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Sport Presentation
By Scott Cadmore
Skeleton System
The skeleton provides a framework that supports your muscles and skins and protects internal organs.
It is made up of 206 bones
Skeletal system is made out of bones, cartilage and joints
Skeleton functions
Support-The bones give your body shape and provides a supporting framework for the soft tissue of the body
Protection-The bones surround and protect vital tissues and organs in your body. The skull protects the brain, your thorax protects your heart and lungs , the vertebral column protects your spinal cord and your pelvis protects your abdominal and reproductive organs
Skeletal functions continued
Attachment for skeletal muscle- Parts of your skeleton provides a surface for your skeletal muscles to attach to allowing you to move, tendons attach muscle to bone . Muscles pulling on bones cause movement at the joints.
Source of blood production- Blood vessels feed the centre of the bones and stored within are bone marrow, marrow in long bones is continually producing red and white blood cells.
Store of minerals- Bone is a reservoir for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus which are essential for bone growth and healthy bones.
Axial Skelelton
Axial skeleton forms main core of the skeletal system
Axial skeleton has 80 bones in the head and the trunk of the body.
Has 3 parts, the human skull, thorax, vertebral column
Appendicular Skeleton
The Appendicular Skeleton consists of 126 bones in the human body is broken down into six major regions
1) Pectoral Girdles (4 bones)
2) Arm and Forearm (6 bones)
3) Hands (58 bones)
4) Pelvis (2 bones)
5) Thigh and leg (8 bones)
6) Feet (56 bones)
Axial and Appendicular Skeletons
Picture on right shows the axial skeleton in green and the appendicular skeleton in purple
The Vertebral column The vertebral column is made up of 5 sections
Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
Type of bones
There are five types of bones they are:
Long bone- are found in the limbs
Short bone-are small light and strong
Flat bones-are thin flattened and slightly curved
Irregualar bones- complex shape
Sesamoid bone- have a specialised function
Long bones
A bone that is categorised as a lone bone has to be longer than it is wide.
The long bones have a shaft known as the diaphysis and two expanded ends known as the epiphysis
Long bones include the femur, tibia and fibia in the leg and in the arm the humorous, radius and ulna.
Pictures of Long bones
Short bones
Short bones are small ,light, strong, cube shaped bones consisting of cancellous bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone.
Examples of short bones are carpals and tarsals of the wrist and ankles
Pictures of Short bones
Flat bones Flat bones are thin , flattened and slightly curved
and have a large surface area.
Examples of a flat bone are scapula, sternum and cranium
Irregular bones
Irregular bones have complex shapes
Examples include the bones of the spine
Sesamoid boneSeasamoid bone have a specialised function
Are found within a tendon such as the patella in the knee
Major Joints
Joints allow movement to occur, this happens when two bones meet this is known as articulation.
There are 3 Major types of joints these are:
Fibrous
Cartilagenous
Synovial
Fibrous
Fibrous joint also know as a fixed joint
A fibrous joint by only held together by a bands of tough fibrous tissues
The most common joint is in the skull.
Cartilaginous
These joints occur where the connection between the articulating bones is made up of cartilage for example between vertebrae in the spine.
A Cartilaginous joint allow slight movement joint
Synovial Joint
Synovial joints the most common type of joint within the human body. They are highly moveable and all have synovial capsule surrounding the entire joint, a synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluids and cartilage known as hyaline cartilage which pads the ends of the articulating bones,
There are 6 types of synovial joints which are classified by the shape of the joint and the movement available.
Features of a Synovial joint All synovial joints have :
An outer sleeve or joint capsule to help hold bones in place and protect joint
A synovial membrane which produces a liquid call synovial fluid to lubricate the joint
A joint cavity which is a gap between the articulating bones
Articular cartilage on the ends of the bones to stop bones knocking or grinding
Ligaments to hold bones together and keep in place.
Hinge joint
A hinge joint allows flexion and extension movement which is the decrease or increase of an angle.
Hinge joints are found within the elbow and the knee
A hinge joint is used in sport when pulling the leg back before striking a football
Pivot Joint
A pivot joint allows rotation around a bone around another bone and allows rotation movement
Pivot joint is found in the neck in the axis and atlas
A pivot joint would be used to make a glancing header in football
Ball and SocketMovement around a ball and socket joint is Flexion,
Extension, Adduction, Abduction
Ball and socket joint can be found in the hip and the shoulder
Ball and socket is used when throwing, hurdling and during a golf swing.
