Univerzita Kontantna Filozofa v Nitre Pedagogick fakulta

Katedra telesnej vchovy a portu

port a zdravie

Zbornk vedeckch prc

Nitra 2011

PORT A ZDRAVIE

Zbornk vedeckch prc

Zostavovatelia zbornka: Jaroslav Broni - Nora Halmov

Recenzenti: Prof. PhDr. Karol Felix, CSc. PaedDr. Ivan Janko, PhD.

Autori prspevkov: Igor Baran, Hana Bednov, Vlastimila Karskov, ubomra Benurikov,

Yvetta Macejkov, Ildiko Viczayov, Elena Bendkov, Johanna Takcs, Sndor Bollk, Zsuzsanna Kalmr, Adrienne Stauder, Jaroslav Broni, Alena Bukov,

Natlia Czakov, Dvid Demeko, Beta Dobay, Nora Halmov, Petr Hedbvn, Pavol Horika, Attila Horvth, Duan Chebe, Martin Cabadaj, Erika Chovanov,

Milo Chromk, Iacob Haniu, Miriam Kalichov, Mria Kalinkov, Janka Kansov, Jaroslav Krajovi, Duan Kutlk, Edvy Lszl, Rt Lenkov, Helena

Medekov, Mikls Bnhidi, Orsolya Savella, Miroslav Nemec , Ji Michal, Kvta Pereinsk, Miriama Brtkov, Bibiana tefankov, Mria Majherov,

Milena Pullmannov vedov, Jaroslava Rubick, Mria Majherov , Lenka Ferkov, Peter Schickhofer, Jaromr imonek , Galn Starhon Katalin, Vladimr

utka, Mria Kalinkova, Ladislav Rig, Ivan Uher, Roman Vala, Mria Veisov

Vydavate: UKF PF KTV

Miesto vydania: Nitra Rok vydania: 2011 Nklad: 60 kusov Poet strn: 226

Formt: CD

ISBN 978-80-8094-962-4 EAN 9788080949624

Za obsahov a odborn rove prspevkov zodpovedaj autori. Prspevky nepreli jazykovou pravou.

OBSAH

Pozvan prednky: Str. Mikls Bnhidi - Orsolya Savella: Sport Tourism from Epidemiological Point of View

5

Iacob Haniu - Doina Ardelean: Sport as a Means of Promoting Health

11

alie prspevky: Igor Baran: Plvanie a aktivity obyvatestva vo vodnom prostred na Slovensku v kontexte zaistenia ich bezpenosti

17

Hana Bednov - Vlastimila Karskov: Subjektivn vnmn ivotn pohody osob starho vku

24

ubomra Benurikov - Yvetta Macejkov - Ildiko Viczayov: Plaveck spsobilos a koordinan schopnosti det a mldee

29

Elena Bendkov: Pohybov aktivita v spsobe ivota adolescentov

37

Johanna Takcs - Sndor Bollk - Zsuzsanna Kalmr - Adrienne Stauder: Physical Activity and Well-Being: The Role of Exercise In Depression, Sleep And Anxiety Symptoms

46

Jaroslav Broni: Predpove portovch vkonov prostrednctvom polynomickej regresie v MS Excel

52

Alena Bukov: Obezita hrozba sasnosti

58

Natlia Czakov: innos programu rozvoja koordinanch schopnost na rchlos osvojovania premetu bokom u 10 - 11 ronch iakov

65

Dvid Demeko: Splnenie tandardov vo vube portovch hier na zkladnch kolch

70

Beta Dobay: Infratruktra Slovenska z pohadu portovho turizmu

74

Lenka Ferkov - Peter Schickhofer: Vbun sila hornch a dolnch konatn tenistov v cvikoch s a bez protipohybu

83

Nora Halmov: Koordinan schopnosti ako predpoklad rozvoja zrunost 88

v porte Nora Halmov - Natlia Czakov - Monika Tthov: Priny obezity u det predkolskho veku

91

Petr Hedbvn: Analza techniky pemetu z hlediska prevence bezpenosti

96

Pavol Horika Uplatnenie pecifickch trninkovch podnetov v prprave basketbalistov

101

Attila Horvth: The Informal Learning and The Sport in the Years of 20, 30 and 40

108

Duan Chebe - Martin Cabadaj: Program pohybovch aktivt na znenie telesnej hmotnosti iakov II. stupa zkladnch kl

115

Erika Chovanov: Monitoring pohybovch aktivt det mladieho kolskho veku vo vonom ase

120

Erika Chovanov: Preferencia pohybovch aktivt na prvom stupni zkladnch kl

124

Milo Chromk: Tendencie v teoretickom vzdelvan iakov strednch kl v predmete telesn a portov vchova

128

Miriam Kalichov: Regeneran prostedky v klasickm tanci

133

Mria Kalinkov: Turistika vo vonom ase det a mldee

137

Mria Kalinkov: Vonoasov pohybov aktivity a ivotn tl prvostupniarov

144

Janka Kansov: Vskyt svalovej nerovnovhy u taekwondistov

148

Jaroslav Krajovi: Vzah ostatnch portovch aktivt k portovej vkonnosti v triatlone

155

Duan Kutlk: Chdza ako jedna z pohybovch aktivt seniorov jej objektivizcia a monosti zlepenia

160

Edvy Lszl: Action Research at the University of Pannonia About The Course Establishing the Fitness of the Students Within the Standards of Creatology and of Its Touristic Gains

165

Rt Lenkov - Erika Chovanov: Aerobik ako edukan model rozvoja koordinanch rytmickch schopnost

169

Helena Medekov: Rodina - socilny determinant pohybovej aktivity det

174

Miroslav Nemec - Ji Michal: Analza nzorov na vyuvanie spindooru ako vono asovej pohybovej aktivity

179

Kvta Pereinsk - Miriama Brtkov - Bibiana tefankov - Mria Majherov a kol.: truktra faktorov telesnho rozvoja a pohybovho stavu neportujcej a portujcej populcie

186

Milena Pullmannov vedov: Aplikcia obru v pohybovo rekreanch aktivitch

193

Jaroslava Rubick - Mria Majherov: Rozvoj vbunej sily dolnch konatn 13 14 ronch basketbalistov vyuitm plyometrickej metdy

197

Jaromr imonek: Zujem / nezujem absolventov uitestva telesnej a portovej vchovy o uitesk povolanie

201

Galn Starhon Katalin: Pedagogical Potentials in Passive Sport Tourism Through the Example of Fans of an Internationally Acknowledged Handball Team

205

Vladimr utka - Mria Kalinkov - Ladislav Rig: Vplyv vivy a pohybovch aktivt na zdravie stredokolskej mldee

208

Ivan Uher - Alena Bukov: Cvienia svalovej sily pre starch jedincov

212

Roman Vala: Analza intenzity zaten rozehrvae ve vtznm basketbalovm utkn

216

Mria Veisov: Vplyv pohybovch programov na kvalitu vuby zkladnch lyiarskych zrunost det predkolskho veku

222

SPORT TOURISM FROM EPIDEMIOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW

Mikls BNHIDI

1 - Orsolya SAVELLA

2

1University of West Hungary Gyr,

2Semmelweis University, Budapest

Keywords: Sport, tourism, epidemiology

1. Introduction

Epidemiology is a science to understand the situation of public health and the background of

the changes. In the daily lifestyle beside the environmental influence, different type of human

activities can contribute to the health (Banhidi-Leber 2011).

Several large-scale epidemiologic studies initiated from the second half of the last century.

For example the community-intervention trials of fluoride implementation in water, which

helped to prevent the dental caries, or understanding better the increasing processes of

cardiovascular diseases. Hundreds of research results were published on the tobacco use

which has got a strong influence on the public attention. (Rothman et al. 2008).

Another important task of epidemiology became the problem of obesity (Kopelman et al.

2007), which is a serious health problem in the present time around the world.

In tourism research one of the importart epidemiologic tasks is how much health problem can

cause opening a new touristic area. Each year 12 million person travel from an industrialized

country to a developing country in the tropics or subtropics. These travelers experience a high

rate of diarrhea caused by a wide variety of enteric pathogens acquired by ingestion of

contaminated food or water. One or more pathogens can be responsible in the stool of a

majority of ill individuals (Black 1990).

Other popular destinations are the high mountains which are extreme difficult for sport

tourists. If those hikers or skiers dont have experience or proper information about the impact

the cold and poor oxigen area, than it can be a dangerous activity. Specially the number of

skiing injuries inceased in the last decades, which influenced a lot the local health care

systems, but also gave new active recreation opportunities. The injuries need a long and

intensive treatment and are economically expensive for the tourists, but open new ways in

health tourism. For example an research program is introduced in an article on the

epidemiology, therapy and results of proximal humeral fractures in a touristic area which led

to a new concept for treatment (Sonderegger-Simen 2003).

In the tourism development many social policies have to be created and action projects have

to be done to stop the negative tendencies in the public health. Also tourism branches

expressed their interest to support the healthy lifestyle of the citizens.

In Hungary tourism professionals announced the year of 2010 as Tourism for health. It

means in this sector all actors should focus the most on health tourism opportunities thank to

the rich geothermical resources, but only few discussions happen on sport opportunities. Here

can be an important issue, how much sport tourism development can support public health.

2. Goals and methods

In this study is an important question how sport tourism research can be connected to

epidemiologic tasks.

In a former study we have developed a model of sport tourism (Bnhidi 2007), in which we

analysed the elements of sport tourism sector.

For the topic is very important to understand:

5

what people expect from traveling,

how active they are or they can be,

and how do they feel after holidays.

We know exactly that different sport offers help to fulfill many expectations of the tourists:

adventure, fun, friends, challenge, active rest etc, which develop the human capacities. Still

not many tourism services know how much sport programs can support their business, but it

is well known that physical active tourists are less complicated, they come even after the high

saison. Sport programs improve the comfort feeling of the tourists and create healthy

environment. From epidemiologic point of view it contributes for the health, like developing

the motor abilities, the cardiovascular capacity, the neuroendocrine system, or even the

hormone levels of joy and happiness. And it is also and epidemiologic task, how dangerous

are sport activities in extreme environment (high mountains, oceans), can cause injuries. For

our questions we selected the following methods:

First we have been collecting and analyzing the formal results in sport science to understand the influence of physical activity on the human capacities. We tried to

esteem the possible impact on the health issues.

We analyzed also few tourist activities, how much the body functions response to the physical performance. For this we used Polar hearth rate monitors while touring in the

mountains or cycling. We wanted to find out how dangerous is hiking or biking for the

cardiovascular capacity.

Than we made a survey on the expectations and feelings of the tourists. For this we developed a questionnaire which was filled by 2212 Hungarian adults mainly from

west Hungarian regions.

3. Results

3.1. Epidemiology, benefits of sport tourism

In sport science studies can be found lot of results on the effect of physical activity. Impacts

are concerned from physiological, psychological, neuroendocrin system. Hall et al. (2002)

examined healthy nonsmoking, active, inactive undergraduated .university students. Their

responses to vigorous exercise were analysed, and they found negative, unpleasant feeling

after the transition to anaerobic metabolism. Differences in duration and intensity of physical

excercise can cause different effects for examined subjects. Higher intensity became

maladaptive and unpleasant because of confusion of homeostatic mechanism (Kilpatrik et al.

2007). It can happen also in sport tourism, when tourists have to face higher intensity doing

their planned routes on the bike road or in the mountains.

In an earlier research physically active and inactive people were compared by Parfitt et al.

