Seven Dynamic Forces for War and Peace The history of the world is marked by explosion and...
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Seven Dynamic Forces for War and Peace
Seven Dynamic Forces for War and Peace The history of the world is marked by explosion and degeneration separated by varying periods of history of more
The history of the world is marked by explosion and
degeneration separated by varying periods of history of more or
less peace and human progress. Boundary lines between these periods
of history, however, are not always clear cut.
Slide 4
If we were to examine the history of modern Western
Civilization for instance, that is the period since the
Renaissance, we would see three great periods of new ideas and
rising forces, each of which culminated in long wars, tumults, and
world disorder.
Slide 5
The first was the Thirty Years war which was ended by the Peace
of Westphalia in 1648 The second was the forty years of war that
followed in the wake of the American and French Revolutions, and
that ended with the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
Slide 6
The third, the world wide conflicts beginning with the first
world war, and which by the way we are still dealing with at this
moment.
Slide 7
The forces that make for war and peace are Ideologies - This
includes religious faith, social, economic, political, artistic,
and scientific ideas. Economic Forces - Economic determinism, while
not an absolute in history, does have an impact. People need food
to live. They want, what most of us I think, want, to live above
the bare subsistence level- this creates economic forces and
pressures.
Slide 8
The forces that make for war and peace are Nationalism - It
grows out of language, religion, folklore, traditions, literature,
art, music, beliefs, habits, modes of expression, hates, fears,
ideals, and loyalties. It expresses itself in patriotism which is
itself built from the fundamentals of love of family, love of
country, pride in racial accomplishments. Look - we fight for
hearth and home - we fight for the flag.
Slide 9
The forces that make for war and peace are Militarism - Man is
a combative animal, that is most of us are - by this I mean
competitive aggressive. We love to compete, and we learn to hate
quite easily. Humans are also egoistic and in the mass we become
even more egoistic. Our beliefs in superiority are quickly
transformed into arrogance. And it is this arrogance which is one
of the stimulants of aggression.
Slide 10
The forces that make for war and peace are Imperialism - One of
the larger moving forces in all history is imperialism and means
nothing less than the movement of races over their racial borders.
It is part cause and part effect. It comes from excessive
nationalism, militarism, thirst for power, and economic pressures.
They all feed on one another.
Slide 11
Imperialism Imperialism can be placed in to three categories.
The first - is the variety where expansion, settlement and
development takes place in sparsely populated areas; The second -
into areas of what the conquering nation terms uncivilized races
incapable of self-government; The third - sheer conquest of
civilized people. The last two embody one purpose - and that is to
secure superior living conditions by exploiting other people and
their resources.
Slide 12
The forces that make for war and peace are Extreme Nationalism
threatens peace - it contains ambition for power and glory. The
quest for dignity, honor and aggrandizement. To gain a place in the
sun is an inspiring call. Indeed, Nationalism can easily expand
into dangerous forms - greed in exploitation of the resources and
foreign trade of other peoples and in aggression which quickly
turns into imperialism.
Slide 13
The forces that make for war and peace are Fear, Hate, Revenge
- These play a large part in the causes of war. The greatest of
these is fear. Hate and revenge more often than not spring from
Fear. Fear of invasion, starvation, blockade in war, economic
disadvantage; age old hates from wrong. from rivalries, from
oppression; yearnings for revenge for past injustices, past defeats
all of these press towards violence. These lie deep in the recesses
of the racial consciousness. Wrongs often live on for centuries in
the minds of a people. There are traditional age old hates which
are burned into their souls.
Slide 14
The forces that make for war and peace are The Will to Peace -
Against all of the forces which we have listed stands the Will to
Peace. War kills or maims the best of the race. It brings the
deepest of all grieves to every home. It brings poverty and moral
degeneration. It brings these to victor and vanquished alike.
Slide 15
The forces that make for war and peace are Imperialism - One of
the larger moving forces in all history is imperialism and means
nothing less than the movement of races over their racial borders.
It is part cause and part effect. It comes from excessive
nationalism, militarism, thirst for power, and economic pressures.
They all feed on one another.
Slide 16
Imperialism Imperialism can be placed in to three categories.
The first - is the variety where expansion, settlement and
development takes place in sparsely populated areas; The second -
into areas of what the conquering nation terms uncivilized races
incapable of self-government; The third - sheer conquest of
civilized people. The last two embody one purpose - and that is to
secure superior living conditions by exploiting other people and
their resources.
