Studding Ecological Conditions of Khamir Port and Mangroves (Hara

forests) to Analyze Future Sustainable Development of the Urban Region

by Method of Classifying Competitive Neural Network (Iran, Persian

Gulf)

Ryhaneh esmaeili

Abstract. in order to population growth, technology improvement, cities development, and subsequently

(therefore) destruction of natural environment, the need for maintaining green spaces for creating ecologic balance

become significance, especially in hot and arid areas in which the plant is a factor for adjusting heat. Without the

ecological and environmental consideration, designing goes towards unsustainable. The study of land use plan in

urban area and its suburb provides information about environmental substructure, the existent strengths, weaknesses,

opportunities, and threats, the proper expanding and developing methods for urbanism parameters, the rate of its

expansion, landscape designing, and so on for management and master planning. Using satellite images helps to

Accurate and efficient monitoring on the scope management of development and Ecological succession process of

regions with Economic, political, and recreational potentials.

The main purpose of this research is zoning (classifying) the urban areas, pastures, mangrove (Hara forest) and

ranking soil of Khamir port upon: cultivable or barren. By identifying these consequences it can be possible to review

and determine design principles of sustainable landscape.

As a case study, land use plan in Khamir port and Gheshm Island in 2005 was provided by the use of satellite images

of land sat 7(main reflective measuring bands of ETM+) and competitive neural network classification.

In the obtained map, different plant coverage (Mangrove forests, palms, teasels and …), soil quality, water sources

(rivers and sea), urban districts and their changes in 5 years duration have been recognized. The results demonstrate

the needs of accurate planning for controlling the development, utilizing the port potentials and preserving the forests

by the use of scope management system.

Keywords: sustainable Landscape, Landuse Plan, Competitive Neural Network, Khamir port

1. Introduction

Growing flow of population and consequently, development of urbanism in cities have widely transformed

ecological framework of the region. This why need to development of green spaces and preserving natural habitats

(forests and grasslands) are necessary as bioenvironmental moderators. European commission has emphasized on

observing sustainability principles of landscape designing by title "from ecosystem research to sustainable

development plan" [1]. To study plant cover and soil of a region is an important factor of planning in direction of

future sustainable development because necessary actions can be performed for better direction and management

of resources by studying available potentials. In fact, studying climatic conditions and type of plant cover of the

region has an important role in method of rehabilitation, reservation and direction of complicated plan-control of

development directions of the city for conserving natural habitats and direction toward construction at barren lands

especially at warm regions and deserts that each tree and smallest bit of fertile soil is very precious [2].

Nowadays, a wide section of deserts can be supervised by using satellite pictures and remote sensing and

perform different studies [3]. Using different tested pictures and remote sensing techniques are profitable

economically and give necessary accuracy. Different methods of providing usage map by using satellite pictures,

provide coloring maps including different information in the fields of: type of plant cover, type of distribution and

Corresponding author. Tel.: +989387434375

E-mail address: esmaeili.reyhaneh@yahoo.com.

2014 4th International Conference on Biotechnology and Environment Management

IPCBEE vol.75 (2014) © (2014) IACSIT Press, Singapore

DOI: 10.7763/IPCBEE. 2014. V75. 6

33

their accumulation, structure of soil at different regions (barren, reclamation, and or fertile) and their area and

water of the region (river, lake, and seas) and their structure, urban districts. The comprehensive plan can be

directed toward preserving sustainable ecosystem of the region by this method [4].

1.1. Record and necessity of research performance

The changes in land usage and land coverage have effective role in bioenvironmental developments. These

evolutions especially at the regions with special ecological conditions appear gradually in form of irreparable

problems that overshadow not only its limits but also a wide area of its environment. Desert and semi-desert

regions, borders of salt lakes and seasonal rivers are these regions [5]. Nowadays, many studies and consequently

considerable developments have been performed in direction of control of such changes and preserving

sustainability of dry regions and deserts and these challenges have become international by stating sustainable

ecosystem and ecotourism issues as discussable subjects within landscape architectures, city planners and

ecologists including countries such as Iran, Australia and some parts of united states due to having warm and dry

climatic conditions and or wide deserts [6].

Uromieh Lake located at west north of Iran have always been considered by domestic and foreign tourists as a

natural habitat and due to having beautiful landscapes and treatment feature that nowadays, its existing is

endangered by not considering to consequences of changes such as dam and bridge construction and change in

route of rivers. Ecologists and engineers of bioenvironmental evolutions have estimated flow of this drought and

extinction of ecosystem of this lake and consequently, events such as salt storm and different diseases by

classification of satellite pictures. There are many examples like these with different consequences in the world.