(1994) at 60 and 90% of maximum capacity workload. According to him high-active

individuals reported more positive to high intense workload may have attenuated their distress

schema, whereas low actives have not. Analyzed subjects responded in different way to

workload while ones represent positive feelings others can have negative affect and greater

neuroendocrine and psychophysiological responses (Hardy et al. 1989).

The result of our survey in the skiarea taught us another important issue. We have been

monitoring beginner and advanced skiers with polar watches on the same skiing routes. The

results of the hearth responses (graph 1) show significant differencies between them, which

can up to 30%. While they are skiing on a middle difficult slope, advanced skiers have just

coming down and the beginners fight to do the same distance with a submaximal capacity.

And it is understandable that beginner have more accidents.

6

Graph 1 Pulse rate changes at different altitudes of beginner and advanced skiers in an

Austrian aki center

We think these kind of results are important because a positive or negative experience

determine (Williams 2008) future physical activity tourists. Those people who believe in the

health benefits of physical activity may motivate initial involvement (Teraslinna et al. 1969)

but feelings of enjoyment and well-being have stronger motives for continued participation in

sport programs (Morgan 1984). So skiing must be easy for tourists to have fun and joy,

otherwise many of them will not come again. Dishman (1985)agrees, that personal change

may be more effective if people feel good about themselves than if they concentrate on

knowledge of the health benefits of physical activity and exercise.

Fun should be an important benefit of sport tourism, which can be measured by the endorphin

hormone level changes according to Bender et al. (2007). Many forms of exercise increase

blood beta-endorphin level, principally exercise at the anaerobic threshold and elevated serum

lactate level. Acidosis is the most effective stimulator of beta endorphin raise (Taylor 1994),

but just during dynamic exercise, because resistance exercise have no (Pierce 1993) or just

little effect for beta-endorphin.

Single bout of exercise can greatly influence insulin sensitivity (Heath 1983) but this isnt as

influence as than effect of habitual physical activity. Fat, carbohydrate, lipid, glucose,

adrenalin got into blood path by stress are burned with prolonged physical activity, but

without regular exercise these bioactive compounds can damage the organism (Somogyhegyi-

Nanszkn 2006). Accordance with previous trials physical activity on one occasion can

cause functional changes in organism, but it is not enough for long-distance health benefits.

3.2. Benefits of holidays on the mental and social health factors

When we ask people today why do travel and how do feel after holidays, many of them would

explain about new experiences as positive benefit but on the same time they dont like to

become tired from different factors during holiday. In our survey we wanted to make this

question clear focusing on the holistic approach of health issues, the physical, mental and the

social factors.

In most cases travelers expect from the journey to visit new countries, sights, museums etc.

But in our results we have got different answers. More than 50% of the respondents said their

strongest motivation to travel is to rest mentally (graph 2). I think int his days many people

want to escape from the stressy lifestyle.

As seon on the graph 2 for the trials social health issues are alwys important during holidays.

They feel most comfortable being together with families and friends .

7

0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0

family

friends

mental rest

physical rest

sport

adventure

IMPORTANCE DURING HOLIDAYS (%)

Graph 2 What tourists always expect from their holiday

In the mental health tourism the benefits can have both positive and negative for residents in

communities where sharing and preserving their culture could be seen as conflicting goals

(Besculides et al. 2002). In a research done in Southern US results showed that while groups

of different national background recognized the value of living along the byway, Hispanic

residents felt more strongly that it could provide important cultural benefits to residents and

showed greater concern for its management to preserve the distinct cultural atmosphere.

The applicability of a segmentation procedure to this problem is discussed and examples are

given of explanatory models of resident attitudes towards tourism's social impact. Significant

differences in resident attitudes are identified and related to personal and locational

characteristics, with tourist contact, length of residence, age and language being major

explanatory variables. It is argued that such differences should be given greater consideration

by public and private tourism development agencies. (Brougham.Butler 1981).

But we were wondering that less people are interested to have adventure or a special sports

even if they are looking for physical rest.

In our survey we the trials how do the feel, when they returne from holidays. Did the holiday

activities fulfilled their expectations. The trial had three alternative answers to choose: feeling

tired, different, and refreshed or recharged.

Like it is shown on the graph 3 more than 60% of the trials believe, that holidays helped them

a lot to rest physically and socially. Just only few of them felt tired mostly because of the

journey. It was a surprice for us, that even travelling can help tourists to be refreshed or

recharged.

IMPACTS OF HOLIDAY ON THE HUMAN

0,0

20,0

40,0

60,0

80,0Travel

Physical

Mental

Social

Tired

Different

Refreshed,

recharged

Graph 3 How tourists feel about the benefits of their holidays

8

4. Conclusion

Sport tourism research should be connected to epidemiologic studies, because we have find

more information about the benefits of sport tourism in an extreme environment to help to

decrease the number of accidents in tourism areas. The international statistics show exactly

how many accidents, diseases happen in tourism.

In this process sport tourism research should find out more about the impacts of the

environment and the physical activity on the human.

On the other side we should help to find methods to prevent problems, and also to help for

therapies and rehabilitation. There must be a closer cooperation with health tourism, because

the positive benefits.

Specialists say people doing regular physical activities are less sensitive to the environmental

changes (Banhidi-Leber 2011), they can deal easier with touristic challenges.

Sport tourism development is not only for the human development but also helps to the local

destinations. Even the local citizens can have the opportunity to participate in the sport

tourism activities, which can offer a healthier lifestyle.

References

Bnhidi M. (2007): A sportturizmus sporttudomnyi modellje. Magyar Sporttudomnyi

Szemle. 30. sz. 2. 32-38

Banhidi M.-Leber R. (2011): Sport, Tourismus, Umwelt von der mitteleuropaischen Kontext.

Edtwin, Gyr-Vienna

Bender T., Nagy Gy., Barna I., Tefner I., Kdas ., Gher P. (2007): The effect of physical

therapy on beta-endorphin levels, European Journal Applied Physiol 100:371382.

Besculides A., Lee M. E., McCormick P. J. (2002): Annals of Tourism Research

Volume 29, Issue 2, April, Pages 303-319

Black R. E. (1990): Epidemiology of Travelers' Diarrhea and Relative Importance of Various

Pathogens. Clin Infect Dis. (12(Supplement 1): S73-S79 Brougham J. E., Butler R. W. (1981): A segmentation analysis of resident attitudes to the

social impact of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research. Volume 8, Issue 4, p. 569-590

Dishman R. K., Sallis J. F, Orenstein D. R., (1985): The Determinants of Physical Activity

and Exercise, Public Health Reports, March-April, Vol. 100, No. 2 159

Hall Eric E., Ekkekakis P., Petruzzello Steven J.(2002): The affective beneficience of

vigorous exercise revisited, British Journal of Health Psychology 7, p. 4766.

Hardy Ch. J., Mcmurray R. G., Roberts S. (1989): AIB Types and Psychophysiological

Responses to Exercise Stress, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology,.11, 141-151.

Heath GW, Gavin JR III, Hinderliter JM, (1983): Effects of exercise and lack of exercise on

glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. J Appl Physiol; 55:512-517.

Kilpatrick M., Kraemer R., Bartholomew J., Acevedo E., Denise J. (2007): Affective

responses to exercise are depend on intensity rather than total work, Medicine & Science In

Sports & Exercise, March., pp.1417-1422.

Kopelman P. G., Caterson I. D., Dietz W. H., Seidell Jacob C. (2007): Chapter 1.

Epidemiology - Definition and Classification of ObesityClinical Obesity in Adults and

Children, Second Edition

Morgan, P. P., Shephard, R. J., and Finucane, R. (1984): Health beliefs and exercise habits in

an employee fitness programme. Can J Appl Sport Sci 9: 87-93

Parfitt G., Markland D., Holmes C. (1994): Responses to Physical Exertion in Active and

Inactive Males and Females, Journal Of Sport & Exercise Psychology,.16, 178-186.

9

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01607383http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235855%232002%23999709997%23286951%23FLA%23&_cdi=5855&_pubType=J&view=c&_auth=y&_acct=C000228598&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=fb0a443de5db0b5fe4889800c823c70ahttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01607383http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235855%231981%23999919995%23344785%23FLP%23&_cdi=5855&_pubType=J&view=c&_auth=y&_acct=C000228598&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a7b504faed77c86c864b5b9ab4c31525

Pierce EF, Eastman NW, Tripathi HT, Olson KG, Dewey WL (1993) Plasma beta-endorphin

immunoreactivity: response to resistance exercise. J Sports Sci 11:499452.

Rothmann K. J., Greenland S., Lash T. (2008): Modern Epidemiology. Lippincott, Williams

&Wilkins

Somogyhegyi A., Nanszkn Cserfalvi I. (2006): A mozgsszegny letmd s a betegsgek

kapcsolata. In: Barabs K. (ed): Egszsgfejleszts Alapismeretek pedaggusok szmra,

Medicina Kiad,. Bp. p.134

Sonderegger J, Simmen HP (2003): Epidemiology, treatment and results of proximal humeral

fractures: experience of a district hospital in a sports- and tourism area] Zentralbl Chir.

Feb;128(2):119-24

Taylor DV, Boyajian JG, James N, Woods D, Chicz-Demet A, WilsonAF, Sandman CA

(1994) Acidosis stimulates beta-endorphin release during exercise. J Appl Physiol 77:1913

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Teraslinna, P., et al. (1969): Characteristics affecting willingness of executives to participate

in an activity program aimed at coronary heart disease prevention. J Sports Med Phys

Fitness 9: 224-229.

Williams D. M., Dunsiger Sh., Ciccolo J. T., Lewis B. A., Albrecht A. E., Marcus B. H.

(2008): Acute Affective Response to a Moderate-intensity Exercise Stimulus Predicts

Physical Activity Participation 6 and 12 Months Later, Psychol Sport Exerc. May; 9(3):

231245.

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Sonderegger%20J%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Simmen%20HP%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12632279/

SPORT AS A MEANS OF PROMOTING HEALTH

Iacob HANIU1

- Doina ARDELEAN2

University of Oradea1

Techical College Dimitrie Leonida Oradea 2

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of supplementing with specific

exercises the physical activity of female handball players aged 8/9 years, in relation to health

promotion. The study included 32 girls, divided into two approximately homogeneous groups

the Control group and the Training group. The Training group performed for 9 additional

months, having a 90 minute training twice a week. The study confirmed that during this

period there occurred somatic and motor changes normal for this age group, but the average

performance values in the Training group were different from the average values in the

Control group.

Introduction

Under the Constitution of the World Health Organization health is defined as: a state

of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or

infirmity. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental

rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or

social condition. Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO), 1946.

The progress of society can be achieved only if the population is in good health, as this

is an essential condition for all individuals ability of employing their entire human potential.

According to WHO, both practical experiences and scientific results demonstrate that

a permanent performing of adequate physical activities and sports can offer people of both

sexes, all ages and social condition, people with disabilities included, a large number of

benefits in the field of physical, social and mental health. Sport comes as a support for healthy

eating strategies, for lowering the use of tobacco, alcohol and drugs. Physical activities and

sport also contribute to bringing violence to a lower level, improving functional ability and

promoting interaction and social integration. (WHOs Physical Activity, 2003).

Physical inactivity is a major risk factor that globally increases the number of

chronicle diseases, thus sport can play an important role in preventing their progress,

decreasing their social and economical burden and saving human lives.

The number of overweight and obese children has alarmingly increased nowadays,

just as the decrease in the general health status, the principal causes of these being mainly

physical inactivity and the unhealthy eating habits. WHO, The European Parliament, as well

as other institutions called our attention to this situation and made suggestions for activities

meant to decrease the number of sedentary children. (Worlds Global Strategy, 2004).

