏-‰n-bmbn-cp∂ ]cmXn.

$ [ym≥Nµv Fß-s\-bm-Wv B ]iv\-Øn\p ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øn-bXv?

"ASpØ ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ Xs‚ am¥n-I-hSn D]-tbm-Kn®v Ata-cn-°≥ Ifn-

°m-cn-em-sc-¶nepw Ifn-°s´; Abm-fpsS tlm°n-Ãn-°p-]-tbm-Kn®p- Xm\pw

Ifn-®p-sIm-≈mw'. CXm-bn-cp∂p [ym≥Nµv \n¿tZ-in® ]cn-lm-cw.

$ Hfn-ºnIvkv tlm°n-bpsS Ncn-X-Øn¬ temkv G©¬kv a’cw CSw

]nSn-®-sX-ßs\?

Hfn-ºnIvkv tlm°n Ncn-X-Øn¬ `mcXw t\Snb 24 ˛ 1 tKmƒ dnt°m¿Uv

Xncp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cn-°p-∂XpsIm≠mWv tlm°n-bpsS Ncn-X-Øn¬

temkv G©¬kv a’cw CSw-]n-Sn-®-Xv.

(So®¿ tImUo-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS DØcw hy‡-am-°p-Ibpw ]pXnb tNmZy-

ßƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn¬ hnZym¿Yn-Isf klm-bn-°p-Ibpw thWw)

A¿Yw Is≠Ømw

]mThmb-\-bn-eqsS Sn._n bn¬ \¬In-bn-´p≈ A¿Y-ßfpw ]pXnb ]Z-ß-

fpsS A¿Y-ßfpw Is≠-Øp-hm≥ hnZym¿Yn-Isf klm-bn-°-Ww. ]mT-]p-kvXI-

Ønse A¿Y-kq-NnI ]tbm-P-\-s∏Sp-Ømw.

N¿® sNømw

\n¿tZ-in-°-s∏´ ]h¿Ø\w hmIy-Øn\p \¬Ip∂ ta∑-bmWv Ipń-Iƒ Is≠-

tØ-≠-Xv. ChnsS ASn-h-c-bn´p kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ "sImSp-¶m‰v' F∂ ]Z-Øns‚

A¿Y-hym]vXn Ipń°p ]q¿W-ambn a\-n-emb tijw amXta hmIy-Øns‚

ta∑ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-te°p IS-°m-hq.

sImSp-¶m‰v \nb-¥-Wm-Xo-X-amb Hcp ]IrXn]Xn-`m-k-am-Wv. AXns\ ]Xn-

tcm-[n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpIbn-√. ChnsS Ifn-°-f-Øn¬ Ifn-°m-c≥ "sImSp-¶m‰v

Agn-®p-hn´q' F∂ ]tbmKw Ifn-°m-cs‚ ]I-S\w FXn¿Soan\p ]Xn-tcm-[n-

°p-hm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hn[w i‡-am-bn-cp∂q F∂ kqN-\-bmWv \¬Ip-∂-Xv.


NcnXw

Ipdn-s∏-gpXmw

Ipń-I-fpsS cN\mssien-bp-sSbpw `mj-bp-sSbpw ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øp∂-

Xn-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. Ipń-Iƒ°v CjvS-s∏´ \nc-h[n Ifn-°m-cp-≠-t√m.

Ch-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\p s]mXpN¿®bpw \S-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv.

Nne t]cp-Iƒ tN¿°p-∂p.

