OLD TOWN HOUSES of oriental type in the Balkans 

During the nineteenth century, Serbia has gone the way of cultural transformation. From the remote status of the Ottoman provinces, which represented the beginning of the century, but during the second half of the century, Serbia experienced significant development progress that is reflected in turning society toward its western European neighbors. In the field of architecture, Serbia is slowly leaving the Oriental model and turns the European values. However, there is a strong cultural heritage that is the territory of Serbia left civilizations of East and what could not be removed from the cultural scene, despite changes entrants from the West. In the field of architecture, Serbia has for years been the area Oriental influence, which was ubiquitous and that left an indelible impression. 

In the field of urban planning, cities were created based on Turkish models. Each city had its spiritual, business and shopping center - Cars. Along with the construction of the economic center of the city, the edge of his rise residential - Mahala. Bazaar, and with it the whole town, constantly spread, as economic strengthening, and through written Turkish law by which every ruler obliged to build a useful rule of its public buildings. Mahala were built on the principle organizing neighborhood, which is not counted more than forty units, in accordance with Islamiccult number of 40th Every neighborhood that contained more than 40 residential units, it was considered to 

inhumane and too big. Oriental way of life was primarily conditioned by faith and tradition, need for opuštenošću, peace and beauty, which was a crucial factor not only in home organization and mahalskog pattern, but the entire city. 

Urban elementary unit is a house with a yard and garden, surrounded by walls that protect family intimacy. The houses are low, simple, developed forms, stored in the spacious gardens, organized in a way that at the same time meet the requirements intima on one side and contacts with world on the other side. 

By Cvijićevoj classification, the Balkan region there are four types of town houses, which in itselfcontain and include the typical architectural objects. These are: Dalmatian-Venetian, Greek - Mediterranean, Turkish and Byzantine-arbanaški type. This division is significant because many other authors (Soldo, Deroko et al.) depart from the solid position that the old houses in the area oppidan continental part of the Balkans created directly under the influence of the Middle Orient, through Byzantium, more before the arrival of the Turks and that their arrival had suffered only minor changes in the elements, as consequences of religious regulations. For example, mušepci - windows with wooden lattice - representing Islam, Arabic influence on the Turks and Cardak - left floor is authentic Turkish characteristics. However, the basic elements of spatial organization, such as the grouping of rooms around a central Room (Atrium adequately Babylon, Assyria, Egypt, Greece and Byzantium), the system divanhana that 

cause reminescenciju the Byzantine (and ancient) porch, bondručna construction techniques are purely Byzantine - oriental origin. 

As a semi-nomadic people and the conquerors, the Turks could not have rounded up to build indigenous architectural - building style. In its penetration, they conquered Byzantium, came in contact with the Arab-Islamic civilization, and elements of these civilizations have adopted and adapted their Religious beliefs and social needs. 

Typical town house in the Balkans was the arrival of the Turks to power, she suffered only a further development and training already proven oriental concepts, with emphasis on the peculiarities that arise in certain areas, which were drafted under the local environmental, climatic, social, architectural, ethnic and other conditions. From travel Katarina Women, from the sixteenth century, we learn that the "house built of wood, stone and earth" to every house in town has its own garden and Cardak ". To the houses built mostly of wood, and confirmed more Poullet, 1658, and Evliya Çelebi, a year later. Çelebi says that cities in the Balkans, particularly in continental areas, built of wood and earth, the roofs of boards and Ceramida. 

All these data point to the comparison with rural wooden house, however, the original city hall also in its infancy had a spatial structure of the rural home, because it was built around the core -- 

one room, which is served daily and nighttime family. Subsequent differentiation, basic core will be divided into two rooms, the Hyatt - lobby and halvat - room, around which is, in time, a lower ring and grouped other necessary facilities. On the other hand the Hyatt, later developed another halvat, for the family expands. Dividing one of halvata two basis razigrava the ground, out of the box until then square stern, and the relationship exterior and interior gets different varieties. 

For hygienic reasons, the battery in the kitchen scheme Balkan Oriental house was always extracted outside the housing. However, in areas of harsh climate, there is a need for placing her in the house, which also seems, on account of the Hyatt. 

In further development, there is hudžera - Commons, agglomeration area is very diverse, with Hyatt to always remain a central part of the house. 

Today, there are not many examples of preserved houses in which the extreme division of the male - the business of selamluk, which is located along J Street, and women - women of haremluk, situated on the garden side. This practical division leads its origin from ancient times, with the Oriental region Middle East. Differentiation of the premises continues to develop houses on the basis of the angle, so that reserves in the intimacy of the courtyard, while the entrance area for contact with the outside 

world. Further development is still retained in the yard, with which it is divided into male and female part, the wall. The male part of the yard is prizidjuje room for guests. Later, the house is completely divided into male and female, in every part of developing a complete plan, with several halvata. 