[7]. Usage changes of land has been studied at Kenyan Highlands between 1985 and 1995 for studying

development flow of agricultural lands at high section and its difference with lower semi-dry section of this region

[5]. This difference and change of usage are obviously clear at aerial pictures and satellite pictures during 40 years

by normal methods of classification. Resulted interpretation shows that there has not been any change between

1958 and 1985 and main evolutions in agricultural system are related to future 10 years that includes 75%

development in planting trees and farming; some of these changes argue deep elation between upper and lower

limit and lower limit is considered as a scope for high volume of population at upper limit [3].

Another sample is Australia that 70% of its soil is covered by desert and semi-desert; therefore, to study water

and plant resources is the requisites of sustainable landscape development at these areas. The researches performed

at Uloro Kata Tejota national park showed that control, management and preservation of local plant cover and

native farm are the best approach for existence of this ecosystem because these plants adapt to warm and dry and or

warm and wet climate.

1.2. Research methodology

Type of research is developmental and applied one and research method in the field of theoretical literatures is

descriptive-analytical one and in the field of field studies, it is measurement method with tool of data collecting by

library studies and field observations. Data analysis method is descriptive-adaptive and perceptive statistics at

satellite pictures [8].

In warm and humid ETM+ region as case study, satellite pictures of Landsat 7, Khamir measurer in 2005 has

been selected [9].

2. Case Study

Khamir port is central of Khamir area at Bandarabbas city from Hormozgan province that is 141 km far from

west south of Bandarabbas and 108 km far from east north of Bandar Lengeh, on main road of Bandarabbas to

Bandar Lengeh and it is located at low region of plains at north of Khoran/Khoriat channel at north of Gheshm

island. Geographic situation of Khamir port and forests of outskirts is 55˚ 34ʹ to 55˚ 49ʹ 17ʺ eastern longitude and

26˚ 49ʹ to 26˚ 56ʹ 32ʺ northern latitude. Location of the city becomes gradually eliminated from 2 km of beach to 56

north longitude so that height of Khamir mountain is 1400 meters far from 10 km of north of the city from east to

west. Khamir port located at back of beach has a bay with small opening and about 7 meters depth. Its anchorage

(with depth of 6 meters) that is one of anchorages of Khoran bay is located at one km far from beach between

Ghesm Island and northern beach of Persian Gulf. Around the Khamir port is covered by jujube, Harra, Harra,

34

Gahoor, and Gaz trees and medical plants such as plant wheat, Dooni, Kil, torshak and Sormeh [10]. In the

following picture, the first one is real colored picture and the second is false nature.

Table 1: the step of work during the process (by: author)

Fig. 1: the map of Iran and khamir port (accessed by: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kish_Island and

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Strait_of_hormuz.jpg, accessed date: 23 April 2014)

3. Case Study

The pictures used in this research is picture of Landsat satellite, Landsat Enhanced thematic Mapper Plus, on

Sep. 07, 2005 at Khamir port that are collected from graphic archive of GLCF for providing map applied map of

lands and their analysis. ETM+ has seven bands that its 6th band is thermal but other bands of this is reflective

bands and size of their pixels over the land is 5.28 meters at x and y directions. In this article, thermal band of

Methods Details Concepts

Geometric and radiometric

correction of images; The area of visual categories

ranging from urban spaces

to water, Hara forest

coatings Constructing the color images of the

bands;

Selecting the bands for create soil,

water, plant and … indicators

Comparing Histograms and

Cognition of different

phenomenon

Reflection of Histogram in the main

bands of different coatings (plant,

soil, water & …)

Providing the reflection of

Histogram in the main bands

of categorizes

Providing the land

use plan

1 2

3

4 5

Choice of training areas in each area

for gathering samples

6

Time

manageme

nt

Cost

manageme

nt

Scope

managemen

t

Integration

management

...

Steps of Conduct

Research and its

conclusions

Preparing Land use

plan with images and

ETM

Field Studies

(Economical,

Political &

Geographical

Conditions by

providing SWOT

table)

The consideration of

environmental conditions

in the area of Khamir Port

and Mangroves

Keywords:

- Sustainable Landscape

- Land Use Plan

- Competitive Neural

Network

- Eco-Political Centers

- Khamir Port

Considering

environmental

sustainable structures

in this area

The analysis of obtained images and comparing with the prior

conditions (Change mining)

Mining the sustainable

management patterns of sites:

For the future research

Image classification by

competitive neural network

& accuracy evaluation

7

35

Landsat pictures have not been used and other bands with same local and spectrum separation power. These land

pictures have become reference and the datum used in this research is World Geodetic System 846 and is located in

Universal Transverse Mercator grid system at 39 northern area [4]. Each group has subgroups for example soil has

salt crust soil, sandy soil, barren lands with light soils and oozy soil and Gypsum soils. Plant cover has sub groups

of Tamarisk sp., grasslands and oozy and sandy soils (with Alhagi camelerom), Mangroves, prosopis Mimosaceae,

palm, etc. and grasslands of lower plain that are not affected by gypsum.