UotKm-a-d-tUmW (^pSvt_mƒ) k®n≥ sS≥Up¬°¿(In°-‰v)

PnΩn-tPm¿÷v (thmfn-t_mƒ) hniz-\m-Y≥ B\µv (sNkv)

hn¬k¨ sNdn-bm≥ (\o¥¬) ]oPm io[c≥ (AXve-‰v)

c≥PnØv atl-izcn (Sn∏nƒ Pºv) ssk\ s\lzmƒ (_mUvan‚¨)

$ CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈tXm A√m-ØtXm Bb Ipń-Iƒ°n-jvS-s∏´

Hcp ImbnI Xmc-tØm-Sp≈ CjvSw ap≥\n¿Øn Ipdn-s∏-gp-Xp-hm≥ \n¿tZ-

in-°mw.

kqN-I-ßƒ

$ Ifn-°m-cs‚/Ifn-°m-cn-bpsS hy‡n-KX hnh-c-ßƒ

$ Ifn

$ Ifn-bnse t\´-ßƒ

$ Ahn-kva-c-Wob aplq¿Ø-ßƒ

$ DNn-X-amb `mj

$ cN-\m-ssien

$ hmIy-L-S\

hnh-cWw Xbm-dm°mw

Ipń-Iƒ°v CjvS-s∏´ \nc-h[n ImbnI hnt\m-Z-ß-fp-≠-t√m. 3˛mw ¢mkn¬

bqWn‰v 3 ˛ ¬ "F√p-ap-dntb ]Wn-sN-bvXm¬' F∂ ]mT-`m-KØv hnh-cWw

Xbm-dm-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂p ]Tn-®n-´p-≠v. _‘-s∏´ kqN-I-ßƒ Ipń-Isf

Hm¿a-s∏-SpØn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-te°p IS-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Hcp DZml-cWw NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.

^pSvt_mƒ

Im¬°-cp-Øns‚ Bth-isØ temIw s\©n-te-‰nb Ifn-bmWv ^pSvt_mƒ.

hf-scb[nIw P\-ßƒ CjvS-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp ImbnI hnt\m-Z-amWnXv. GXp km[m-

c-W-°m-c\pw Bkz-Zn-°m-hp∂ ^pSvt_mƒ tIc-f-Ønse F√m Kma-ß-fnepw

]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠v. ]¥p-In-´p∂bmƒ AXp-ambn IpXn®p tKmf-Sn-°p∂ coXn-bm-

bn-cp∂p BZyIme-ß-fn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]¥v ]c-kv]cw ]mkv sNbvXp

Ifn®v ^pSvt_m-fns\ Hcp Sow sKbn-ambn Db¿Øn-bXp kvtIm´ve‚p-Im-cm-Wv.


Zo¿L NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ Hcp tIm¿´mWv ^pSvt_mƒ Ifn°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂-Xv. Cu tIm¿ń\v 100 ˛ 130 ao‰¿ hsc \ofhpw 50 ˛ 100 ao‰¿ hsc hoXnbpw

ImWpw. tIm¿ńs‚ \ofw Ipdn°p∂ tcJbv°p kv]¿i-tc-J-sb∂pw hoXn

Ipdn-°p∂ tcJbv°p tKmƒtc-J-sb∂pw ]d-bpw. tIm¿ńs\ c≠mbn hn`-

Pn®p a[y-`m-KØp hc-bv°p∂ tcJ-bmWv a[y-tc-J. a[y-tc-J-bpsS tIµ-_n-

µp-hn\p Np‰pw hc-bv°p∂ hrØ-amWv sk‚¿ k¿°nƒ.

]Xn-s\m-∂n¬ Ihn-bm-sX-bp≈ AwK-ß-fp≈ c≠p Soap-I-fmWv ^pSvt_mƒ

a’-c-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. pSvt_mƒ Ifn°v A¥m-cm-jvS-X-eØn¬ \n›-

bn-®n-cn-°p∂ kabw 90 an\n-´m-Wv. 45 an\n-´p-I-fpsS c≠p ]Ip-Xn-Iƒ. CSbv°v

15 an\n´v hniaw A\p-h-Zn-°pw. \n›nX Ifn-°-f-Øn¬ ^vfmKv t]mÃp-Iƒ,

tKmƒ Gcn-b, s]\m¬‰n Gcn-b, s]\m¬‰n kvt]m´v, tIm¿W¿ Gcnb XpS-

ßnbh D≠m-hpw.