Condyloid joint• Similar to ball and socket joint
• Where one bone sits in a hollow formed by another
• Movement is backwards and forwards and side to side
• This is found in the wrist
• A sporting example is when cricketer puts leg spin on a ball
Saddle
Similar to Condyloid but surfaces are concave convex
Movement occurs backwards forwards and side to side
This is found in the thumb
A sporting example is in gymnastics
Gliding
Gliding joint allows movement over a flat surface in all directions but is restricted by ligaments
Found in carpals and tarsals
A sporting example is in football striking a ball
Movement of the skeletonMovement of the skeleton is allowed due to joints and
muscles
There are different types of movement which are :-
Adduction, Abduction, Flexion, Extension ,Rotation, Circumduction, Hyper Extension ,Plantar flexion, Dorsiflexion , Pronation, Supination
Adduction and Abduction Adduction is the movement of taking a limb towards
the midline of the body
A sporting example for adduction is when lowering a weight
Abduction is movement of taking a limb away from the midline of the body
A sporting example for Abduction is performing a kick in martial arts
Flexion and Extension
Flexion is the decrease of an angle at a joint
Flexion is used to pitch a baseball
Extension is the increase of an angle at a joint
Extension is used to execute kicking a football
Rotation and Circumduction
Rotation is the circular movement along a long axis
Rotation is used to header a football
Circumduction is the movement to make a circular shape at the end of a limb
Circumduction is used in sport when fencing.
Plantar and Dorsi flexion
Plantar Flexion is the movement that points the toes downwards by straightening the ankle
A sporting example is jumping to shoot in basketball
Dorsi flexion is the upwards movement of the toes
Pronation and Suspination Pronation is an inward rotation of the forearm so
the palm of the hand is facing backwards
Pronation occurs at the wrist joint when playing a forehand shot in table tennis.
Suspination is the outward movement so palm is facing forwards and radius and ulna are parrallell
Suspination is used when playing a backhand shot in table tennis
Hyper extension
Hyper extension is the movement beyond the normal anatomical position
Hyper extension occurs at the spine of a cricketer when they arch their back when approaching the crease to bowl
Biceps and Triceps
Biceps
Triceps
Muscle Exercise activity
Bicep Arm curl or chin up
Tricep Press ups
Deltoids and PectorialsPectorials
Deltoids
Deltoids
Muscle Exercise Activity
Deltoids Overhead lifting
Pectorals All pressing movements
Rectus Femoris
Vastus laterils
Vastus intermedius ( sits under Rectus Femoris)
Vastus medialis
Vastus medialis
Muscle Exerise Activity
Quadriceps:Recrus femorisVastus lateralisVastus medialsVastus intermedius
Front Squat
Hamstrings
Semitendinsus
Semimembranosus
Bicep Femoris
Muscle Exercise Activity
Hamstring:Semimem branosusSemitendinosusBicep femmoris
Extending leg and flexing knee, running
Rectus Abdominis
Muscle Exercise Activitys
Rectus Abdominis Sit-ups
Gastrocnemius and Soleus
Gastrocnemius
soleus
Gastrocnemius
soleus
Muscle Exercise Activity
Gasatrocnemius Running,jumping and standing on tip-toes
Soleus Running and jumpong
Tibialis anterior
Muscle Exercise Activity
Tibialis anterior Running and jumping exercise
Back muscles
Erector spinae
Latissimus dorsi
Teres Major
Muscle Exercise Activity
Erector Spinae Back extension
Teres major Rowing and pulling movements
Latissimus dorsi Rowing movements
Trapezius
Muscle Exercise Activity
Trapezius Overhead Lifting
Obliques and Glueteus maximus
Muscle Exercise Activity
Oblique Oblique curls
Gluteus Maximus Knee-bending movements, Cycling
References
Used resources:
www.wikipedia.org
www.google.com
http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/joints.php
http://www.golfdigest.com
http://e-radiography.net/ibase8/index.htm
Sport level 3 book 1 by Adams , Barker, Gledhill, Lydon, Mulligan, Phillippo and Sutton