Annual Conference

Stormwater Treatment Technologies –Applied to Septic Tank Effluent and

Reclaimed WaterMartin Wanielista

2017 Annual FSA ConferenceSanibel Harbour Marriott , June 14-17, 2017

www.stormwater.ucf.edu

PARTNERS Florida Department of Environmental Protection St. Johns River WMD City of DeLand Marion County Southwest Florida WMD University of Central Florida Florida Department of Transportation Florida Department of Health Florida’s Showcase Green Envirohome (FSGE)

Contributors: Keith Riger, Shawn Wahrenberger and Alex Konoval, City of DeLandNi-Bin Chang and Steve Duranceau, UCF ProfessorsDan Wen, Dylan Adkins, and Jessica Cormier, Students

PURPOSE of PRESENTATION• Discuss some stormwater treatment

practices that are transferable to wastewater treatment.– Concentrate on passive technologies (require

no process pumps or power).– Limited to the use of Bio-sorption Activated

Media (BAM) applications– Understand SW and WW treatment are part of

TMDL and BMAP areas.• Present data on nitrogen removal

effectiveness using passive systems.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERfrom SW Management to WW Treatment

1. Performance: all regulated to achieve a standard2. Concentration: lower with SWM, higher with WWT3. Source Control Similarities: LID with SWM and Septic

Tank with WWT. 4. Regional Control: Basins with SWM and RIBS with

WWT. NOTE: All put water into the ground.5. Cost, Construction and Life Cycle. 6. Promote using Professional Associations and

Education.

As a minimum, it is helpful to understand

Define Bio-Sorption Activated Media (BAM)

• Sorption is a process that occurs with solid media to build-up or concentrate pollutant(s). (Other Chemical removals also). One holds another.

• Activation occurs when the media and the working environment are altered to improve removal, sometimes by physical or chemical methods that lead to removal by biological means. (example: low DO and nitrate removal)

• Thus BAM is a media for pollutant removal that has sorption properties in a specific environment.

Examples of mediaNo. Sorption media Physical/Chemical

Properties References

1 Sand filter Bell et al., 1995

2 Tire crumbs/Tire chips D= 20.00 to 40.00 mm Shin et al., 1999

3 Zeolite+ Expanded Clay D= 2.50-5.00 mm Gisvold et al., 2000

4 Polyurethane porous media Porous structure, Average diameter 3.00-5.00 mm,

Han et al., 2001

5 Limestone D= 2.38 to 4.76 mm Zhang, 2002Sulfur D= 2.38 to 4.76 mm

6 Sand granules Espino-valdés et al., 2003

7 Clay Gálvez., 2003

Bold identified as tested by this Team

Examples of media8 High density

modulesRodgers and Zhan, 2004

9

Sandy clay Sand (53.28%), Silt (24.00%), Clay (22.72%)Güngör and Ünlü 2005Loamy sand Sand (78.28%), Silt (10.64%), Clay (11.08%)

Sandy loam Sand (70.28%), Silt (14.64%), Clay (15.08%)

10Masonry sand Bulk density of masonry sand is 1670

kg/m3; Porosity of masonry sand is 0.30. Forbes et al., 2005Expanded

shaleExpanded shale Bulk density of expanded shale is 728.00 kg/m3

11 Oyster shell Powder form, 28.00% Calcium, Namasivayamet al., 2005

12Limestone D =2.38 to 4.76 mm Sengupta and

Ergas, 2006Oyster shellsMarble chips Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3

13 Soy meal hulls D<0.125 mm Arami. 2006

14 Clinoptilolite Hedström et al., 2006

Bold identified as tested by this Team

Examples of media

15 Perlite Rebco II, 2007

16

Clinoptilolite D = 0.30 -4.76 mm

Smith et al., 2008

Expanded clay D = 0.40-5.0 mm

Tire crumb D = 0.30-5.00mm

Sulfur D = 2.00-5.00 mm

Crushed oyster shell D = 3.00-15.00 mm

Utelite (expanded shale) D = 0.40-4.50 mm

17Crushed shells

D = 4.00-4.75 mm Li et al., 2009Sphagnum peat moss

18 Three-dimensional plastic media

Jin et al., 2009

19 Alum sludge Park, 2009

Bold identified as tested by this Team

Approach to assess Performance

1. LABORATORY – Document the fate of nitrogen and establish design and installation guidance.

2. FIELD – Monitor systems that have Bio-sorption Activated Media (BAM) in Passive On-site Treatment System (POTS) .

a. Demonstration of full scale sites and

b. Commercial installations

Some Measures of BAM for Nutrient Management

• Removal Kinetics and Life Expectancy. • High surface area.• Effluent has no biological toxic

effects.• Ease of filtration.• Maintenance is low. Reasonably non-

degradable or can be rejuvenated.

10

LABORATORY SOIL COLUMNS Test selected media mixtures to

quantify their nutrient attenuation capabilities, reaction kinetics, and filtration rates.

