St Johns PE Revision CourseAQA AS PHED 1

Session 1bOpportunities for participation

Provision and Barriers

Providing for active leisure – who does what?

• Characteristics and goals of the public, private and voluntary sectors

• Advantages and disadvantages of each• Concept of ‘best value’ in the public sector• The role of schools

Recreation – Who Provides?

Who Provides?

National Governmen

t

Voluntary Sector

Private Sector

Local Authority

Compulsory Tendering

Best Value, PFI

Taxes

Policies

Sport Eng

Q3

Public SectorMulti-Sport – Leisure Centres

Pools

Outdoor sport facilities

Parks

Adventure playgrounds

Skateboard parks

Dual use sports halls

Public Good

Paid from taxation

Lottery

Social provision - disadvantaged

Subsidised Use

Local Authority Leisure Plans

Development/Refurbishment of facilities

Targeting under represented groupsCommunity Health

Private SectorSmall – medium size facilities

Specialist areas – squash, health & fitness

Profit driven – high value services

High quality – high cost

Cherry pick – leave large high cost to public sector

No public service committment

Voluntary SectorNot for profit

Provision for members + social responsibility remit

Volunteer organisers 5 million people, 1 billion hours

Clubs – some very exclusive

Facilities – owned, leased, rented

Players pay to pay

Annual subscription

Funded by bar/social club, fund raising

Lottery/Local Authority grant aided

Sport Clubs – all sports!

Ramblers, Environmental groups

Cycling clubs, jogging clubs

Best ValueDesigned to drive up the quality of provision in the public sector and use money more efficiently

•1980 - Compulsory Competitive TenderingTendering against private sector

•2000 – Best ValueChallenge, Consult, Compare, Compete

Both strategies have resulted in improvement in public services Q4

Advantages - Disadvantages

Advantages - Disadvantages

• Unplanned and relatively uncontrolled

• No equal opportunities remit • Continuity cannot be guaranteed• Financial support from national

and local bodies cannot be guaranteed

• It can still be socially exclusive

Advantages - Disadvantages• Funds limited by national and

local tax policies • L. Authorities in

disadvantaged areas have less money to spend

• L. Authorities cannot borrow money so easily to invest in facilities for the future

Participation - the role of schools• Characteristics of each Nat Curric Key Stage• Objectives of each NC Key Stage• What schools provide and the impact on pupils’

experiences • Development of school club links – PESSCLS, Whole

Sport plans• School Sports Co-ordinator, Sports Colleges• Active Sports• Sports Leaders UK• TOPS programme• Benefits to individuals, community and government

PE – National Curriculum Aims

Physical confidence, skilfullness and competence

Opportunities to be creative, competitive and challenged

Positive attitudes towards active, healthy lifestyles..knowledge of the body in action

Plan, Perform and Evaluate actions – ‘critical performer’

Discover aptitudes, abilities and preferences, choices about lifelong physical activity.

Opportunities for all

Jan07Q2Ans

Perform in a range of activities

NC Structure

• Key Stages 1-4 (Y0-2, Y3-6, Y7-9, Y10-11)• Content areas – Games, athletic activities,

swim, gymnastics, dance, outdoor & adventure• Theoretical and Practical elements• Progression from general > specialised• Areas of Assessment• End of KS Levels – statements – Levels 1-8 +

Exceptional achievement

PE NC- Structure - March 2009• KS1 – dance, games, gym• KS2 – dance, games, gym + 2 from swim,

athletic, outdoor/adventure• KS3 – 4 from games, gym, dance, athletic,

adventure/outdoor or life saving/swimming, fitness and health

• KS4 – 2 from the above

Role of the Government

• Department of Culture, Media and Sport“from the playground to the podium”• National Sports Councils/Sport England –

advise, invest in and promote community sport• Exchequer or Lottery funding• Sport pathways – community sport, sport clubs,

coaching/officiating, volunteers, facilities

Effects on School Provision• 2001 “The Government’s Plan for Sport” lead to

“Game Plan”• Major increase in participation – health benefits,

reduction in crime, increased social inclsuion• Improved international success – ‘feel good’• Grass roots focus on under-represented groups• NGB - PESSCL, Whole Sport Plans, Active Sports• Schools - TOPS programme, Sports Leaders UK,

Sports Colleges, School Sport Coordinators

Aim - deliver high quality PE and sport to all young people, regardless of ability.

Using the power of sport to improve the lives of young people.

Top Tots (18m – 3y), Top Start (3-5)

Top Play (4-9), Top Sports (7-11), Top Link (14-16), Top Sportsability (Disabled)

YST - Schools

PESSCL enhance the take-up of sport opportunities by 5-16 year olds.

 “By 2008 - 85% of school children to spend a min of 2hrs/week PE and school sport within and beyond the curriculum” 5 hour offer

Specialist Sports Colleges - PE and sport at the centre of the curriculum. 480 2008. Raise attainment in the school and local hubSchool Sport Partnerships (SSPs) are groups of schools working together – primary & secondary.Partnership Dev Manager > School Sports Co-ordinators

STEP ON (11-14) In PE introduced to sports leadership and volunteering, learn how to plan and manage their own sports season.STEP IN (14 -16) Through volunteering learn to manage and support school-based sporting events.STEP OUT (16-19 ) Move from school to community-based volunteering. Leadership

Academies (14-19) provide the opportunity to refine and develop volunteering skills and experiences.

