Ship-based measurements during AMMA by the University of Miami M-AERI group

AMMA Team MeetingLeeds, UK. April, 2006

Ship-based measurements during Ship-based measurements during AMMA by the University of Miami AMMA by the University of Miami

M-AERI groupM-AERI group

Peter Minnett, Peter Minnett, Erica Key (on Erica Key (on L’AtalanteL’Atalante))

& Goshka Szczodrak (on & Goshka Szczodrak (on Ronald H BrownRonald H Brown))RSMASRSMAS

University of MiamiUniversity of Miami


OutlineOutline

• Objectives of the sea-going component of Objectives of the sea-going component of AMMA (RSMAS M-AERI group and others)AMMA (RSMAS M-AERI group and others)

• Instrument descriptions and examples of Instrument descriptions and examples of measurementsmeasurements

• Data distribution and some concernsData distribution and some concerns


ObjectivesObjectives• To validate satellite measurements of the Sea-Surface To validate satellite measurements of the Sea-Surface

Temperature in regions of strong aerosol loading; improve Temperature in regions of strong aerosol loading; improve satellite retrieval algorithms (MODIS on satellite retrieval algorithms (MODIS on TerraTerra and MODIS, and MODIS, AMSR-E & AIRS on AMSR-E & AIRS on AquaAqua, AATSR on , AATSR on EnvisatEnvisat).).

• To obtain data to validate satellite retrievals of atmospheric To obtain data to validate satellite retrievals of atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles (AIRS on temperature and humidity profiles (AIRS on Aqua, Aqua, TES on TES on AuraAura).).

• To study cloud and aerosol radiative forcing at the surface.To study cloud and aerosol radiative forcing at the surface.• To study effects of Saharan Air Layer (SAL) on the infrared To study effects of Saharan Air Layer (SAL) on the infrared

radiation budget at the sea-surface.radiation budget at the sea-surface.• To provide data for the study of the role of the SAL on To provide data for the study of the role of the SAL on

hurricane development (in conjunction with aircraft flights of hurricane development (in conjunction with aircraft flights of the Hurricane Research Division of NOAA Atlantic the Hurricane Research Division of NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Atmospheric Laboratory).Oceanographic and Atmospheric Laboratory).


Ronald H BrownRonald H Brown• Mooring cruise in AMMA area.Mooring cruise in AMMA area.• Deployment of ARGO profilers, drifters, Deployment of ARGO profilers, drifters,

XBTsXBTs• 2 Legs:2 Legs:

– San Juan to Recife (May 23-June 18)San Juan to Recife (May 23-June 18)– Recife to Charleston (June 22- July 18)Recife to Charleston (June 22- July 18)

• Instrumentation: expanded upon set used in Instrumentation: expanded upon set used in AEROSEAEROSE


L’AtalanteL’Atalante

• EGEE 3 cruiseEGEE 3 cruise• Cotonou – Cotonou (May Cotonou – Cotonou (May

23 – July 6).23 – July 6).• Instrumentation – critical Instrumentation – critical

subset of subset of Ronald H BrownRonald H BrownCruise track


Variables & Variables & InstrumentsInstruments

Variable Ship -based Sensor Ronald H

Brown L’Atalante

Skin sea -surface temperature M-AERI √ √ Bulk sea -surface temperature Surface -following float √ √ Infrared spectra of surface emitted radiation

M-AERI √ √ Infrared spectra of atmosphere emitted radiat ion

M-AERI √ √ Direct/diffuse SW ↓; aerosol optical thickness

PRP (MFRSR) √ √ Cloud type and cover All-sky camera √ √ Insolation (SW ↓) Gimbaled Eppley pyrometer √ √ Incident thermal radiation (LW ↓) Gimbaled Eppley pyrgeometer √ √ Aerosol / cloud layers Micropulse LIDAR √ Aerosol size distributions MOUDI, APS √ Columnar water vapor Microwave radiometer √ Rainfall Optical rain gauge √ √ Air Temperature Thermistor* √ √ Relative humidity* Vaisala “Humicap” * √ √ Wind speed* R. M. Young anemometer* √ √ Wind direction* R. M. Young anemometer* √ √ Barometric pressure* Digital barometer* √ √