2-a 2-b

2-c 2-d

Fig. 2: a- Mangroves (Hara forest) and Persian Gulf view near the Khamir port; b- Khamir city; c- the road outside the city to

Chahahmad town; d- seaside of Khamir (accessed by: http://www.delgarm.com/tourism/about-iranian, date: 22 April, 2014)

Figure 3-a Figure 3-b

Fig. 3: a- Landsat satellite images as RGB through 2-4-7 bands modulation by ENVI software; b- Utilized images has been

prepared by GLCF satellite image archives (glcf.umiacs.umd.edu)

4. Land Use Map by Competitive Neural Network Classifying Method

For structural study of a wide region in which field study is not possible personally or statistically in order to

determine usages, structure and cover of the region, the best and shortest method is optimized use of satellite

pictures [11]. Satellite pictures enable the user to classify a wide region with various cover and usage in terms of

structure with suitable accuracy and contrast [12]. Of course, the accuracy depends on the method used at 36

classification of the pictures. In the pictures gained by classifying method of competitive neural network, urban

regions and way of their development are recognizable; this helps to prevent more extinction of Tamarisk sp. and

prosopis Mimosaceae by providing a green belt around the city. In addition, flood channels and ways of movement

and also barren soils are differentiable [13]. In studying geology, gypsum soil is classified in non-cultivatable,

therefore, construction prevents from their development and extinction the regions with cultivation potential and

determination of widespread limit of these regions help to definition of future comprehensive plan of cities at

deserts, warm, … regions [14].

4-a 4-b

4-c 4-d

4-e

Fig. 4: Types of soil cover in the area of Khamir Port; a: aride land of with light soil; b: Rangelands with sandy soil; c: Oozy

cover; d: Gypsum soil; e: Tamarisk sp. (source: Authors)

By this method, limit of the groups can be determined by providing some testing samples that are applicable at

wide areas. Also, type of plant cover and their volume and limit of each can be recognized that are many applicable

in designing national parks. By comparing several usage maps during several years, way of drought development

and increase of urban area can be determined [15]. Using classifying method of competitive neural network

provides possibility of extracting a usage map of suitable lands from available satellite pictures and by using it,

some purposes are realized such as renovation of deserts, improvement of land usage, control of wind erosion,

designing the shortest and simplest methods of using water sources, urban macro-programing, control of urban

development, determining new place of constructing national park and urban regions, determining area of green

belts and designing landscapes [16].

5. Table of Accuracy Evaluating

Table 2:- to study accuracy of classifying pictures by competitive neural network by confusion matrix

37

Zone 1: urban area, district 2: sandy soils and cultivable soils, district 3: dry and sandy soils, district 4: oozy

soils and beach soils, district 5: deeper waters, district 6: urban areas, seashore and roads, district 7: cultivable soils,

district 8: gypsum soils, district 9: barren mountainous places.

Fig. 5: Classification of image using Neural Network Classification Methods by electing more training data and indication

colors of classes. There are problems with the squares of the limitation of Khamir Port (Source: Almasifar, 2008)

Table 2: Table of Accuracy Evaluating (Source: Authors)

Class Generator

Accuracy User Accuracy

Generator

Accuracy User Accuracy

Percent Percent Pixels Pixels

#1 99.03 99.31 718.725 718.723

#2 87.94 91.12 2728.3102 2728.2994

#3 98.04 96.77 899.917 899.929

#4 92.96 91.80 5441.5853 5441.5927

#5 90.32 89.33 1708.1891 1708.1912

#6 97.95 97.10 3585.3660 3585.3692

#7 87.20 89.17 1144.1312 1144.1283

#8 91.87 92.45 545.678 545.634

#9 89.76 90.23 978.1134 978.1269

Table 3: Introducting the Specifid Areas of the Photo (Source: the authors, 2008)