The present paper is a study having in view the effect of supplementing the physical

activity of a group of girls aged 8/9 years through playing handball.

Methods

The study was carried out between 15.09.2010 30.06.2011, on a group of 32 girls,

aged 8-9 years old, randomly selected. The group was divided into two, the Control Group

(CG) and the Training Group (TG), each comprising 16 persons, the experimental group

taking supplementary sports activities twice a week. The training sessions lasted for 90

minutes each, comprising elements specific for the handball game.

11

Somatic evaluation included height (H), weight (W), hand span (Hs), open hand span

(Oh), while motor evaluation implied speed running (Sr), endurance running (Er) and high

jumping (Hj) the data were collected at the beginning (T1) and the end (T2) of the study, to

be statistically processed, the meaning of the differences between average values being tested

by T-test.

Results and discussions

As a result of the measurements taken and processing the data the following

differences of the average measured elements were observed:

a) From a somatic point of view (Table nr.1): - As regards the average height, progress was observed in both groups: 1.25 cm for CG,

2.38 cm for TG, the difference being 1.13 cm for the TG.

- The average weight increase was almost equal: 1.16 kg for the CG and 1.27 for the TG, with a difference of 0.11 kg only.

- The arm span increased on an average of 2.22 cm with the TG as compared to the 1.03 cm in the CG, the difference being of 1.19 cm.

- The average open hand span was 0.39 cm with the CG and 1.06 with the TG, the difference between the two groups being of 0.67 cm.

Table Nr.1 Differences between means data of somatic mesurements in T1 and T2

At the beginning of the study there were some differences between the average

values of the somatic measurements of the two groups, but the Paired Sample Test showed

that they were not significant (p

Table nr. 2 Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences

t

df

Sig. (2-

tailed)

Mean

STDV

Std.

Error

Mean

95% Confidence

Interval of the

Difference

Lower Upper

Pair 1 T1C - T2C -1,25000 ,57735 ,14434 -1,55765 -,94235 -8,660 15 ,000

Pair 2 G1C - G2C -1,15625 ,45748 ,11437 -1,40003 -,91247 -10,110 15 ,000

Pair 3 A1C - A2C -1,03125 ,49896 ,12474 -1,29713 -,76537 -8,267 15 ,000

Pair 4 Dp1C - p2C -,39375 ,14361 ,03590 -,47028 -,31722 -10,967 15 ,000

Pair 5 T1E - T2E -2,37500 ,71880 ,17970 -2,75802 -1,99198 -13,217 15 ,000

Pair 6 G1E - G2E -1,26875 ,70401 ,17600 -1,64389 -,89361 -7,209 15 ,000

Pair 7 A1E - A2E -2,21875 ,96555 ,24139 -2,73326 -1,70424 -9,192 15 ,000

Pair 8 Dp1E - Dp2E -1,06250 ,40311 ,10078 -1,27730 -,84770 -10,543 15 ,000

Pair 9 T1C - T1E -1,68750 12,65290 3,16322 -8,42975 5,05475 -,533 15 ,602

Pair 10 G1C - G1E -4,28750 13,09157 3,27289 -11,26350 2,68850 -1,310 15 ,210

Pair 11 A1C - A1E -4,03125 13,56278 3,39069 -11,25834 3,19584 -1,189 15 ,253

Pair 12 Dp1C - Dp1E -1,43750 1,90504 ,47626 -2,45262 -,42238 -3,018 15 ,009

Pair 13 T2C - T2E -2,81250 12,44839 3,11210 -9,44578 3,82078 -,904 15 ,380

Pair 14 G2C - G2E -4,40000 12,81057 3,20264 -11,22627 2,42627 -1,374 15 ,190

Pair 15 A2C - A2E -5,21875 13,57076 3,39269 -12,45010 2,01260 -1,538 15 ,145

Pair 16 Dp2C - Dp2E -2,10625 1,89577 ,47394 -3,11644 -1,09606 -4,444 15 ,000

Tabel Nr. 3 Girls BMI for Age Control Group (T1)

Summary of Girl's BMI-for-Age

Girls Total

Number of children assessed: 16 16

Underweight (< 5th %ile) 0% 0%

Normal BMI (5th - 85th %ile) 81% 81%

Overweight or obese ( 85th %ile)* 19% 19%

Obese ( 95th %ile) 6% 6%

*Terminology based on: Barlow SE and the Expert Committee. Expert committee

recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and

adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics. 2007;120 (suppl 4):s164-92.

Chart Nr. 1 A Chart Nr.1 B

13

Tabel Nr. 4 Girls BMI for Age Training Group (T1)

Girls Total

Number of children assessed: 16 16

Underweight (< 5th %ile) 6% 6%

Normal BMI (5th - 85th %ile) 63% 63%

Overweight or obese ( 85th %ile)* 31% 31%

Obese ( 95th %ile) 31% 31%

*Terminology based on: Barlow SE and the Expert Committee. Expert committee

recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent

overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics. 2007;120 (suppl 4):s164-92.

Tabel Nr. 5 Girls BMI for Age Training Group (T2)

Girls Total

Number of children assessed: 16 16

Underweight (< 5th %ile) 6% 6%

Underweight (< 5th %ile) 6% 6%

Normal BMI (5th - 85th %ile) 63% 63%

Overweight or obese ( 85th %ile)* 31% 31%

Obese ( 95th %ile) 25% 25%

*Terminology based on: Barlow SE and the Expert Committee. Expert committee

recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent

overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics. 2007;120 (suppl 4):s164-92.

Table Nr. 6 Average values in the motor tests

CONTROL GROUP

SrT1 SrT2

ErT1

ErT2

HjT1

HjT2

Mean 6,36 6,24 3,45 3,38 15,38 17,31

STDV 0,36 0,40 0,36 0,40 2,03 2,55

T2T1 -0,12 -0,07 2,07

TRAINING GROUP

SrT1

SrT2

ErT1

ErT2

HjT1

HjT2

Mean 6,23 5,95 3,33 3,11 12,81 17,69

STDV 0,56 0,61 0,25 0,39 2,34 2,98

T2T1 -0,28 -0,22 5,12

14

Table Nr. 7 Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences

t

df

Sig.

(2-

tailed)

Mean

STDV

Std. Error

Mean

95% Confidence

Interval of the

Difference

Lower Upper

Pair 1 Av1C - Av2C ,12500 ,08563 ,02141 ,07937 ,17063 5,839 15 ,000

Pair 2 Ar1C - Ar2C ,06375 ,11960 ,02990 ,00002 ,12748 2,132 15 ,050

Pair 3 Sv1C - Sv2C -1,93750 1,12361 ,28090 -2,53623 -1,33877 -6,897 15 ,000

Pair 4 Av1E - Av2E ,28125 ,10468 ,02617 ,22547 ,33703 10,747 15 ,000

Pair 5 Ar1E - Ar2E ,21500 ,20209 ,05052 ,10731 ,32269 4,256 15 ,001

Pair 6 Sv1E - Sv2E -4,87500 1,36015 ,34004 -5,59977 -4,15023 -14,337 15 ,000

Pair 1 Av2C - Av2E ,28750 ,78899 ,19725 -,13292 ,70792 1,458 15 ,166

Pair 2 Ar2C - Ar2E ,26938 ,48231 ,12058 ,01237 ,52638 2,234 15 ,041

Pair 3 Sv2C - Sv2E -,37500 3,81007 ,95252 -2,40525 1,65525 -,394 15 ,699

Comparing the average values in the two tests (T1 and T2) with the help of the Paired

Sample Test (Table Nr.7) one can observe that the differences between the average values in

all events are significant for both groups, with the exception of the control groups endurance

running event, where the difference of 0.07 seconds was not significant (p

2. Serbescu C., Flora D., Hantiu I., Greene D., Benhamou CL., Courteix D., (2006), Effect of a six-month training programme on the physical capacities of Romanian schoolchildren,

ACTA PAEDIATRICA, 95 (10): 1258-1265

3. World Health Organization, Constitution of the World Health Organization, 45th ed. (2006),online:WHO,.[WH

O, Constitution]

4. World Health Organization, Health and Development Through Physical Activity and Sport (Geneva,2003) at1, online: WHO, . [WHO, Physical Activity

5. World Health Organization, Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health (Geneva: 2004) at 3-4, sotnralitneeg:y W/eHbO11, .i.n W/dHiOet,p [Global Strategy]

16

PLVANIE A AKTIVITY OBYVATESTVA VO VODNOM

PROSTRED NA SLOVENSKU V KONTEXTE ZAISTENIA ICH

BEZPENOSTI

Igor BARAN

Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University, Bratislava,Slovakia

ABSTRACT

Prspevok sa zaober problematikou plaveckch aktivt, resp. aktivt vo vodnom prostred

obyvatestva Slovenskej republiky v kontexte zaistenia ochrany ivota a zdravia. V prci s

sumarizovan poty utopench osb na zem Slovenskej republiky v rokoch 1986 -2009

z hadiska veku, charakteru vodnej plochy a najastejch prin utopenia. Prspevok nartva

perspektvu zabezpeovania ochrany ivota a zdravia v kontexte psobenia Vodnej

zchrannej sluby a Integrovanho zchrannho systmu.

Key words: plvanie, utopenie, plaveck vcvik, zchrana topiaceho, Integrovan zchrann

systm

vod

Najprstupnejou a najpopulrnejou pohybovou aktivitou obyvatestva je plvanie

a vodn porty, pre ktor s na zem Slovenska vytvoren vemi dobr podmienky.

Mnostvo prrodnch a umelch vodnch plch, jazier a vodnch tokov poskytuje irok

monosti venova sa hlavne v letnch mesiacoch tmto aktivitm jednotlivcom, ale aj celm

rodinm resp. obyvatestvu vetkch vekovch kategri. Nie vetci si vak uvedomuj, e

voda je ivel, ktor me okrem radosti by aj vemi nebezpen. Preceovanie vlastnch sl

a schopnost, nevhodn a nedostaton vbava napr. pri rznych aktivitch vo vode

a nedostatok sksenost si kadorone vyber da najvyiu, desiatky stratench udskch

ivotov(Laurencov,1991).

V naej prce sme sa rozhodli uskutoni analzu potu utopench osb na zem

Slovenska v obdob rokov 1986-2009 a poksi sa poukza na skutonos, e aj napriek

suchozemskej polohe Slovenska na mape Eurpy s kadoron poty utopench na

Slovensku v podstate na druhom mieste v tatistikch mrtnosti, hne po autonehodch.

Cie prce Aj napriek skutonosti, e Slovensko je charakterizovan ako vntrozemsk krajina, m

pomerne vek mnostvo prrodnch a umelch vodnch plch, hust rienu sie a viac ako

260 kpalsk a zbavnch vodnch atrakci( Lauko,2003). Pri porovnan Slovenska

s krajinami, ktor sa nachdzaj v prmorskch oblastiach je mon kontatova, e na

Slovensku je prina smrti utopenm druhou najvyou tatistikou hne po autonehodch.

