THIEME 100 Original Article A Comparison of 3D Facial Features in a Population from Zimbabwe and United States Elvin Bhaskar 1 Chung H. Kau 1 1 Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States Address for correspondence Chung H. Kau, BDS, MSc, MBA, PhD, ABO, Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama, Suite 305 1919, 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL35294, United States (e-mail: [email protected]). Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in three-dimensional (3D) facial features in a population from Zimbabwe and the United States. In addition, this study seeks to establish an average facial template of each population allowing clinicians to treat patients according to their cultural esthetic perceptions. Materials and Methods Three hundred one subjects from Zimbabwe and the United States were carefully selected and recruited for the study. Each subject pre- sented with a normal facial profile, no asymmetries, and normal body mass index. The 3D images were captured using the 3dMD cameras. All images were further sep- arated into male and female groups of the respective populations and imported to a dedicated software for analysis. Statistical Analysis The 3D facial images were constructed using Rapidform 6 software to recreate a composite facial average for each group representing a male and female average 3D face of Zimbabwean (Zim) and United States origin. Results The linear measurements showed that the maximum average distance between the Zim-M and Zim-F was 1.24 mm and the minimum distance between the African American (AA)-M and AA-F was 0.24 mm. This was the absolute distance. When the signed linear measurements were taken into consideration, the maximum average distance between Zim-F and AA-M was 1.22 mm and the least average distance between the Zim-M and AA-M was 0.22 mm. The absolute color histograms showed greatest similarity between the Zim-M and AA-M at 58% and the Zim-F had a 25 and 27% similarity with the AA-F and Zim-M, respectively. Conclusion The Zim-F showed the most variable features with a broader face, prominent forehead, and retruded alar base compared with their male counterparts and the Zim-M showed a wider prominent malar/zygomatic region, and prominent lateral supraorbital regions. There was a high similarity of 58% between the Zim-M and the AA-M, with the Zim-M showing a more protrusive superciliary arches, and a lateral zygomatic region tapering to the root of the nose. Abstract Keywords ► surface acquisition systems ► 3D faces ► 3D imaging ► 3D analysis DOI https://doi.org/ 10.1055/s-0040-1702258 ISSN 1305-7456. ©2020 Dental Investigation Society Eur J Dent 2020;14:100–106 Published online: 2020-03-13

SAFETY MIRRORS POSplastika ogledala... · 2014. 5. 19. · PVO 4060 PVO 6080 PVO 7090 PVO 80100 PVO Ø 55 PVO Ø 60 PVO Ø 75 PVO AC 180° Ø 60 PVO AC 180° Ø 75 400x600 600x800

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SAFETY MIRRORS POSplastika
PVO INOX 6080

PVO INOX Ø 60

600X800

Ø 600

20

12

12 - 16

9 - 14

Traffic safety mirrors,STAINLESS STEEL (dewless) Dimension (mm) Weight (kg)

Recommended distanceto observer (m)

Traffic safety mirrors – improve safety and visibilityin driveways, road curves and intersections.

Characteristics:

high optical quality,mirrors made of acrylic glass or polycarbonate are, compared with glass mirrors, safer in case of accidents and injuries,easy installation,horizontally or vertically adjustable,

plastic frame with reflective signal foilresistant to weathering,possible replacement of mirror glass,3-year warranty on weathering.

TRAFIC MIRRORS POSplastika

mirrors made of high quality stainless steel,without dew and ice for clear visibility at very low temperatures, down to -20°C,high optical quality,6-year warranty on weathering,

certified.

NEW

STAINLESS STEEL TRAFFIC MIRRORS - without dew and ice

CLASSIC TRAFFIC MIRRORS made of Acryl and Polycarbonate

6-year warranty on weathering,

Characteristics:
PVO 4060

PVO 6080

PVO 7090

PVO 80100

PVO Ø 55

PVO Ø 60

PVO Ø 75

PVO AC 180° Ø 60

PVO AC 180° Ø 75

400x600

600x800

700x900

800x1000

Ø550

Ø600

Ø750

Ø600

Ø750

6

11

13

15

5,2

6

6,5

4

5

9 - 12

12 - 16

15 - 22

22 - 27

9 - 12

9 - 14

12 - 15

6 - 10

6 - 15

Traffic safety mirrors,ACRYL, POLYCARBONATE Dimension (mm) Weight (kg)

Recommended distanceto observer (m)

T Ø 40 AC

T Ø 50 AC

T Ø 60 AC

T Ø 80 AC

T 4060 AC

T 6080 AC

Ø400

Ø500

Ø600

Ø800

400x600

600x800

6 - 10

7 - 10

7 - 12

8 - 22

9 - 12

12 - 16

Mirrors for observationof the interior, ACRYL Dimension (mm)

Recommended distanceto observer (m)

high optical quality,mirror made of acrylic glass,plastic frame,easy installation,fixation to wall or pole,horizontally and vertically adjustable.

MIRRORS FOR OBSERVATION OF THE INTERIOR POSplastika

Suitable for shops, cash registers and other public placeswhere control over the area is required.

Characteristics:
quality mirror surface,easy installation.

Mirrors for heavy vehicles thatallow panoramic 180° view.

fixation to wall, ceiling, or corner,low weight,360°, 180°, 90° mirrors.

INDUSTRIAL MIRRORS POSplastika

Mirror Ø 240 mm

Mirror Ø 280 mm

240

280

Panoramic mirrors,ACRYL Dimension (mm)

CONTROL MIRRORS

PANORAMIC MIRRORS

K 360° Ø 50 AC

K 360° Ø 60 AC

K 360° Ø 80 AC

K 360° Ø 90 AC

Ø500

Ø600

Ø800

Ø900

2,5

3

3,5

4

1,5

2

3 - 5

5 - 7

7 - 15

15 - 22

Control mirrors,ACRYL Dimension (mm) Weight (kg)

Recommended distanceto observer (m)

K 180° Ø 60 AC

K 180° Ø 80 AC

K 90° Ø 60 AC

K 90° Ø 80 AC

600x300, h=200

800x400, h=300

300x300, h=200

400x400, h=300

5 - 7

7 - 10

3 - 4

4 - 6

0,75

1

FASTENING MATERIAL

Mirrors suitable for vehicle inspection stations, warehouses and industrial halls.

On the back side of the mirrors there isgalvanized holder with felixble joint forsimple fixing on the wallor pole with diameter 50 - 76 mm.In our program we have also fasteningmaterial and poles in different versions.

POS plastika d.o.o.Podgorska c. 30

SI-1317 Sodražica, SLOVENIAT +386 1 837 10 33, F +386 1 836 60 69

E [email protected], W www.pos-plastika.si

Characteristics:

Characteristics: