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Third Trimester and Post-partum
Beef Cow Nutrition
Dakota Cow Calf Clinics
Dr. Karl Hoppe
Carrington Research Extension Center
NDSU Extension Service
Nutrition
• Basically a cow needs • Water
• Energy – starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, fat (oil), but not lignin
• Protein – amino acids
• Vitamins
• Minerals
Cow Nutrient
Requirements Vary by
Stage of Production
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months Since Calving
NE
m R
eq
uir
em
en
t (M
cals
) Early Lactation Late
Lactation 2nd
Trimester
3rd Trimester
Body Condition Scores
• BSC is subjective measurement of the degree of fat on a cow
• Scale 1-9; 1 skinny, 5 good, 9 obese
• Cows should be a BCS 5-6 at calving
• Allows for better milk production and increases the likelihood of being pregnant early
BCS 3
BCS 4 and
5
BCS 6 and 7
This cow has limited fat reserves to provide insulation and requires more feed to maintain herself
Energy and Body Condition
Scores
• First, provide adequate energy to cows based on the NRC Nutrient Requirements for Beef Cattle
• Second, adjust energy based the cows’ BCS
• Watch closely
• It’s difficult to change a body condition score (80 lbs) unless you are going to feed 10-15 pounds of grain for several months
• However, 2 weeks of 20 below zero will take off 1 BCS if the feed isn’t changed
Maintenance Energy
increases if cows are in
lower body condition
• 8 Months Bred – 0 degrees F
• 1200 lb BCS 4 - 17.2 lbs TDN
• 1300 lb BCS 6 - 16.6 lbs TDN
Energy and protein - thumbrules
• Mid pregnancy – 55% TDN; 7% CP
• Late Pregnancy – 60% TDN; 9%CP
• After Calving – 65% TDN; 11-12% CP
• Dry Matter intake • 2.5 - 3% of Body Weight
• mature cows can eat 4% (even more with extreme cold, 5-7%)
Energy and protein - thumbrules
• Mid pregnancy – 55% TDN; 7% CP
• Late Pregnancy – 60% TDN; 9%CP
• After Calving – 65% TDN; 11-12% CP
• Feed test
• Grass hay 88.6%DM 50% TDN 7.1% CP
• Alfalfa hay 88.0%DM 56% TDN 12.4% CP
• Corn Stover 89.2%DM 43% TDN 4.5% CP
• Corn Silage 62.2%DM 76% TDN 7.6% CP
• 2nd cut Alfalfa hay 61% TDN 16.6% CP
Cold weather thumb rule
• Pregnant Cow - Lower Critical Temperature
• No wind dry, PG cow -13 F
• Wet snow, 10 mph wind 19 F
• 10 degree F change – 10 % more Energy
• 20 degree F Change – 20 % more Energy
• 30 degree F Change – 30 % more Energy
• Specifically: 2% more energy needed per degree Celsius under the Lower Critical Temperature
Feed Prices Jan 2011
• Alfalfa Hay $65/T
• CRP hay $50/T
• Corn Stover $38/T
• Corn Grain $5.34/bu $190/T
• Corn Silage $45/T
• Barley Malt Sprout Pellets
$130/T
• Wheat Midds $155/T
• Canola Meal $231/T
• Dried Distillers Grains
$170/T
• Beet Tailings Freight $15/ton
85% water ----$ 100/T DM basis
Diets using Co-products
1400 lb cows – mature, late gestation,
maintain wt.
Lbs as fed daily
Alfalfa Hay 20 5
Grass Hay 40 22 22
Corn Stover 20 15
Wheat Straw 20
Canola Meal 2
Mineral .12 .12 .12 .12
Cost /day $1.07 $1.12 $1.28 $1.25
Diets using Co-products
1400 lb cows – mature, late gestation,
maintain wt.
Lbs as fed daily
Alfalfa Hay 5 10 5
Grass Hay 10 10 15 35
Wheat Straw 20 20
Beet Tailings 45 30 50
Barley Malt Sprout Pellets 6
Mineral .25 .25 .25 .25
Cost / day $1.17 $1.29 $1.19 $1.16
Diets using Co-products
1400 lb cows – mature, late gestation,
maintain wt.