*Part of Coastal Environmental System’s “Weatherpak”

Additional sensors such as cloud radars, ceilometers, ozone-sondes, radiosondes and sun photometers will be supplied by other groups on the Ronald H. Brown


Marine-Atmosphere Emitted Radiance Marine-Atmosphere Emitted Radiance

InterferometerInterferometer (M-AERI) (M-AERI)• Fourier Transform Infrared Fourier Transform Infrared

SpectroradiometerSpectroradiometer• Measures spectra from the ocean and Measures spectra from the ocean and

atmosphere from 3 to 18atmosphere from 3 to 18μμmm• NIST (National Institute of Standards and NIST (National Institute of Standards and

Technology) traceable calibrationTechnology) traceable calibration

References:References:

Minnett, P. J., R. O. Knuteson, F. A. Best, B. J. Osborne, J. A. Hanafin, and O. B. Brown, 2001: The Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Minnett, P. J., R. O. Knuteson, F. A. Best, B. J. Osborne, J. A. Hanafin, and O. B. Brown, 2001: The Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (M-AERI), a high-accuracy, sea-going infrared spectroradiometer. Radiance Interferometer (M-AERI), a high-accuracy, sea-going infrared spectroradiometer. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic TechnologyTechnology, 18, 994-1013. , 18, 994-1013.

Minnett, P. J., K. A. Maillet, J. A. Hanafin, and B. J. Osborne, 2005: Infrared interferometric measurements of the near surface air Minnett, P. J., K. A. Maillet, J. A. Hanafin, and B. J. Osborne, 2005: Infrared interferometric measurements of the near surface air temperature over the oceans. temperature over the oceans. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic TechnologyJournal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology , 22, 1016-1029. , 22, 1016-1029.

Rice, J. P., J. J. Butler, B. C. Johnson, P. J. Minnett, K. A. Maillet, T. J. Nightingale, S. J. Hook, A. Abtahi, C. J. Donlon, and I. J. Barton, Rice, J. P., J. J. Butler, B. C. Johnson, P. J. Minnett, K. A. Maillet, T. J. Nightingale, S. J. Hook, A. Abtahi, C. J. Donlon, and I. J. Barton, 2004: The Miami2001 Infrared Radiometer Calibration and Intercomparison: 1. Laboratory Characterization of Blackbody Targets. 2004: The Miami2001 Infrared Radiometer Calibration and Intercomparison: 1. Laboratory Characterization of Blackbody Targets. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic TechnologyJournal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology , 21, 258-267. , 21, 258-267.


M-AERI characteristicsM-AERI characteristics

The mean discrepancies in the M-AERI 02 measurements of the NIST –characterized water bath blackbody calibration target in two spectral intervals where the atmosphere absorption and emission are low. Discrepancies are M-AERI minus NIST temperatures.


M-AERI measurementsM-AERI measurements

• SST, Tair, Air-sea temperature SST, Tair, Air-sea temperature differencedifference

• Profiles of atmospheric temperature and Profiles of atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles…..humidity profiles…..

24 hour cross-sections through the atmosphere along the track of the 24 hour cross-sections through the atmosphere along the track of the Ronald H. BrownRonald H. Brown on March 3, 2004, (above) and March 9, 2004 (below) on March 3, 2004, (above) and March 9, 2004 (below) during AEROSE. The upper panels in each pair show the cross-section of during AEROSE. The upper panels in each pair show the cross-section of the air temperature [K]. The lower panels in each pair show the cross-the air temperature [K]. The lower panels in each pair show the cross-sections of the water vapor mixing ratio [g kgsections of the water vapor mixing ratio [g kg -1-1]. The Saharan dry air ]. The Saharan dry air outbreak is prominent throughout March 9. The red vertical lines mark outbreak is prominent throughout March 9. The red vertical lines mark times of radiosonde launches and the black vertical lines mark times of times of radiosonde launches and the black vertical lines mark times of AIRS overpasses.AIRS overpasses.

