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DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 472 030 PS 030 888
AUTHOR Zehnder-Merrell, Jane
TITLE Kids Count in Michigan Data Book, 2002: County Profiles ofChild and Family Well-Being.
INSTITUTION Kids Count in Michigan, Lansing.; Michigan League for HumanServices, Lansing.
SPONS AGENCY Annie E. Casey Foundation, Baltimore, MD.; KelloggFoundation, Battle Creek, MI.
PUB DATE 2002-00-00NOTE 216p.; Pranab Rajbhandari and Jim Lunday secured and compiled
the data. For the 2001 Data Book, see ED 458 978. Also fundedby the Skillman Foundation, Blue Cross and Blue Shield ofMichigan Foundation, as well as United Ways.
AVAILABLE FROM Kids Count in Michigan, Michigan League for Human Services,1115 South Pennsylvania Ave., Suite 202, Lansing, MI 48912-1658 ($15, plus $3 shipping and handling). Tel: 800-837-5436(Toll Free); Web site: http://www.milhs.org.
PUB TYPE Numerical/Quantitative Data (110) -- Reports Descriptive(141)
EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF01/PC09 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Academic Achievement; *Adolescents; Asthma; At Risk Persons;
Birth Weight; Child Abuse; Child Care; Child Health; ChildNeglect; Child Safety; Child Support; Child Welfare;*Children; Congenital Impairments; Costs; *Counties;Demography; Disabilities; Dropout Rate; Early Adolescents;Early Parenthood; Economically' Disadvantaged; ElementarySecondary Education; Family Structure; Health Insurance;Infant Mortality; Lead Poisoning; Lunch Programs; MortalityRate; Outcomes of Education; Poverty; Prenatal Care;Preschool Education; Racial Differences; Reading Skills;Safety; *Social Indicators; Special Education; State Norms;State Surveys; Statistical Data; Tables (Data); TrendAnalysis; Violence; *Well Being; Youth Problems
IDENTIFIERS Arrests; Child Mortality; *Indicators; *Michigan; Out of HomeCare; Vaccination
ABSTRACT
This KIDS COUNT data book for 2002 examines statewide andcounty level trends in the well-being of Michigan's children. The statisticalportrait is based on the following: (1) demographics; (2) juvenile arrests;(3) teen births; (4) children of two working parents; (5) child care costs;(6) child care capacity; (7) children in subsidized child care; (8) childrenin families receiving FIP (Family Independence Program) cash assistance; (9)food stamps enrollment; (10) merit scholars; (11) child support; (12) healthinsurance; (13) lead poisoning/asthma; (14) birth defects; (15) specialeducation; (16) children receiving SSI; (17) children in poverty; (18)children receiving free/reduced lunches; (19) less than adequate prenatalcare; (20) low birthweight; (21) infant mortality; (22) child deaths; (23)families investigated for abuse; (24) victims of abuse/neglect; (25) childrenin out-of-home care; (26) teen deaths; (27) high school dropouts; and (28)academic performance in the sciences. Introductory comments note the databook's focus on adolescents. Section one describes what is new and different
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the oriainal document.
in this year's data book. Sections two through five present current data inthe areas of economic security, child health, child safety, and adolescence.Sections six and seven focus on state profiles. The remainder of the databook contains data on Michigan's 83 counties. The data book concludes withdata notes and source information. (SD)
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.
U S
DE
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RT
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Mic
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n S
tt!)
755E
E
Ack
now
ledg
men
tsT
he K
ids
Cou
nt in
Mic
higa
n D
ata
Boo
k 20
02 w
as d
evel
oped
by
Jane
Zeh
nder
-Mer
rell
of th
e M
ichi
gan
Lea
gue
for
Hum
an S
ervi
ces
(ML
HS)
with
the
assi
stan
ce o
f L
eagu
e an
d pr
ojec
t sta
ff a
nd th
e su
ppor
t of
the
Adv
isor
y C
omm
ittee
. A s
peci
al th
anks
is a
ccor
ded
to th
e C
ente
r fo
r Pr
even
tion
Res
earc
han
d D
evel
opm
ent a
t the
Uni
vers
ity o
f Il
linoi
s at
Urb
ana-
Cha
mpa
ign
that
pro
vide
d sp
ecia
l dat
aru
ns f
rom
the
Mic
higa
n M
iddl
e St
art s
urve
y da
ta a
sw
ell a
s ed
itori
al c
omm
ent o
n th
e ad
oles
cenc
e di
scus
sion
. Tha
nks
also
to J
ulie
t Sca
rpa
from
Chi
ld T
rend
s fo
r co
mpi
ling
Mic
higa
n da
ta f
rom
the
Nat
iona
l Sur
vey
of A
mer
ican
Fam
ilies
.
The
boo
k re
pres
ents
the
colla
bora
tive
effo
rts
of n
umer
ous
indi
vidu
als.
Pra
nab
Raj
bhan
dari
and
Jim
Lun
day
secu
red
and
com
pile
d th
eda
taw
ith th
e as
sist
ance
of
the
follo
win
g:
Cen
tral
Rec
ords
Div
isio
n,M
ichi
gan
Stat
e Po
lice
Am
y A
lder
man
Mic
higa
n D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mun
ity H
ealth
Div
isio
n of
Epi
dem
iolo
gySe
rvic
esSa
rah
Lyo
n-C
allo
Eliz
abet
h W
asile
vich
Div
isio
n fo
r V
ital R
ecor
ds a
ndH
ealth
Sta
tistic
sM
icha
el B
eebe
Shar
on C
raw
ford
Lor
rie
Sim
mon
sG
len
Cop
elan
dC
hild
hood
Lea
d Po
ison
ing
Prev
entio
nM
ary
Scob
licB
ob S
cott
Mic
higa
n D
epar
tmen
t of
Edu
catio
nD
irec
tor's
Off
ice,
Sch
ool
Supp
ort S
ervi
ces
Daw
n H
arri
s
Spec
ial E
duca
tion
Serv
ices
Jam
es N
utta
l
Mic
higa
n D
epar
tmen
t of
Tre
asur
yE
duca
tiona
l Ass
essm
ent
Prog
ram
.
Phil
Bab
cock
Mic
higa
n Fa
mily
Inde
pend
ence
Age
ncy
Chi
ldre
n's
Prot
ectiv
e Se
rvic
esL
ee H
unsb
erge
rJu
lie T
ubbs
-Lot
tPo
licy
Ana
lysi
s D
ivis
ion
Ter
ry D
rum
Chi
ld D
evel
opm
ent
Paul
Nel
son
Sean
O'K
eefe
Off
ice
of C
omm
unic
atio
nsK
aren
Sm
ith
Mic
higa
n D
epar
tmen
t of
Man
agem
ent a
nd B
udge
tM
ichi
gan
Info
rmat
ion
Cen
ter
Ken
neth
J. D
arga
Mic
higa
n 4
Cs
Mar
k Su
lliva
nL
isa
Hof
fert
Way
ne C
ount
y D
epar
tmen
tof
Com
mun
ity J
ustic
eJu
veni
le J
ustic
e Se
rvic
esD
ivis
ion
Info
rmat
ion
Syst
emK
athl
een
Jam
es
Way
ne S
tate
Uni
vers
ityM
ichi
gan
Met
ropo
litan
Info
rmat
ion
Cen
ter
Kur
t Met
zger
Spec
ial r
ecog
nitio
n is
acco
rded
sup
port
sta
ff a
tth
e M
ichi
gan
Lea
gue
for
Hum
an S
ervi
ces:
Till
ie K
ucha
rek
for
her
crea
tivity
and
care
in th
e pr
oduc
tion
of th
eco
unty
pag
es.
Jack
ie B
enso
n, P
hylli
s K
illip
s,M
ary
Log
an a
nd M
elan
ie B
urne
llfo
r th
eir
assi
stan
ce o
n ot
her
aspe
cts
of th
e pr
ojec
t.
Tha
nks
also
to th
e m
embe
rs o
fth
e K
ids
Cou
nt in
Mic
higa
nA
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee w
ho h
ave
give
n tim
e an
d ex
pert
ise
to s
hape
the
book
and
oth
er p
roje
ct a
ctiv
ities
.