Raise school standards of attainment in PE and Sport through high quality teaching and learning

Develop an enhanced, inclusive curriculum & e-c programme that maximises participation in PE and Sport

Whole school improvement - overall personal development & wellbeing of all learners to raise standards and achievement

Community (Primary) develop high quality teaching and learning in partner primary schools, maximising resources & sharing of good practice.

Community (Secondary ) work with partner secondary schools to provide high quality learning opportunities and standards in PE and Sport

Community (wider inc business /employer partners ) to develop sport opportunities , promoting participation and achievement in Physical Activity and Community Sport.

School Sport College - Objectives

Active Sports now superseded by Whole Sport Plans (2009)

English NGBs - Whole Sport Plans

British NGB – One Stop Plans

Planning for grass roots to elite level

NGBs able to direct own funding

Measured against Key Performance Indicators

Active Schools Active Communities World Class Programme

School Aged Children 16+ Community Sport Elite Performers

Youth Sports Trust Sport England UK Sport/ NIS

Youth Sport Trust

•Raising standards in PE and School Sport

•Increasing the quality and quantity of PE and school sport

•Opportunities for young leaders and volunteers

•Supporting talent and competition

Sport England

Increasing participation: Community sport

Children and Young People: School/Club Links School/Community links FE /community links

Sustaining Participation: Player pathways Competitive club sport Volunteering Coaching/ officiating

UK Sport

•World Class Performance

•Olympic and Paralympic Success

•Drug Free Sport

•World Class events

•International sporting relations

Key Partners NGBs, Local Clubs, Schools, Further Education, Higher Education and Local Authorities

The sporting relay race

Sports Leaders UK

To create an army of volunteers for sport (and other activities) from young people aged 9-19

Level 1 - Level 3

Barriers to participation & solutions

• Equal opportunity, discrimination, stereotyping, inclusiveness, prejudice - examples from sport

• Target groups: DisabilitySocio-economic classEthnic groupGender

• Solutions to overcome discrimination in sport to raise participation.

Barriers to Participation - Exam Focus

Barrier to Participation

What

Easy marks

Why

Harder marks

Action

Hard marks

June05Q2

Ans

Barriers to Particpation

Stereotype

Esteem

Opportunity

Provision

Glossary – you need to know these

National Database of where to participate

Sports Equity Alliance made up of:- Sporting EqualsWomen’s Sports FoundationEnglish Federation of Disability Sport

Sport Equity Targets – NGBs. Local Authorities

Opportunities

Barriers to Participation - Disability

BarriersStereotype, Opportunity,

Esteem, Provision

Stereotype

Esteem

Opportunity

Provision

PESeparate?

Integrated?

SportSocial

expectationsRole model

MediaCoverage?

Acceptance < > Respect

Legal rightPublic provision

Private restriction?

WorkProfessional, Coach, Administrator Opps?

ParticipationRange of choice

FacilitiesFinance

Training Coaching

Elite-PerformerRespected for

performance or for overcoming

disability

Disability Sport - Types

Adapted – version of standard type

Wheelchair basketball, rugby, volleyballWheelchair marathonsBlind football, bowls

Integrated – with able-bodied

Separate – own activitiesAdapted or Designed

Q7Jan03Ans

Inclusion spectrum

• Inclusive – everyone included • Modified – changes to rules/ equipment to

include disabled people• Parallel – same activity, but approach differs

according to disability• Included – specially adapted activities• Separate – disabled people practice/ prepare

in isolation

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Disability Sport England – Disability Sport Events

Creates opportunities for participation in sport for people with all disabilities, at all levels (mostly grass roots)Develops profile classification system

Parasport - Disability Sport Institute

Charity responsible for selecting, preparing, entering, funding and managing Britain' s teams at the Paralympic Games and Paralympic Winter Games

British Paralympic Association

• BPA is umbrella body• Co-ordinates arrangements for British disabled

athletes to compete internationally• Organises special Olympic Games for disabled

(Paralympics)• Members include: DSE, National Disability Sports

Organisations, Scottish Association for the Disabled, GB Wheelchair BBA

28-52 33

National body responsible for developing sport for disabled people in England. Work closely with the five National Disability Sports Organisations

British Amputees and Les Autres Sports Association British Blind SportWheelPower-British Wheelchair SportMencap SportUK Deaf Sport

Advisory body on sports disability to LA Advisory body on sports disability to LA recreation departments, education recreation departments, education departments, schools and NGBsdepartments, schools and NGBs

Overcoming the barriers - Disability

Sport England

Equity targets

Local Authorities

NGB

The law

Local Govt access policies

NC – equal opportunities

Media & broad-casting guidelines

Access & employment law

Disabled Sports Associations - BDSA

Terminology

Differently-abled?