From Szczodrak, M., P. J. Minnett, N. R. Nalli, and W. F. Feltz, 2006: Measurements From Szczodrak, M., P. J. Minnett, N. R. Nalli, and W. F. Feltz, 2006: Measurements of temperature and humidity profiles over the ocean: comparisons of AIRS retrievals of temperature and humidity profiles over the ocean: comparisons of AIRS retrievals with ship-based remote sensing, in situ measurements and ECMWF analysis. with ship-based remote sensing, in situ measurements and ECMWF analysis. Journal of Journal of Geophysical ResearchGeophysical Research, In review. , In review.


Microwave radiometerMicrowave radiometer

• Measurements at Measurements at 2 channels2 channels

• Retrieves water Retrieves water vapor column vapor column content and cloud content and cloud liquid waterliquid water


Micropulse LIDARMicropulse LIDAR

• λλ = 0.523 = 0.523μμmm• Eye-safe LIDAR to measure Eye-safe LIDAR to measure

aerosol vertical structure aerosol vertical structure (75m resolution).(75m resolution).

Lidar-derived extinction coefficients along the Lidar-derived extinction coefficients along the cruise track of the cruise track of the Ronald H BrownRonald H Brown during during Aerosol99Aerosol99

From Voss, K. J., E. J. Welton, P. K. Quinn, J. From Voss, K. J., E. J. Welton, P. K. Quinn, J. Johnson, A. M. Thompson, and H. R. Gordon, Johnson, A. M. Thompson, and H. R. Gordon, 2001: Lidar measurements during Aerosols99. 2001: Lidar measurements during Aerosols99. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 20821-Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 20821-20832. doi: 10.1029/2001JD900217.20832. doi: 10.1029/2001JD900217.


Incident Radiation MeasurementsIncident Radiation Measurements

• Portable Radiation Portable Radiation Package: Package: – Fast MFRSR for aerosol Fast MFRSR for aerosol

optical depth and optical depth and Angstrom coefficients Angstrom coefficients (possibly also Ozone)(possibly also Ozone)

– Eppley 2Eppley 2ππ radiometers radiometers for SW↓ and LW↓for SW↓ and LW↓


All sky cameraAll sky camera

• Web-cam over dome Web-cam over dome mirror, captures 2mirror, captures 2ππ images for off-line images for off-line analysis for cloud analysis for cloud amount and speciesamount and species


Weather stationWeather station

• Coastal Coastal Environmental Environmental System System “Weatherpak” “Weatherpak” with gimbaled with gimbaled Eppley 2Eppley 2ππ radiometers.radiometers.

• Optical rain gaugeOptical rain gauge


Subsurface SSTSubsurface SST

• Surface following float measures SST at ~0.05m Surface following float measures SST at ~0.05m depth. depth.

• Deployed ship on station or slow (few msDeployed ship on station or slow (few ms-1-1) transit) transit


Aerosol sampling (RHB)Aerosol sampling (RHB)

• Aerodynamic Particle Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS; currently Sizer (APS; currently being refurbished), being refurbished),

• Micro-Orifice, Micro-Orifice, Uniform-Deposit Uniform-Deposit Impactor (MOUDI). Impactor (MOUDI).


RadiosondesRadiosondes

Radiosondes will Radiosondes will be launched on a be launched on a 6hr cycle on the 6hr cycle on the Ronald H Brown Ronald H Brown on the mooring on the mooring line and a 12hr line and a 12hr cycle during cycle during transits unless a transits unless a dust event occurs. dust event occurs. All will measure All will measure temperature and temperature and humidity, about humidity, about 2/3 will also 2/3 will also measure winds measure winds (GPS) and 20-30 (GPS) and 20-30 will measure will measure ozone.ozone.