Vychdzajc z tejto skutonosti sme si stanovili cie naej prce uskutoni analzu potu

utopench osb na zem Slovenskej republiky v rokoch 1986-2009 z hadiska veku a

najastejch prin a navrhn opatrenia na znenie razovosti vo vodnom prostred v rmci

rekreanch aktivt.

lohy prce

Vychdzajc z ciea prce sme si stanovili nasledovne lohy prce:

1. Spracova a vyhodnoti poty utopench na zem Slovenska v rokoch 1986-2009 z

hadiska veku

17

2. Spracova a vyhodnoti poty utopench na zem Slovenska v rokoch 1986-2009 z

hadiska najastejch prin

3. Spracova a vyhodnoti poty utopench na zem Slovenska v rokoch 1986-2009 z

hadiska charakteru vodnej plochy

4. Vypracova nvrh zkladnch opatren na znenie potu utopench

Metodika

Vskum bol zahjen v roku 2010 nvrhom asovho harmonogramu s definovanm

spsobu zskavania dajov. Prv fza bola zameran na zskanie informci z protokolov

a zznamov o udalosti, ktor spracovvaj zchrann zloky Integrovanho zchrannho

systmu (Policajn Zbor SR, Hasisk zchrann sluba a Vodn zchrann sluba)o

nehodch , ktor sa stali vo vodnom prostred. Je potrebn zdrazni, e poskytnutie

informci v tejto oblasti je vemi citliv z hadiska marketingovch aktivt a to hlavne od

prevdzkovateov vodnch atrakci a aquparkov. Pri zskavan podkladov bola pouit

metda tdia radnch dokumentov, metda rozhovoru a metda logickej analzy a syntzy

zskanch poznatkov.

Spracovanie vsledkov sme uskutonili na zklade zozbieranch materilov. Uskutonili

sme porovnanie, i s v rmci sledovanho asovho obdobia rozdiely medzi potom

utopench osb, resp. prinami nehd. Pri spracovan a interpretcii zskanch dajov sme

vyuili: analzu, syntzu, indukciu, dedukciu, porovnvanie, zoveobecovanie a analgiu.

Vsledky prce

Poty utopench na zem Slovenska v rokoch 1986-2009 z hadiska veku

tatistika z pohadu veku utopench osb (obrzok 1), vykazuje, e s vnimkou osb

starch ako 61 rokov u ktorch je predpoklad mimoriadnej udalosti ako nsledku inch

(zdravotnch ) prin, najvyie tatistick daje vykazuj vekov kategrie, ktor s

veobecne charakterizovan ako aktvny vek (30-40 rokov). Zaujmavm faktom tkajceho

sa tejto skupiny ud je trend zniovania potu utopench s nrastom veku, o sa d do istej

miery odvodni zodpovednm sprvanm sa pri rekreanch aktivitch priom u mladch

ud prevlda utopenie spojen s poitm alkoholu (Huko,2004).

Obrzok 1 Grafick znzornenie potu utopench osb v rokoch 1986-1997 a 1998-2009

poda veku

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

do 10 rokov

do 20 rokov

do 30 rokov

do 40 rokov

do 50 rokov

do 60 rokov

nad 60 rokov

1986-1997

1998-2009

18

Celkovo vak na zklade vyhodnotenia podkladovch materilov o udalosti, je mon

kontatova, e vo vekej vine tchto prpadov prevldalo precenenie vlastnch sl a

schopnost pri pohybovch aktivitch vo vodnom prostred ako aj nedostaton vcvik

a pouitie nevhodnho vybavenia pri pecifickch aktivitch ako je potpanie, vodn turistika

a pod.

Pri celkovom porovnan tatistiky z hadiska veku v sledovanch peridach (1986-1997

a 1998-2009) vi tab. 1, je mon kontatova nrast potu utopench o 41 osb, o

predstavuje v percentulnom vyjadren + 2,9 %. Aj ke sa toto numerick vyjadrenie zd

mal treba zdrazni, e sa v prepote jedn o 41 zmarench ivotov.

Tabuka 1 Porovnanie potu utopench osb na zem Slovenskej republiky v obdob rokov

1986-1997 a 1998-2009 poda veku

Vekov kategria 1986-1997 (1394 osb) 1998-2009 (1435 osb) +/- % (+41)

do 10 r 140 118 - 15,7

do 20 r 167 166 - 0,6

do 30 r 245 198 - 19,2

do 40 r 229 219 - 4,4

do 50 r 202 255 + 20,8

do 60 r 175 240 + 27,1

nad 60 r 236 239 + 1,3

Pozitvne je mon hodnoti vekov kategriu det do 10 rokov, kde na rozdiel od prvho

sledovanho obdobia (1986-1997) je evidovan vrazn pokles potu utopench det(-15%).

Tto skutonos je mon iastone pripsa zlepeniu monost na rekrean aktivity rodn

s demi ako aj postupnmu nvratu plaveckch vcvikov v rmci kolskej dochdzky.

Pozitvne vplvaj aj monosti realizova plaveck aktivity v novo otvranch baznoch ,

kpaliskch a akva parkoch, kde sa aj napriek niektorm pretrvvajcim problmom

v legislatve aktivizovala vodn zchrann sluba.

Poty utopench na zem Slovenska v rokoch 1986-2009 z hadiska najastejch

prin

Z grafickho znzornenia potu utopench osb z hadiska najastejch prin(obrzok 3 )

je zrejm, e ak separujeme kategriu in priny(odpadov jamy, studne, utopenia ako

sekundrny nsledok inej primrnej priny, trestn innos, havrie a pod.), dominuje

povanie alkoholu. Kombincia alkoholu, vysokch dennch teplt a vrodench dispozcii s

pohybom vo fyziklne diametrlne odlinom vodnom prostred (v extrmnych prpadoch

me napr. rozdiel medzi teplotou ovzduia a teplotou vody dosahova a 20C), a pri

nedostatonom odhade vlastnch schopnost, me viest k nstupu krzovej situcie.

Pri porovnan tatistickch dajov potu utopench osb z hadiska najastejch prin za

obdobie rokov 1986-1997 a 1998-2009 je mon kontatova pokles alkoholu ako priny

utopenia o 1,8 %. (tab. 2). Tto skutonos je mon pripsa zvenm aktivitm lenov

VZS a ostatnch bezpenostnch zloiek. Je dleit zvrazni, e v porovnan s obdobm

pred rokom 1989 sa hlavne na otvorench prrodnch a umelch vodnch plochch, vrazne

zlepila spoluprca so zlokami mestskej a ttnej polcie, ktor prpady nadmernho

povania alkoholickch npojov razantne riei.

V obdob rokov 1997-2004 sa objavuje v tatistike nrast potu utopench osb, ktor

zahynuli pri povodniach. Zchrana osobnho majetku je motivanm stimulom, ktor potla

racionlne sprvanie sa postihnutch osb pri ohrozen vlastnho zdravia a ivota. Tieto

19

situcie sa vyskytuj v prpade povodn na vekom zem a nie je mon zo strany

zchrannch zloiek okamite zasiahnu v konkrtnom mieste ohrozenia.

Obrzok 2 Grafick znzornenie potu utopench osb v rokoch 1986-1997 a 1998-

2009z hadiska najastejch prin

Tabuka 2 Porovnanie potu utopench osb na zem Slovenskej republiky v obdob rokov

1986-1997 a 1998-2009 z hadiska najastejch prin

Prina 1986-1997 (1394 osb) 1998-2009 (1435 osb) +/- % (+41)

Alkohol 513 504 - 1,8

Zlyh. Tel. orgnov 206 199 - 3,4

In 2 70 + 97,1

Povodne 673 662 - 1,6

Poty utopench na zem Slovenska v rokoch 1986-2009 z hadiska charakteru vodnej

plochy

Vyhodnotenm potu utopench osb v zvislosti od charakteru vodnej plochy (obrzok 3)

zisujeme, e v grafe maj dominantn zastpenie tece vody, z oho vyplva, e s

najrizikovejm miestom z pohadu rekrecie pri vodnch plochch. rove rizika pri

aktivitch vo vodnom prostred je do znanej miery dan aj jeho charakterom. Hydrologick

podmienky napr. vodnch tokov svojim charakterom navodzuj rizikov situcie s ktormi sa

v baznoch, alebo netecich vodch nie je mon stretn (Miler,1999). Ide najm o

rchlos prdenia vody, rznorod hbku, existenciu prekok pod hladinou, vo vine

prpadov vrazne niia teplota vody, prdenie, sptn prdy, vodn valce pri hatiach a pod.

Okrem tchto pecificky hydrologickch osobitost umouj vodn toky vyuva na rzne

zbavn innosti (skoky do vody) aj brehy , mostn teles a vegetciu pri brehoch. Vetky

tieto faktory s hlavne pre populciu mldee vemi praliv a prirodzene vytvraj

potencionlne nebezpeenstv.

Ako vyplva z grafu (obr. 3), najniie poty utopench v rmci rekreanch vodnch

plch s evidovan na baznoch. Tto skutonos je mon zdvodni aktvnejm

(prsnejm) uplatovanm zkonnej normy, ktor uklad prevdzkovateovi baznu, resp.

kpalisk zabezpei ochranu zdravia a ivota kvalifikovanmi zchranrmi Vodnej

zchrannej sluby. Netece vody, alebo vodn plochy charakteru priehrad a vodnch diel

vykazuj pecifick nebezpeenstv vyplvajce vinou z ich vekej rozlohy. K

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

alkohol zl.te.org in povodne

1986-1997

1998-2009

20

najastejm mono priradi nebezpeenstv vyplvajce zo zmeny klmy prostredia, ktor na

vch ndriach me spsobi zvenie vlnenia od niekokch centimetrov a po 1,5 m a

tm priamo ohrozi bezpeie kpajcich sa.

Obrzok 3 Grafick znzornenie potu utopench osb v rokoch 1986-1997 1998-2009

poda charakteru vodnej plochy

Pri porovnan potu utopench osb na zem Slovenskej republiky v obdob rokov 1986-

1997 a 1998-2009 poda charakteru vodnej plochy (tab. . 3) je mon kontatova, e s

vnimkou tecich vd a priehrad bez kontroly plavka je v ostatnch sledovanch

kategrich vykzan pokles potu utopench osb.

Za jeden z rozhodujcich initeov, ktor tto skutonos ovplyvnil je mon povaova

psobenie viac ako 1300 aktvnych lenov VZS psobiacich na tchto vodnch plochch.

Tabuka 3 Porovnanie potu utopench osb na zem Slovenskej republiky v obdob rokov

1986-1997 a 1998-2009 poda charakteru vodnej plochy

Char. vod.

plochy

1986-1997 (1394

osb)

1998-2009 (1435

osb)

+/- %

(+41)

Tece vody 723 829 + 12,8

Netece vody 242 241 - 0,4

Bazny 39 17 - 56,4

Priehrady 150 172 + 12,8

Studne 51 43 - 15,7

Odpadov jamy 47 34 - 27,7

Nezakryt jamy 23 15 - 34,8

In miesta 119 84 - 29,4

Nvrh zkladnch opatren na znenie potu utopench

Odborn aj laick populcia vnma existenciu zchrannch zloiek prostrednctvom

Integrovanho zchrannho systmu, ktor bol ustanoven Zkonom NR Slovenskej

republiky . 129 z 15. februra 2002. Tento zkon definuje zchrann zloky v dvoch

zkladnch kategrich:

A/ Zkladn zchrann zloky medzi ktor patria :

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1986-1997

1998-2009

21

Hasisk a zchrann zbor, Zchrann zdravotn sluba, tvary Policajnho zboru a leteck

tvar ministerstva, Vojensk zchrann tvary a Bansk zchrann sluba

B/ Ostatn zchrann zloky sem patria :Armda Slovenskej republiky, Obecn , mestsk

a zvodn hasisk zbory, Horsk sluba, Jednotky civilnej ochrany, eleznin polcia,

Slovensk erven kr a in prvnick a fyzick osoby s predmetom innosti poskytovania

pomoci pri ochrane ivota, zdravia a majetku

V svislosti s psobenm Vodnej zchrannej sluby (VZS) v IZS sa jav ako najv problm

legislatvna oblas. Tak ako vyplva z obsahu innosti VZS, ide v princpoch innosti

o organizane odlin aktivitu oproti napr. zkladnm zchrannm zlokm. Urit symbizu

mono vidie v psobnosti Horskej sluby. V legislatvnej oblasti absentuje existencia

podobnho zkona ako je napr. Zkon o Horskej slube, ktor by presne vymedzoval okrem

inho prslunos k niektormu z rezortov vldy (Ministerstvo vntra, resp. Ministerstvo

zdravotnctva a pod). V zahrani sa napr. na innosti VZS podieaj okrem ttu aj

zariadenia profilujce v rmci poskytovanch rekreanch sluieb (hotely, retaurcie,

zbavn parky , miestne zastupitestv a pod.).

