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The Rise and Fall of a Superstar in the
Nanoworld: the Schön Case
S. Ossicini
“This is the biggest fraud in the history of modern physics” D. Ralph (Cornell Un.)
Top Journals “Nature, Science, PRL...”
New Fields “Nanostructures, organic materials,optoelectronics,superconductivity”
Elite Institutions “Bell Labs”
S. Ossicini
JanHendrik Schön(1970)
PhD 1997 Kostanz (D)
DoktorVater E. Bucher
(Solar cells (Si, III-V))
1998-2002 Bell Labs.
91 Pub. 2495 citations
2001 45publ-1x8days!
Head: Bertram BatloggS. Ossicini
S. Ossicini
“Groundbreaking results and devices on at least 10 new inorganicand organic materials and nanomaterials (1999-2002)”
i) Continous tunability of charge carrier concentration in FET
ii) QHE and FQHE in unconventional semiconductors
iii) Single organic molecule transistor
iv) Hydrocarbon superconductors(anthracene,tetracene,pentacene)
v) Non cuprate superconductivity 117 K!
vi) Organic polymeric superconductors
vii) Electrically driven organic laser
viii) Light emitting organic FET
ix) Ambipolar FET
x) Fully tunable Josephson junctionS. Ossicini
APS David Adler Prize 2000
B. Batlogg
For his contributions tosuperconductivity,heavy
fermions and organicsemiconductors
AAAS Fellow Prize 2000
B. Batlogg
For distinguished contributions in the fields of superconductivity, magnetic
oxides and organicsemiconductors
S. Ossicini
First Industrial Award at ICSM 2000
B. Batlogg and his collaborators J. H. Schön
and C. Kloc
Field Effect Transistor
10.000 US Dollar
Braunschweig Preis 2001
B. Batlogg and his collaborators J. H. Schön
and C. Kloc
C60 superconductivity
100.000 D-MarkS. Ossicini
Otto Klung Preis 2001 (50.000 D-Mark)
(Organic Semiconductor and Superconductivity)
J. H. Schön
Jury: G. Kaindl, I. Hertel, P. Heyn, E. Matthias, W. Von Aertzen
1979 T. Haensch 1983 G. Binnig, 1985 H. L. Störmer, 1986 H.Michel, 1987 J. G. Bednorz
S. Ossicini
Zhenan Bao
2002 Materials Research Society Outstanding Young Investigator
$ 3000 – J. H. Schön
“for innovative and creative experimental investigations of
organic and molecular materials, which have led both to
fundamental insights in chargetransport in these systems and to
a demonstration of new electronicand optoelectronic devices”
S. Ossicini
Rising Star
With 31 (the youngest in the history) the Max Planck Institut für Festkörperphysik in Stuttgart
offers him a Direction.
“Reports” Excellent! “He has magic hands”S. Ossicini
S. Ossicini
>100 Labs worked on Schön results
Thents of Ph.D. thesis
Schön streaking results not reproduced!
“Almost too good to be true” 2001 October
(Schön answers)
April 2002 anonymous researchers at Bell contact
Lydia Sohn (Scully) at Princeton. Identical curves.
Sohn contacts Paul McEuen (Mulder)
at Cornell University. Figure’s duplications.
They take contact with Schön, Batlogg, Bell Labs.
Schön admits some confusion with figures
May 2002 Bell set up an Investigation Committee
S. Ossicini
M. R. Beasley,S. Datta,H. Kogelnik,H. Kroemer,D. Monroe
SCIENCE 8 NATURE 5
PHYSICAL REVIEW B 2 APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 4
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 1 THIN SOLID FILMS 1
PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B 1 SYNTETHIC METALS 1
PREPRINT 1
www.lucent.com/news_events/researchreview.html (?)
S. Ossicini
Space-Charge Limited I-V Measurements
PRB 58, 12952 (1998) (50) JHS,CK,RL,BB PRB 63, 245201 (2001) (15)
JHS,CKSame data for two different materials,
α-6T and HolePentaceneS. Ossicini
Nature 413, 713 (2001) (47) JHS,HM,ZB
Exactly the samedata, divided by a
factor 2!