Slide 17
The forces that make for war and peace are Extreme Nationalism
threatens peace - it contains ambition for power and glory. The
quest for dignity, honor and aggrandizement. To gain a place in the
sun is an inspiring call. Indeed, Nationalism can easily expand
into dangerous forms - greed in exploitation of the resources and
foreign trade of other peoples and in aggression which quickly
turns into imperialism.
Slide 18
The forces that make for war and peace are Fear, Hate, Revenge
- These play a large part in the causes of war. The greatest of
these is fear. Hate and revenge more often than not spring from
Fear. Fear of invasion, starvation, blockade in war, economic
disadvantage; age old hates from wrong. from rivalries, from
oppression; yearnings for revenge for past injustices, past defeats
all of these press towards violence. These lie deep in the recesses
of the racial consciousness. Wrongs often live on for centuries in
the minds of a people. There are traditional age old hates which
are burned into their souls.
Slide 19
The forces that make for war and peace are The Will to Peace -
Against all of the forces which we have listed stands the Will to
Peace. War kills or maims the best of the race. It brings the
deepest of all grieves to every home. It brings poverty and moral
degeneration. It brings these to victor and vanquished alike.
Slide 20
HISTORY OF US AIR POWER Historical Applications
Slide 21
WWI, WWII, the Cold War, Korean War, Vietnam, and the Gulf
War
Slide 22
Theory, Doctrine, Objective, Strategy History Theory Strategy
Simulations & Exercises Doctrine Objective Conflict
Slide 23
World War I World War II Early Cold War Korean War Vietnam Gulf
War Overview
Slide 24
Theory City busting Bomb the people break their will Morale is
a center of gravity Need air superiority Independent Air Force
Industrial web -- bomb means of war Air power commanded by Airmen
First Expeditionary Air Force St. Mihiel Need air superiority
Independent Air Force Mitchell Douhet Who were the prominent
airpower theorists?
Slide 25
American military leaders learned from British combat
experience 1914-1917 Billy Mitchell From his friend General Hugh
Trenchard, Commander of the British Royal Flying Corps, he learned
to think of the airplane as an offensive weapon, best used in giant
fleets of bombers striking against the enemys homeland
Slide 26
In September 1918 Mitchell commanded allied group of nearly
1500 airplanes in the first mass use of aircraft for bombing
attacks on enemy supply routes and in support of ground
troops.
Slide 27
What role did ACTS and AWPD-1 play in forming our initial
airpower doctrine? Doctrine Hi-Alt Precision Day Bombing Strategic
bombardment Industrial/Economic systems Bomber will always get
through The Germany Plan 6,860 bombers 2,160,000 personnel 6 months
= victory
Slide 28
What were US objectives in Europe? Objective Grand Allied
StrategyGrand Allied Strategy Unconditional surrender Germany first
Start in North Africa Strategic bombing Limit Pacific activities
Channel invasion
Slide 29
What was the initial European Theater airpower strategy?
Strategy Combined Bomber Offensive Americans by day British by
night How well did this initial concept work?
Slide 30
AWPD-42 Change in doctrinal thinking Bomber does not always get
through Air Superiority is key Doctrine
Slide 31
How did airpower doctrine in the Pacific differ from
Europe?
Slide 32
Objectives in the Pacific? Objective Grand Allied StrategyGrand
Allied Strategy Germany first, then Japan Unconditional
surrender
Slide 33
What airpower strategy was employed? Strategy Island hopping
campaign Area bombing Strategic interdiction of Japan Centralized
control Atomic bomb
Slide 34
We have grasped the mystery of the atom.... The world has
achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours
is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. We know more
about war than we know about peace, more about killing than we know
about living. General Omar Bradley 06 Aug 45 09 Aug 45
Slide 35
From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron
curtain has descended across the continent.
Slide 36
Iron Curtain -- bi-polar worldview US vs USSR Democracy vs
Communism WW III Would be fought in Europe Use of nuclear weapons
inevitable Theory
Slide 37
Doctrine FM 100-20: Command/Employment of Airpower Based on
experiences in North Africa AFs declaration of independence Land
and air coequal and interdependent Departure from FM 31-35 Air
superiority first requirement Airpower must be commanded by
Airmen
Slide 38
Objective What were US post-WWII objectives? Truman Doctrine -
Soviet containment NSC-68 - Paul Nitze Marshall Plan - Europes
economic recovery Keep the Cold War Cold - prevent WWIII
Slide 39
Strategy Berlin Airlift, Jun 48-Sep 49 Saved Berlin
Demonstrated resolve Specific air routes avoided escalation
Slide 40
By July 1, 1948, the Soviet Union had blocked all land and
water routes into West Berlin. This is called a blockade. The
people of West Berlin could not survive long without food, coal, or
other supplies. They would be forced to become part of Communist
East Germany.