Life ExpectancyAerobic and Anaerobic Reactors

Bio-Sorption Activated Media (BAM) Scanning Electron Microscope

Figure 5.13-15. SEM of (a) concrete sand1,000 x, (b) expanded clay 2,200 x, and (c) tire crumb 1,200 x magnification showing the surface structure and characteristics after

residing in the 24 days of column testing.

SHOWS MANY SITES (AREA) FOR SORPTION when using expanded clay and tire crumb

Biofouling did not appear within an equivalent flow of 10 years

Denitrifying Organisms and Nitrate

Evidence of denitrification is supported by real-time PCR (DNA) results indicating elevated nitrite reductase gene densities at depths above 1.4 m.

Nitrate Present in This B&G Media

BAM Media SELECTION (testing beyond kinetics)

• Expanded Clay• Peat • Natural

Sandy/Loamy/Clayey soils

• Sawdust• Paper/Newspaper • Iron Filings• Zeolite

• Tire Crumb and Chips• Water Treatment Sludge• Activated Carbon• Limestone• Crushed Shells• Wood Fiber/Chips• Compost• Coconut coir

Toxic Results

Costly

Toxic Results

Costly

Toxic Results

Toxic Results

14

Limited availability

Consistency

What BAM was used in field sites? A BAM product which is mineraland thus has minimum degradation in an expected life of at least 50 years.It is typically composed of a combination of the following materials:recycled tire, sand, clay and expanded clay. For many years, recycle tirehas been used in septic tank drain fields. Clay and tire provide surfacearea for organisms to exist. Sand and expanded clay provide filtrationrates and thus target residence times. There are commonly used six mixes,all patented by the State University System and sold under the trade nameof Bold & Gold.

ECT3 Media CTS Media

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A BLEND TO GET REMOVAL AND FILTRATION

In Stormwater Management, BAM used for Source and Regional SWM BMPs

• 1 foot thick BAM layer – reduce TN 60%• 2 feet results in a 75% TN reduction

• Source control reduces flow to regional BMPs

Forebay or pre-treatment

Flood Control

WWT (Septic and RIBS) Field Installations (Demonstration and Commercial)

Can similar lab performance be obtained in full scale field sites?

Does there exist acute or chronic toxicity result (EPA WET)?

Can a passive system be implemented ? Passive is defined asone with no mechanical aerators or treatment pumps. Pumps can be used to overcome gravity. For the treatment areas, orflow through the aerobic and anaerobic reactors is by gravity.

FIELD DEMONSTRATION SITE @ UCF NSF 245 and UCF Wastewater

Raw waste or influent numbers

Wastewater is from a scholarship dorm with 15 beds, kitchen and laundryand when students not there, flow is from the University Reception Home.

TSS(mg/L)

CBOD5(mg/L)

TKN(mg/L)

ALK(mg/L as CaCO3)

Temperature(Celsius)

pH(S.U.)

UCF Average Influent 217.9 119.2 47.1 297.2 23.6 7.6

NSF/ANSI 245 100 - 350 100 - 300 - 35 - 70 > 120 10 - 30 6.0 - 9.0

NSF/ANSI 40 100 - 350 100 - 300 35 - 70 > 175 10 - 30 6.5 - 9.0

Status OK OK OK OK OK OK

Up-Flow System for Nitrogen Removal

Removal ~ 85 - 99%Input ~ 44 mg/L

In 3 different vegetation cells, labeled as I, II, III, and IV had no vegetation

Passive: No Pumps

Pipes for air

Up-Flow System for Phosphorus Removal

Removal ~ 97 – 99.6%Input ~ 7.5 mg/L

Passive: No Pumps

Pipes for air

In 3 different vegetation cells, labeled as I, II, III, and IV had no vegetation

Indialantic , Florida ( East Coast Florida)

Brevard County

Field Demonstration POTS Using BAM

Florida’s Showcase Green

Envirohome

Operation about 7 years

99% BOD97% SS78 % TN70% TP

Removal

TN influent = 60-130 mg/L

Sampling Port, not Air port

How does Residency Time affect Removal?Specific Aerobic and Anaerobic Designs

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Perc

ent T

otal

Nit

roge

n Re

mov

al.

%

Hydraulic Residence Time (HRT), days

Percent TN Removal versus HRT

Chang NB, Wanielista M, Xuan Z, Shah TB, Hossain F (2009) Laboratory-scale characterization of green sorption medium for wastewater treatment to improve nutrient removal. Environ EngSci

Chang, N. B., Xuan, Z. M. Daranpob, A., and Wanielista, M., (2010)“A Subsurface Upflow Wetland System for Nutrientand Pathogen Removal in On-site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems,” Environmental Engineering Science,27(9), 707-720

Xuan, Z. M., Chang, N. B., Daranpob, A., and Wanielista, M., (2010)“Modeling the Subsurface Upflow Wetland (SUW)System for Wastewater Effluent Treatment,” Environmental Engineering Science, 27(10), 879-888

Input is domestic sewage

Limited TKNConversion to Nitrate

Is There Sufficient Oxygen Available? In the aerobic (unsaturated) zone

In reactor volumes where nitrification was occurring, Oxygen in the ground water was recorded at an average of 3.7 mg/L (2.87-4.46).

