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Structures of the Purine and Pyrimidine Bases
Example of the Structure of a Nucleotide
Base
Nucleoside
Nucleotide
Chemical Structure of a Nucleic Acid
Voet Fig. 3-6
Note that the strands run antiparallel
Note that the helix is 20 Å wide.
There are about 10 base pairs per turn of the helix.
One turn of the helix is 34 Å
The base pairs are 3.4 Å apart
Double Helical Structure of DNA
Voet Fig. 3-9
Major groove
Base Pairing
Voet Fig. 23-1
Many proteins associateWith DNA through theMajor and Minor grooves
MajorGroove
http://www.clunet.edu/BioDev/omm/gallery.htm
Space-filling Model of B-DNA
Backbones of the strands are bright green and bright red
The bases on the corresponding backbones are lighter green and pink
Helical Structures
A-DNA B-DNA Z-DNA
Voet Fig. 23-2
Supercoiling of DNA
Supercoiled DNA Relaxed DNA
Denaturation of DNA
Voet Fig. 23-15
Restriction Endonucleases
Voet Fig. 3-18
Cutting DNA with Restriction Endonucleases followed by Analysis by Gel Electrophoresis
Restriction Digest
A BC
AC
B
Visualizing DNA Fragments in Gels
Voet Fig. 3-20
Southern Analysis
Voet Fig. 23-28
Chain Termination
Method of DNA Sequencing
Voet Fig. 3-23
Fluorescent dye-conjugated derivatives of the Dideoxynucleotides can be used in DNA Sequencing Instruments
DNA Sequencing Instruments
Example of data obtained from a DNA sequencing reaction using fluorescent (dye-conjugated) derivatives of dideoxynucleotides
Automated Sequencing
Voet Fig. 3-25
Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification of
DNA
Garrett and Grisham Fig. 13-21
See Voet Fig. 3-32
Plasmids can Serve as Cloning Vehicles (Vectors)
Voet Fig. 3-27
Construction of a Recombinant DNA
Voet Fig. 3-29
Vector DNAs must be capable of replicating in the host cells and must carry a selectable marker
Selection of Transformants
Selection of Transformants of Interest
Voet Fig. 3-31