SmartGrids&& - Fachgebiet Energiesysteme...on the electricity system in question, it can become increasingly difficult to ensure the reliable and stable management of electricity systems

Smart Grids

New development on the energy market

“Electric energy is

the ul9mate just-‐in-‐9me product”

2 Source: Interna3onal Energy Commission: iec.ch/smartgrid

Moa Thunberg -‐ Smart Grids

“The quality and usability of the product is

determined by the system that delivers it, not the way in which it’s manufactured”

3

Source: Randall R . Schrieber 2013, Aging Power Delivery Infrastructures, 2nd edn, CRC Press, Florida Moa Thunberg -‐ Smart Grids

Contents

•  Scope •  Background – aging infrastructure •  New challenges •  What is a Smart Grid? •  Economical perspec3ve •  Interna3onal outlook

4 Moa Thunberg -‐ Smart Grids

Smart X


Source: Schneider Electric: Go Green in the City. [Available at: 2014.gogreeninthecity.com/smart-‐ci9es.html]

Scope of Presenta3on

•  Smart Grids •  Technology and economy perspec9ve •  Industrialized regions


Today’s Power Systems: T&D

7

Source: Courtesy of NETL Modern Grid Team cited by Na3onal Research Council, America's Energy Future: Technology and Transforma9on. Washington, DC: The Na3onal Academies Press, 2009.


A T&D system’s mission

•  Cover territory •  Meet peak demand •  Reliable delivery –  is 99.9 % enough?

•  Stable voltage •  At lowest cost possible!

8


Aging Infrastructure -‐ What’s Aging?

•  Equipment & Facili3es •  Processes & Methods •  Guidelines & Control systems

9


New Challenges

•  Global increase in power demand •  Need for new energy sources

10

The system has to: 1.  Become more efficient 2.  Integrate variable genera3on technology

Sources: Interna3onal Energy Agency, Technology Roadmap: Smart Grids, OECD/IEA 2011, France Moa Thunberg -‐ Smart Grids

Por3on of variable genera3on of electricity by region

11Electricity system needs for today and the future

Growth in demand is expected to vary between regions as OECD member countries experience much more modest increases than emerging economies and developing countries (Figure 3). In OECD countries, where modest growth rates are based on high levels of current demand, smart grid technologies can provide considerable benefits by reducing transmission and distribution losses, and optimising the use of existing infrastructure. In developing regions with high growth, smart grid technologies can be incorporated in new infrastructure, offering better market-function capabilities and more efficient operation. In all regions, smart grid technologies could increase the efficiency of the supply system and help reduce demand by providing consumers with the information they need to use less energy or use it more efficiently.

Deployment of variable generation technology

Efforts to reduce CO2 emissions related to electricity generation, and to reduce fuel imports, have led to a significant increase in the deployment

of variable generation technology.2 This increase is expected to accelerate in the future, with all regions incorporating greater amounts of variable generation into their electricity systems (Figure 4). As penetration rates of variable generation increase over levels of 15% to 20%, and depending on the electricity system in question, it can become increasingly difficult to ensure the reliable and stable management of electricity systems relying solely on conventional grid architectures and limited flexibility. Smart grids will support greater deployment of variable generation technologies by providing operators with real-time system information that enables them to manage generation, demand and power quality, thus increasing system flexibility and maintaining stability and balance.

There are some good examples of successful approaches to integrating variable resources. Ireland’s transmission system operator, EirGrid, is deploying smart grid technologies, including high-temperature, low-sag conductors and dynamic

2 Variable generation technologies produce electricity that is dependent on climatic or other conditions, meaning there is no guarantee that it can be dispatched as needed. This includes electricity generation from wind, photovoltaic, run-of-river hydro, combined heat and power, and tidal technologies.

Figure 4. Portion of variable generation of electricity by region (BLUE Map Scenario)

Source: IEA, 2010.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

2010

2050

OECD NorthAmerica

OECDEurope

OECDPacific

Transitioneconomies

China India Otherdeveloping Asia

Africa Central andSouth America

MiddleEast

KEY POINT: $OO�UHJLRQV�ZLOO�QHHG�VPDUW�JULGV�WR�HQDEOH�WKH�HIIHFWLYH�LQWHJUDWLRQ�RI�VLJQL½FDQWO\�higher amounts of variable resources to their electricity grids.