Thus there some data to support the availability of Oxygen in the soil air of the aerobic zone?

for 12.2% O2 content, there is 98,715 mg oxygen available in 100 CF of soil with a porosity of 0.4:=(28.32/22.4x0.122x16)x 0.4 x 100 x 1000= 98,715

From Russell and Appleyard, 1915ACTIVATED? Maintain the Right Environment

Quote from Russell and Appleyard

“Usually the sum of the CO2 and oxygen is only slightly less than in atmospheric air but at periods when nitrates rapidly increase there is a perceptible falling off of oxygen, and a still greater one in waterlogged soils.” (The Atmosphere of the Soil: Its Composition and the Causes of Variation., 1915, Russell and Appleyard) Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231773156_The_Atmosphere_of_the_Soil_Its_Composition_and_the_Causes_of_Variation

Oxygen Needed = mg per day

Stoichiometry equation: 2NH4 + 3O2 NO3 + H2O

Assume Influent concentration (NH4) mg/L = 53And a flow rate of 100 gallons/day

Oxygen Needed = {(Co/MW NH4)*3/2}}MW O2 = 141.33 mg/L

mg/L * flow gal/d * liters/gal = 53,565 mg/d O2

Available is Greater than Needed or 98,715 > 53,565

Guidance: Size a reactor volume that results in available Oxygen greater than that required.

Example has 100 CF with porosity of 0.4

For 100 gpd, use 100 CF of reactor

Size of the Anaerobic Zone (saturated zone, near zero O2)Horizontal infiltration rate (in/hr)= 10 and flow through a 20 SF

section is 10 “/hr. x (20SF) x 24 hr x 7.48 /12 =3000 gallons/dayanaerobic media porosity = 0.44anaerobic residence time (days) = 6.5Anaerobic Bed length (feet) using porosity, residence time and section depth in inches, width = 10 feet

At average daily flows (GPD)= 100Bold & Gold Depth = 24 inches 9.8*Bold & Gold Depth = 18 inches 13.1Bold & Gold Depth = 12 inches 19.7

*example calculation: GPD(average)x res time (D)/storage per foot (G/FT)100 x 6.5 / ((2 x 10) x 0.44 x 7.48) = 9.8 feet; Vol ~ 200 CF

40039.452.578.8

For 100 gpd, use 200 CF of reactor

Expected Commercial Application System Schematic

Septic tank

Drain Field

Passive On-site Nutrient Removal

Aerobic(unsaturated)

Anaerobic (Saturated)

Passive On-Site Treatment System

Septic Tank Unsaturated Media (aerobic)Horizontal Flow

Saturated Media (anaerobic) Longer Contact Time Also Horizontal Flow

Media used is a mix ofSand, Expanded Clay or Clay, and Tire Crumb/Tire Chips

With some Limestone for Alkalinity

Horizontal flow to maintain the soil volume needed or100 CF/100 gpd for aerobic and 200 CF/100 gpd anaerobic

Sampling port forWater from the Aerobic Zone(unsaturated zone)

Sampling port for Water from the Septic Tank note no air line supply

INSTALLATION DIAGRAM

Installation Pictures

Additional Installation Details

Influent to aerobic zone acrossthe Trench and limestone for alkalinity

Sealing the liner

Flow Measurements

RAPID INFILTRATION BASINS (RIBS)

1 Acre3 sampling lysimetersbelow the BAM RIB

3 sampling lysimetersbelow the Control RIB

BAM installation at RIB (2 foot depth of B&G)

Control Bold & Gold®

NOTE: no aerobic zone: all reclaimed from pastwater quality measures show TN primarily as NO3

3 Infiltration Samplers per RIB

BAM RIBCONTROL RIB 2 feet

RIB Sampling Results to Date

1. Monthly four (4) loadings of the RIBs starting in January.2. Three infiltration measuring points in each basin.3. Very dry season, or the reclaimed use for irrigation is high.4. Thus loading with reclaimed water mixed with river water.5. Average influent Concentration: NOX = 4.91 mg/L, TN=6.72 mg/L6. NOX below the BAM: 8 samples below detection

level of 0.40 mg/L , 2 samples above (0.457 and 1.51) detection level, and two no-samples.

Average Out NOX = 0.36 mg/L and TN = 2.66 mg/L 7. NOX below control has 11 samples, one no sample,

Average Out NOX = 3.71 mg/L and TN = 5.27 mg/L

AVERAGE NOX REMOVAL: BAM = 93%, Control = 24%

Summary1. Passive Technologies of SWM can be used for wastewater treatment. Passive = no energy and minimum maintenance.2. Both source control and regional systems.3. Initial data show promise to help meet TMDLwithin BMAP allocations for target reductions.

4. Big thanks to the partners for their support.

Annual Conference

Stormwater Treatment Technologies –Applied to Septic Tank Effluent and

Reclaimed WaterDiscussion and Questions

Martin Wanielista2017 Annual FSA Conference

Sanibel Harbour Marriott , June 14-17, 2017

www.stormwater.ucf.edu