Slide 41
C-47 planes of the airlift task force at the Wiesbaden air base
being loaded with food and supplies for the people of the
Russian-blockaded city of Berlin.
Slide 42
Strategy Reconnaissance/Surveillance Cost = 78 Airmen and 10
aircraft Develop nuclear bomber and ICBM force Forward basing
Slide 43
Long logistical lines Lack of heavy airlift NATO v. Warsaw Pact
1,400 bases/31 countries
Slide 44
Theory What were the prevailing theories influencing Korean War
doctrine? Conflict = escalation to World War IIIConflict =
escalation to World War III Aggression must be checked
(credibility) Europe would be the main theaterEurope would be the
main theater Korea as possible diversion Limited resources
Slide 45
Doctrine Guiding doctrine was FM 100-20 Force and organization
design SAC and strategic bombardment Jet age
Slide 46
Objective What were the US objectives? Jun 50: Status Quo
AnteJun 50: Status Quo Ante Repel invaders Restore 38th parallel
Oct 50: Unite peninsulaOct 50: Unite peninsula Northeast Asian
security Jan 51: Status Quo AnteJan 51: Status Quo Ante Chinese
intervention
Slide 47
Red China is not a powerful nation seeking to dominate the
world. Frankly, in the opinion of the JCS, this strategy [Gen
MacArthurs] would involve us in the wrong war, at the wrong place,
at the wrong time, with the wrong enemy. Strategy Limited war
(Europe was key) Tactical vs strategic airpower Couldnt bomb source
(China) Limited targets Modern systems unused B-29s vs B-36 F-51 /
Twin Mustang, F-80 F-86 comes on-line later Counterland Operation
STRANGLE Offensive counterair MIG Alley
Slide 48
World War II Early Cold War Korean War Summary
Slide 49
The Vietnam War
Slide 50
Theory, Doctrine, Objective, Strategy History Theory Strategy
Simulations & Exercises Doctrine Objective Conflict
Slide 51
Overview Vietnam War Theory and Doctrine Objectives Contextual
Elements Operational Elements Strategies Lessons Learned
Slide 52
Theory What were the prevailing airpower theories prior to the
Vietnam War? Airpower Combined With Nuclear Weapons Appeared to be
the Way to Fight Wars Preparation for General War Would Suffice to
Win Any Limited War Technological Superiority Will Bend the Enemy
to Our Will
Slide 53
Doctrine Aircrew Training Concentrated on Nuclear Weapon
Delivery No Provision For non- Nuclear Strategic Bombing How were
the prevailing theories translated into doctrine?
Slide 54
Doctrine AFM 1-1 (1964) Focused on Deterrence Nukes could deter
all levels of conflict Introduced Flexible Response National
leaders decide best use of forces SAC Training Manuals Focused on
strategic bombing and nuclear weapons delivery
Slide 55
Johnson Administration Objectives Independent, non-Communist
South Vietnam Prevent Chinese and Soviet Participation and Possible
Escalation - WWIII Persuade North Vietnamese to Desist by
Convincing Them They Could Not Win Not Allow Vietnam War to Eclipse
Great Society Programs
Slide 56
What airpower strategy was used to accomplish the Johnson
Administration objectives? Strategy
Slide 57
Strategic bombing and interdiction Railroad chokepoints,
bridges, roads, ammo depots, petroleum storage, power production
Gradual increase in bombing intensity Restrictions on # of sorties,
targets, and weapons loads ROLLING THUNDER (Mar 65 Nov 68)
Slide 58
Strategy Failed to Accomplish Objectives Conventional airpower
applied in an unconventional war Concentrated on severing north
vietnamese support Supply interruptions, destruction of fuel
depots, etc., had little impact on Viet Cong Mirror imaging Why is
ROLLING THUNDER considered an ineffective campaign?