S. Ossicini
Transistor Characteristics
APL 77, 3766(2000) (17) JHS,CK,BBPerylene
Science 290, 963 (2000) (37) JHS,CK,BB
α-6T
Synt. Mt.122, 195 (2001) JHS,CK,BBpentacene
Same data, different materials, different potentials and polarities!
S. Ossicini
Ambipolar Transistor Triode Characteristics
Single moleculealkanedithiolInverter Characteristics
Science 294, 2138 (2001) (31) JHS,HM,ZBNature 413, 713
(2001) (47) JHS,HM,ZB
SAMFET 4-4’-biphenyldithiol
Science 287, 1022 (2000) (165)
JHS,SB,CK,BBpentacene
Same data, fordifferent
materials, temperatures
and circuits withscala changes!
Noise!
T = 300 K
S. Ossicini
Resistivity of PolythiopheneNature 410, 189 (2001) (65)
JHS,AD,ZB,CK,OS,BB
Same data for different charge densities, exceptsuperconductivity transition!
S. Ossicini
Superconductivity Transition In C60
Nature 408, 549 (2000)
(132) JHS,CK,BB
S. Ossicini
NEWS and VIEWSNature 408, 528 (2000)
S. Ossicini
Unexpected distribution! 5000 measurementson 150 samples (destroyed!).
Batlogg “2.4 years at 0.001 V/s!” Schön changes “in 1 V/s!”
S. Ossicini
Characterization of Sputtering ProcessBreakdown Strenght of Al2O3
Autorinnen und Autoren wissenschaftlicher Veröffentlichungen tragen die Verantwortung für deren Inhalt stets gemeinsam. Eine sogenannte
Ehrenautorenschaft ist ausgeschlossen.
DFG
Authors of scientific publications are always jointly responsible for theircontent. A so-called honorary authorship is inadmissible.
S. Ossicini
Gardenersand
Hunters
S. Ossicini
Role of the Researcher
Similarities
1) “Career pressure” not simple monetary gain
2) “Perpetrators tink they know the right answer” not always a violation of scientific truth
3) “Reproducibility is not expected to be simple” sample-specific(David Goodstein (Caltech 1990) “Danger factors in Scientific Misconduct”)
Similar Age- In both cases, after the scandal, doubts about the PhD thesis
Differences
Rupp 1926-1933 ~50 papers Schön 2002 45 papers
Rupp worked and published mostly alone Schön mostly in group
Rupp retracted Schön no
S. Ossicini
Coauthors/Head Role
Similarities
The high reputation of Einstein and Batlogg propelled the acceptance of the work of Rupp and Schön
Einstein and Batlogg never saw Rupp and Schön do their experiments
Differences
Einstein do not share the credit of Rupp work. Batlogg (Schön) yes
“The hierarchically structured research mills, in which the lab chief oftentakes an automatic share of the credit for the work done by his junior colleagues regardless of how insignificant his own contribution may
have been, encourages careerism and cynicism.”
Few coauthors for Rupp A large number for Schön
B. Batlogg “If I’m a passenger in a car that drives through a red light, this is not my fault”
S. Ossicini
Research Institution Role
Similarities
Both worked in high profile institutions Both in private Labs
Science is a “star system”. Member of the scientific elite have a major voice, this interferes with the normal mechanisms for communal
evaluation of results, because it gives undue prominence and immunity from severe scrutiny to the work of elite.
Short-Term Contracts Short-Term Contracts
Differences
Universities refused to appoint Rupp MPI offers Direction to Schön
Bell patented several Schön results
S. Ossicini
Scientific Community Role
Similarities
General Thrust. Not possible in Physics
Self-illusion. New Field
Role of Theory. Expected Results
Differences
Small Financial Support Strong Financial Support
Role of Personal Knowledge Role of the WEB
Search and Publication of Negative Results Only Rumors
Rupp ~10 years Schön ~4 years
80% Clinical Sciences
59% Life Sciences
4% Physics, Chemistry
“I am guilty of extreme gullibility. I have to confess it. Weshould haven been suspicious of the data almost immediately”
Philip W. Anderson 2002S. Ossicini
What happened to Emil Rupp?