Other instrumentation on board the Other instrumentation on board the Ronald H. BrownRonald H. Brown

• Water-leaving radiance spectroradiometer (USF)Water-leaving radiance spectroradiometer (USF)• Optical profiler, Optical, CDOM, Carbohydrates, Photolysis, and Optical profiler, Optical, CDOM, Carbohydrates, Photolysis, and

Chlorophyll profiles (pending funding; for MODIS Ocean Color Chlorophyll profiles (pending funding; for MODIS Ocean Color validation; UCSB)validation; UCSB)

• SMPS (being refurbished; HUPAS instrument)SMPS (being refurbished; HUPAS instrument)• HARLIE (Holographic Airborne Rotating HARLIE (Holographic Airborne Rotating LidarLidar Instrument Instrument

Experiment; HUPAS)Experiment; HUPAS)• Hand-held sun photometers (HUPAS)Hand-held sun photometers (HUPAS)• Lasair-II particle spectrometer (ESRL)Lasair-II particle spectrometer (ESRL)• Atmospheric Flux System (ESRL)Atmospheric Flux System (ESRL)• Vaisala C25K Ceilometer (ESRL)Vaisala C25K Ceilometer (ESRL)• X-band and C-band radar (ESRL, RSMAS)X-band and C-band radar (ESRL, RSMAS)


Data distributionData distribution

• All RSMAS data will be distributed to collaborating All RSMAS data will be distributed to collaborating groups, some in near real time.groups, some in near real time.

• Some skin SSTs will be subsequently distributed in Some skin SSTs will be subsequently distributed in Satellite Validation Data Bases (MODIS….)Satellite Validation Data Bases (MODIS….)

• Radiosonde profiles will be distributed through JPL Radiosonde profiles will be distributed through JPL AIRS validation data sets.AIRS validation data sets.

Minnett’s group has a concern that if cruise Minnett’s group has a concern that if cruise radiosondes are incorporated into ECMWF forecasts radiosondes are incorporated into ECMWF forecasts and analyses this will compromise some satellite and analyses this will compromise some satellite validations. validations.


Contact details:Contact details:

• Peter Minnett: [email protected] Minnett: [email protected]

• Erica Key: [email protected] Key: [email protected]

• Goshka Szczodrak: Goshka Szczodrak: [email protected]@rrsl.rsmas.miami.edu

• HUPAS: [email protected]: [email protected]

• ESRL: [email protected]: [email protected]


Satellite validationSatellite validation

• Emphasis on skin SST from MODIS (infrared) on Emphasis on skin SST from MODIS (infrared) on TerraTerra and and AquaAqua, and AMSR-E (microwave) on , and AMSR-E (microwave) on AquaAqua; ; also AVHRR on NOAA-satellites, and AATSR on also AVHRR on NOAA-satellites, and AATSR on EnvisatEnvisat

• Atmospheric profiles from AIRS on Atmospheric profiles from AIRS on AquaAqua• Primary shipboard instruments: Primary shipboard instruments:

– Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (M-Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (M-AERI)AERI)

– RadiosondesRadiosondes– Sky cameraSky camera


Skin SST variabilitySkin SST variability

• How does the skin layer respond to imposed forcing?How does the skin layer respond to imposed forcing?• Primary shipboard instruments: Primary shipboard instruments:

– Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (M-Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (M-AERI)AERI)

– Infrared ImagerInfrared Imager– Surface SST floatSurface SST float– Turbulent and radiative fluxesTurbulent and radiative fluxes


Cloud radiative forcing Cloud radiative forcing

• How does the presence of clouds influence the How does the presence of clouds influence the radiation incident at the sea surface?radiation incident at the sea surface?

• Primary shipboard instruments: Primary shipboard instruments: – Radiative fluxesRadiative fluxes– Sky cameraSky camera– Ceilometer Ceilometer


Aerosol radiative forcing Aerosol radiative forcing

• How does the presence of aerosols influence How does the presence of aerosols influence the radiation incident at the sea surface?the radiation incident at the sea surface?

• Primary shipboard instruments: Primary shipboard instruments: – M-AERI M-AERI – Radiative fluxes, from PRPRadiative fluxes, from PRP– Sky cameraSky camera– Ceilometer Ceilometer – RadiosondesRadiosondes

Documents

Ship-based measurements during AMMA by the University of Miami M-AERI group