It was founded in the assumption that the storey houses developed along with the ground floor.In floor type of house, from ground Hyatt corresponds divanhana staircase with wooden floor, halvatu correspond čardaci, halvatiću (small room) čardačić; mutvaku corresponds dimluk -- open space above the kitchen used for smoke removal, drying meat, collecting the ashes etc..; hidžerama match sandukhane, leave the floor. 

Sam storey development was created by adding rooms around divanhane, adequately halvatu the ground. Divanhanu, as well as space for relaxation and enjoyment, and found the ground floor, quite simply organized home. Of these, embryonic space to complete its development on the first floor There are several parallel forms. Beginnings divanhane with kamerijom see, a few steps, raised papučluku, covered space in front of the house for the disposal of footwear. Of papučluka separates a separate space that comes jednokrakim stairs and that overarches yard - the yard. The organization of space divanhane, a very important role and stairs -- basamaci, which physically and visually divide the space. Below divanhane, the ground is covered 

porch, bošluk, who often serves as a summer kitchen. From divanhane distinguished kamerija, usually raised in several steps or in the Basement, as the area of summer living room, closed mušepcima, sećijama lined with pillows and furniture. Kamerija is open to the yard, garden or nature, it is provided with the most beautiful vista. Accordingly, its position does not need to be tightly linked for divanhanu, it can occur in any part of the house, with divanhanom to be linked branched hallways. 

Rich estates, and higher standards are built summer houses outside the city. These are summer usually storeyed buildings, where the ground floor kitchen, living room and leave, and on the floor čardaci with divanhanom and kamerijama. 

Oriental Balkan-type houses rarely develops over one floor. Also, never make basement. Economic buildings are built separately in the yard, sometimes buried in the slope countries, if allowed to pitch. 

The main characteristic of oriental space is adaptability and cross various functions in the same area. This way the organization is a consequence of aspiration oriental man to the practical, simple and comfortable life. Crucial role that is played and a very useful and minimum equipment houses, built with many elements, multi-character, who contributed to the clean housing. 

In prizemnoj home lives in halvatima, which leads directly from the Hyatt except halvatić -- room and maid hudžeru, which is accessed from mutvaka. In each room there is spa-embryo bathrooms, in the form of ink, while the toilet - ćenifa always singled out in the yard. In spratnih house functions of daily and overnight stay and personal hygiene on the floor. She sleeps in čardacima; entrance in each Cardak are musandre - wooden partitions in which housed: banjica - shower, dušekluk - Commons bedding and a furnace for heating rooms and Banjica. Sandukhana the wardrobe room, and čardačić room home helpers. The living room is going to divanhani and kameriji. 

The room has no furniture pokrertnog. Simple wooden floors (sklapani without pen and groove) were sweep carpets, on which sits podvijenih legs. Along the walls, furniture can be built sećije with pillows. Somewhere is inserted below the window bench. The wall cabinets are built the little things - dolafi. 

At the time of eating from mutvaka or Hyatt (where hanging on the wall) is entered or sinija sofra. Sinija is low, wooden, round table, while sofra as copper casserole, richly ornamentisane - demirlije - At low iron trestles - Demir. Height of table is 20cm. The amounts are sofra sahan, large bowl with meat, Case, Ibrica and second, with a spoon that is eaten. There are Maga with atešlukom that heat the space and serve to podgrejavanje coffee. 

Within each room night stay is musandra - kosturna wooden bulkhead located at entering the wall within which are: dušekluk - Built-in closet for linens, which at night spread on the floor, banjica - trough in the floor with a ewer of water from which poliva - shower, furnace in which is embedded a small boiler - pešnjak toward Banjica, used for heating water for bathing and Small chest of wood, which also serves for sitting in Banjica. 

Installation of all wet batteries are concentrated around dimluka and make a unique installation node. 

Wardrobe women's clothing is sandukhana. In it are placed Cases and sehari with underwear and clothing. Men have a lot of clothes and is therefore transferred through Serge, divanhani the fence, which serve them as a wardrobe. 

The main area for leisure and merak kamerija the floor. It is also abdesthana - wet knot as a sink for umivanje. 

Preparing food is related to the battery, kitchen appliance - the winter mutvak and odumluk - Sanitary battery of radiation and smoke removal. In infancy, the original oriental home mutvak not there, to avoid overheating, smoke and dirt. Cooked only under the porch in the yard, so-called bošlukom. In continental regions, developed and winter battery, the ground floor 

home, which is directly accessed from the Hyatt. Such a space has no ceiling, but opens in attic, where the smoke takes Badža through the roof. Eventually it developed dimluk - channel removal of smoke from a small gallery on the first floor which is used for drying fruit and meat, and collecting ash for washing clothes. The fact that this area got its name Culhane. In dimluk can enter basamacima from mutvaka. With him were associated smokestack and all furnace room, so that the chimney Installation merged into one node. 