V Slovenskej republike s aktivity Vodnej zchrannej sluby usmerovan viacermi

zkonmi, vyhlkami a smernicami, ktor vak v plnom rozsahu sasn potreby v tejto

oblasti nenapluj (Baran, 2004). Efektvnejie , prehadnejie a do praxe aplikovatenejie

by bolo predmetn lnky jednotlivch zkonov a vyhlok spoji do jednej zkonnej normy,

ktor by problmov otzky v innosti, prvomociach, organizanej truktry, psobenia

a podriadenosti z hadiska riadenia komplexne vyrieila.

Za jednu z hlavnch prin vysokho potu utopench osb na Slovensku v sledovanom

obdob je mon povaova nedostaton realizovanie plaveckch vcvikov na zkladnch

a strednch kolch.(imonek,2010). Problm je vak potrebn vidie v irom kontexte

v rmci ktorho vystupuje do popredia nedostaton materilne a personlne zabezpeenie

telesnej a portovej vchovy na Slovensku. imonek (2010) vo svojom vskume zistil, e

96% zkladnch kl v mestch a 96,51%kl na vidieku nevlastnia plavre a nevyhovujce

podmienky na plaveck aktivity v mestch m 87,50 % kl a na vidieku a 97,65 % kl.

Tto skutonos je v porovnan so zahranim kritick.

Pri tatistickom vyhodnoten potu utopench osb poda sledovanch vekovch

kategrii na zem Slovenskej republiky v obdob rokov 1986-2009 je mon kontatova, e

v porovnan so zahranim s poty utopench osb stle vysok. Za jeden z prioritnch

faktorov je mon povaova obmedzenie (na niektorch Z pln ukonenie) vuby

plvania na prvom stupni zkladnch kl. (Glesk,2005). Ekonomick dvody viedli vinu

riadiacich pracovnkov zkladnch kl k ukoneniu povinnej formy vuby plvania , ktor

bola zaraden v 3 ronku na Z. Nslednm varovnm signlom a potvrdenm nesprvnosti

tohto kroku zo strany Ministerstva kolstva SR s aj informcie z rezortu Ministerstva obrany

SR, ktor pri nborovch testoch na profesiu vojaka s povolania v roku 2004 vyjadrilo

nespokojnos s tm, e viac ako 35 % zujemcov o profesiu profesionlneho vojaka bolo

zaradench medzi neplavcov. Preto je dleit, aby sa plvaniu a plaveckm vcvikom

venovalo dostatok priestoru nielen z dvodu jeho zdravotnho a oddychovho charakteru, ale

aby sa tm sasne vetkmi dostupnmi spsobmi minimalizovali kadoron tatistiky

o pote utopench osb.

Zver Tak ako bolo v vode uveden, voda m pozitvne inky v irokom spektre udskho

organizmu. Tto skutonos poznali u v starovekch civilizcich. Nie je potrebn

glorifikova plvanie podobne ako v starovekej Sparte, kde bol oban neplavec povaovan

za menej cennho, ale je potrebn ,vychdzajc z vyie uvedench tatistk, minimalizova

22

vetkmi dostupnmi metdami a prostrediami poty utopench osb, pretoe udsk ivot je

hodnota, ktor je nenahraditen. Preto je dleit , aby sa tejto problematike venovalo dostatok priestoru a vetkmi dostupnmi

spsobmi sa minimalizovali kadoron tatistiky o pote utopench osb. To je mon dosiahnu:

- zvyovanm potu plaveckch baznov a ostatnch rekreanch vodnch plch a zariaden

- obnovenm povinnho plaveckho vcviku v 3 ronku zkladnch kl - skvalitnenm ochrany ivota a zdravia formou kvalitne vykolenho zchranrskeho

personlu

- zvenm osvety v zameran na plvanie a plaveck porty, resp. na rizik vyplvajce z vodnho prostredia

- zlepenm legislatvnych noriem v rmci rekreanch plaveckch aktivt na tak rovinu ak je ben vo vyspelch krajinch EU.

ZOZNAM BIBLIOGRAFICKCH ODKAZOV .

1. BARAN,I. 2004. Rizikovos rekreanch pohybovch aktivt vo vodnom prostred v kontexte s vcvikovou innosou VZS a vstupom SR do EU. Medzinrodn konferencia

Sport a kvalita ivota. Masarykova Univerzita Brno 2004.

2. GLESK, P. et. al. 2005. Hasistvo a zchranrstvo. MV Slovenskej republiky. Bratislava 3. HUKO,M. 2004. Prehad o pote utopench obanov Slovenskej republiky za roky

1986-2004. Prezdium Hasiskho a zchrannho zboru. Bratislava 2004

4. LAUKO,V.2003.FyzickgeografiaSlovenskejRepubliky.MAPA,Slovakia.kola,s.r.o. Bratislava 2003

5. LAURENCOV,S. et.al.1991. Kniha plavca zchrancu. REMEDIUM, Bratislava 1991 6. MILER, T. 1999. Zchran-bezpenost a zchrana u vody. vyd. Vodn zchrann sluba

K,Praha 1999, S.34 35.

7. IMONEK,J.2010. Materilno-technick a personlne zabezpeenie vyuovania telesnej a portovej vchovy v slovenskch zkladnch kolch. Tel.Vch.port,4/2010, s.22-23.

Swimming activities and population in the aquatic environment in Slovakia

in the context of their security

Key words: plvanie, utopenie, plaveck vcvik, zchrana topiaceho, Integrovan zchrann

systm

23

SUBJEKTIVN VNMN IVOTN POHODY OSOB STARHO VKU

Hana BEDNOV - Vlastimila KARSKOV

Katedra aplikovanch pohybovch aktivit Fakulty tlesn kultury Univerzity Palackho

v Olomouci, Olomouc, esk republika

vod

Pspvek se zabv subjektivnm vnmnm pohody osob starho vku. Jedn se o

kognitivn a emocionln vyhodnocen kvality vlastnho ivota. V anglickm jazyce se pro

tento pojem pouv termn well-being, kter znamen celkov pocit pohody jedince,

spokojenost se souasnm stavem svho ivota apod. Tento pocit nezahrnuje ani tak strnku

materiln jako hlavn oblast zdrav a duevn pohody. Dle Kuzmanna (2000) se jedn o

zleitost vce faktoriln, kter obsahuje krom ivotn spokojenosti i tst, osobn rst,

morlku, samostatnost atd. V souasn dob se v zahrani tto problematice vnuje mnoho

autor jako napklad Clarke, Marshall, Ryff, Rosenthal, Chappell (2005), Kunzmann, Little,

Smith (2000), Pinquart, Srensen (2000).

V oblasti sportu se hovo o well-beingu spe jako o pjemnm provn bez soupeen a

pekonvn. Jde zde prost jen o to, ctit se dobe a pjemn, mt sm ze sebe dobr pocit. Je

dleit si uvdomit, e kad lovk m pro rzn situace rzn mtka. Kad m tak jin

hodnoty a preferuje jin situace, aktivity i podnty, ve kterch se ct dobe. Zle pouze na

kadm z ns, jak dobe se ctme. V tomto kontextu se vnuje dan problematice nap.

Mcauley, Marquez, Jerome, Katula, (2000).

Vzkumn eten

Clem vzkumnho eten bylo porovnat vnmn subjektivn pohody student Univerzity

tetho vku (U3V) pi Univerzit Palackho v Olomouci a klient pobytovho zazen pro

seniory v Olomouci (n = 85). Ze student Univerzity tetho vku se vzkumnho eten

zastnilo 30 proband prmrnho vku 66 let. Do vzkumnho eten z Domova pro

seniory Pohoda Chvlkovice se zapojilo 55 proband prmrnho vku 82let.

Metody

Pro zjitn subjektivn pohody osob starho vku byl pouit Bernsk dotaznk subjektivn

pohody BDP, kter byl pvodn standardizovn v roce 1991 (Grob, Luethi, Kaiser BSW A)

a optovn v roce 1995 (Grob, Duka, BSW Y). Dle Duky (1999) pat tento dotaznk do

Beckerovy koncepce subjektivn pohody. Jeho model pat v souasn dob

k nejkomplexnjm. Dotaznk je mon podle jeho nzoru povaovat za komplexn

prostedek men subjektivn pohody z hlediska aktuln i habituln sloky vetn fyzickch

a psychickch aspekt. Dotaznk obsahuje 6 oblast s rznm potem tvrzen, u kterch se

dotazovan mus rozhodnout, do jak mry s tvrzenm souhlas.

Oblasti:

1. Pozitivn postoj k ivotu (POP) 6 vrok Tato oblast hodnot mru kognitivn subjektivn ivotn spokojenosti jedince.

2. Provan problmy (PRBL) 7 vrok Druh kla se zabv aktulnmi psychickmi problmy. m vy skre bylo dosaeno,

tm je vy vskyt tchto problm.

3. Somatick pote (SOMP) 8 vrok Tet kla se tk aktulnch tlesnch obt. kla je tak zamena na men

negativnho subjektivnho provn. Tuto klu i klu pedchzejc nepovauje autor za

pmou soust subjektivn pohody.

24

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4. Sebecta (SEB) 3 vroky tvrt kla m hodnocen sebe sama, vztahu a postoje k sob. m vy skre bylo

dosaeno, tm pozitivnj pstup k sob jedinec m.

5. Depresivn nlady 4 vroky Posledn kla se zabv depresivnm ladnm. Zkoum, do jak mry obsahuje psychika

jedince negativn obsahy a jakm smrem se ubr jeho dlouhodob provn. Pokud

zkouman osoba doshla vyho skre, znamen to, e dlouhodob trp psychickmi

obtemi.

6. Radost v ivot (RAD) 5 vrok

Kad tvrzen bylo hodnoceno probandem dle mry subjektivn pohody v jednotlivch

oblastech na bodov kle v rozmez 1 6.

Protoe dotaznk nebyl vlun uren pro populaci senior, probhlo ped provedenm

vzkumnho eten oven vhodnosti a innosti dotaznku na star skupinu proband,

kterho se zastnilo 10 osob prmrnho vku 60 let. Pi hodnocen 33 tvrzen v 6 oblastech

dotaznku bylo dosaeno koeficientu reliability r = 0, 46.

V rmci tohoto vzkumu jsme pouili pouze hrub skre z jednotlivch kl.

Zskan data byla zpracovna za pomoci potaovch program Excel a Statistica 8. Pro

zjitn rozdl mezi jednotlivmi skupinami jsme pouili neprovho Mann-Whitney t-testu.

Statistick hladina vznamnosti byla stanovena p < 0, 05.