Man
y th
anks
to th
e re
view
ers,
whi
ch in
clud
ed th
e fo
llow
ing:
Ann
Mar
ston
, Jim
Lun
day,
and
Sha
ron
Park
s fr
om th
e M
ichi
gan
Lea
gue
for
Hum
anSe
rvic
es: M
iche
le C
orey
and
Pat
Sor
enso
n fr
om M
ichi
gan'
s C
hild
ren;
Will
iam
Lon
g fr
om th
e M
ichi
gan
Fede
ratio
n of
Pri
vate
Chi
ld a
nd F
amily
Age
ncie
s; a
nd B
ever
ley
McD
onal
d fr
om th
e K
ids
Cou
nt A
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee.
The
Mic
higa
n pr
ojec
t sta
ff a
lso
ackn
owle
dges
the
sust
aine
d su
ppor
t and
ong
oing
tech
nica
l ass
ista
nce
from
the
natio
nal K
IDS
CO
UN
T p
roje
ct s
taff
.
Mos
t pho
tos
for
this
yea
r's b
ook
wer
e su
pplie
d by
the
Mic
higa
n M
iddl
e St
art p
roje
ct, b
ut s
elec
ted
phot
os f
rom
a sp
ecia
l exh
ibit
Boy
s w
ill h
e M
en:
Phot
ogra
phs
by B
ill B
ambe
rger
wer
e m
ade
avai
labl
e by
the
phot
ogra
pher
and
the
Flin
t Ins
titut
e of
Art
s. B
ill B
ambe
rger
spe
nta
year
with
stu
dent
s at
Flin
t Cen
tral
Hig
h Sc
hool
thro
ugh
Art
ists
and
Com
mun
ities
: Am
eric
a C
reat
es f
or th
e M
illen
nium
,a
prog
ram
of
the
Mid
Atla
ntic
Art
s Fo
unda
tion.
Phot
ogra
phs
that
app
ear
in th
e da
ta b
ook
wer
e ac
quir
ed in
depe
nden
tly a
nd h
ave
no r
elat
ions
hip
to th
e di
scus
sion
or in
dica
tor
with
whi
ch th
ey a
ppea
r.
The
pro
ject
i.s.
luttd
ed b
y th
e A
nnie
E. C
asey
Fou
ndat
ion,
Ski
llman
Fou
ndat
ion,
and
the
Blu
e C
ross
and
Blu
e Sh
ield
of
Mic
higa
n Fo
unda
tion,
as
wel
l as
Uni
ted
War
s.T
he s
peci
al s
ectio
n on
ado
lesc
ence
was
sup
port
ed b
y a
gran
t fro
nt th
e W
K. K
ello
gg F
ound
atio
n.
kids Births to Michigan Teens:
Average Annual Number of Live Births
Age < 18 Ages 18-19 Total Births under Age 20
1990-92 1994-96 1998-00 1990-92 1994-96 1998-00 1990-92 1994-96 1998.00
Lenawee 63 54 47 135 95 97 198 149 145Livingston 29 27 24 66 59 63 95 85 87Luce 5 5 3 8 9 6 13 14 8
Mackinac 5 6 5 10 14 11 15 20 16Macomb 189 204 158 464 418 438 653 622 597Manistee 10 8 10 20 24 21 31 32 31
Marquette 25 22 13 66 49 38 92 71 51Mason 13 21 19 34 29 39 47 49 58Mecosta 18 19 17 49 45 43 67 64 59Menominee 10 11 11 25 23 26 35 34 37Midland 28 21 28 72 53 59 99 74 87Missaukee 7 8 8 15 17 21 23 25 29Monroe 81 83 55 154 136 141 234 219 196Montcalm 41 43 39 99 89 81 139 132 120Montmorency 5 4 4 9 11 9 14 15 13Muskegon 186 171 157 270 247 248 456 418 405Newaygo 32 35 33 66 58 68 98 93 101Oakland 406 367 285 779 643 590 1,185 1,010 875Oceana 20 23 21 30 40 39 50 64, 60Ogemaw 14 11 9 30 21 24 44 32 33Ontonagon 4 3 2 12 5 4 16 8 6Osceola 13 15 12 38 27 26 50 42 37Oscoda 4 6 5 8 7 9 11 13 14Otsego 9 7 8 26 24 26 35 31 34Ottawa 86 98 105 174 173 212 259 270 317Presque Isle 2 5 6 8 11 14 10 16 20Roscommon 12 10 7 31 19 26 43 29 33Saginaw 257 214 152 394 282 259 651 496 411St. Clair 77 86 76 173 161 158 250 247 234St. Joseph 54 52 39 90 87 97 144 139 135Sanilac 19 16 20 41 48 42 59 64 62Schoolcraft 3 5 2 10 7 12 14 12 14Shiawassee 44 41 36 91 84 78 135 124 113Tuscola 30 33 24 67 62 69 97 95 93Van Buren 67 70 54 134 120 107 201 190 161Washtenaw 119 101 80 228 190 182 347 291 262Wayne 2,737 2,150 1,537 4,195 3,089 2,619 6,932 5,240 4,156Wexford 17 20 22 38 35 42 55 55 63
Detroit 2,235 1,637 1,157 3,184 2,181 1,758 5,419 3,819 2,915
Kids Count in Michigan Data Book 2002 5
BEST COPY AVAHABLE
t il/kc2002/D AD02/ 1 1 /12/02
KID
SC
OU
NT
IN M
ICH
IGA
N
CT
)
DA
TA
BO
OK
200
2C
OU
NT
Y P
RO
FIL
ES
OF
CH
ILD
AN
D F
AM
ILY
WE
LL
-BE
ING
run
kids
coun
tin
Mic
higa
n
Tab
le o
f C
onte
nts
Fore
wor
d3
Wha
t's N
ew T
his
Yea
r4
Eco
nom
ic S
ecur
ity7
Chi
ld H
ealth
11
Chi
ld S
afet
y14
Ado
lesc
ence
17-
Tre
nds
in A
dole
scen
t Wel
l-B
eing
Mea
sure
s18
You
ng A
dole
scen
ts a
t Hom
e19
Juve
nile
Arr
ests
24-2
5
You
ng A
dole
scen
ts a
t Sch
ool
26
Edu
catio
n: S
cien
ce M
EA
P27
, 29,
31
Sum
mar
y an
d C
oncl
usio
ns34
If M
ichi
gan
Wer
e a
Vill
age
of 1
00 C
hild
ren
35
Mic
higa
n: S
tate
Pro
file
of
Chi
ld W
ell-
Bei
ng36
Cou
nty
Prof
iles
of C
hild
Wel
l-B
eing
38
Dat
a N
otes
and
Sou
rces
204
Fore
wor
d
Thi
s da
ta b
ook
mar
ks th
e te
nth
annu
alre
port
on
child
wel
l-be
ing
for
Mic
higa
nan
d its
cou
ntie
s. A
lthou
gh a
ll of
thes
eda
ta a
re p
ublic
ly a
vaila
ble
and
now
, in
man
y ca
ses,
on
the
inte
rnet
, thi
s re
port
prov
ides
a o
ne-s
top
data
sho
p by
com
pilin
g ke
y da
ta a
bout
chi
ldre
n fr
omm
ultip
le s
ourc
es in
to p
rofi
les
for
the
stat
e an
d ea
ch o
f its
cou
ntie
s.
Cou
nty
prof
iles
incl
ude
the
econ
omic
circ
umst
ance
s in
whi
ch c
hild
ren
live,
the
num
ber
of d
eath
s am
ong
child
ren,
the
num
ber
of y
outh
dro
ppin
g ou
t of
high
sch
ool,
the
num
ber
of te
ens
havi
ng b
abie
s, a
nd th
e nu
mbe
r of
child
ren
in th
e ju
veni
le ju
stic
e or
chi
ldw
elfa
re s
yste
ms.
By
show
ing
tren
dsan
d ra
nkin
gs, t
he p
rofi
les
prov
ide
cont
ext f
or th
e co
re K
ids
Cou
ntin
dica
tors
, suc
h as
teen
inju
ry d
eath
san
d in
fant
mor
talit
y.