He had begun a new career in the German Democratic Republicin the printing industry. Between 1950 and 1963 fivepublications, on technical topics in physics and chemistry, bore his name. The organization for which he worked was the “Forschunginstitut der DDR für die poligraphische Industrie”
What happened to J. H. Schön?
S. Ossicini
Scientific Journal Role“The way that Nature and Science compete for cutting-edge work compromised the review process in this istance. They decide for themselves what is good science or good selling science and their market
consciousness encourages people to push into print with stoddy results.” P. W. Anderson
Negative results? Computer graphic
S. Ossicini
Nature 416: 360-363 (2002)
70 papers on the efficiency of a drug in cardiovascular
diseaseIt works- 96% (4%)
reaserch supported by manifacturers
Do not work- 60% (40%)Negative effects-37% (63%)
Medline database 1966-1997
235 articles retracted
>2000 citations
after retraction!
S. Ossicini
A single letter of Ramsauer to ~20 distinguished physicists condemned
Rupp to the oblivion
IsiWeb Jan-Hendrik Schön (July 2008)
S. Ossicini
Biomedicine
ORI – Office of Research Integrity (1989)
US Department of Health and Human Services
2002 - 163
2003 - 179
2004 - 268
2005 - 265
2006 – 266
43% vs. 33% guilty
Nature 419, 332 (2002)
S. Ossicini
Science is
A social process
A historical process
A cultural process
An evolutionary process
Near rationality play a role, in the scientificprocess, creativity, imagination, intuition,
persistence, and other “non rational” elementssuch as ambition, retoric, illusion, envy,
propaganda and also fraud. It is necessary toknow this. S. Ossicini
The norms of science:Changes from the academic to the post-academic science
From CUDOS to PLACE
Robert Merton: The Ethos of Science (1942)• Communalism: Scientific results belong to
the community. • Universalism: Science is open to everybody
regardless of gender, race, religion, and scientific results must be judged by universalimpersonal criteria.
• Disinterestedness: The scientist mustseparate his own personal interests from hisresearch.
• Organized Scepticism: The scientificcommunity must organize methods forcritical testing of knowledge claims.
S. Ossicini
John M. Ziman; Real Science (2000)• Proprietary (you don’t necessarily
publish your result) • Local (you focus on a specific problem) • Authoritarian (the boss decides) • Commissioned (you get appointed a
particular goal) • Expert (you are hired to solve problems,
not to satisfy your curiosity).
More Science-More Scientists-More Interests-More Fraud!
S. Ossicini
Zygmunt Baumann; Liquid Times (2007)
GARDENERSThe gardener’s attitude is the best methaphor for the modern
(academic) worldview and practice. The gardener assumes thatthere would be no order in the world (science) at all were if
note for his costant attention and effort. The gardener knowsbetter what kinds of plants should, and what sorts of plants
should not grow in the plot under his care.He first works out the desiderable arrangement in his head, and then sees to it thatthis image is engraved on the plot. He forced his design on the plot by encouraging the growth of the right type of plants and
uprooting and destroying all other plants, now renamed“weeds”
S. Ossicini
HUNTERSThe posture of the gardener is nowadays giving way to that of
hunter. The hunter could not care less about the overall balanceof things, whether natural or designed and contrived. The sole
task hunters pursue is another kill, big enough to fill theirgame-bags to capacity. Most certainly, they would not consider
is to be their duty to make sure that the supply of game roaming in the forest will be replenished after (and despite) their hunt. If the woods have been emptied of game due to a
particularly profitable escapade, hunters may move to anotherrelatively unspoiled wilderness, still teeming with would-be
hunting trophies. We are all hunters now, or told to be hunters and called or compelled to act as hunters do, on penalty of eviction from
hunting, if not (perish the thought) of relegation to the ranks of game.
S. Ossicini
“Truth is the daughter not of authority, but time” Bacone
J. H. Schön
S. Ossicini
“And therefore it was a good answer thatwas made by one who, when they showed
him hanging in a temple a picture of those who had paid their wows as havingescaped shipwreck, and would have himsay whether he did not now acknowledge
the power of the gods-’Aye’, asked heagain, ‘but where are they panted that
were drowned after theyr vows?’ ”
Where, indeed, are the frauds that havenot been uncovered?
S. Ossicini