Those with a disability

Sport provision

Integrated

Separate

Adapted

Disability politics, activists

Disability Knowledge

Type (physical mental), degree

Technological research

Ethnicity and Ethnic differences• Proportion of ethnic minorities in sport does not

reflect proportions within society• On average fewer ethnic minorities participate in

most sports• However in certain sports participation is at a

greater level than should be expected• Lack of black coaches/ selectors/ managers/

administrators• Presumptions made about intellectual ability• ‘Privileged white culture’ holding onto

advantages• Opposition to black involvement/lack necessary

experience 26-50 36

Barriers to Participation - Racism

BarriersStereotype, Opportunity,

Esteem, Provision

Stereotype

Esteem

Opportunity

Provision

PETeacher

expectations -

SportSocial

expectationsRole model

MediaType of Coverage Equal reward

Prize, Pay, Appearance

money

Recognition-StatusRole models – push pull scenario

Acceptance < > Respect

Legal rightPublic provision

Private restriction?

WorkPerformer but Coach, Administrator Opps?

ParticipationRange of choice

Stacking, Centrality

FacilitiesFinance

Training Coaching

Elite-PerformerRespected for performanceBut genetic?

Genetics

Performance due to genetic superiority?

Q2Jan04Ans

Sporting Equals

Works to develop policy and practice to promote racial equality in sport

Sport for Communities Project, providing grants to increase participation in sport by ethnic minorities, migrants and refugees

Developing a Standard for Local Authority Sport and Leisure Services; “Promoting Racial Equality Through Sport”

Overcoming the barrier of racism

Sport England

Local Authorities

Sport Equity (targets)

NGB

Individual sport initiatives e.g. “Kick racism out of Football”

The law

Ethnic sport organisations

Local Govt anti-discrimination policies

NC – equal opportunities

Research & education

Media & broad-casting guidelines

Anti-discrimination legislation

Barriers for women• History - traditional attitudes of sport’s ‘manliness’, male

preserve• More sports for males/some ban women/unfriendly• More role models - predominantly male coaches• Discrimination against women - adverse publicity• Some NGBs slow to mix• Lack of transport/financial support/child care/time/partner

support• Lack of promotional materials• Poor timing of activities• Racism - ethnic minorities may face cultural barriers• Disabled women may face further barriers

27-51 40

Women’s own attitudes

• Lack of self-confidence• Lack of motivation• ‘Myth’ of developing masculinity• Alleged unsuitability to competitive sport• Lack of positive self-image• Many women prefer group activities, many

female activities are individual

27-51 41

Media coverage and stereotyping• Less coverage than males, sport promotion male-

dominated• Sexist comments common• Women presented as physically inferior, weaker

than men • Women’s sport presented as less interesting• Women porttrayed as passive and non-

competitive; men expected to compete and achieve

• Sports derived from competitive and violent activities - considered masculine

• Girls PE based on posture and grace - socially acceptable

27-51 42

WSF

The Foundation’s achievements include:Women into Coaching - free training for women in sports coaching and leadership Women in Sport Magazine, resource packs and guides for schools and clubs Providing women with information about funding

Improve, increase and promote opportunities for women and girls in sport and physical activityCampaign for change through raising awareness and influencing policy

Barriers to Participation - Sexism

BarriersStereotype, Opportunity,

Esteem, Provision

Stereotype

Esteem

Opportunity

Provision

PEGirl’s games, Different PE

activities

SportMale dominionNon-feminine

MothersSocial expectationTime Childcare

MediaAmount coverageType of Coverage

Equal reward

Prize, Pay, Appearance

money

Recognition-Status

Media, society, role models

Acceptance < > Respect

Legal rightPublic provision

Private restriction

WorkPerformer,

Coach, Administrator

ParticipationRange of choiceCustom – female

appropriate

Facilities

Finance

Training Coaching

Elite-PerformerSexuality

Respected for performance/appearance?

Traditional class discrimination in sport

• Sport was used by upper classes as a form of social control

• Sports divided on a class basis, excluding working classes from aristocratic sports

• Upper classes with the necessary time and money for sporting pursuits

• Control of physical resources by upper classes who also limited level of involvement of working classes

25-49 45

Barriers to Participation - Class

Historical

Working Class

Family povertyEarn the right to leisureExcluded

Middle Class

SalariedControl over timeHad moneyControl of leisure/sport Exclusive rules

Upper Class

Leisure as rightGifted amateurHad time & moneyExclusive

Socio-Economic

Wealth differential

Opportunities to participate restricted by:Cost of equipment, travel, membership

Social Exclusivity

Restrictive membership policiesPrivate clubs;Reluctance to cross social barriers

Ideological

Egalitarian

Equal work – equal payEquality of opportunityMeritocracy

Social Darwinism

Born to rule

Fixed place within society

Overcoming the socio-economic barrier

Sport England

Local Authorities

Sport Aid

Sport Equity Targets

NGB

Public provision

CCT Best Value

Resource issues

Discrimination issues

Whole Sport Plans

Government – urban & social regeneration

Barriers to Participation - Exam Focus

Barrier to Participation

What

Easy marks

Why

Harder marks

Action

Hard marks

June05Q2

Ans