Kid
s C
ount
res
pond
s to
the
need
for
easi
ly a
cces
sibl
e an
d tim
ely
data
at t
hest
ate
and
loca
l lev
el. T
his
info
rmat
ion
is c
ritic
al to
the
form
atio
n of
dec
isio
nsab
out p
olic
ies,
pro
gram
s an
d ex
pend
i-tu
res
to im
prov
e th
e ci
rcum
stan
ces
ofch
ildre
n in
Mic
higa
n. T
his
repo
rt
00
cons
titut
es a
com
preh
ensi
ve c
ompi
la-
tion
of c
hild
wel
l-be
ing
info
rmat
ion
used
by
deci
sion
-mak
ers
at th
e st
ate
and
coun
ty le
vels
, as
wel
l as
advo
cate
s,gr
ant w
rite
rs, a
nd p
rogr
am p
lann
ers.
Its
annu
al r
elea
se a
lso
prov
ides
an
oppo
rtun
ity to
rev
iew
the
big
pict
ure,
toas
sess
an
over
view
of
child
wel
l-be
ing
in th
e st
ate
and
coun
ties,
and
toex
amin
e th
ose
area
s w
here
the
num
bers
show
a lo
ss o
r ga
in in
the
effo
rts
tobu
ild b
ette
r liv
es f
or k
ids
in th
e st
ate
and
our
com
mun
ities
.
Thi
s ye
ar's
foc
us o
n ad
oles
cenc
e al
sopr
ovid
es a
n op
port
unity
to c
eleb
rate
the
trem
endo
us im
prov
emen
t in
Mic
higa
non
sev
eral
mea
sure
s su
ch a
s te
en b
irth
s,ju
veni
le a
rres
ts, a
nd te
en in
jury
dea
ths,
whi
le e
xam
inin
g in
mor
e de
tail
som
e of
the
issu
es f
or y
oung
Mic
higa
n ad
oles
-ce
nts
in th
e m
iddl
e gr
ades
and
way
sth
ey c
ould
be
addr
esse
d. M
ichi
gan
Mid
dle
Star
t sur
vey
data
sho
w th
atm
any
yout
h st
rugg
le to
suc
ceed
acad
emic
ally
, yet
, in
man
y ca
ses,
the
reso
urce
s an
d su
ppor
ts th
ey n
eed
toac
com
plis
h th
is g
oal a
re n
ot a
vaila
ble.
As
the
nece
ssity
for
suc
cess
ful c
ompl
e-
tion
of a
K-1
2 ed
ucat
ion
incr
ease
s in
orde
r to
be
a co
mpe
titiv
e w
orke
r in
the
glob
al e
cono
my,
sta
te a
nd c
omm
unity
reso
urce
s m
ust b
e di
rect
ed to
ass
istin
gm
ore
yout
h ac
hiev
e as
lear
ners
dur
ing
this
cri
tical
per
iod.
Deb
orah
Str
ong
Cha
ir, K
ids
Cou
nt in
Mic
higa
nA
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee
"ft-
- ^"
Kid
s C
ount
in M
ichi
gan
2002
Dat
a B
ook
3
Wha
t's N
ew th
is Y
ear
Thi
s re
port
rep
rese
nts
the
tent
h an
nual
Kid
s C
ount
in M
ichi
gan
Dat
a B
ook
focu
sed
on m
easu
ring
chi
ld w
ell-
bein
gfo
r M
ichi
gan
and
its 8
3 co
untie
s. O
ver
the
year
s m
ost k
ey tr
end
mea
sure
s ha
vere
mai
ned
cons
iste
nt, b
ut c
hang
es a
rem
ade
as n
ew d
ata
beco
me
avai
labl
e an
dm
easu
res
are
mod
ifie
d to
foc
us o
n a
wid
er o
r na
rrow
er a
ge g
roup
, as
is th
eca
se th
is y
ear
with
teen
bir
ths
and
child
ren
test
ed f
or le
ad p
oiso
ning
. The
follo
win
g di
scus
sion
out
lines
the
chan
ges
in th
e co
unty
pro
file
s th
is y
ear
and
som
e of
the
reas
ons
for
thos
ech
ange
s.
Cou
nty
Pro
file:
Bac
kgro
und
Pag
e
With
the
focu
s on
ado
lesc
ence
in th
isye
ar's
rep
ort,
tren
ds f
or tw
o m
easu
res
of y
outh
wel
l-be
ing
are
high
light
ed o
nth
e co
unty
pro
file
bac
kgro
und
page
s:ju
veni
le a
rres
ts f
or in
dex
crim
es(v
iole
nt a
nd p
rope
rty)
and
teen
bir
ths,
ages
15-
19. T
hese
are
two
criti
cal
mea
sure
s fo
r w
hich
alm
ost a
ll co
untie
sco
llect
dat
a.
Juve
nile
Arr
ests
: For
the
past
few
year
s, a
rres
t dat
a ha
ve n
ot b
een
incl
uded
as
a "t
rend
" in
dica
tor
beca
use
of a
lack
of
cons
ensu
s ab
out
whe
ther
incr
ease
s in
arr
ests
wer
e
good
or
bad.
Non
ethe
less
, tre
nds
inju
veni
le a
rres
ts p
rovi
de a
n in
sigh
t as
to th
e nu
mbe
r of
you
th c
onta
cts
with
the
crim
inal
just
ice
syst
em in
aco
unty
and
the
kind
s of
off
ense
sth
ese
cont
acts
rep
rese
nt. A
rres
tpo
licie
s of
ten
diff
er d
ram
atic
ally
amon
g co
mm
uniti
es; a
n of
fens
e m
ayre
sult
in a
war
ning
or
pare
ntal
mee
ting
in o
ne c
omm
unity
and
an
arre
st in
ano
ther
. The
arr
est m
easu
res
dist
ingu
ish
betw
een
thos
e fo
r in
dex
"vio
lent
" of
fens
es th
at in
volv
ed h
arm
to o
ther
peo
ple
as o
ppos
ed to
prop
erty
off
ense
s.
Tee
n B
irths
:B
irth
s to
hig
h-sc
hool
-ag
ed te
ens
aged
15-
17 h
ave
been
the
focu
s of
Kid
s C
ount
dat
a at
the
natio
nal a
nd s
tate
leve
l, bu
t thi
s ye
arda
ta f
or 1
8 an
d 19
yea
r-ol
ds h
ave
also
bee
n in
clud
ed.
Oth
er "
new
" or
alte
red
com
pone
nts
on th
e ba
ckgr
ound
pag
e in
clud
e th
efo
llow
ing:
Chi
ldre
n un
der
the
age
of 6
with
all
pare
nts
wor
king
:T
his
num
ber
from
the
Cen
sus
2000
prov
ides
a r
ough
est
imat
e of
the
num
ber
of c
hild
ren
who
may
nee
dfu
ll-tim
e ch
ild c
are.
Whi
le tw
o-pa
rent
hou
seho
lds
can
som
etim
esba
lanc
e th
eir
wor
k an
d pa
rent
ing
4K
ids
Cou
nt in
Mic
higa
n 20
02 D
ata
Boo
k
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
to a
void
the
need
for
non-
pare
ntal
chi
ld c
are,
sin
gle
pare
nts
ofte
n do
not
hav
e th
is o
ptio
n.T
his
issu
e ta
kes
on a
dded
sig
nifi
-ca
nce
whe
n it
is c
onsi
dere
d th
at o
neof
eve
ry f
our
child
ren
in M
ichi
gan
lived
in a
sin
gle-
pare
nt f
amily
acco
rdin
g to
the
U.S
. Cen
sus
2000
.L
ow-i
ncom
e fa
mili
es o
ften
fac
ead
ditio
nal c
onst
rain
ts c
ause
d by
shi
ftw
ork
or c
hang
ing
sche
dule
s th
atlim
it th
eir
flex
ibili
ty.
Chi
ld c
are
cost
s as
per
cent
of
aver
age
wag
e pe
r jo
b:W
hile
the
aver
age
cost
of
full-
time
child
car
ere
pres
ente
d 16
per
cent
of
the
aver
age
wag
e pe
r jo
b, a
thir
d of
Mic
higa
nlo
w-i
ncom
e fa
mili
es (
with
inco
me
unde
r 20
0% o
f po
vert
y) w
ho n
eede
dto
pur
chas
e ch
ild c
are
spen
t rou
ghly
doub
le th
e sh
are
of in
com
e on
chi
ldca
re a
s hi
gher
inco
me
fam
ilies
,ac
cord
ing
to th
e N
atio
nal S
urve
y of
Am
eric
an F
amili
es.