Lbs as fed daily
Grass Hay 15 20 40 12
Wheat Straw 12 20
Corn Stover 10 25
Corn grain
Dried Distillers Grains 4 2 4
Mineral .25 .25 .25 .25
Cost / day $1.21 $1.09 $1.12 $1.23
Diets using Co-products
1400 lb cows – mature, late gestation
increase 1 BCS, 90 days
Lbs as fed daily
Alfalfa Hay 30 15 20
Grass Hay 25 20 15
Corn Stover
Wheat Straw 10 15
Wheat Midds 7 5
Mineral .25 .25 .25 .25
Cost /day $1.25 $1.23 $1.53 $1.24
Diets using Co-products
1400 lb cows – mature, late gestation
increase 1 BCS, 90 days
Lbs as fed daily
Alfalfa Hay 11 10 10 5
Grass Hay 10 15 30
Wheat Straw 15 15
Beet Tailings 45 30 65
Barley Malt Sprout Pellets 10 5
Mineral .25 .25 .25 .25
Cost / day $1.29 $1.47 $1.31 $1.37
Diets using Co-products
1400 lb cows – mature, late gestation
increase 1 BCS, 90 days
Lbs as fed daily
Grass Hay 15 20 38 12
Wheat Straw 10 17
Corn Stover 10 22
Corn Grain 4
Dried Distillers Grains 7 6 8
Mineral .25 .25 .25 .25
Cost / day $1.37 $1.37 $1.45 $1.52
Calculating cost per pound of
nutrient
• It is easy math…
• Price per pound of nutrient = price per pound of feed divided by nutrient content
• Cost per lb TDN = $65 / 2000 lbs / 80% TDN
• Cost per lb TDN = $0.0325 / lb / .80 TDN
• Cost per lb TDN = $0.0406
Calculating cost per pound of nutrient,
Energy - TDN (Mcal) Jan 2006
Feed Cost % TDN
‘as fed’
Cost / ton
TDN
Corn $1.65 / bu 80 73.66
Barley $1.60 / bu 72 92.59
Wheat
Midds
$60 / ton 75 80.00
Barley
Sprout
Pellets
$78 / ton 66 118.18
Alfalfa hay $40 / ton 53 94.33
CRP hay $40 / ton 43 93.02
Corn silage $25 / ton 25 100.00
Calculating cost per pound of nutrient,
Energy - TDN (Mcal) Jan 2009
Feed Cost % TDN
‘as fed’
Cost / ton
TDN
Corn $3.00 / bu 80 133.92
Barley $5.00 / bu 72 289.35
Wheat
Midds
$110 / ton 75 146.66
Barley
Sprout
Pellets
$120 / ton 66 181.81
Alfalfa hay $85 / ton 53 160.37
CRP hay $70 / ton 43 162.79
Corn silage $30 / ton 25 120.00
Calculating cost per pound of nutrient,
Energy - TDN (Mcal) Jan 2011
Feed Cost % TDN
‘as fed’
Cost / ton
TDN
Corn $5.35 / bu 80 238.83
Field Peas $5.00 / bu 80 208.33
Wheat
Midds
$155 / ton 75 206.66
Barley
Sprout
Pellets
$130 / ton 66 196.96
Alfalfa hay $65 / ton 53 122.64
CRP hay $50 / ton 43 116.27
Corn silage $45 / ton 25 180.00
Calculating cost per pound of nutrient,
Protein - (CP) Jan 2011
Feed Cost % CP
‘as fed’
Cost / lb
Protein (CP)
Corn $5.35 / bu 9 $1.06
DDGS $170 / ton 22 $.386
Wheat Midds $155 / ton 17.1 $.453
Barley
Sprout
Pellets
$130 / ton 14 $.464
Alfalfa hay $65 / ton 15.5 $.209
CRP hay $50 / ton 7 $.357
Canola Meal $231 / ton 36 $.320
Cow Nutritional Requirements
• 1300 lbs., Mature cow
• body condition score BSC 6
• last 1/3 gestation
• Winter hair coat, dry
• No weight gain or loss
CP,% TDN,% Ca,% Ph,%
8-9 50-53 .26 .21
CRP hay
• Various hay tests, Central North Dakota
CP,% TDN,% Ca,% Ph,%
• CRP 14.6 47 .75 .14
• CRP 9.9 49 .54 .14
• CRP 8.8 49 .54 .09
• CRP 9.97 49 .54 .14
• CRP 7.45 48 .51 .16
• CRP 4.83 47 .37 .13
• CRP 6.93 41 .30 .12
Cow Nutritional Requirements
• 1400 lbs., Mature cow
• body condition score BSC 5
• Milk Production – 20 lb peak
• Winter hair coat, dry
• No weight gain or loss
CP,% TDN,% Ca,% Ph,%
9-11 58-62 .30 .20
Feed Analysis
Take a sample from every type of hay
$16 per sample for DM, CP, ADF, Ca, Phos
• For more information contact:
Local County Extension Agent or
Area Livestock Extension Specialist
Fetal Programing
• Can we affect how a calf grow’s based on how well we feed?
• Some compelling evidence
• European study – malnourished pregnant women
• The children had more lifetime health problems –
• Hypertension, diabetes and other diseases at higher rate than the rest of the population
Fetal programming
• Deals with development of the placenta, nutrient flow to the fetus, and how the fetal cells and organs respond
Fetal programming
Wyoming/Montana study
• Spring born steer calves
• During mid-gestation cows grazed either
• Native range or improved pastures (better quality)
• Calves were backgrounded and weighed the same when placed into the finishing yard
• Calf performance in the feedlot was affected
• Native range had poorer gains, lighter carcass, lower back fat and lower marbling
Fetal programming -
Oklahoma study
Nutrition change at 4-7 months of gestation
Prepartum Nutrition
High Moderate Low Very Low
Cow no. 12 16 14 10
BCS at calving 6.1 4.8 4.7 4.5
Birth weight 89.7 91.9 91.5 91.0
ADG of calves 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0
Oklahoma study continued
BCS at Calving <5 5 >5
Cow no. 25 11 14
BCS at Calving 4.3 5.0 6.1
Birth weight 90.8 91.9 91.3
ADG of calves 2.0 2.2 2.0
If looking at just the cow:
• USDA – Beltsville:
• Restricted feed in 2nd trimester and then provide that saved feed in 3rd trimester compared to control
• Cows used the saved feed more efficiently than the control
• Feed savings minimal but cow can compensate if provided more feed
Fetal programming
• Nebraska study
• Dietary protein in pregnant cows
• Winter range or corn stalks both with or without extra protein supplements
• No added protein – more sick calves, lower weaning weight, lower finished weight and less choice carcasses
Fetal programming
• Nebraska study
• Dietary protein in pregnant cows
• Winter range or corn stalks both with or without extra protein supplements
• Heifer performance based on how dam was fed
• Slightly higher pregnancy rate
• More calving in the early part of calving season
Fetal programming
• Many research projects (basic and applied) are currently being conducted…
• Including projects at NDSU’s Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy
Summary
• Feed a balanced diet with adequate energy
• Manage body condition scores Goal: 5-6 BCS
• Feed test
• Realize underfeeding during gestation can have long term impacts on calf performance