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8/18/2019 Spm Chemistry Chapter 2
1/13
SPM CHEMISTRY
Chapter 2: The Structure of the Atom
Prepared by: Ms. Brintha Ganapathy BSc. MSc.
2.1 Matter
1. Matter is anything that has _________________ and occupies
_________________.
2. The particle theory of matter states that
Matter is made up of _________________ and
_________________ particles.
There are _________________ beteen the particles.
!. "lassi#cation of matter
1
Matter
IonsMolecules
Made up of to or
more type of
particles combined
Made up of to or
more type of
particles combined
Made up of one
type of
particles
Atom
Elements Elements Compounds Compound
8/18/2019 Spm Chemistry Chapter 2
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$. The %inetic theory of matter states that
The particles are in _________________ motion.
&inetic energy of the particles increases as the
_________________ of the particles increases.
'. ro!n"an mot"on is the e(idence that a li)uid consists of
particles hich are in constant motion
*. +,ample of Bronian motion
Mo(ement of smo%e particles in air
Mo(ement of pollen grains in ater
-. nother e(idence of mo(ement of particles is
_________________.
/. 0iusion is the mo(ement of particles from high
concentration region to lo concentration region.
2
#Mn$%
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. "omparison beteen the three states of matter
Character"st"
cs
Sol"d &"'u"d (as
rrangement
of particles
Particles
arranged in
orderlymanner and
closely pac%ed
Particles
arranged not
in orderlymanner and
loosely pac%ed
Particles are
arranged far
apart
Mo(ement of
particles
3ibrate and
rotate about
their #,ed
position
Particles mo(e
randomly
Particles mo(e
randomly and
freely
4orces ofattraction
beteen
particles
Strong Moderate 5ea%
bility to be
compressed
3ery di6cult +asy 3ery easy
3olume 4i,ed 4i,ed 4ollos the
container
Shape 4i,ed 4ollo the
container
4ollo the
container
&inetic energy 7o Moderate 8igh
)
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. The changes in the states of matter
8eat energy is absorbed to
___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________.
8eat energy is released to
____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________.
*
Sol"d &"'u"d (as
HEAT E+ER(Y IS AS$RE,
HEAT E+ER(Y IS RE&EASE,
8/18/2019 Spm Chemistry Chapter 2
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Heat"n- cure of naphthalene
1. 7abel the folloing
P9: _________________________ 9;:
_______________________________
;9S: _________________________ S9T:
_______________________________
T9: ___________________________
2. 5hat is the meaning of melting point? _____________________________________________________________
___________________ !. 5hat is the meaning of boiling point?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________ $. 5hy at 9; and S9T@ the temperatures remain the same?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________
/
8/18/2019 Spm Chemistry Chapter 2
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'. 5hy ater bath is used to determine the melting and boiling
point of naphthalene?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________
0
8/18/2019 Spm Chemistry Chapter 2
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Cool"n- cure of naphthalene
1. 7abel the folloing
P9: _________________________ 9;:
_______________________________
;9S: _________________________ S9T:
_______________________________
T9: ___________________________
2. 5hat is the meaning of condensation point? _____________________________________________________________
___________________ !. 5hat is the meaning of freeAing point? _____________________________________________________________
___________________ $. 5hy at 9; and S9T@ the temperatures remain the same?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________
_____________________________________________________________ ___________________
8/18/2019 Spm Chemistry Chapter 2
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8/18/2019 Spm Chemistry Chapter 2
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2.2 Atom"c structure
,eelopment of the atom"c model
Sc"ent"st Model
proposed
,escr"pt"on
ohn 0alton • n atom is ______________ in
shape.
• tom is a _____________ and
indi(isible particle. . Thomson • 0isco(ered negati(ely
charged particle called
_____________.
• The electrons are
embedded in a positi(ely
charged sphere.+rnest
;utherford
• 0isco(ered positi(ely
charged particle called
_____________.
• The protons are localiAed at
the nucleus of an atom.Ceils Bohr • +lectrons mo(e in a
__________________ around
the nucleus hich contains
protons. ames
"hadic%
• 0isco(ered neutral particle
called _____________.
• Cucleus of an atom consists
of neutrons and protonshile electrons orbit in the
3
8/18/2019 Spm Chemistry Chapter 2
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shells.
Su4atom"c part"cles of an atom
Part"cle S5m4ol Relat"e
mass
Char-e
ProtonCeutron+lectron
+ucleon +o. 6 Proton +o. 7 +eutron +o.
1. Proton number is the total number of _________________ in the
nucleus of an atom.
2. Ceutron number is the total number of _________________ in
the nucleus of an atom.
!. Cucleon number is the total number of _________________ and
_________________ in the nucleus of an atom.
$. 4or a neutral atom the number of protons and electrons are
_________________.
18
+ucleon
no. 9 mass
no.
Proton
no. 9
atom"c
no.
S5m4ol
of the
element
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Isotopes
1. 0e#nition:
_____________________________________________________________
___ _____________________________________________________________
________________.2. They ha(e same __________________________ properties but
dierent ___________________________ properties.!. Dsotopes ha(e same chemical properties because
_______________________
_____________________________________________________________
__________________ $. +,ample of isotopes
Dsotopes
Proton no.Ceutron no.Cucleon no.
'. Dsotopes and their uses
"obalt *E
Fgamma ray
•
8/18/2019 Spm Chemistry Chapter 2
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The electron"c structure of an atom
• The electrons in the outermost shell are called
_________________________.• These electrons can be used to represent ___________________ in
a periodic table.
• 5hereas@ the number of shells #lled ith electrons is used to
determine the ______________________ in a periodic table.
• 5hen an atom achie(es ma,imum electrons at the 1st shells
the atom is said to ha(e achie(ed stable ________________
electron arrangement.• 5hen an atom achie(es ma,imum electrons at the 2nd and
subse)uent shells the atom is said to ha(e achie(ed stable
________________ electron arrangement.
Element Proto
n. no
Electr
on no.
Electro
narran-
e.
To
ach"eesta4"l"t5
Ion"c
formula
Electr
on no.
7ithium !"alcium 2Eluminiu
m
1!
"arbon *
phosphorus
1'
12
Ma,imum
___________ e H
Ma,imum ___________ e H
Ma,imum
___________ e H
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I,ygen /"hlorine 1-rgon 1/
1)