Ifn-bnse G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ D]-I-cWw ]¥m-Wv. tXmen-\m¬ Bh-cWw

sNø-s∏´ tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈-XmWv ]¥v. ]¥ns‚ hymkw 27′′ ˛ 28′′ BWv.

14 ˛ 16 Hu¨kv `mc-amWv ]¥n\p \n›-bn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xv.

Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Nne Ifn-°m¿ : s]se, amd-tUm-W, sdmWmƒtUm, san,

ss_NpMv _qńb, sF.Fw hnP-b≥, tPmt]mƒ At©-cn.

\nth-Z\w Xbm-dm°mw

hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-tS≠ ][m\s∏´ Hcp mjmhyh-lm-c-cq-]-amWv \nth-

Z\w.

kvIqfntem Ipń-I-fpsS Np‰p-]m-Sntem A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Hcp ]iv\Ønte°p

i≤ £Wn-®p-sIm≠v Hcp s]mXpN¿® -¢m-kn¬ \S-Øm-hp∂XmWv. CXn-

\mbn BZyw ]iv\-ßƒ ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Ømw; Ch B.B bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØWw.

XpS¿∂v N¿®bneqsS Hcp ]iv\w Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. ]n∂oSv aqt∂m \mtem

Kq∏p-Iƒ cq]oI-cn®p \nth-Z\w Xbm-dm-°p-∂ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v (cN-\bv°v)

Ah-kcw \¬Imw.

$ Ch s]mXp-hmbn Ah-Xcn∏n°pIbpw N¿®-sN-øp-Ibpw thWw.

$ Aßs\ s]mXp-hmbn Xbm-dm-°p∂ \nth-Z\w d^-d≥kn-\mbn \¬In

\nth-Z-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Dd-∏n-°mw.

kqN-Ißƒ

$ ÿew, XobXn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬

$ \nth-Z\w \¬Ip-∂-hsc-°p-dn-®p≈ kqN\

$ \nth-Z\w B¿°p \¬Ip∂p F∂ kqN\

$ A`n-kw-t_m-[\

$ D≈-S°w hni-Z-ambn

$ `mjm-ssien


NcnXw

$ cN\mcoXn

$ D]-kw-lmcw

$ \nth-Z\w \¬Ip-∂-h-cpsS t]cpw H∏pw

\nth-Z-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hy-‡-am-°n-b-Xn-\p-tijw sSIvÃv _p°v

t]Pnse \n›nX]h¿Ø-\-Øn-te°p IS-°mw.

tNmZyw N¿® sNbvXp-sIm≠v kvIqfn¬ e`-y-am-tI≠ Ifnbp]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS

Bh-iy-I-Xbpw ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øepw \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ Ipń-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ hnh-c-ßƒ Nm¿ń¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØmw

$ s]mXp N¿® \SØn ]mtbm-KnIambn kvIqfn¬ Ah-iyw th≠h ]ńI-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. XpS¿∂v \nth-Z\w Xbmdm-°¬ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-te°p IS-

°p-∂p. hnZ-ym¿Yn-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°nb \nth-Z\w s]mXp Ah-X-c-W-Øn\p

hnt[b-am-°p-∂p. Bh-i-y-amb sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ \SØn ]c-kv]cw ssIam-

dp-∂p.