Reg
ulat
ed c
hild
car
e fa
cilit
ies:
In p
revi
ous
year
s th
e to
tal n
umbe
r of
regu
late
d "s
lots
" in
the
thre
e ki
nds
ofch
ild c
are
faci
litie
s w
as p
rovi
ded.
Thi
s ye
ar th
e nu
mbe
r of
var
ious
faci
litie
s pr
ovid
ing
care
sho
ws
the
rang
e of
opt
ions
ava
ilabl
e to
fam
ilies
in in
divi
dual
cou
ntie
s. I
t is
also
CD
impo
rtan
t to
note
that
reg
ulat
ed"c
apac
ity"
can
diff
er d
ram
atic
ally
from
act
ual "
avai
labi
lity"
of
care
; the
aver
age
fam
ily h
ome
prov
ider
choo
ses
to c
are
for
thre
e or
four
chi
ldre
n, n
ot th
e si
x th
at a
real
low
ed a
t cap
acity
.
'B
ased
on
anal
ysis
of t
he 1
999
Nat
iona
l Hou
seho
ld
Edu
catio
n S
urve
y in
Est
imat
ing
the
Size
and
Com
pone
nts'
of
the
U.S
. Chi
ld C
are
Wor
kprc
e an
dC
areg
ivin
g Po
pula
tion.
Was
hing
ton.
DC
. Cen
ter
for
the
Chi
ld C
are
Wor
kfor
ce a
nd H
uman
Ser
vice
s
Pol
icy
Cen
ter.
May
. 200
2. (
p.42
).
% fu
ll-da
y:C
ente
rs s
uppl
y 70
perc
ent o
f lic
ense
d ch
ild c
are
capa
city
in M
ichi
gan,
but
onl
y ha
lfth
ose
cent
ers
offe
r fu
ll-da
ypr
ogra
ms.
As
stat
e po
licie
s re
quir
em
ore
wom
en to
spe
nd 4
0 ho
urs
aw
eek
in w
ork
or w
ork-
rela
ted
activ
ities
in o
rder
to q
ualif
y fo
rca
sh a
ssis
tanc
e, th
e ne
ed f
or m
ore
regu
late
d fu
ll-tim
e ch
ild c
are
optio
ns w
ill in
crea
se. I
n or
der
tobe
elig
ible
for
a c
hild
car
e co
stsu
bsid
y, f
amili
es m
ust u
se r
egu-
late
d ca
re f
acili
ties
or o
ne o
f tw
o
spec
ific
kin
ds o
f un
regu
late
dca
rea
rela
tive
prov
idin
g ca
re in
his
or h
er o
wn
hom
e or
an
aide
inth
e ch
ild's
hom
e.
Chi
ldre
n w
ith a
Cou
rt O
rder
for
Chi
ld S
uppo
rt: D
urin
g so
me
part
of th
eir
grow
ing
up y
ears
alm
ost h
alf
of th
e st
ate'
s ch
ildre
n w
ill li
ve in
asi
ngle
par
ent h
ouse
hold
, thu
s m
any
child
ren
depe
nd o
n fi
nanc
ial s
uppo
rtfr
om a
non
-cus
todi
al p
aren
t to
sust
ain
thei
r ec
onom
ic w
ell-
bein
g at
som
e po
int.
The
per
cent
of
non-
cust
odia
l par
ents
with
a s
uppo
rtor
der
who
had
not
mad
e an
y pa
y-m
ents
for
hal
f th
e ye
ar p
rovi
des
insi
ght i
nto
the
num
bers
of
child
ren
who
may
be
econ
omic
ally
vul
ner-
able
.
Mic
higa
n M
erit
Sch
olar
s:B
egin
ning
with
the
clas
s of
200
0,M
ichi
gan
high
sch
ool g
radu
ates
who
met
or
exce
eded
sta
ndar
ds o
n th
ehi
gh s
choo
l tes
ts f
or m
ath,
sci
ence
,re
adin
g an
d w
ritin
g an
d m
et o
ther
elig
ibili
ty r
equi
rem
ents
cou
ld r
ecei
ve$2
,500
tow
ard
thei
r po
st-s
econ
dary
educ
atio
n ex
pens
es a
t a s
tate
col
lege
or u
nive
rsity
.' R
ecip
ient
s at
tend
ing
an o
ut-o
f-st
ate
inst
itutio
n re
ceiv
e a
$1,0
00 s
chol
arsh
ip.
=S
tude
nts
who
mee
t or
exce
ed s
tand
ards
on
only
two
of th
e fo
ur te
sts
may
stil
l qua
lify
for
the
scho
lars
hip
by r
ecei
ving
sco
res
in th
e 75
'h
perc
entil
e or
abo
ve o
n th
e S
AT
or
AC
T te
st o
r
qual
ifyin
g sc
ores
on
the
AC
T W
ordK
eys
job
skill
s
asse
ssm
ent t
est
Chi
ldre
n te
sted
for
lead
poi
son-
ing:
Onl
y ch
ildre
n ag
ed o
ne a
nd tw
oar
e in
clud
ed s
ince
they
are
mos
tvu
lner
able
for
lead
poi
soni
ngbe
caus
e of
thei
r ha
nd-t
o-m
outh
beha
vior
s an
d th
eir
deve
lopi
ngne
rvou
s sy
stem
s. A
ll ch
ildre
n ag
edon
e or
two
insu
red
by M
edic
aid
shou
ld h
ave
been
test
ed f
or le
ad in
the
prev
ious
yea
r si
nce
a bl
ood
lead
test
is r
equi
red
for
any
Med
icai
d-el
igib
le c
hild
at 1
2 an
d 24
mon
ths,
acco
rdin
g to
Mic
higa
n's
Med
ical
Serv
ices
Adm
inis
trat
ion.
' MlC
hild
enro
lled
child
ren
shou
ld b
e te
sted
ifan
y ri
sk f
acto
rs e
xist
, suc
h as
livi
ngw
ithin
hig
h ri
sk z
ip c
odes
with
hig
hin
cide
nce
of le
ad p
oiso
ning
am
ong
child
ren
(12%
or
mor
e) o
r w
ith la
rge
shar
es o
f pr
e-I9
50s
hous
ing,
pres
choo
l chi
ldre
n, a
nd c
hild
pove
rty.
'
'M
edic
aid-
insu
red
child
ren
betw
een
36 a
nd 7
2
mon
ths
shou
ld b
e te
sted
if th
ey h
ave
not b
een
test
ed p
revi
ousl
y.
Tw
o-th
irds
of M
ichi
gan
zip
code
are
as a
re
desi
gnat
ed a
s 'H
igh-
Ris
k: a
ccor
ding
to th
e
Chi
ldho
od L
ead
Poi
soni
ng P
reve
ntio
n P
roje
ct
Sta
tew
ide
Scr
eeni
ng/T
estin
g P
lan
(6/0
0)
Kid
s C
ount
in M
ichi
gan
2002
Dat
a B
ook
5
Cou
nty
Pro
file:
Tre
nd P
age
On
the
tren
d pa
ge, t
hree
cha
nges
wer
em
ade.
Less
than
ade
quat
e pr
enat
alca
re:
For
the
past
sev
eral
yea
rs"i
nade
quat
e pr
enat
al c
are,
" w
hich
ison
e of
two
cate
gori
es in
clud
ed in
"les
s th
an a
dequ
ate
care
" as
def
ined
by th
e K
essn
er I
ndex
, has
bee
n us
edas
a m
easu
re o
f ri
sk f
or n
ewbo
rns.
The
pro
blem
is th
at in
adeq
uate
car
ein
clud
es c
ases
whe
re d
ata
are
unkn
own
or m
issi
ng, a
nd th
ose
case
sin
crea
sed
subs
tant
ially
in s
ever
also
uthe
ast M
ichi
gan
coun
ties
betw
een
1990
and
200
0. D
ue to
this
dat
a-re
port
ing
prob
lem
, the
bro
ader
cate
gory
of
"les
s th
an a
dequ
ate
care
"pr
ovid
es a
mor
e re
liabl
e m
easu
re,
espe
cial
ly in
the
coun
ties
whe
re th
ere
port
ing
prob
lem
s ex
ist.
