1 Brief Info • 4 2013

Research Task #1 Results: Summary of Social Dimension Analysis

Hasil Penelitian Task #1: Ringkasan Analisis Dimensi Sosial

The CB CF proj e c t locations are spread over a large area across five provinces on three dif ferent is lands in Indonesia. All locations are characterised by high population density associated with small l a n d h o l d i n g s a n d , particularly in some of the villages in Java (Gunung Kidul and Pati), relatively large numbers of landless community members. No evidence of major conflicts relating to land or social issues was found in any of the villages included in this study.

Lokasi s tudi CB CF meliputi lima provinsi di t iga pulau yang berbeda di Indonesia. Semua lokasi memiliki karakteristik kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi dan kepemilikan lahan sempit, bahkan pada beberapa desa di Jawa (Gunung Kidul dan Pati) terdapat rumah tangga yang tidak memiliki lahan. Meskipun demikian, konflik lahan dan permasalahan sosial lain tidak pernah muncul ke permukaan.

While in all locations community forestry is practised by farmers on their own land (HR), only the sites in Gunung Kidul and Sumbawa have established community forest programs on state forest land (HTR and HKm). In Konawe Selatan recent effort has been made to initialise the HTR program and get farmers’ interest to participate. While in most places a variety of tree species are grown, teak is the preferred species, the locations in Pati are specialising in the production of albizia (Paraserianthes falcataria). A trend to convert agricultural or estate crops land into forestry or agroforestry systems is observed in Pati, Bulukumba and Konawe Selatan.

Pemanfaatan lahan milik sebagai hutan rakyat menjadi praktek yang umum dilakukan masyarakat. Selain itu, di Gunung Kidul dan Sumbawa budidaya kehutanan juga sudah diterapkan melalui program HTR dan HKM, sementara program HTR di Konawe Selatan baru pada taraf rintisan. Jenis yang banyak dikembangkan di Pati adalah sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria), sementara di keempat lokasi lain jati merupakan jenis tanaman utama. Hasil studi memperlihatkan adanya kecenderungan alih fungsi lahan pertanian atau perkebunan menjadi lahan budidaya hutan dengan sistem agroforestri yang dijumpai di Pati, Bulukumba, dan Konawe Selatan.

Agriculture, forestry and livestock production form the main source of household subsistence and income. Timber production is mainly valued for its ease of production and marketing, and for the financial security it gives when large expenditures are needed in the household, a function it shares with cattle. Tree silviculture tends to involve more responsibilities of men than women, yet women tend to be responsible for the sale of tree/forest products, in all project sites. However, the workload for the production of food crops is mostly equally shared.

Hasil dari pertanian, tanaman kayu, dan ternak menjadi sumber pendapatan utama untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari. Hasil kayu diperhitungkan karena kemudahannya dalam budidaya dan pemasaran, dan setara dengan hasil ternak yang sangat mendukung dari segi keamanan finansial keluarga ketika membutuhkan biaya yang besar, misalnya untuk sekolah. Usaha budidaya kayu cenderung lebih banyak membutuhkan tanggung jawab kaum lelaki. Sedangkan, dalam budidaya pertanian beban kerja yang ditanggung lelaki dan perempuan relatif sama.

Service provision, in the form of extension services from the Forestry and Agriculture Offices or NGO programs, tends to focus on specific c o m m u n i t y f o r e s t programs on state forest land that apply the HTR and HKm systems, while support to farmers growing trees on their own land (HR system), which has the potential of the highest benefit for the farmers, is sporadic.

Pelayanan penyuluhan, b a i k d a r i D i n a s Kehut anan maupun LSM, cenderung hanya terfokus pada program kehutanan masyarakat di lahan negara yakni H T R d a n H K M , sementara untuk petani HR jarang mendapatkan penyuluhan.

ACIAR Project No. FST/2008/030

Forestry Research and Development Agency (FORDA)Ministry of ForestryIn cooperation with:

Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research

Australian GovernmentAustralian Centre for

International Agricultural Research

Phone : 0251 8633944 Fax : 0251 8634924 E-mai l : ac ia r_cbcf@yahoo.com Webs i te : h t tp : //ac ia r.pusp i jak .org

No. 4 2013

[Indonesian][Bahasa Inggris]

Overcoming Constraints to Community-BasedC o m m e r c i a l F o r e s t r y i n I n d o n e s i a

Fig. 2 Discussion in Konawe Selatan[Gb. 2 Kegiatan diskusi di Konawe Selatan]

Fig. 3 Interview activity in Pati[Gb. 3 Wawancara responden di Pati]

Gunung Kidul

Pati Bulukumba

Konawe Selatan

Sumbawa

Fig. 1 Study location [Gb. 1 Lokasi Penelitian]

2 Brief Info • 4 2013

Most villages, especially in Java, have a myriad of savings groups, mostly separate for men and women; however, these groups are generally not effectively linked to farmer group or cooperative activities. Effective cooperatives are rare due to either the lack of organisational capacity or the lack of trust among groups that previously experienced issues in cooperative management.

Di mayoritas desa, terutama di Jawa, terdapat kelompok simpan pinjam yang terpisah antara kaum lelaki dan perempuan. Kelompok tersebut tidak terkait dengan kelompok tani atau koperasi. Koperasi yang aktif berkegiatan sangat jarang ditemukan. Hal tersebut terjadi antara lain karena keterbatasan kemampuan berorganisasi serta rendahnya kepercayaan antar anggota yang disebabkan kesalahan pengelolaan di masa lalu.