Poh-N-cn-X-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°mw

]Xn∏p \n¿am-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v Cu

bqWn-‰ns‚ BZ-y -`m -KØv (]g»n -

Øºpcm≥) Poh-N-cn-X-°p-dn-∏pIƒ

Ipń-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. Poh-N-cn-

Xhpw Bfl-I-Ybpw XΩn -ep≈

hyXymkw Ipń-Iƒ°p t_m[y-s∏-Sp-

Øn-s°m-Sp-°-Ww. ]mT-hp-ambn _‘-

s∏´v, hnh-cWw Xbm-dm°mw F∂ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏´ Hcp ImbnI

Xmc-Øns‚ Poh-N-cn-X-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠h

$ P\\w

$ Pohn-X-Imew, ÿew

$ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ

$ ][m\ ]h¿Ø\taJ-e-Iƒ

$ ][m\ kw`-h-ßƒ

$ e`n-®n-´p≈ AwKo-Imcßƒ

$ `mjm-ssien

$ Fgp-Øns‚ LS\

IsØ-gpXmw

3˛mw ¢mknse "\nd-ap≈ \∑-Iƒ' F∂ ]mT-`m-KØv IsØ-gpØv ]cn-N-b-s∏-

ń-´p-≠v. (lm‚ v _p°v t]Pv ˛ 146) IØns‚ LS\ a\-n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw Hcp-

Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Pohn-X-IY as‰m-

cmƒ Fgp-Xp-∂Xp Poh-N-cn-Xw.

Hcm-fpsS Pohn-X-IY Abmƒ Xs∂

Fgp-Xp-∂Xv Bfl-I-Y. mjm-]-tbm-

Khpw sshIm-cn-Im-hn-jvIm-chpw

Bfl-\n-jvT-amIpw.

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ L -Øn¬ A[ym-]nI

Hmtcm hnZym¿Yn-bpw cNn® Poh-N-cnX-

°p-dn-∏ns‚ hy‡n-KX Ah-X-c-W-Øn-

\v Ah-kcw krjvSn-°-Ww. Ign-bp-

sa-¶n¬ ]c-kv]c hne-bn-cp-Øepw

Bhmw. ]In-bm-L- hpw D¬∏∂hpw

So®¿ hne -bn -cp -Ø-Ww. tijw

t]m´vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-¬ kq£n-°mw.


an-I® Bi-b-hn-\n-ab D]m-[n-bm°n _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw IØp-Iƒ°p≈

]m[m-\yw Ipń-Isf t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

sSIvÃv _p°n¬ \¬In-bn-´p≈ ]h¿Ø\w IqSp-X¬ hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn

amXrIm IØp-Iƒ So®¿°p ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

ImbnItaf-bn¬ anI® hnPbw t\Snb kvIqfnse Ipńsb A\p-tam-Zn-®p-

sIm≠p≈ IØns‚ hy-‡n-KXcN\ \S-Øs´.

$ IsØ-gp-Xp-tºmƒ Ipń-tbmSp ]d-bm-\p≈ Imcy-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-Imw?

$ Fßs\ ]dbpw?

$ Fs¥√mw ]Z-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn°mw (A`n-\-µ-\-Øn\v DX-Ip∂ hm°p-

Ifpw hmN-I-ßfpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww)

XpS¿∂v Ipń-Iƒ Fgp-Xnb IØp-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw hmbn-°m≥ \¬Ip-∂p. hne-

bn-cp-Øp-∂p. sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-en\v Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p.

IØn¬ hy‡n-]-c-X-bpsS Awiw Ie¿∂n-cn-°pw. ]c-kv]cw t_m[y-ap≈

]cm-a¿iw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ]mc-kv]-cy-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb mjm ]tbm-K-

ß-fmWv s]mXpth IØn-ep-≠m-hp-I.

kµ¿`-Øn\v A\p-kr-X-ambn IØp-Iƒ sshhn[yw ]pe¿Øp-∂p. ssien-

Ifpw amdn hcp-∂p. Ah Ipń-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

$ HutZym-KnI IØv

$ £W-°Øv

$ A`n-\-µ\ IØv

$ A\p-tim-N\°Øv

$ hnh-c-ßƒ ]¶p-h-bv°p∂ IØv

XpS-ßn IØp-Iƒ ]e-hn-[-am-Wv.

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