Chi
ldre
n in
out
-of-
hom
e ca
re:
For
the
firs
t tim
e th
is y
ear's
num
ber
and
rate
incl
ude
thos
e ch
ildre
npl
aced
in k
insh
ip o
r re
lativ
e ca
re.
Stu
dent
s no
t mee
ting
the
stat
est
anda
rd fo
r sc
ienc
e:T
his
perc
enta
ge h
as b
een
incl
uded
inor
der
to m
aint
ain
cons
iste
ncy
for
the
tren
d ch
art,
that
is, t
o re
flec
t the
num
bers
and
rat
es o
f ch
ildre
n at
ris
k.M
EA
P sc
ienc
e sc
ores
are
usu
ally
port
raye
d as
the
shar
e of
stu
dent
sw
ho h
ave
perf
orm
ed a
t a p
rofi
cien
tle
vel.
6K
ids
Cou
nt in
Mic
higa
n 20
02 D
ata
Boo
k
16-
3
,,,
Eco
nom
ic S
ecur
ity
Des
pite
an
impr
oved
eco
nom
y ov
er th
e19
90s
and
a 26
per
cent
dec
line
in th
ech
ild p
over
ty r
ate
betw
een
1989
and
1999
, rou
ghly
one
-thi
rd o
f th
e st
ate'
ssc
hool
chi
ldre
n re
mai
ned
only
mar
gin-
ally
abo
ve p
over
ty, q
ualif
ying
for
fre
eor
red
uced
pri
ces
in th
e Sc
hool
Lun
chPr
ogra
m. (
Stud
ents
qua
lify
with
fam
ilyin
com
es b
elow
185
per
cent
of
pove
rty.
)T
he s
hare
of
K-1
2 st
uden
ts p
artic
ipat
-in
g in
the
Scho
ol L
unch
Pro
gram
at
free
and
red
uced
pri
ces
rose
slig
htly
inth
e 20
00-0
1 sc
hool
yea
r as
the
eco-
nom
ic b
oom
wan
ed a
nd th
e st
ate
unem
ploy
men
t rat
e cl
imbe
d. B
etw
een
June
of
2000
and
200
2, M
ichi
gan'
sun
empl
oym
ent r
ate
alm
ost d
oubl
edfr
om 3
.5 to
6.2
per
cent
.'
Whi
le th
e ec
onom
y im
prov
ed in
the
mid
-199
0s, M
ichi
gan
wor
kers
stil
l did
not r
egai
n gr
ound
lost
ove
r th
e 19
80s.
Alth
ough
Mic
higa
n's
hour
ly m
edia
nw
age
rose
by
2.8
perc
ent (
adju
sted
for
infl
atio
n) o
ver
the
1990
s, in
200
0 it
still
rem
aine
d 11
per
cent
bel
ow it
s 19
79va
lue.
' The
med
ian
pay
for
a jo
b in
'L
ocal
Are
a U
nem
ploy
men
t Sta
tistic
s, B
urea
u of
Lab
or S
tatis
tics,
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f L
abor
. http
://w
ww
.b1s
.goy
/lau/
hom
e.ht
m.
=T
he S
tate
of W
orki
ng A
mer
ica
2001
/200
2.(D
raft
)L
awre
nce
Mis
hel,
Jare
d B
erns
tein
, and
Joh
nSc
hmid
t. W
ashi
ngto
n, D
.C.:
Eco
nom
ic P
olic
y
Inst
itute
. Tab
le 1
6.
t
Mic
higa
n dr
oppe
d fr
om $
14.3
4 an
hou
rin
197
9 (i
nfla
tion
adju
sted
) to
$13
.09
in 2
000.
Mic
higa
n's
aver
age
hour
ly w
age
in20
00 o
f $1
7.44
ref
lect
s a
rela
tivel
yla
rge
diff
eren
ce f
rom
the
stat
e m
edia
n;th
is d
ispa
rity
mea
ns th
e m
ajor
ity o
fM
ichi
gan
wor
kers
ear
ned
wel
l bel
owth
e av
erag
e w
age.
(O
nly
aver
age
wag
eda
ta w
ere
avai
labl
e fo
r th
e st
ate'
sco
untie
s.)
Chi
ld P
over
tyC
hild
ren
livin
g in
fam
ilies
whe
re fa
mily
inco
me
did
not e
xcee
d th
e po
vert
yle
vel$
16,8
95 fo
r a
fam
ily o
f fou
r in
1999
. (T
he U
S C
ensu
s 20
00 r
efle
cts
inco
me
in th
e pr
evio
us y
ear.
) P
over
tyth
resh
olds
are
adj
uste
d ea
ch y
ear
for
infla
tion
to r
efle
ct th
e ac
tual
pur
chas
-in
g po
wer
and
for
fam
ily s
ize.
Bet
wee
n 19
89 a
nd 1
999
child
pov
erty
in M
ichi
gan
decl
ined
by
26 p
erce
ntdr
oppi
ng f
rom
18
perc
ent t
o 13
per
cent
of c
hild
ren,
age
s 0-
17. R
ough
ly34
0,30
0 of
the
stat
e's
child
ren
lived
infa
mili
es w
here
inco
me
did
not e
xcee
dth
e po
vert
y th
resh
old
in 1
999,
nea
r th
ehe
ight
of
the
long
est e
cono
mic
exp
an-
sion
in r
ecen
t his
tory
, com
pare
d to
440,
100
in 1
989.
Am
ong
all 8
3 co
untie
s, L
ivin
gsto
n an
dO
ttaw
a ha
d th
e lo
wes
t chi
ld p
over
tyra
tes-
4 an
d 5
perc
ent,
resp
ectiv
ely,
and
Lak
e an
d W
ayne
cou
ntie
s th
ehi
ghes
t-28
and
23
perc
ent.
All
coun
ties
but t
wo
expe
rien
ced
impr
ovem
ents
in c
hild
pov
erty
ove
r th
ede
cade
alth
ough
som
e sa
w o
nly
min
imal
cha
nge;
for
exa
mpl
e, M
acom
bC
ount
y's
child
pov
erty
rat
e (7
% in
2000
) de
clin
ed b
y on
ly 3
per
cent
. The
nort
hwes
tern
cou
ntie
s of
Ben
zie
and
Gra
nd T
rave
rse
saw
the
bigg
est
decl
ines
in c
hild
pov
erty
rat
esa
drop
of r
ough
ly h
alf.
Am
ong
the
stat
e's
mos
tpo
pulo
us c
ount
ies,
Way
ne C
ount
y le
dw
ith a
dec
line
of 2
4 pe
rcen
t in
its c
hild
pove
rty
rate
.
Ero
sion
In
fam
ily s
uppo
rt a
ndm
inim
um w
age
leav
es m
any
Mic
higa
n fa
mili
es in
pov
erty
.
Max
imum
'F
IP G
rant
100%
IE
ligib
ility
' Min
imum
Pov
erty
for
FIP
Wag
eLe
vel
($5.
15 0
40
hrs)
(200
2)
Whi
le th
e ec
onom
y im
prov
ed
in th
e m
id-1
990s
, Mic
higa
n
wor
kers
stil
l did
not
reg
ain
grou
nd lo
st o
ver
the
1980
s....
The
med
ian
pay
for
a jo
b in
Mic
higa
n dr
oppe
d fr
om $
14.3
4
an h
our
in 1
979
(inf
latio
n
adju
sted
) to
$13
.09
in 2
000.
Pov
erty
am
ong
You
ng C
hild
ren
Dur
ing
this
per
iod
pove
rty
amon
g th
est
ate'
s yo
ung
child
ren
unde
r 5
drop
ped
slig
htly
mor
e th
an o
vera
ll ch
ildpo
vert
y, d
eclin
ing
by 2
9 pe
rcen
tfro
m22
to 1
6 pe
rcen
t of
youn
g ch
ildre
n.C
ount
y po
vert
y ra
nkin
gs f
or th
is a
gegr
oup
mir
rore
d ov
eral
l chi
ld p
over
tyw
ith L
ivin
gsto
n (4
%)
and
Otta
wa
(5%
)co
untie
s ha
ving
the
smal
lest
sha
re o
fth
eir
youn
g ch
ildre
n in
pov
erty
, and
Lak
e C
ount
y th
e la
rges
t (32
%).