The color of landsat plan Said Area

Light green Plant coverage area of Palm, Prosopis Mimosaceae, Mangroves

Dark green Palm and some Mangroves formed as this color due to its reflected morass

such as palm

Yellow and orange Sandy and dry soil with its less growth ability

Light blue Proper oozy and strand soils for planting mangrove and mangroves

Dark Blue The most depth water

Red Urban area, the beach and roads

Purple and dark purple Sandy soils and cultivated soils

White Gypsum soil

Light purple Arid highlands

6. Conclusion

Recently, due to high growth of urbanism and globalism, preservation of forests and natural landscapes has

become a challengeable issue that is threatened by new constructions and environmental pollutions and

consequently ecological changes. Studying flow of destructing natural sources in the world shows this issue clearly

that not control of this problem has non-repairable results for human.

38

Present research is going to find a solution for preserving sustainability of warm regions and deserts and

control of irregular destruction of local forests of these regions. The first step of this way is to study conditions and

determining crisis points and the best method for this purpose is to classify and interpret satellite pictures and aerial

pictures. By extracting these issues, a suitable approach can be provided in direction of sustainable development.

Results of present research show that Khamir region as a warm and semi-desert region needs to preservation and

rehabilitation. Growth of urban regions and fishing have unfortunately resulted in gradual destruction of Hara

forests and faced the structure of the region with crisis that has not yet appeared. Not control of this flow causes

increase of destruction and death of trees and destructing these natural landscapes that lose habitats of vital

potentials due to high temperature and becomes inhabitable.

In this way, sustainability of landscape can be stabilized by control and forecasting necessary arrangements.

Some approaches have been provided by analysis of satellite pictures of the region.

Fig. 6: Data collecting and methods in order to providing protective and sustainable development ways (by: author)

Sustainable tourism

Initial studies

\

Initial principles and regulations to protect the

natural landscapes

Management in natural hot and arid landscapes

Registered studied certificates in UNESCO

in the said character

Determining the type of natural landscapes

Anthropology

Studies:

Environmental

Studies:

Providing a

charter

Historic studies:

Exploiting the ideas and

methods used in samples

Determining the regulations and prisms

of principles and methods in protecting

the natural landscapes

Tourism

Peasants and

indigenous people

Sustainable

landscape

Conservation

criteria

Development

criteria

Eco –tourism

Tourism Statistics

Determining the scope of necessity and needs

Providing the graphical plan and SWOT

table

Determining the physical needed landscapes

for protection

Determining activities in the respect of material

and spiritual revival

Determining the needed expenses for

equipments

Vocal literature

Selection protective samples and

reduction based on principles

Social, economical and life studies

Sociopolitical

conditions

Periodic plans

Physic-environmental

specifications

Historical happens

and works

39

Table 4: Method and Suggestions Provided for Reseving and Implementing the Susrainable Land Scape (by: author)

Fundament

als

Methods and suggestions provided for preserving and implementing the sustainable

landscape

Protection

1- Considering to principles of sustainable landscape, growth of these local plans such

as Tamarisk sp., Alhagi camelerom ،Mangroves, Prosopis Mimosaceae.

By implanting these plants on slopes, borders of roads and residing places and bays

By preserving forest areas and improvement of their growth and reproduction

2- Principles of ecologic progression are performed by limiting activities and

construction at southern and northern sections due to Gaz and Hara forests.

To create green belts for preventing constructions

To implant and preserve local and resistant plants at this region

3- To implant local small trees with resistant roots in fixing slopes and preventing from

erosion.

4- In the field of considering to climate of the region

Considering to convenience conditions and climate

To use small climates

To preserve and increase local plant cover of the region for preventing from soil

erosion and increase of temperature

Developme

nt

1- To recognize Urban areas and way of their development and prevent from destruction

of forests by creating green belt around the region

2- Channels and movement routs and also barren soils are differentiated and in this way,

available potentials of the region can be limited.

3- In geological studies, sand and gypsum soils are hard and non-revival; therefore,

construction prevents from development of barren lands and destruction of the

regions with implantation potential in these regions.

4- To direct construction to barren regions and non-revival by giving special points and to

begin constructing residential townships by private and governmental centers.

5- To prevent unusual growth of construction and soil erosion by plan of implanting local

trees in revivable lands.

6- System of implantation can be diverse by determining limit of lands with wet lands in

order to create more attraction.

7- Necessary actions can be performed for improvement of their quality by classifying

soils of the region and limit.

8- New species compatible with climate conditions and soil at deserts can be determined

by considering to habitat needs.

9- Suitable readiness of soil before implanting, especially at the regions which its soil has

been revived by watershed management.

7. Reference

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