Vsledky a diskuse

Pi hladin statistick vznamnosti p < 0, 05 byly zjitny statisticky vznamn rozdly

subjektivn spokojenosti mezi probandy z Domova pro seniory POHODA Chvlkovice a

student U3V pi Univerzit Palackho v Olomouci v oblasti tet tkajc se aktulnch

tlesnch obt, oblasti tvrt zabvajc se sebectou a v oblasti pt, kter se dotazuje na

mru depresivnch nlad probanda. V tchto oblastech vykazovali negativnj vnmn

subjektivn pohody probandi z Domova pro seniory Chvlkovice. Tyto vsledky koresponduj

s pedchozm oekvnm. Negativnji ladn vnmn subjektivn pohody bylo

pedpokldno u proband z pobytovho zazen.

Tabulka 1 Vsledky v testu subjektivn pohody u skupiny proband z Domova pro seniory

POHODA Chvlkovice a student U3V pi Univerzit Palackho v Olomouci.

Promnn Domov U3V p

VK 82 66 0,00

POP 22, 9 23, 5 0,59

PRLB 18, 6 17, 5 0,49

SOMP 17, 3 14, 3 0,02

SEB 10, 1 13, 9 0,01

DEPN 11, 7 8, 2 0, 00

RAD 12, 3 13, 8 0,11

Vysvtlivky: PPO pozitivn postoj k ivotu, PRLB provan problmy, SOMP

somatick pote, SEB sebecta, DEPN depresivn nlady, RAD radost v ivot,

hladina statistick vznamnosti byla stanovena p < 0, 05.

25

Hlavn pinu vidme pedevm ve vym vku klient domova pro seniory. Zde byl

zjitn nejvy vk probanda 93 let a nejni 63 let. Oproti tomu u student U3V pi UP

v Olomouci byl shledn minimln vk 51 let a maximln 74 let. Vuky Univerzity tetho

vku lze navtvovat ji od 50 let. Pokud vak se jedn o osobu se zdravotnm postienm,

me navtvovat U3V ji v mladm vku. Horn vkov hranice pro ast na vuce nen

stanovena. Monost uvat slueb domov pro seniory nen dna vkem, avak mrou

samostatnosti kadho klienta.

Vy vk samozejm souvis se zvenm vskytem nejrznjch onemocnn a tm i

zven zvislosti na pomoci druhch, co m asto negativn dopad na psychiku uivatele

sluby a odr se i na snenm vnmn mry vlastn sebecty. S postupujcm vkem a

zdravotnmi obtemi se tak zmenuje jejich zjem a monost opoutt zazen a navazovat

i udrovat dosavadn sociln kontakty. Jejich rodiny jsou vtinou zaneprzdnn, m se

opt okruh osob, se ktermi bhem dne pijdou do styku, znan zmenuje. Znan se tm

zvyuje mra osamocenosti, kter vraznm zpsobem ovlivuje oblast deprese a radosti ze

ivota. Pro uivatele tchto slueb asto bv jedinou radost nvtva blzkch. Stejn nzor

maj i Crompton a Kemeny (1999), kter tvrd, e samota ovlivuje nejen vnmn osobn

pohody, ale tak zdrav jako takov. Na snen vskytu depresivnch nlad dle Krause (1998)

pozitivn psob aktivn zapojen seniora do rodinnho ivota. Vnmn subjektivn pohody

ovlivuj samozejm i dobr sociln vztahy a to nejen s rodinou, ale i v irm okol

(McAuley, Blissmer, Marquez, Jerome, Kramer, 2000).

Graf 1 Vnmn subjektivn pohody u skupiny proband z Domova pro seniory POHODA

Chvlkovice a student U3V pi Univerzit Palackho v Olomouci.

Vysvtlivky: PPO pozitivn postoj k ivotu, PRLB provan problmy, SOMP

somatick pote, SEB sebecta, DEPN depresivn nlady, RAD radost v ivot.

Dle Lai a MacDonalda (1995) psob na vnmn osobn pohody ti faktory, mezi kter

pat psychick zdrav, pocit osobn kontroly a sociln podpora. Kuzmann. (2000) uvdj, e

vk sm o sob nen pinou poklesu vnmn subjektivn pohody na rozdl od postupujcch

zdravotnch omezen. O vznamnm vlivu zdravotnho stavu lovka na jeho vnmn svta a

sama sebe hovo i Clarke, Marshall, Ryff, Rosenthal (2000), Krause, Liang, Gu (1998). Gee

(1998) krom zdravotnho stavu zdrazuje i znan vliv kvality bydlen.

0

5

10

15

20

25

POP PRLB SOMP SEB DEPN RAD

Domov pro seniory

U3V

26

Dle Duky a Dalberta (2006) vznamnm zpsobem podporuje vnmn subjektivn

pohody starch lid vra ve sprvn svt. Autoi tm mysl jist pesvden o existenci

morlnch zsad ve spolenosti a o tom, e kad nakonec dostane, co si zaslou. S tmto

nzorem se ztotouje i Correia a Vala (2004).

Oproti klientm domova pro seniory jsou studenti U3V vtinou stle jet aktivn lid,

kte hledaj zajmavou npl svho volnho asu. ij ve svch domcnostech a jsou pln

schopni se o sebe postarat. Jejich okruh zjm je irok, dokou si vytvet a udrovat

sociln kontakty. Protoe jejich samostatnost je vysok, zvldaj pomoci i rodinm svch

dt, podporuj tak sv vztahy s rodinou a pocit uitenosti, kter je pro lovka dleit

v kadm vku. Z tohoto dvodu bylo pedpokldno, e tito probandi maj pozitivnji ladn

vnmn subjektivn pohody, co se vzhledem k vpotu statistick vznamnosti potvrdilo.

Zvr

Subjektivn vnmn pohody ovlivuje mnoho faktor, kter se mn vlivem nejrznjch

ivotnch situac, ale tak vkem. Nemocnost osob ijcch v domovech pro seniory je

mnohem vy ne u osob, kter ij v domcm prosted. Stejn tak i jejich fyzick aktivita je

vy, protoe jsou stle jet schopni se o sebe postarat. Pro dosplho lovka je tk

pijmout pomoc druhch v situacch, kter jet donedvna zvldal sm, co se samozejm

odr i ve snen sebect osob ijcch v domov pro seniory.

Tyto vsledky nejsou vzhledem k oekvn pekvapujc. Zjevn rozdly byly zjitny

hlavn v oblasti pozitivnho somatickch pot, sebecty a depresivnch nlad. Lze tedy

pedpokldat, e ivot v pobytovch zazench se negativnm zpsobem odr na vnmn

subjektivn pohody klient domova pro seniory. Tato zjitn mohou bt inspirujc pro

veden zazen, kter je me vyut pro zlepen souasnho stavu za pomoci dalho

vzdlvn personlu, nabdkou zajmavch volnoasovch aktivit, i podpory pozitivnch

vztah a zapojen len rodin klient do chodu a aktivit zazen.

Referenn seznam

BLAHUTKOV, M., EHULKA, E., DVOKOV, . Pohyb a duevn zdrav. Brno:

Paido, 2005.

CLARKE, P. J., MARSHALL, V. W., RYFF, C. D., ROSENTHAL, C. J. Well-Being in

Canadian Seniors: Findings from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Canadian Journal

on Aging. 2000, Vol. 19 Issue 2, p139-159.

CORREIA, I., VALA, J. Belief in ajust Word, subjective well-being and trust of young

adults. In DALBERT, C., SALLAY, H. (Eds.), The justice motive in adolescence and young

adulhood: Origins and consequences. London, UK: Routledge, 2004. (pp. 85-100).

CROMPTON, S., KEMENY, A. The well-being of merried seniors, canadian social trends.

Sicness and health. 1999, no 11, str. 22-27.

DZUKA, J., DALBERT, C. The belief in a just world and subjective well-being in old age.

Aging & Mental Health. 2006; 10(5): 439444.

GROB, A. Subjective well-being and significant life-events across the life span. Weiss

Journal of Psychology. 1995, ro. 54. . 1. s. 23 28.

CHAPPELL, N. L. Perceived change in quality of life among chinese canadian seniors: the

role of involvement in chinese culture. Journal of Happiness Studie. 2005,DOI

10.1007/s10902-004-1754-5.

MCAULEY, E., BLISSMER, B., MARQUEZ, D. X., JEROME, A. F., KATULA, J.

Social relations, physical activity, and well-being in older adults. Preventive Medicine. 2000,

31(5), pp. 608617.

27

javascript:__doLinkPostBack('','mdb%7E%7Esih%7C%7Cjdb%7E%7Esihjnh%7C%7Css%7E%7EJN%20%22Canadian%20Journal%20on%20Aging%22%7C%7Csl%7E%7Ejh','');javascript:__doLinkPostBack('','mdb%7E%7Esih%7C%7Cjdb%7E%7Esihjnh%7C%7Css%7E%7EJN%20%22Canadian%20Journal%20on%20Aging%22%7C%7Csl%7E%7Ejh','');javascript:__doLinkPostBack('','mdb%7E%7Esih%7C%7Cjdb%7E%7Esihjnh%7C%7Css%7E%7EJN%20%22Canadian%20Journal%20on%20Aging%22%7C%7Csl%7E%7Ejh','');

KRAUSE, N., LIANG J., GU, S. Financial strain, received support, anticipated support,

and depressive symptoms in the Peoples Republic of China. Psychology and Aging. 1998, 13,

pp. 5868.

KUNZMANN, U., LITTLE, T., SMITH, J. Is age related stability of subjective well-being

a paradox? Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from the Berlin Aging Study.

Psychology and Aging. 2000, 15 (3), pp. 511526.

LAI, D. W. L., MACDONALD, J. R. Life satisfaction of Chinese elderly immigrants in

Calgary. Canadian Journal on Aging. 1995, 14, pp. 536552.

NAKONEN, M. Psychologie osobnosti. Praha: Academia, 2009.

PINQUART, M., SRENSEN, S. Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and

competence on subjective wellbeing in later life: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging.

2000, 15(2), pp. 187224.

28

PLAVECK SPSOBILOS A KOORDINAN SCHOPNOSTI DET

A MLDEE

ubomra BENURIKOV1 - Yvetta MACEJKOV

2 - Ildiko VICZAYOV

3

1,2

Univerzita Komenskho v Bratislave, Fakulta telesnej vchovy a portu, Katedra

portov v prrode a plvania 3Uiverzita Kontantna Filozofa v Nitre, Fakulta stredoeurpskych tdi, Katedra

predkolskej a primrnej pedagogiky

Abstrakt

Prspevok prina poznatky o vzahoch medzi plaveckou spsobilosou a koordinanmi

schopnosami det a mldee. Vzahy medzi koordinanmi schopnosami na suchu

v sboroch det predkolskho veku (n = 86), mladieho kolskho veku (n = 25), starieho

kolskho veku (n = 33) a plaveckou spsobilosou sme zisovali z hadiska veku a dky

plaveckej prpravy.

Deti predkolskho veku absolvovali 13 hodinov plaveck kurz a v zvere sme hodnotili

plaveck spsobilos preplvanmi metrami. Deti mladieho kolskho veku absolvovali kurz

zkladnho plvania v rozsahu 20 hodn a plaveck spsobilos sme hodnotili asom na 25 m.

Mlde vo veku 11 - 13 r. absolvovala zdokonaovac plaveck kurz 3 - 4 roky v plaveckom

klube a plaveck spsobilos sme hodnotili asom na 50 m.

Vsledky preukzali diferencovan vzah medzi plaveckou spsobilosou a koordinanm

schopnosami z hadiska veku a dky plaveckej prpravy. U det predkolskho a mladieho

kolskho veku sme zistili vzahy medzi plaveckou spsobilosou a rovnovhovmi

schopnosami. U mldee medzi plaveckou spsobilosou, priestorovou orientciou

a kinesteticko-diferencianou schopnosou.