You
ngch
ild p
over
ty d
eclin
ed in
eve
ry c
ount
ybu
t Men
omin
ee o
ver
the
deca
de, w
ithM
acom
b ex
peri
enci
ng th
e le
ast
impr
ovem
ent (
2%)
amon
g th
e m
ost
popu
lous
cou
ntie
s. Y
oung
chi
ld p
over
tyra
tes
wer
e cu
t in
half
or
mor
e in
the
coun
ties
of B
enzi
e, L
enaw
ee, a
ndT
usco
la, w
hile
am
ong
the
mos
tpo
pulo
us c
ount
ies,
Otta
wa
and
Gen
esee
saw
the
bigg
est d
rops
abou
t 30
perc
ent.
Kid
s C
ount
in M
ichi
gan
2002
Dat
a B
ook
7
Fre
e an
d R
educ
edP
riced
Lun
chSt
uden
ts q
ualif
y fo
r fr
ee o
r re
duce
dpr
ices
in th
e Sc
hool
Lun
ch P
rogr
am if
thei
r fa
mily
inco
me
is b
elow
185
perc
ent o
f th
e po
vert
y le
vel.
Stud
ents
in f
amili
es w
ith in
com
es b
elow
130
perc
ent (
$23,
348
for
a fa
mily
of
four
in20
01)
qual
ify
for
a to
tally
sub
sidi
zed
lunc
h, a
nd th
ose
in f
amili
es w
ithin
com
es b
elow
185
per
cent
($3
3,22
6fo
r a
fam
ily o
f fo
ur)
for
a re
duce
dpr
iced
lunc
h.
Part
icip
atio
n in
the
Scho
ol L
unch
Prog
ram
at f
ree
or r
educ
ed p
rice
s in
Mic
higa
n in
crea
sed
by 3
9 pe
rcen
t ove
rth
e 19
90s,
ris
ing
from
slig
htly
less
than
a qu
arte
r of
K-1
2 pu
blic
sch
ool
stud
ents
to a
lmos
t a th
ird.
Ove
r ha
lf a
mill
ion
(551
,300
) K
-12
publ
ic s
choo
lst
uden
ts in
Mic
higa
n pa
rtic
ipat
ed a
tfr
ee o
r re
duce
d pr
ices
in th
e 20
00-0
1sc
hool
yea
r.
Prog
ram
par
ticip
atio
n at
fre
e an
dre
duce
d pr
ices
ran
ged
from
a lo
w o
f8
perc
ent i
n L
ivin
gsto
n (h
alf
the
leve
lof
the
coun
ties
with
the
seco
nd lo
wes
tra
te-1
6 pe
rcen
t in
Clin
ton
and
Oak
land
cou
ntie
s) to
87
perc
ent i
nL
ake
Cou
nty
(wel
l abo
ve th
e se
cond
high
est l
evel
of
54 p
erce
nt in
Ios
coC
ount
y).
Ove
r th
e de
cade
onl
y fo
ur U
pper
Peni
nsul
a co
untie
s sa
w a
slig
ht d
eclin
ein
pro
gram
par
ticip
atio
n at
fre
e an
dre
duce
d pr
ices
Scho
olcr
aft,
Luc
e,
Mac
kina
c an
d H
ough
ton.
Som
e of
the
mos
t pro
sper
ous
larg
e co
untie
s,sp
ecif
ical
ly M
acom
b an
d O
ttaw
a,su
stai
ned
the
larg
est i
ncre
ases
with
thei
r pa
rtic
ipat
ion
rate
s do
ublin
g ov
erth
e de
cade
. By
the
2000
-01
scho
olye
ar, r
ough
ly o
ne in
fiv
e M
acom
bst
uden
ts p
artic
ipat
ed in
the
Scho
olL
unch
Pro
gram
at f
ree
or r
educ
edpr
ices
.
Chi
ld C
are
and
Ear
lyC
hild
hood
Edu
catio
n
The
low
une
mpl
oym
ent r
ate
in th
e la
te19
90s
mea
nt th
at m
any
prev
ious
lyun
empl
oyed
par
ents
cou
ld f
ind
jobs
.B
etw
een
1990
and
200
0 th
e sh
are
ofch
ildre
n un
der
the
age
of s
ix w
ith a
llpa
rent
s in
the
labo
r fo
rce
rose
13
perc
ent i
n M
ichi
gan,
bum
ping
up
from
54 p
erce
nt o
f yo
ung
child
ren
to 6
1pe
rcen
t. A
mon
g th
e la
rges
t cou
ntie
s,G
enes
ee a
nd W
ayne
exp
erie
nced
incr
ease
s of
rou
ghly
21
perc
ent w
hile
Lak
e C
ount
y sa
w a
47
perc
ent r
ise.
All
coun
ties
but t
hree
Liv
ings
ton,
Was
hten
aw, a
nd O
ttaw
aexp
erie
nced
at le
ast a
mar
gina
l inc
reas
e. (
The
seco
untie
s sa
w a
slig
ht d
ecre
asel
ess
than
5 p
erce
ntov
er th
e de
cade
.)
Fam
ilies
whe
re a
ll pa
rent
s ar
e w
orki
ngof
ten
requ
ire
child
car
e, a
nd th
e co
stca
n co
nsum
e a
larg
e po
rtio
n of
the
fam
ily b
udge
t. T
he a
vera
ge f
ull-
time
cost
for
one
pre
scho
ol c
hild
rep
re-
sent
ed r
ough
ly 1
6 pe
rcen
t of
the
aver
age
wag
e pe
r jo
b ($
36,2
78)
in
8K
ids
Cou
nt in
Mic
higa
n 20
02 D
ata
Boo
k
Mic
higa
n in
200
0.3
Man
y fa
mili
es w
ithyo
ung
child
ren
do n
ot h
ave
inco
me
anyw
here
nea
r th
e av
erag
e; in
fac
t, ov
era
quar
ter
of f
amili
es w
ith n
ewbo
rns
in20
00 q
ualif
ied
for
Med
icai
d pa
ymen
tfo
r th
e bi
rth
cost
s, a
nd th
at s
hare
ros
eto
ove
r ha
lf th
e ne
wbo
rns
in th
eno
rthe
rn a
nd U
pper
Pen
insu
la c
ount
ies
of S
choo
lcra
ft, A
lcon
a, L
uce,
Cra
wfo
rd, a
nd R
osco
mm
on, a
ndar
ound
40
perc
ent i
n th
e la
rger
cou
ntie
sof
Sag
inaw
and
Gen
esee
. (Pr
egna
ntw
omen
are
elig
ible
for
Med
icai
d if
unde
r 18
5 pe
rcen
t of
the
pove
rty
leve
l$25
,642
for
a f
amily
of
thre
e in
2000
.) M
any
fam
ilies
with
bot
h pa
rent
sw
orki
ng a
lso
have
two
youn
g ch
ildre
nso
thei
r ch
ild c
are
cost
s w
ould
ess
en-
tially
dou
ble.
Whi
le c
hild
car
e co
sts
plac
e a
heav
ybu
rden
on
youn
g w
orki
ng f
amili
es,
part
icul
arly
low
-inc
ome
pare
nts,
chi
ldca
re p
rovi
ders
are
am
ong
the
mos
tpo
orly
pai
d w
orke
rs in
the
labo
r fo
rce.
Man
y st
udie
s ha
ve d
ocum
ente
d th
eef
fect
s of
hig
h tu
rnov
er a
nd m
inim
altr
aini
ng o
n th
e qu
ality
of
child
car
e.W
hile
Mic
higa
n in
itiat
ed a
T.E
.A.C
.H.
(Tea
cher
Edu
catio
n an
d C
ompe
nsat
ion
Hel
ps)
prog
ram
in 2
001
to in
crea
sech
ild c
are
prov
ider
edu
catio
n an
d th
equ
ality
of
care
, the
sta
te is
one
of
only
two
in th
e na
tion
that
req
uire
no
The
maj
ority
of
Mic
higa
n w
orke
rs e
arne
d w
ell
belo
w th
e av
erag
e; th
e st
ate'
s m
edia
n w
age
per
job
was
$27
,227
in 2
000l
ess
than
$13
.60
an h
our
for
a fu
ll-tim
e w
orke
r. (
Med
ian
wag
e pe
r jo
b da
ta w
ere
not a
vaila
ble
for
Mic
higa
n co
untie
s.)