Power Systems Today vs. Tomorrow

Old T&D systems •  Centralized1

–  Unidirec3onal flow –  Security func3ons

•  About 100 years old1 –  Most equipment over 40

years –  Unscheduled repara3ons

Future systems •  Distributed genera3on2

–  Decentralized –  Bidirec3onal flow –  Irregular fluctua3ons

•  Electrifica3on of vehicles2 •  Global growth in demand2

–  High efficiency requirements

12

Sources: [1] Randall R . Schrieber 2013 (ed.) Aging Power Delivery Infrastructures, 2nd edn, CRC Press, Florida. [2] Interna3onal Energy Agency, Technology Roadmap: Smart Grids, OECD/IEA 2011, France Moa Thunberg -‐ Smart Grids

13

58 Chapter 2

Figure 2.3 A T&D system consists of several levels of power delivery equipment, each feeding the one below it in an unbroken chain that delivers power to Mrs. Watts’ home.

Transmission Generation

Switching Sub-transmission

Substation

CustomerService/Secondary

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Source: R

andall R . Schrie

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Infrastructures, 2

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, CRC

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T&D System Levels


Capacity of equipment •  Transformers •  Switches •  Protec3on equipment – Fuses – Control relays – Sensing equipment

•  detec3ng “unusual condi3ons”


Sources: Randall R . Schrieber 2013 (ed.) Aging Power Delivery Infrastructures, 2nd edn, CRC Press, Florida. & Interna3onal Energy Agency, Technology Roadmap: Smart Grids, OECD/IEA 2011, France

Will all equipment need to be replaced?


”Smart” dimension

•  New sensors & communica3on infrastructure – Real-‐3me monitoring and management

•  Load op3miza3on •  Lower peak demand

– Maintenance precision

16

Sources: Interna3onal Energy Agency, Technology Roadmap: Smart Grids, OECD/IEA 2011, France Moa Thunberg -‐ Smart Grids

What is a Smart Grid? “Infrastructure that allows the delivery of power from genera9on sources to end-‐users to be monitored and managed in real 9me.”

-‐  Interna9onal Energy Agency

“Is no technical defini9on, more of a marke9ng term, but improves observability and/or controllability of the power system.”

-‐  Interna9onal Energy Commi[ee

“Lower energy use, be[er reliability, faster restora9on, new jobs, new market.”

-‐  Stuart Borlase3

17

Sources: [3] Stuart Borlase, 2013: Smart Grids: Infrastructure, Technology & Solu3ons, CRC Press, Florida


SGAM-‐framework Smart Grids Architectural Model

18

Source: CEN-‐CENELEC-‐ETSI Smart Grid Coordina3on Group -‐ Smart Grid Reference Architecture, European Commission 2012


28

GenerationTransmission

DistributionDER

CustomerPremises

Process

Field

Station

Operation

Enterprise

Market

Domains

Zones

Information Management

Power SystemEquipment &

Energy Conversion

Figure 7: Smart Grid plane - domains and hierarchical zones

According to this concept those domains, which are physically related to the electrical grid (Bulk Generation, Transmission, Distribution, DER, Customer Premises) are arranged according to the electrical energy conversion chain. The conceptual domains Operations and Market are part of the information management and represent specific hierarchical zones. The conceptual domain Service Provider represents a group of actors which has universal role in the context of smart grid. This means that a Service Provider can be located at any segment of the smart grid plane according to the role he has in a specific case.

7.2.4 SGAM Domains The Smart Grid Plane covers the complete electrical energy conversion chain. This includes the domains listed in Table 2:

Table 2: SGAM Domains

Domain Description Bulk Generation

Representing generation of electrical energy in bulk quantities, such as by fossil, nuclear and hydro power plants, off-shore wind farms, large scale solar power plant (i.e. PV, CSP)– typically connected to the transmission system

Transmission Representing the infrastructure and organization which transports electricity over long distances

Distribution Representing the infrastructure and organization which distributes electricity to customers

DER Representing distributed electrical resources directly connected to the public distribution grid, applying small-scale power generation technologies (typically in the range of 3 kW to 10.000 kW). These distributed electrical resources may be directly controlled by DSO

Customer Premises

Hosting both - end users of electricity, also producers of electricity. The premises include industrial, commercial and home facilities (e.g. chemical plants, airports, harbors, shopping centers, homes). Also generation in form of e.g. photovoltaic generation, electric vehicles storage, batteries, micro turbines… are hosted

Smart Grid Plane – domains and hierarchical zones

19 Source: CEN-‐CENELEC-‐ETSI Smart Grid Coordina3on Group -‐ Smart Grid Reference Architecture, European Commission 2012 Moa Thunberg -‐ Smart Grids

20 Source: CEN-‐CENELEC-‐ETSI Smart Grid Coordina3on Group -‐ Smart Grid Reference Architecture, European Commission 2012 Moa Thunberg -‐ Smart Grids

Moa Thunberg -‐ Smart Grids 21

Source: NIST Smart Grid Framework 1.0 Sept. 2009 as cited by the Interna3onal Energy Commission, Smart Grid Standardiza9on Roadmap

Smart Grid Technology Areas

17

Smart grid technologiesThe many smart grid technology areas – each consisting of sets of individual technologies –span the entire grid, from generation through transmission and distribution to various types of electricity consumers. Some of the technologies are actively being deployed and are considered mature in both their development and application, while others require further development and demonstration. A fully optimised electricity system will deploy all the technology areas in Figure 8. However, not all technology areas need to be installed to increase the “smartness” of the grid.