Kov slov: Plaveck spsobilos, koordinan schopnosti, deti, mlde, plaveck

testy.

SWIMMING COMPETENCE AND COORDINATION SKILLS OF CHILDREN AND

THE YOUTH

This article is about the relationship between swimming competence and coordination

skills of children and the youth. The relationships between the land-performed coordination

skills and the swimming competence were based on the age of the participants and the time

they devoted to the preparatory swimming training. The participants were divided into three

groups according to their age: a group of pre-school children (46 children), a group of

younger-school children (25 children), a group of older-school children (33 children).

The pre-school children underwent a 13-hour swimming course after which their

swimming competence was evaluated according to the distance in metres they swam. The

younger-school children underwent 20 hours of a basic swimming course and their swimming

competence was evaluated according to the time they needed to swim 25 metre distance. The

youth of 11 to 13 years old underwent a course for the improvement of their swimming skills

in a swimming club, which lasted 3 to 4 years, and their swimming competence was evaluated

according to the time they needed to swim 50 metre distance.

29

The research results prove a different relationship between swimming competence and

coordination skills from the point of view of age and the length of preparatory swimming

training. Positive relationships were discovered between the swimming competence and

balance skills of the pre-school and the younger-school children. Positive relationships were

found out also between the swimming competence, the orientation in space and the skill of

kinaesthetic differentiation among the youth.

Key words: Swimming competence, coordination skills, children, youth, swim tests

vod

Dleitos koordinanch schopnost sa vo veobecnosti spja s motorickm uenm

a s kvalitou portovej techniky. pecifick podnety na senzomotorick schopnosti oproti

suchu vytvra vodn prostredie. Preto sa vo veobecnosti predpoklad, e v obdob

senzitvneho rozvoja kondinch a koordinanch schopnost, je mon draznejie

stimulova ich rozvoj prostriedkami vo vodnom prostred.

Aktualizcia poznatkov o koordinanch schopnostiach kolskej populcie m kvalitn

metodologick i empirick rove (Ljach, 1989, Hirtz 1981, 1985, imonek et al. 1998,

2008, Halmov, 2005, Strekov, 2002). Je vak orientovan vhradne na koordinciu na

suchu. Odborn empirick poznatky o vzahoch medzi koordinanmi schopnosami na

suchu a ich ekvivalentom vo vode sa nachdzaj v starej odbornej literatre (Hoch, 1961,

Jursk, 1977). Tto zdrazuje vznam pohybovej koordincie det pri vytvran pohybovho

nvyku v plvan vo veobecnej rovine Dvodom takchto poznatkov bola zastaral

pecifikcia koordinanch schopnost ako i mal vber motorickch testov vo vode.

V tejto svislosti sme v naom vskume hadali odpovede na otzky, o vzahoch medzi

koordinanmi schopnosami na suchu a pecilnymi plaveckmi zrunosami vplyvom

rozdielnej dky plaveckej prpravy. Rovnako ako je nov kvalita vedeckch a empirickch

tdi o vzname koordincie v ontogenze motoriky loveka (Hirtz, 1981, 1985; Mkota,

Novosad, 2005, imonek et al. 2008) je naou snahou inovova poznatky o vzahoch medzi

koordinanmi schopnosami a plaveckmi zrunosami vo veku, kedy najvie percento

det na Slovensku sa u plva.

Sledovaniu plaveckch zrunost sa v rznych svislostiach v minulosti venovala vek

pozornos. V oblasti didaktiky plvania sa nezmenila dleitos ich postavenia ani

v sasnosti (Jursk, 1977, Blaser a kol. 1984, echovsk, 2003, Macejkov, 2007,

Macejkov-Viczayov, 2008).

Pri tvorbe vedeckho problmu sme sa orientovali na hadanie svislost medzi

koordinanmi schopnosami testovanmi na suchu a plaveckmi zrunosami v dlhom

asovom horizonte z hadiska veku ale i dky psobenie plaveckej prpravy. Zaujmalo ns,

do akej miery me vplyv prostriedkov zkladnho plvania psobi na rozvoj koordinanch

schopnost.

Cie

Cieom vskumu bolo zisti svislosti medzi koordinanmi schopnosami na suchu a

pecilnymi plaveckmi zrunosami vplyvom rozdielnej dky plaveckej prpravy.

Metodika Vskumn sbor tvorilo 166 deti rzneho veku: predkolsk vek (n = 86), mlad kolsk

vek (n = 47), star kolsk vek (n = 33).

Deti predkolskho veku absolvovali 13 hodinov plaveck kurz. Motorickm testom

Plameniak (Moravec et al., 1996) sme zisovali statick rovnovhov schopnos det v stoji

30

na jednej nohe. Test sa opakoval 2 krt, meral sa as v sekundch (maximlne 60 seknd)

a zaznamenal sa lep vkon z oboch pokusov.

iaci mladieho kolskho veku (n = 25) vo veku 9 a 10 rokov absolvovali kurz

zkladnho plvania v rozsahu 50 hodn s frekvenciou dvoch hodn tdenne. Obsah hodn

bol zameran v rmci zkladnho plvania na ncvik zkladnch plaveckch zrunost

a dvoch plaveckch spsobov. Testovania sme realizovali na zaiatku a na konci kurzu.

Plaveck spsobilos sme hodnotili asom na 25 m.

Sbor plavcov tvorili lenovia plaveckho klubu, ktor sa systematicky venovali

plvaniu (3 x do tda). Mlad iaci (n = 22, 8 a 10 r.) navtevovali zdokonaovac kurz 2

roky a star iaci (n = 33, 11 a 13 r.) 3 a 4 roky. Testovanie oboch skupn sme zrealizovali

na konci kolskho roku.

Zmeny koordinanch schopnost na suchu a zmeny plaveckch zrunost a plaveckej

spsobilosti sme hodnotili rovnakmi motorickmi testami vo vetkch troch sboroch.

Zmeny rovne koordinanch schopnost sme hodnotili batriou testov: Vdr v stoji na

jednej nohe, oi otvoren test statickej rovnovhovej schopnosti; Vdr v stoji na jednej

nohe, s vylenm zraku test statickej rovnovhovej schopnosti; Chdza po lavike s 3

obratmi - test dynamickej rovnovhovej schopnosti, (test pouit len u iakov 3. triedy);

Preskakovanie vihadla test rytmickej schopnosti; Beh k oslovanm plnm loptm test

priestorovo orientanej schopnosti; Hod loptikou na presnos zo sedu roznomo test

kinesteticko-diferencianej schopnosti hornch konatn.

Za kritrium rovne plaveckej spsobilosti det predkolskho veku sme urili vzdialenos

preplvan kraulovmi nohami s doskou na konci prpravnho kurzu. Deti plvali vo vode po

prsia a snaili sa preplva vzdialenos do 12 metrov (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 m). V zkladnom

kurze sme hodnotili 25 m a v zdokonaovacom 50 m a tie sme pouili nov motorick test

Prekkov drha vo vode, ktor pozostval zo vetkch plaveckch zrunost a vykonval sa

v plytkej vode. Kritriom spenosti bol as (s).

Vsledky

Vskumn sledovanie bolo zameran na zistenie vplyvu jednotlivch koordinanch

schopnost na rove plaveckej spsobilosti det predkolskho a mladieho kolskho veku

a iakov starieho kolskho veku.

Sbor det (n = 86) dosiahol priemern vkon 28,85 s (tab. 1). Priemern vkon v sbore

chlapcov bol 26,56 s. Dievat boli v teste plameniak stabilnejie (31,13 s). Maximlny vkon

60 s dosiahlo z celkovho potu 86 det 13,6% chlapcov a 19,0% dievat.

V priemere preplvali 7,67 m. Chlapci aj dievat dosiahli takmer vyrovnan vsledky.

U det v tomto veku nie s podstatnejie vvojov rozdiely a tento biologick faktor do uritej

miery potvrdili aj nae vsledky (tab. 1).

Regresn analza, ktor sme aplikovali v skupinch det diferencovanch poda dky

preplvanch metrov potvrdila linerny vzah medzi rovnovhovmi schopnosami a dkou

preplvanch metrov. V skupine det, ktor preplvali viac metrov bol vzah tesnej. Poet

preplvanch metrov sa linerne zvyoval v zvislosti od lepej rovne rovnovhovch

schopnost (obr. 1, tab. 2). Zo vzahu mono kontatova, e 30,2% det, ktor pri vstupnom

meran na konci plaveckho kurzu preplvali kraulovmi nohami s doskou vzdialenos 12 m

mali v priemere stabilnej postoj (52,8 s) a obrtene 12,8% det, ktor preplvali minimlnu

vzdialenos 2 m sa udrali na jednej nohe v priemere najkratie (6,8 s).

31

Obrzok 1

Rovnovhov schopnosti v svislosti s rovou plaveckej spsobilosti det predkolskho

veku (n = 86)

Tabuka 1

Zkladn tatistick charakteristiky

Zkladn tatistick Kraulov nohy Plameniak (s)

charakteristiky s doskou (m)

Priemern vkon (x) 7,67 29,13

Minimlna hodnota (Xmin) 2,00 2,55

Maximlna hodnota (Xmax) 12,00 60,00

Smerodajn odchyka (s) 3,680 19,748

Tabuka 2

Hodnoty ukazovateov v testoch Preplvan vzdialenos kraulovmi nohami s doskou a

Plameniak

Preplvan vzdialenos

kraulovmi nohami

s doskou (m)

Plameniak (s) Percentulne

zastpenie (%)

2 6,8 12,8

4 12,5 19,8

6 15,2 10,5

8 26,5 15,1

10 34,9 11,6

12 52,8 30,2

Vzahy medzi koordinanmi schopnosami a plaveckou spsobilosou vplyvom

rozdielnej kvality a kvantity obsahov zkladnho plvania boli diferencovan v jednotlivch

skupinch iakov.

Po absolvovan kurzu zkladnho plaveckho ncviku (iaci 3 triedy) sme zistili vzahy

medzi rovnovhovmi schopnosami a asom dosiahnutm na 25 m ((p < 0,05, obr. 2)

Pozitvne zmeny rovnovhovch schopnost zaznamenan v oboch rovnovhovch testoch

(dynamick, statick) boli signifikantn. Trendov iara naznaila, e vyia rove

rovnovhovch schopnost vytvra predpoklad na lepiu polohu tela pri plvan a tm aj na

zaplvan as na 25 m ubovonm spsobom.

32

Obrzok 2

Vzah statickej rovnovhy a plvania na 25 m (n = 25 )

V skupine mladch a starch iakov plavcov, ktor v dlhodobejom horizonte

absolvovali zdokonaovac plaveck vcvik, sme zistili rozdielne vzahy v porovnan

s predchdzajcimi skupinami iakov. S prekkovou drhou vo vode, ktor bola novinkou

v naom vskume a zahala vetky plaveck zrunosti sme v oboch skupinch zistili

vznamn vzahy s priestorovo-orientanou schopnosou (obr. 3, 4, 5). U starch plavcov sa

prejavil vzah tejto schopnosti aj s testom 50 m von spsob. Myslme si, e i napriek

hodnotenia rovne tejto schopnosti na suchu, jej vzah so pecilnymi plaveckmi

zrunosami nadobda na vzname ako z hadiska dky psobenia pecilneho pohybovho

podnetu, tak i z hadiska veku.

V oboch skupinch plavcov sa vznamnou koordinanou schopnosou prejavila

kinesteticko-diferencian schopnos hornch konatn (obr. 4, 6). Tento vzah v plvan

vidme v dominantnej prci hornch konatn pri ncviku techniky plvania. Vyia

automatizcia techniky hornch konatn v troch plaveckch spsoboch, ktor tvoria zklad

obsahu zkladnch a zdokonaovacch vcvikov, priaznivo ovplyvnili rozvoj tejto schopnosti.