...th
e st
ate
is o
ne
of o
nly
two
in th
e na
tion
that
requ
ire
no tr
aini
ng
or c
ertif
icat
ion
for
child
car
e pr
ovid
ers.
Subs
idy
rate
s do
not
rep
rese
nt
the
actu
al c
urre
nt
cost
of
child
car
e;
the
last
adj
ustm
ent i
n ba
sic
subs
idy
rate
s w
as
base
d on
the
1996
mar
ket r
ate
surv
ey.
trai
ning
or
cert
ific
atio
n fo
r ch
ild c
are
prov
ider
s. F
urth
er th
reat
enin
g th
equ
ality
of
care
, rec
ent c
utba
cks
in th
est
ate
budg
et h
ave
incr
ease
d ca
selo
ads
to 3
00 f
or in
spec
tors
mon
itori
ng b
asic
heal
th a
nd s
afet
y re
quir
emen
ts in
chi
ldca
re s
ettin
gs, m
ore
than
thre
e tim
es th
ena
tiona
lly r
ecom
men
ded
case
load
of 7
5.4
Fam
ily S
uppo
rt P
rogr
ams
Seve
ral s
tate
and
fed
eral
pro
gram
ssu
ch a
s th
e ch
ild c
are
subs
idy,
cas
has
sist
ance
, and
Foo
d St
amp
prog
ram
spr
ovid
e su
pple
men
tary
goo
ds o
rse
rvic
es f
or c
hild
ren
in lo
w-i
ncom
efa
mili
es.
Chi
ld C
are
Sub
sidy
The
Chi
ld D
evel
opm
ent a
nd C
are
Pro-
gram
of
the
Mic
higa
n Fa
mily
Ind
epen
-de
nce
Age
ncy
assi
sts
low
-inc
ome
fam
ilies
with
chi
ld c
are
cost
s fo
r th
enu
mbe
r of
hou
rs a
ctua
lly p
rovi
ded
asat
test
ed b
y th
e pr
ovid
er. A
tota
l of
65,0
00 f
amili
es r
ecei
ved
assi
stan
cew
ith c
hild
car
e co
sts
in f
isca
l yea
r20
01, w
ith 3
7 pe
rcen
t of
the
fam
ilies
curr
ent o
r fo
rmer
Fam
ily I
ndep
ende
nce
Prog
ram
(H
P) r
ecip
ient
s. F
amili
es in
FIP
or in
tran
sitio
n ar
e el
igib
le f
or 1
00pe
rcen
t of
the
max
imum
allo
wab
leho
urly
sub
sidy
rat
e (b
ased
on
age
ofch
ild, t
ype
of p
rovi
der,
and
she
lter
' Wen
dy W
endl
and-
Bow
yer.
"C
hild
car
e qu
ality
on d
eclin
e in
sta
te"
Det
roit
Free
Pre
ss(A
ugus
t 5,
2002
).
area
).5
The
ave
rage
mon
thly
pay
men
tpe
r ch
ild w
as $
291;
the
aver
age
was
$570
per
fam
ily.
The
maj
ority
of
fam
ilies
usi
ng th
e ch
ildca
re s
ubsi
dy q
ualif
y fo
r th
e su
ppor
tba
sed
on th
eir
inco
me
and
fam
ily s
ize
with
thei
r su
bsid
y tie
d to
a s
lidin
gsc
ale.
For
exa
mpl
e, a
fam
ily o
f fo
urw
ith a
n an
nual
inco
me
unde
r $2
6,38
3w
ould
qua
lify
for
95 p
erce
nt o
f th
em
axim
um h
ourl
y su
bsid
y ra
te. (
At a
nan
nual
inco
me
of $
31,0
39 a
fam
ily o
ffo
ur w
ould
no
long
er b
e el
igib
le.)
6
Subs
idy
rate
s do
not
rep
rese
nt th
eac
tual
cur
rent
cos
t of
child
car
e; th
ela
st a
djus
tmen
t in
basi
c su
bsid
y ra
tes
was
bas
ed o
n th
e 19
96 m
arke
t rat
esu
rvey
. Max
imum
rat
es f
orpr
esch
oole
rs in
cen
ters
ran
ge f
rom
$1.9
0 to
$2.
50 a
n ho
ur; f
or f
amily
,gr
oup
fam
ily a
nd r
elat
ive
care
fro
m $
2to
$2.
50 a
n ho
ur; a
nd f
or d
ay c
are
aide
sfr
om $
1.35
to $
1.65
an
hour
. To
expa
ndth
e su
pply
of
regu
late
d ch
ild c
are
for
infa
nts
and
youn
g ch
ildre
n, a
n in
cen-
tive
paym
ent o
f 15
-85
cent
s an
hou
rw
as in
stitu
ted
for
the
care
of
infa
nt a
ndto
ddle
rs (
unde
r ag
e tw
o an
d a
half
) in
cent
ers
and
20-5
0 ce
nts
an h
our
infa
mily
and
gro
up f
amily
hom
es.'
A tr
ansi
tiona
l thr
ee m
onth
s of
a 1
00 p
erce
nt
subs
idy
is a
vaila
ble
to H
P r
ecip
ient
s le
avin
g th
e
prog
ram
with
em
ploy
men
t.
As
annu
al h
ouse
hold
inco
me
rises
by
roug
hly
$680
($1.
92 a
wee
k), t
he p
erce
ntag
e of
the
desi
gnat
ed
subs
idy
rate
per
hou
r dr
ops
by 1
0 pe
rcen
t.
' Aid
es a
nd r
elat
ives
who
hav
e co
mpl
eted
15
hour
s
of b
asic
chi
ld c
are
clas
ses
appr
oved
by
the
Mic
higa
n 4C
Ass
ocia
tion
rece
ive
an e
xtra
25
cent
s
an h
our
for
child
ren
unde
r ag
e tw
o an
d a
half.
(The
se in
cent
ives
beg
an in
fis
cal y
ear
2001
and
hav
e co
ntin
ued
to b
e fu
nded
thro
ugh
2003
.) N
o in
cent
ives
or
spec
ial
rate
s, h
owev
er, a
re a
vaila
ble
for
prov
ider
s to
car
e fo
r ch
ildre
n w
ithsp
ecia
l nee
ds s
uch
as th
ose
who
hav
e a
phys
ical
, em
otio
nal o
r m
enta
l dis
abil-
ity. (
Rec
ent M
ichi
gan
legi
slat
ion
nolo
nger
aut
omat
ical
ly e
xem
pts
HP
pare
nts
of s
peci
al n
eeds
chi
ldre
n fr
omw
ork
requ
irem
ents
.)
Foo
d A
ssis
tanc
e P
rogr
amC
hild
ren
unde
r 18
com
pris
ed r
ough
lyha
lf o
f M
ichi
gan
part
icip
ants
in th
eFo
od S
tam
p Pr
ogra
m, w
hich
pro
vide
snu
triti
on s
uppo
rt f
or p
eopl
e in
nee
d.In
Dec
embe
r 20
01, o
ne o
f ev
ery
eigh
tch
ildre
n in
the
stat
e (3
36,4
00)
depe
nded
on
the
prog
ram
, now
kno
wn
as th
e Fo
od A
ssis
tanc
e Pr
ogra
m in
Mic
higa
n.' A
lthou
gh f
ood
stam
ps a
rea
fede
ral e
ntitl
emen
t pro
gram
, fun
ded
and
regu
late
d la
rgel
y by
the
fede
ral
gove
rnm
ent,
the
prog
ram
is a
dmin
is-
tere
d by
the
stat
es.
To
qual
ify
for
the
prog
ram
, fam
ilies
mus
t hav
e gr
oss
mon
thly
inco
mes
of
less
than
130
per
cent
of
the
pove
rty
leve
l ($1
,219
per
mon
th f
or a
fam
ily o
fth
ree
in 2
001)
.9 T
he a
vera
ge a
mou
nt o
ffo
od a
ssis
tanc
e pr
ovid
ed in
Mic
higa
nin
200
1 w
as $
17 a
per
son
per
wee
k (8
0ce
nts
a m
eal)
or
$51
a w
eek
for
afa
mily
of
thre
e.