In summer, from the hygienic reasons, the cooking is done in the summer mutvaku the yard.Battery summer mutvaka consists of the mutvaka, odimluka - coal cellar, boiler for washing clothes, and economic building - and leave Magaza. 

In gospodarskoj house, where animals are grown and there is a garden, garden and orchard, the economic area is strictly separate from the housing. In addition to the battery mutvaka summer, typical for women's yard, this occurs and the complex space around the Ahar-stall in the men's yard, or in a separate gospodarskoj yard - Sarac-Hani. Such spaces are located along the entrance from the street and consists of Ahar with samamlukom - threshing barn, Remiz to Clipboard cars, wooden barns, bakeries and sometimes dump located in the garden. At the entrance to the yard is a small room for the gardener. 

Within mutvaka, all kitchenware is the shelving - built-in

wall shelves and benches. There is a granary - the coffin for the grain or flour, kneading trough - trough for kneading bread, for Tekno laundry, Mangala heating coffee, that is on the wall or postpone sinija sofra. Representative dishes was exposed to tahtapošu, wooden board above the stair in divanhani. With the optional mutvak located Banjica. 

The communication regarding the home, the basic requirement that the motion should be made to satisfy able to complete separation of different parts of the complex one, and their connections with On the other hand. This is achieved by the gates. There are: male, female, Gospodarska gate between avlija and Street, the average gate, postern and komšipka. Central Gate is located between the female and avlija gardens, the small postern door between women avlija and gardens, and komšipka the gate in the fence between the yard and gardens surrounding houses. 

In constructive terms, the house contains a distinctive architectural - building elements. The walls are about 50cm thick and constructed in clay and plaster ćerpiču related wooden bed -- hatulama. Wall floors - birkatica consists of gredičnog skeleton filled with a single row ćerpiča or fine loamy to plating of prikovanih lattices. Fill can also be works of round logs okovanih clamps and omalterisanih. The ceiling is composed of cross-set and Fixed beams and sleepers, with nailed wooden ceiling from below. Izned ground floor and the ceiling 

floors can move in white or wealthier homes is in the form of decorative wooden slat network Siso and called the buffer. Floor console turns out in the field over the ground plane of the wall.The inner This space is called a corner of the Watchtower. The outside corners are poduhvaćeni wooden hives, which are often masked plating of thin planks and letava that tempered the horizontal sprit and educate arc transition between two floors. The roof is on the horns of the cornea, slemenjači and wedding dresses. The horns are connected to each other crown pliers. The top horn they nailed boards - Simla, which serve as the basis for roofing - Ceramida. Roofs are working in a mild decline, with a surrender, to protect the facades of rainfall. 

The windows consist of a wooden frame and movable frame - ćerčiva with single windows. Opened in two ways: around the vertical axis and the shearing - surmu, so that the lower movable wing rises with the above. The upper end of the window is often in the form mihraba, when the person is a window located on the facade. If a person is placed in the plane of the inner wall, in front of the window mušepci stand. 

Internal doors are composed of massive frame, and the outer gates of the supporting frame or kubura and sheeting, planks of persons. On the slats to close the door is šćekalo, devices for automatic closing the gates of wood and wrought iron. 

Wooden stairs in a wider and higher than threadguards today. Free side stairs, until the fence floors, closed with a wooden grate bars in the form of rail - trabozanom. 

In addition to the family home, there are the following organizational types kinds of Oriental Balkan home: collective houses, double houses, individual houses in a row, the common house, optional single collective housing. In the general typology of buildings, there were more Medrese - religious schools, Tekija - monasteries, hanovi - lodgings for travelers, bazaar - commercial - business centers. 

Lit. Deroko, Alexander: "National Architecture - II, folk architecture in Yugoslavia, Belgrade, 1974, Bejtic, Ali: "Oriental structures in Bosnia and Herzegovina", Sarajevo, 1968 Grabrijan, Dusan: "Oriental House in Sarajevo (with pictures)," Architecture no. 23-24, 1949 Deroko, Alexander: "National neimarstvo II - oppidan old house," (Monument to 118th, the Department Social Sciences. New series 20), Belgrade, 1968, Petrovic, Djordje: "National Architecture", Belgrade, 1955, Cvijić, John "antropogeografska problems of the Balkan Peninsula", XXII-XXIV, 1902 Celebi, Evliya: "From Sejahatname Evliya Celebi," Journal of the National Museum, 1908 

Branka Lancoš-Maldini / Slobodan Maldini