Obrzok 3

Vzah medzi prekkovou drhou a priestorovo - orientanou schopnosou (mlad plavci,

n = 22)

33

Obrzok 4

Vzah medzi prekkovou drhou a kinestetickou diferencianou schopnosou hornch

konatn (mlad plavci, n = 22)

Obrzok 5

Vzah medzi prekkovou drhou a priestorovo - orientanou schopnosou (star plavci, n =

33)

Obrzok 5

Vzah medzi plaveckou spsobilostou 50 m kraul a priestorovo - orientanou schopnosou

(star plavci, n = 33)

34

Obrzok 6

Vzah medzi plaveckou spsobilostou 50 m von spsob a kinesteticko diferencianou

schopnosou hornch konatn (star plavci, n = 33)

Zver

Na zklade nameranch vsledkov vskumu kontatujeme, e sledovan koordinan

schopnosti diferencovane ovplyvuj rove plaveckej spsobilosti z hadiska veku a dky

psobenia pecifickho pohybovho podnetu. V poiatkoch osvojovania si plaveckch

zrunost a ncviku techniky plvania v predkolskom a mladom kolskom veku vyiu

rove plaveckej spsobilosti ovplyvnila vyia rove rovnovhovch schopnost.

Koordinan schopnosti, priestorov orientcia a kinestetiko - diferencian schopnos

vstupuj do vznamnch vzahov s plaveckou spsobilosou a po asovo dlhom psoben

plaveckch kurzov (2 a 3 koky).

Sme si vedom, e sme sledovali iakov vo vvinovom obdob, ktor z hadiska rozvoja

koordinanch schopnost je najcitlivejie.

Zoznam bibliografickch dajov

1. BLASER, P. - LEWIN, G. - WALTHER, G. 1984. Mehr Aufmerksamkeit der Ausbildung Schwimmerischer Grundfertigkeiten. Krperer-ziehung, 1984, 34, 5. s.

201-203.

2. ECHOVSK, I. 2003. Zkladn plaveck dovednosti v esk didaktice plavn. In: Nov trendy v terii a didaktike plvania a plaveckch portov. Zbornk refertov

prednesench na VIII. ronku vedeckho seminra s medzinrodnou asou. 6.

janur 2003. Bratislava : FTV UK, 2003. s. 15 - 19. ISBN 80-88901-78-2.

3. HALMOV, N. 2005. Koordinan schopnosti a monosti ich rozvoja v predkolskom veku. Bratislava : Peter Maura PEEM, 2005. 1.vydanie. 80 s. ISBN 80-89197-23-X.

4. HIRTZ, P. et al. Koordinative Fhigkeiten Kennzeichnung, Alternsgang und Beeunflussungsmglichkeiten. In: Medizin und Sport, 1981, . 11, s. 348-351

5. HIRTZ, P. et al., 1985. Koordinative fhigkeiten im schulsport. In: MORAVEC a kolektv. Teria a didaktika portu. Bratislava : ICM AGENCY, 2005, s. 135 142.

ISBN 80-89075-22-3.

6. HOCH, M. 1961. Ute dti plavat. Praha : Olympia, 1961. 103 s. 1. vydanie ISBN 80-7033-055-4.

7. JURSK, D. 1977. Teoretick a didaktick problmy vyuovania v zkladnom plvan. Bratislava : FTV UK, 1977. 265 s . Habilitan prca.

35

8. LJACH, V. I. 1989. Koordinacijonnie sposobnosti kolnikov. Minsk: Polymja, 1989. 159 s.

9. MACEJKOV,Y. 2007. Dleitos plaveckch zrunost v didaktike plvania. Telesn vchova a port, 17, . 1, 2007, s. 17 - 18. ISSN 1335-2245.

10. MACEJKOV, Y. VICZAYOV, I. 2008. Koordinan schopnosti a vodn prostredie. Curricular transformation of education in physical education & sport in

Slovakia, Nitra : Univerzita Kontantna Filozofa, 2007 s. 264-270.

11. MORAVEC, R.- KAMPMILLER, T.- SEDLEK, J.- MEDEKOV, H.-RAMACSAY, L. - SLAMKA, M.- ELINGEROV, M.- IMONEK, J.-

DOLEAJOV, L. 1996. EUROFIT. Telesn rozvoj a pohybov vkonnos kolskej

populcie na Slovensku. Bratislava : Slovensk vedeck spolonos pre telesn

vchovu a port, 1996. 180 s. ISBN 80-967487-1-8.

12. STREKOV, E. 2002. Rozvoj koordinanch schopnost v portovej prprave mldee. In: portov prprava mldee. Bratislava : Nrodn intitt portu, 2002. s.

87-89. ISBN 80-7098-353-1.

13. IMONEK, J. 1998. Hodnotenie a rozvoj koordinanch schopnost 10 17 ronch chlapcov a dievat. 1. vydanie Nitra UKF : Peter Maura PEEM, 1998. 60 s. ISBN

80-88901-25-1.

14. IMONEK, J. et al., 2008. Normy koordinanch schopnost pre 11-15 ronch portovcov. Nitra: UKF PF, 2008, 107 s. ISBN 978-80-8094-297-7

36

POHYBOV AKTIVITA V SPSOBE IVOTA ADOLESCENTOV

Elena BENDKOV

Univerzita Mateja Bela FHV KTV Bansk Bystrica

REZUM

Prca prezentuje primrne informcie tkajce sa pohybovho reimu iakov strednch kl

so zameranm na objem a obsah telovchovnch a portovch aktivt v ich spsobe ivota.

Vsledky preukzali dominantne pasvne trvenie vonho asu s receptvnym charakterom

poas tda u adolescentov, s vym percentulnym zastpenm a tatisticky vznamnm

rozdielom u dievat oproti chlapcom. S uvedenm svisia aj samotn a najastejie dvody

nevykonvania portovch aktivt iaok v rmci organizovanch, i neorganizovanch

foriem telesnej vchovy.

Kov slov: pohybov reim, iaci, von as, zujmy.

VOD

Zujmy predstavuj dynamick rysy osobnosti, s neoddelitenou sasou jej motivanej

truktry, teda tch initeov, ktor loveka aktivizuj, podnecuj k innosti. V hodnoten

zujmovch preferenci povaujeme, z hadiska zdravia, za dleit poznanie a zastpenie

pohybovch aktivt, ktor by mali vznamne intervenova do obsahu vonho asu iakov.

Ak vychdzame z faktu hypokinetickho spsobu ivota ako prejavu aktulnej podoby

zujmov, potom je poznanie zujmovch preferenci predpokladom formovania, regulovania

a prognzovania zujmov tak, aby sa stali vznamnou pozitvnou zlokou vonho asu

v truktre ivotnch hodnt ako uvdza aj Liba (2010). Zisten vsledky tkajce sa

truktry portovch zujmov potvrdili doterajie vskumn sledovania z tejto oblasti

v prcach Frmela et al. (1999), Majerskho (2002). V priebehu ivota sa zaznamenva

pokles pohybovej aktivity (Dobr, 2008a,b). Pohybov aktivita det a mldee zvis nielen

od monost, ale s postupujcim vekom aj od ich zujmov a motivcie. Spontnna pohybov

aktivita kles v obdob adolescencie, hlavne u dievat po 14. roku a u chlapcov medzi 16

18. rokom.

Pri porovnan chorobnosti populcie det a mldee v roku 2003 oproti roku 1996 mono

kontatova, e na 10 tisc det dolo k viac ako dvojnsobnmu (vo veku 014 rokov), a k

viacnsobnmu (vo veku 15-19 rokov) nrastu porch zdravia a chorb sstavy obehovej,

dchacej, trviacej, svalovej a kostrovej sstavy, duevnch porch a porch sprvania,

nervovch porch, cukrovky, ndorovch ochoren, chorb krvi a krvotvornch orgnov a

porch liaz s vntornm vyluovanm (Zdravotn tatistika, 2007). Z tohto pohadu zohrva

dleit lohu primeran pohybov aktivita, ako inn prevencia vzniku funknch porch

pohybovho systmu, ako aj ich vasn diagnostika, vrtane kompenzcie statickho

zaaovania (Kostencka, 2007). Uveden stav ako sme u aj vyie uviedli svis

s pohybovou nedostatonosou, kde v sasnosti iaci absolvuj poas zkladnho a

strednho vzdelvania v priemere 13 000 vyuovacch hodn. Z toho cca 7% venuj

pohybovm aktivitm a 93% teoretickmu vzdelvaniu (Slezk, 2009). Prca je sasou

projektu UGA/2009 Inovcia kolskej telesnej vchovy cez kolsk vzdelvac program na

kolch.

37

CIE

Zisti a rozri poznatky z oblasti pohybovch reimov iakov strednch kl s intenciou na

telovchovn a portov aktivity z hadiska ich (ne)realizcie ako aj obsahovej strnky

v organizovanch a neorganizovanch formch. Predpokladme rozdiel medzi pohlaviami z

hadiska frekvencie telovchovnch a portovch aktivt, zujmov a dvodov ich realizcie.

METODIKA

V slade s cieom a rozsahom spracovanho materilu prieskumn sbor tvorili tudenti

strednch kl v stredoslovenskom regine. Prieskumn sbor tvorilo 106 dievat s vekovm

priemerom 17, 1 rokov a 104 chlapcov s vekovm priemerom 17, 2 rokov. Na zskanie

informci ohadom tdennho asovho zznamu a zujmov adolescentov sme pouili

dotaznk, ktor bol anonymn a pozostval z 2 oblast: pohybov reim a zujem o pohybov

aktivity (Bendkov, 2001; Paugschov Janokov, 2008). Tdenn asov zznam

vyplnen v termne (17. 9 23. 9. 2010) adolescentmi v domcom prostred, ktor je

zameran na objem pohybovej aktivity. Nvratnos tdennch dotaznkov bola 100 %

vzhadom k osobnej asti a pomoci uiteov, ako aj podpory rodiov.

Nami zskan kvalitatvno-kvantitatvne daje sme spracovali v tabukch a grafoch, vyuili

sme metdy logickej analzy a syntzy, mylienkov opercie indukciu a dedukciu,

percentulnu frekvenn analzu. Vzhadom ku zskanm kvalitatvnym informci sme

pouili Ch - kvadrt test (na 1 % - p < 0,01 a 5 % - p < 0,05 hladine vznamnosti), ktor sme

vyuili pri vyhodnoten dotaznka (posdenie vznamnosti rozdielov odpoved na jednotliv

otzky dotaznka u tudentov strednch kl). Zrove zskan vsledky porovnvame

s dostupnmi vsledkami prc inch autorov.

VSLEDKY A DISKUSIA

Vychdzajc z iastkovho ciea a loh prce, prezentujeme as vsledkov, ktor s

predmetom alieho exaktnejieho sledovania a spracovania. Z dajov charakterizujcich

sledovan sbor sme vybrali iba tie, ktor maj vznam pre vyten cie. Uveden

vsledky nemono generalizova, ale potrebn je ich chpa v celkovch svislostiach ako

orientan a vchodiskov vzhadom aj k sasnej reforme telesnej a portovej vchovy ako

aj zujmovej telesnej vchovy v Z a S ako aj alch faktorov. Pri posudzovan tdennho

asovho zznamu sme zistili nasledovn.

Hodnotenie vznamu pohybovej aktivity ako sasti zdravho ivotnho tlu je vysok ako

u chlapc