The
nam
e ch
ange
occ
urre
d in
Nov
embe
r 20
01.
Mic
hael
Wis
eman
. "F
ood
Sta
mps
and
Wel
fare
Ref
orm
."W
elfa
re R
efor
m a
nd B
eyon
d.P
olic
y
Brie
f No.
19.
Apr
il 20
02. W
ashi
ngto
n D
.C.:
The
Bro
okin
gs In
stitu
tion.
p. 2
.
Kid
s C
ount
in M
ichi
gan
2002
Dat
a B
ook
9
Ove
r th
e 19
90s
part
icip
atio
n in
the
Food
Sta
mp
Prog
ram
dro
pped
dra
mat
i-ca
lly n
atio
nwid
e, a
nd e
vide
nce
sugg
este
d th
at m
any
elig
ible
wor
king
fam
ilies
did
not
rec
eive
ben
efits
.W
ithin
the
past
yea
r M
ichi
gan
stre
am-
lined
its
food
sta
mp
appl
icat
ion
proc
ess
to in
crea
se a
cces
s to
the
prog
ram
by
elim
inat
ing
asse
t ver
ific
atio
n, g
rant
ing
six-
mon
th e
ligib
ility
per
iods
, and
elim
inat
ing
offi
ce in
terv
iew
s fo
rel
igib
ility
ext
ensi
ons.
The
low
-pov
erty
cou
ntie
s of
Liv
ings
ton
and
Otta
wa
had
only
2 p
erce
nt a
nd 4
perc
ent o
f th
eir
child
ren
resp
ectiv
ely,
part
icip
atin
g w
hile
the
high
est p
artic
i-pa
tion
coun
ties
of G
enes
ee, W
ayne
,R
osco
mm
on, S
agin
aw a
nd L
ake
had
one
of f
ive
child
ren
in th
e pr
ogra
m.
Fam
ily In
depe
nden
ce P
rogr
amT
wo-
thir
ds o
f th
e pe
ople
dep
ende
nton
the
cash
ass
ista
nce
prog
ram
are
child
ren
unde
r 18
. Bet
wee
n 19
92 a
nd20
00 th
e Fa
mily
Ind
epen
denc
e Pr
o-gr
am (
FIP)
cas
eloa
d dr
oppe
d by
alm
ost
70 p
erce
nt, f
rom
225
,349
fam
ilies
to68
,200
. Sw
eepi
ng c
hang
es w
ere
mad
eat
the
natio
nal a
nd s
tate
leve
l in
the
prog
ram
, esp
ecia
lly in
the
emph
asis
on
wor
k re
quir
emen
ts f
or p
aren
ts. A
nex
pans
ion
of s
uppo
rt s
ervi
ces
such
as
child
car
e an
d tr
ansp
orta
tion
and
abo
om e
cono
my
allo
wed
man
y m
ore
pare
nts
to p
artic
ipat
e in
the
labo
r fo
rce
duri
ng th
e 19
90s.
In M
ichi
gan
in 2
001,
rou
ghly
148
,200
or 5
per
cent
of
the
stat
e's
child
pop
ula-
tion
depe
nded
on
HP.
Am
ong
Mic
hi-
gan
coun
ties,
the
shar
e of
chi
ldre
n in
FIP
rang
ed f
rom
0.4
per
cent
inL
ivin
gsto
n C
ount
y to
12
perc
ent i
nSa
gina
w C
ount
y.
Part
icip
atio
n in
the
(FIP
) ca
sh a
ssis
-ta
nce
prog
ram
, how
ever
, is
depe
nden
tup
on a
n in
com
e el
igib
ility
cei
ling
of$7
75 a
mon
th f
or a
fam
ily o
f th
ree;
ace
iling
that
has
not
bee
n ad
just
ed f
orin
flat
ion
in th
e la
st te
n ye
ars
so f
ewer
poor
fam
ilies
with
chi
ldre
n qu
alif
y. I
n20
01, f
amili
es w
ith in
com
es u
p to
33
perc
ent b
elow
the
pove
rty
leve
l had
too
muc
h in
com
e to
qua
lify
for
cash
assi
stan
ce. F
urth
erm
ore,
the
valu
e of
the
cash
ass
ista
nce
gran
t, fr
ozen
at
$459
sin
ce 1
993,
has
had
its
purc
hasi
ngpo
wer
red
uced
by
22 p
erce
nt b
y 20
02.1
0T
he g
rant
no
long
er c
over
s th
e co
st o
f a
two-
bedr
oom
res
iden
ce in
mos
t are
asin
the
stat
e. W
ith th
e w
iden
ing
gap
betw
een
the
froz
en F
IP in
com
eel
igib
ility
cei
lings
and
the
infl
atio
n-ad
just
ed p
over
ty le
vel t
hat r
epre
sent
s a
bette
r m
easu
re o
f fi
nanc
ial v
ulne
rabi
l-ity
, a g
row
ing
num
ber
of c
hild
ren
are
livin
g in
eco
nom
ical
ly d
epri
ved
fam
ilies
that
do
not q
ualif
y th
e ca
shas
sist
ance
pro
gram
.
Mic
higa
n M
erit
Sch
olar
sU
nlik
e ot
her
fam
ily s
uppo
rt p
rogr
ams,
the
Mic
higa
n M
erit
Aw
ard
is n
ot b
ased
'° I
nfor
mat
ion
Pack
et (
May
200
2). L
ansi
ng, M
I:Fa
mily
Ind
epen
denc
e A
genc
y, P
olic
y A
naly
sis
and
Prog
ram
Eva
luat
ion
Div
isio
n of
the
Bud
get,
Ana
lysi
s an
d Fi
nanc
ial M
anag
emen
tA
dmin
istr
atio
n. p
21.
10K
ids
Cou
nt In
Mic
higa
n 20
02 D
ata
Boo
k
You
th in
hig
hest
inco
me
dist
ricts
are
four
tim
es m
ore
likel
y to
bene
fit fr
om M
ichi
gan
Mer
it A
war
ds.
stri
ctncom
eD
iH
ighe
st-i
ncom
eD
isst
rict
s
Sour
ce: M
ichi
gan
Dep
t of
Edu
catio
n,M
ichi
gan
Dep
t. of
Tre
asur
y
on f
inan
cial
nee
d. T
he a
war
d, f
irst
inst
itute
d to
ben
efit
the
high
sch
ool
grad
uate
s of
200
0, d
raw
s on
the
toba
cco
settl
emen
t mon
ey to
the
stat
e.O
ver
$112
mill
ion
was
app
ropr
iate
d fo
rth
e sc
hola
rshi
ps in
fis
cal y
ear
2002
. To
qual
ify
for
an a
war
d, M
ichi
gan
high
scho
ol g
radu
ates
mus
t hav
e m
et th
est
anda
rds
on th
e st
ate'
s fo
ur h
igh
scho
ol te
sts
for
mat
h, s
cien
ce, r
eadi
ng,
and
wri
ting.
Not
onl
y ar
e M
ichi
gan
Mer
it Sc
hola
rs n
ot r
equi
red
to d
emon
-st
rate
any
fin
anci
al n
eed
to q
ualif
y fo
rth
e $2
,500
aw
ard
for
thei
r po
st-
seco
ndar
y ed
ucat
ion
at a
sta
te c
olle
geor
uni
vers
ity, s
tude
nts
of th
e cl
ass
of20
01 in
Mic
higa
n's
high
est i
ncom
edi
stri
cts
wer
e fo
ur ti
mes
mor
e lik
ely
tobe
nefi
t fro
m a
Mer
it A
war
d th
an th
eir
coun
terp
arts
in th
e lo
wes
t inc
ome
dist
rict
s."
Am
ong
Mic
higa
n's
2002
grad
uatin
g cl
ass,
43,
650
stud
ents
(39%
) qu
alif
ied
for
the
awar
d, a
lmos
tal
l (97
%)
by th
eir
perf
orm
ance
on
the
four
ME
AP
test
s ra
ther
than
the
alte
rnat
ive
test
s.'
Chi
ld S
uppo
rt
Sinc
e th
e 19
70s
ever
y st
ate
has
oper
ated
a p
rogr
am u
nder
Titl
e IV
D o
fth
e So