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8/18/2019 Spm Chemistry Chapter 4
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SPM CHEMISTRY
Chapter 4: Periodic Table of Elements
Prepared by: Ms. Brintha Ganapathy BSc. MSc.
4.1 e!elopment of the Periodic Table
A) Antoine Lavoisier (1743 17!4) "rench che#ist
• $%e#ents &ere c%assi'ed into 4 rops
• Li#itation so#e &ron in*or#ation (%iht and heat &ere
consider as e%e#ents
B) +ohann ,obereiner (17- 1-4!) Ger#an che#ist
• $%e#ents &ere c%assi'ed into rops na#ed as triad (/riad
La& re%ationship bet&een properties and ato#ic #asses
o* the e%e#ents)
• Li#itation on%y a *e& e%e#ents &ere c%assi'ed
0) +ohn e&%ands (1-37 1-!-) British che#ist
• $%e#ents &ere arraned hori2onta%%y in ascendin order o*
their ato#ic #asses and each ro& consisted o* 7 e%e#ents
(La& o* ctaves sa#e properties &ere repeated at every
eiht e%e#ent)
• Li#itation obeyed by the 'rst 17 e%e#ents on%y (*ro# to
0a)
,) Lothar Meyer (1-3 1-!5) Ger#an che#ist
• Properties o* the e%e#ents &ere in a periodic pattern &ith
their ato#ic #asses
• Si#i%ar che#ica% properties occpied the sa#e re%ative
positions on the crve
1
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"
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$) ,#itri Mende%eev (1-34 1!7) 6ssian che#ist
• $%e#ents &ere arraned in ascendin order o* their ato#ic
#asses
• $%e#ents &ith si#i%ar che#ica% properties &ere p%aced in a
rop
• Gap *or ndiscovered e%e#ents
• Prediction: a%%i# scandi# and er#ani# (discover
%ater)
• Separate rops *or certain e%e#ents: transition e%e#ents
• Meede%eev8s Periodic /ab%e &as sed as a basis *or the
*or#ation o* the Periodic /ab%e
") . +. G. Mose%ey (1--7 1!15) British physicist
• $%e#ents &ere arraned hori2onta%%y in ascendin order
proton n#bers
• $%e#ents &ith the sa#e n#ber va%ence e%ectrons sa#e
rop
• 1- vertica% co%#ns Grop 1 Grop 9 nti% Grop 1-
• A%a%i #eta% Grop 1
• A%a%ine earth #eta% Grop 9
• /ransition e%e#ents Grop 3 to Grop 19
• a%oen Grop 17
• ob%e as Grop 1-
• ori2onta% ro& o* the e%e#ents period
• Period 1 9 e%e#ents
• Period 9 and 3 - e%e#ents
• Period 4 and 5 1- e%e#ents
• Period ; 39 e%e#ents
• Period 7 97 e%e#ents
• $%e#ents (Grop 1 9 and 13) #eta%
#
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• /ransition e%e#ents (Grop 3 to 19) #eta%
• $%e#ents (Grop 15 1; and 17) non
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Relationship bet$een the electron arran%ement of the
atom of an element to its %ro&p and period
1. Grop o* an ato# can be deter#ined sin the n#ber o*
================== ====================.
9. $%e#ents &ith sa#e n#ber o* va%ence e%ectrons are
p%aced on the sa#e rop.
'&mber of !alence
electron
(ro&p
1 19 9
3
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4." (ro&p 1* elements
Element Electron arran%ement of atom
e%i# ? e "
eon ? e 9.*Aron ? Ar 9.-.*
@rypton ? @r 9.-.1-.*
enon ? e 9.-.1-.1-.*
6adon ? 6n 9.-.1-.39.1-.*
(eneral Characteristics
• Monoato#ic as
• Grop 1- e%e#ents are no&n as ================
================ becase they are che#ica%%y inert.• Ato#ic si2e o* the e%e#ents ==================== oin
do&n the rop becase
============================================================
==========.• e%i# ato# has on%y one she%% '%%ed &ith 9 e%ectrons.
ence he%i# is said to have achieved ================
e%ectron arrane#ent.
• /he oter#ost she%% o* the ato#s (e Ar @r e and 6n)
has - e%ectrons. ence these e%e#ents said to have
achieved ================e%ectron arrane#ent.
• Ato#s o* nob%e ases do not re%ease e%ectrons accept
e%ectrons or share e%ectrons hence they
================================================
+
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Ph,sical properties
• ================ ases
• ================ as at roo# te#peratre
• ================ in &ater
• 0annot condct ================
• Poor condctors o* ================
• Me%tin point and boi%in point ================ oin do&n
the rop as the ato#ic si2e increases. ence *orce o*
attraction bet&een ato#s o* each e%e#ent beco#es
stroner.
• ,ensity o* e%e#ent ================ oin do&n the rop
Chemical properties
• 0he#ica%%y ================ ? not reactive ? non
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4.# (ro&p 1 elements
Element Electron arran%ement of
atom
Lithi# ? Li 9.1
Sodi# ? a 9.-.1
Potassi# ? @ 9.-.-.1
6bidi# ? 6b 9.-.1-.-.1
0aesi# ? 0s 9.-.1-.1-.-.1
(eneral Characteristics
• Grop 1 e%e#ents are no&n as ================
=================.
• Ato#ic radis o* the e%e#ents ================ oin do&n
the rop becase
============================================================
=========.
• /he oter#ost she%% o* the ato#s (Li a @ 6b 0s and "r)
has ======= va%ence e%ectron.
• Good redcin aents
• Cery reactive
< 6eactivity o* the e%e#ents ================ oin do&n
the rop becase reactivity depends on
=========================.