Slide 59
1968: Dramatic Year Siege at Khe Sahn Tet Offensive Cronkites
view LBJ Withdraws MLK Assassinated RFK Assassinated Nixon
Elected
Slide 60
Nixon Administration Objectives Vietnamization-US Withdrawal US
Opted for No-Win Situation Peace With Honor--Willing to Exit
Without a Total Victory for South Vietnam
Slide 61
What strategies were used to accomplish the Nixon
Administration objectives? Strategy
Slide 62
Strategic bombing and interdiction Mined Haiphong Harbor,
bombed railroad yards, highways, bridges, POL depots, power plants,
war-related resources Electro-optical and laser guided bombs
LINEBACKER I (May 72 - Oct 72) Strategy
Slide 63
Strategic Bombing Struck Targets In and Around North Vietnams
10 Major Cities Depleted N.V. Air Defenses SAM Sites, Rail Yards,
Supply Depots, Petroleum Storage Facilities, Power Production
Plants, Civilian Morale Strategy LINEBACKER II (Dec 18-29, 72)
Slide 64
Why are the LINEBACKER operations considered effective
campaigns? Strategy
Slide 65
Accomplished objectives LINEBACKER I Stopped the 1972 Spring
Offensive Brought North Vietnam to peace talks LINEBACKER II
Returned North Vietnam to peace talks Paved the way for total US
withdrawal Conventional Airpower vs Conventional Forces
Strategy
Slide 66
SUMMARY Vietnam War Theory and Doctrine Objectives Contextual
Elements Operational Elements Strategies Lessons Learned
Slide 67
The Inter-War Years
Slide 68
Small regional conflicts Operation EAGLE CLAW Operation URGENT
FURY Operation EL DORADO CANYON Shortfalls / failures in theory and
doctrine
Slide 69
The Inter-War Years Goldwater-Nichols Act (1986) Directed
Services to fight as Joint Team Removed Service Chiefs from combat
chain- of-command Joint Chiefs of Staff placed in Advisor roles Air
Force coordinates on first Joint Doctrine, but Army Doctrine Took
Lead in Determining Role of Airpower FM 100-5 Operations
Slide 70
Theory What were the prevailing airpower theories prior to the
Gulf War?
Slide 71
Doctrine How were these theories translated into doctrine?
AirLand Battle Doctrine Focused on fighting Soviets in Europe Fulda
Gap No provisions for independent air campaign using conventional
weapons against non-Soviet enemy Stuck in strategic/tactical
stovepipes
Slide 72
8th GUARDS ARMY Doctrine VII Corps The Fulda Gap
Slide 73
AFM 1-1 (1984) AF has primary responsibility for maintaining US
freedom to act throughout the aerospace environment Establish one
authority for air defense and airspace control Missions: Strategic
Aerospace Offense/Defense, Counterair, Air Interdiction, CAS,
Special Ops, Airlift, Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Maritime
Ops Doctrine
* Iraqi disposition of forces in Kuwait on 6 August 1990.
Regular army divisions were arriving from garrisons in Iraq,
freeing Republican Guard units for further employment. 2.
Restoration of Kuwaits Legitimate Government 3. Security and
Stability of Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf 4. Safety and
Protection of American Citizens Abroad 1. Immediate, Complete, and
Unconditional Withdrawal of Iraqi Forces From Kuwait
Objectives
Slide 78
Strategy Leadership System Essentials/ Processes Infrastructure
Population Fielded Forces/Agents Strategic Bombing Major shift from
AirLand Battle Doctrine Target War-Making Capacity/Enemy Morale
Mitchellesque Warfare Target Centers of Gravity Conduct Parallel
Warfare
Slide 79
Lessons Learned Doctrine Was Updated (Joint and AF) Integrated
Strategic & Tactical Airpower Leveraged Technology (Stealth,
PGMs, Space) Major Reorganization (AF Transformation) Airpower
Emerges as Go-To Force (Operation DELIBERATE FORCE and ALLIED
FORCE, Operation DESERT FOX.) Emergence of Clinton Doctrine
Slide 80
Summary Operation DESERT STORM Inter-War Years Pre-Gulf War
Theory and Doctrine Contextual Elements Operational Elements
Objectives and Strategy Lessons Learned
Slide 81
The Post-Gulf War World and Airpower Development The Rise of
the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle - Persistence as the new paradigm -
Autonomy vs. Accountability The Essentiality of Precision - The CNN
Effect - Precision makes war affordable The Value of Stealth (?)
The Promise of Directed Energy (?)
Slide 82
The Post-Gulf War World and Airpower Development (Contd)
Net-centric Warfare - The creation of virtual battlespaces -
Bandwidth as King - Intelligence as Queen The Proliferation of
Non-State Actors The Threat of Climate Change