General constraints are identified, as follows: (1) constraints to timber production, such as: limited landholdings, traditional production techniques, lack of working capital, lack of extention activities, and pests and diseases; (2) constraints to timber marketing, such as: a weak bargaining position of farmers, onerous permit system and limited local scale industries; and (3) constraints faced by farmer organisations, such as: ineffective management of the group, unrepresentative membership of a group, limited involvement of women and ineffective or non-existing financial service providers.

Beberapa keterbatasan yang dihadapi dalam pengembangan CBCF antara lain: (1) keterbatasan produksi kayu, misalnya kecilnya kepemilikan lahan, teknik budidaya tradisional, kurangnya modal kerja, minimnya kegiatan penyuluhan, dan serangan hama dan penyakit; (2) keterbatasan dalam pemasaran, misalnya rendahnya posisi tawar petani, sistem perijinan penebangan dan pengangkutan kayu, dan sedikitnya industri lokal; dan (3) keterbatasan organisasi petani, misalnya pengelolaan yang kurang efektif, keanggotaan yang kurang berimbang antara pemilik lahan luas dan sempit, sedikitnya keterlibatan perempuan dalam organisasi, dan kurang efektif atau tidak tersedianya lembaga pembiayaan.

Several opportunities were identified that could be further explored in the project to improve existing CBCF systems, were: (1) opportunities for the improvement of timber production, such as: a potential to improve management of large areas planted with trees, suitable land availability and a potential to increase productivity; (2) opportunities for the improvement of timber marketing, such as: a high and increasing demand for timber and possibility to learn from effective timber trader associations and cooperatives; (3) opportunities for the improvement of farmer organisation, such as: policies and funding supports from Ministry of Forestry and a general awareness in planting trees.

Beberapa peluang yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan sistem CBCF antara lain (1) peluang peningkatan produksi kayu, misalnya melalui perbaikan pengelolaan lahan, semakin luasnya lahan yang diubah menjadi hutan rakyat dan peningkatan produktifitas lahan; (2) peluang perbaikan

pemasaran kayu, misalnya melalui pemanfaatan peningkatan permintaan kayu dan pembelajaran dari asosiasi pedagang kayu dan koperasi yang dikelola secara efektif; dan (3) peluang perbaikan organisasi petani, misalnya melalui kebijakan dan dukungan dana dari berbagai program Kementerian Kehutanan dan meningkatnya kesadaran umum untuk menanam pohon.

The conclusions from the study were (1) communities in the selected project areas experience a range of limitations preventing them from improving their livelihood, such as low levels of formal education, dry and sloping land of limited area, restricted access to markets, input and service providers, and limited opportunities to learn and engage in collective action; (2) CBCF plays an important role in the livelihood of farm families in the study areas; and (3) in order to formulate adequate interventions to improve the different CBCF systems and measure the impacts of these interventions, an analytical framework should preferably be based on the sustainable livelihood framework.

Kesimpulan umum yang dapat ditarik dari studi ini adalah (1) masyarakat mengalami berbagai keterbatasan untuk meningkatkan taraf hidupnya, misalnya karena tingkat pendidikan yang rendah, lahan terbatas dengan kondisi yang kering dan miring, keterbatasan akses pasar, input produksi, penyuluhan, dan kegiatan kolektif; (2) CBCF memiliki peran penting dalam kehidupan rumah tangga petani; dan (3) untuk melakukan intervensi dan mengukur dampaknya dalam rangka peningkatan sistem CBCF diperlukan analisis yang didasarkan pada kerangka penghidupan yang berkelanjutan.

The general recommenda-tions from the study were the need for: (1) farmer capacity building; (2) intensive support for farmer organisations; (3) women empowering; (4) encourage coordination and collaboration at the community level and beyond; (5) review and address policy limitations relating to the various models of CBCF; (6) development of local processing industry near production areas; and (7) development of credit facilities.

Dari studi ini dapat d ir umuskan b eb erapa rekomendasi, yakni (1) per lunya peningkatan kapas itas petani , (2) dukungan intensif pada upaya pengorganisasian petani, (3) pemberdayaan perempuan, (4) penguatan koordinasi dan kolaborasi di t ingkat masyarakat dan pemerintahan, (5) mengkaji kembali berbagai kebijakan terkait CBCF, (6) mendorong perkembangan industri skala lokal, dan (7) mendorong penyediaan fasilitas kredit.

Fig. 4 Walk-in interview at Bulukumba’s community forest[Gb. 4 Wawancara di lokasi hutan rakyat di Bulukumba]

Fig. 5 Horses grazing in Sumbawa[Gb. 5 Penggembalaan liar di Sumbawa]

Fig. 6 A trader shows how he measures the volume of teak in Gunung Kidul

[Gb. 6 Cara pedagang mengukur volume kayu jati di Gunung Kidul]

Fig. 7 Writing workshop of Social Dimension Analysis in Mataram [Gb. 7 Workshop penulisan laporan Analisis Dimensi Sosial di

Mataram]

For more information please contact:

Dr. Digby Race (digby.race@anu.edu.au) at Australian National University (ANU)

Dr. Kirsfianti L. Ginoga (kginoga@indo.net.id) at Forestry Research and Development Agency (FORDA)

Silvi Nur Oktalina, M.Si (genki_21@yahoo.com) at Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University

Mr. Dede Rohadi (d.rohadi@cgiar.org) at Center for International Foreatry Research (CIFOR)

Ms. Novita Diah Ariani (info@trees4trees.org) at Trees4Trees (T4T)

Mr. Muhammad Ridha (Edo) Hakim (rhakim@wwf.or.id)at World Wide Fund (WWF) Indonesia

Mr. Kaslan at PT Palopo Alam Lestari (PT PAL), Bulukumba