< $%ectropositivity is the abi%ity o* an ato# to %ose
e%ectrons to *or# a positive ion.
< As oin do&n the rop the n#ber o* she%%s '%%ed
&ith e%ectrons =========================.
< /he *orce o* attraction bet&een the nc%es and the
va%ence e%ectron beco#es =========================.*
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< ence it is ================== to donate an e%ectron.
< /hs $%ectropositivity =================== do&n the
rop.
/
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Ph,sical properties
• Grey so%ids &ith shiny ================ sr*aces &hen
*resh%y ct.
• ================ so%ids at roo# te#peratre
• Good condctors o* ================ and ================
• ================ #e%tin point and boi%in point co#pared
< Me%tin point and boi%in point o* the e%e#ents
================ oin do&n the rop
<
/his is becase the ato#ic si2e increases and n#ber o*she%%s '%%ed &ith e%ectrons increases
< ence the #eta%%ic bondin bet&een ato#s beco#es
&eaer.
< /hs %ess heat enery is reDired to overco#e the
&eaer #eta%%ic bondin.
•
================ density (Li a and @ oat on the sr*ace&ater ? 6b 0s and "r sin in the &ater)
< ,ensity o* e%e#ent ================ oin do&n the
rop
Chemical properties
• 0he#ica%%y very ================
< 6eact rapid%y &ith o>yen and &ater vapor in the air
< ence #st be ept in ================ oi%
• 6eact &ith co%d &ater
< Prodcin al0aline metal h,droide sol&tions and
h,dro%en %as
12
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< $Dation:
=========================================================
========
11
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• 6eact &ith o>yen
< Prodcin $hite solid metal oides
< $Dation:
=========================================================
=========
• Meta% o>ides disso%ve in &ater
< Prodcin al0aline metal h,droide sol&tions
< $Dation:
=========================================================
===================
• 6eact &ith ha%oens
< Prodcin $hite solid metal halides
< $Dation:
=========================================================
===================
Safet, preca&tions
• 0annot ho%d the rop 1 e%e#ents &ith ================
hands
• Eear sa*ety ================ and ================
1"
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4.4 (ro&p 1 elements
Element Electron arran%ement of
atom
"%orine ? " 9.
0h%orine ? 0% 9.-.Bro#ine ? Br 9.-.1-.
Fodine ? F 9.-.1-.1-.
Astatine ? At 9.-.1-.39.1-.
(eneral Characteristics
• Grop 17 e%e#ents are no&n as ================.
• $>ist as diato#ic #o%ec%es ("9 0%9 Br9 F9 and At9)
• Ato#ic radis o* the e%e#ents ================= oin do&n
the rop as the
============================================================
============
• /he oter#ost she%% o* the ato#s (" 0% Br F and At) have
!alence electrons
• Good o>idisin aents
• Cery reactive
< 6eactivity o* the e%e#ents ================ oin do&n
the rop becase reactivity depends on
=========================.
< $%ectroneativity is the abi%ity o* an ato# to ain
e%ectrons to *or# a neative ion.
< As oin do&n the rop the n#ber o* she%%s '%%ed
&ith e%ectrons =========================.
< /he *orce o* attraction bet&een the nc%es and the
va%ence e%ectron beco#es =========================.
< ence it is ================== to receive an e%ectron.1#
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< /hs e%ectroneativity =================== do&n the
rop.
14
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Ph,sical properties
• on
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• 6eact &ith hot iron
< Prodcin bro&n so%ids iron(FFF) ha%ides
< $Dation:
=========================================================
==================
• 6eact &ith sodi# hydro>ide a so%tion
< Prodcin &ater and t&o types o* sodi# sa%ts
< $Dation:
=========================================================
==================
Safet, preca&tions
• Eear sa*ety o%es and %oves &hen hand%in the
e%e#ents
• and%e the e%e#ents in the *#e cpboard
1+
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4.) Elements across a period
• /he Periodic /ab%e has 7 periods
• #ber o* va%ence e%ectrons o* each e%e#ent
================ by one across a period
cross Period #
'a M% l Si P S Cl r
G1 G9 G13 G14 G15
G1; G17 G1-
(eneral Characteristics
• Ato#ic si2e o* the e%e#ents ================ across the
period
< /his is becase across the period proton n#ber
increases.
< ence the e%ectrostatic *orces o* attraction bet&een
the nc%es and the va%ence e%ectrons increase.
< Ca%ence e%ectrons are p%%ed c%oser to the nc%es.
< /hs the ato#ic radis decreases.
• $%ectroneativity o* the e%e#ents ===============
• $%ectropositivity o* the e%e#ents ================
• 0hane *ro# ================ to ================
• Meta%%ic properties ================
'a M% l Si P S Cl r
1
Metals Semi metal 'on5metal
6asic oidesmphoteric cidic oides
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ses o* se#i
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Special Characteristics
• "or# co%ored ions or co#ponds
< 09H: ================
< "e9H: ================
< "e3H: ================
< 0oba%t ch%oride crysta%: ================
• ,iIerent o>idation n#bers in their co#pond
< "ind the o>idation n#ber o* the copper in the
*o%%o&in co#ponds
C&7 C&87
• se*% cata%ysts
< 'ic0el hydroenation o* veetab%e oi%
< Copper9II s&lphate reaction o* 2inc &ith di%te
s%phric acid to %iberate hydroen as
< Man%anese9I; oide deco#position o* hydroen
pero>ide to %iberate o>yen as
< Iron aber process
< ;anadi&m9; oide 0ontact process
< Platin&m st&a%d process
• "or# co#p%e> ions
< e>acyano*errate (FFF) ion J"e(0);K3<
1/
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-ses
• Fron sed as stee%
• 0hro#i# coatin corroded #eta%s
heat