Wide-area monitoring and control

Real-time monitoring and display of power-system components and performance, across interconnections and over large geographic areas,

help system operators to understand and optimise power system components, behaviour and performance. Advanced system operation tools avoid blackouts and facilitate the integration of variable renewable energy resources. Monitoring and control technologies along with advanced system analytics – including wide-area situational awareness (WASA), wide-area monitoring systems (WAMS), and wide-area adaptive protection, control and automation (WAAPCA) – generate data to inform decision making, mitigate wide-area disturbances, and improve transmission capacity and reliability.

Information and communications technology integration

Underlying communications infrastructure, whether using private utility communication networks (radio networks, meter mesh networks) or public carriers and networks (Internet, cellular,

Smart grid deployment

Figure 8. Smart grid technology areas

Source: Technology categories and descriptions adapted from NETL, 2010 and NIST, 2010.

Smart grid deployment

Information and communications technology integration (ICT)

Generation Transmission Distribution Industrial Service Residential

Information and communications technology (ICT) integration

Wide-area monitoring and control

Renewable and distributed generation integration

Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)

Distribution gridmanagement

Customer-side systems (CS)

EV charging infrastructure

Transmissionenhancement applications

Transmission lines

Transmissionsubstation

Distributionsubstation

Distribution linesPadmounttransformer

KEY POINT: Smart grids encompass a variety of technologies that span the electricity system. 22 Source: Interna3onal Energy Agency, Technology Roadmap: Smart Grids, OECD/IEA 2011, France Moa Thunberg -‐ Smart Grids

Smart Grid Challenges

•  Cyber security – Difficult to ensure – Must be part of deployment strategy – Lack of evalua3on metrics – Yet under development

•  Complexity of opera3on

23

Sources: Interna3onal Energy Agency, Technology Roadmap: Smart Grids, OECD/IEA 2011, France.


Paradigm shin

•  D reacts to S… – How make consumers take part in interac3on? – Consumer reac9on is transi3onal4

•  Tariff structure – Flat-‐rate, Real-‐3me, Time of Use, other5 – Poli3cally complex


Sources: [4] Stuart Borlase, 2013: Smart Grids: Infrastructure, Technology & Solu3ons, CRC Press, Florida. [5] Interna3onal Energy Agency, Technology Roadmap: Smart Grids, OECD/IEA 2011, France

Costs and Savings of Deployment

For U3li3es: For Consumers: For Society:

•  Infrastructure development •  Avoided upgrades •  Low maintenance •  Effec3ve revenue management •  Depending on price structure

•  Avoided future costs of externali3es

•  Higher service and security 25 Moa Thunberg -‐ Smart Grids

Interna3onal outlook

•  Developing countries – Greatest increase in demand6 – Standardiza3on6

•  Large-‐scale power storage – Boom coming? – Hydro in few regions


Sources: [6] Interna3onal Energy Agency, Technology Roadmap: Smart Grids, OECD/IEA 2011, France.

Thank you for your aqen3on!

Ques3ons & Feedback


Sources •  CEN-‐CENELEC-‐ETSI Smart Grid CoordinaGon Group -‐ Smart Grid Reference

Architecture, European Commission 2012. •  InternaGonal Energy Agency, IEA, Technology Roadmap: Smart Grids, OECD/IEA

2011, France. –  (Autonomous organisa3on with 29 member countries that works to ensure reliable,

affordable clean energy) •  InternaGonal Energy Commission, IEC, Smart Grid Standardiza9on Roadmap,

2010. –  (NGO, Consensus-‐based standards for electro technology. Appoints industry, government

bodies, associa3ons and academia.) •  Na3onal Research Council, America's Energy Future: Technology and

Transforma9on. Washington, DC: The Na3onal Academies Press, 2009. •  Randall R . Schrieber 2013 (ed.), Aging Power Delivery Infrastructures, 2nd edn,

CRC Press, Florida. •  Source: Schneider Electric: Go Green in the City. [Available at:

2014.gogreeninthecity.com/smart-‐ci9es.html] •  Stuart Borlase, 2013: Smart Grids: Infrastructure, Technology & Solu9ons, CRC

Press, Florida.


Repeat:

•  Demand response •  Interoperability/SGAM


Documents

SmartGrids&& - Fachgebiet Energiesysteme...on the electricity system in question, it can become increasingly difficult to ensure the reliable and stable management of electricity systems