R&S FSH Spectrum Analyzer - Rohde & Schwarz · R&S FSH Safety Instructions 1175.6590.12 - 03 Page i Safety Instructions Risk of injury and instrument damage The instrument must be

R&S®FSH4/8/13/20 Spectrum Analyzer Operating Manual

1173.6275.12 – 31

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The Operating Manual describes the following R&S®FSH models:

● R&S FSH4 (1309.6000.04)

● R&S FSH4 (1309.6000.14)

● R&S FSH4 (1309.6000.24)

● R&S FSH8 (1309.6000.08)

● R&S FSH8 (1309.6000.18)

● R&S FSH8 (1309.6000.28)

● R&S FSH13 (1314.2000.13)

● R&S FSH20 (1314.2000.20)

● R&S FSH4 (1309.6000.54, equivalent to 1309.6000.04)








The manual also covers the following options:

R&S FSH-K10 (1304.5864.02)

R&S FSH-K14 (1304.5770.02)

R&S FSH-K15 (1309.7488.02)

R&S FSH-K16 (1309.7494.02)

R&S FSH-K17 (1304.5893.02)

R&S FSH-K29 (1304.5993.02)

R&S FSH-K41 (1304.5612.02)

R&S FSH-K42 (1309.5629.02)

R&S FSH-K43 (1304.5635.02)

R&S FSH-K44 (1309.5658.02)

R&S FSH-K44E (1304.5758.02)

R&S FSH-K45 (1309.5641.02)

R&S FSH-K46 (1304.5729.02)

R&S FSH-K46E (1304.5764.02)

R&S FSH-K47 (1304.5787.02)

R&S FSH-K47E (1304.5806.02)

R&S FSH-K48 (1304.5887.02)

R&S FSH-K48E (1304.5858.02)

R&S FSH-K50 (1304.5735.02)

R&S FSH-K50E (1304.5793.02)

R&S FSH-K51 (1304.5812.02)

R&S FSH-K51E (1304.5829.02)

R&S FSH-K56 (1318.6100.02)

The contents of this manual correspond to firmware version 2.81 or higher.

© 2018 Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG

Muehldorfstr. 15, 81671 Munich. Germany

Phone: +49 89 4129-0

Fax: +49 89 4129-12 164

E-mail: [email protected]

Internet: http://www.rohde-schwarz.com

81671 Munich, Germany

Subject to change – Data without tolerance limits is not binding.

R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG.

Trade names are trademarks of the owners.

Throughout this manual, products from Rohde & Schwarz are indicated without the ® symbol , e.g. R&S®FSH is indicated as

R&S FSH.

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/

R&S FSH Safety Instructions

1175.6590.12 - 03 Page i

Safety Instructions

Risk of injury and instrument damage

The instrument must be used in an appropriate manner to prevent personal injury or

instrument damage.

● Do not open the instrument casing.

● Read and observe the "Basic Safety Instructions" delivered as printed brochure

with the instrument or in electronic format on the documentation CD-ROM.

● Read and observe the safety instructions in the following sections. Note that the

data sheet may specify additional operating conditions.

● Keep the "Basic Safety Instructions" and the product documentation in a safe place

and pass them on to the subsequent users.

The R&S FSH has been designed for lab operation as well as for service and

maintenance applications in outdoor areas. Thus, the following safety instructions

apply in addition to or contrary to the “Basic Safety Instructions” leaflet.

1. The R&S FSH is protected against dripping water and dust (IP degree 51) and can

thus be used in outdoor areas to a certain degree.

2. The R&S FSH’s max. operating altitude is 4600 m above sea level and its max.

transport altitude is 12000 m above sea level.

R&S FSH Instrucciones de seguridad

1175.6590.12 - 03 Page ii

Instrucciones de seguridad

Riesgo de lesiones y daños en el instrumento

El instrumento se debe usar de manera adecuada para prevenir descargas eléctricas,

incendios, lesiones o daños materiales.

● No abrir la carcasa del instrumento.

● Lea y cumpla las "Instrucciones de seguridad elementales" suministradas con el

instrumento como folleto impreso o en formato electrónico en el CD-ROM de

documentación.

● Lea y cumpla las instrucciones de seguridad incluidas en las siguientes secciones.

Se debe tener en cuenta que las especificaciones técnicas pueden contener

condiciones adicionales para su uso.

● Guarde bien las instrucciones de seguridad elementales, así como la

documentación del producto, y entréguelas a usuarios posteriores.

El R&S FSH está diseñado tanto para el uso en el laboratorio como para aplicaciones

de servicio y mantenimiento al aire libre. En consecuencia, las instrucciones de

seguridad siguientes son aplicables de manera adicional a las “Informaciones

elementales de seguridad” (folleto) o en lugar de estas en los puntos en los que

diverjan.

1. El R&S FSH está protegido contra las salpicaduras de agua y contra el polvo (IP

51), por lo que hasta cierto punto se puede usar en exteriores sin problemas.

2. La altitud máxima de funcionamiento del R&S FSH es de 4600 m sobre el nivel del

mar, mientras que su altitud máxima de transporte es de 12 000 m sobre el nivel

del mar.

R&S FSH Sicherheitshinweise

1175.6590.12 - 03 Page iii

Sicherheitshinweise

Gefahr von Verletzungen und Schäden am Gerät

Betreiben Sie das Gerät immer ordnungsgemäß, um elektrischen Schlag, Brand,

Verletzungen von Personen oder Geräteschäden zu verhindern.

● Öffnen Sie das Gerätegehäuse nicht.

● Lesen und beachten Sie die "Grundlegenden Sicherheitshinweise", die als

gedruckte Broschüre dem Gerät beiliegen oder elektronisch auf der

Dokumentation CD-ROM zu finden sind.

● Lesen und beachten Sie die Sicherheitshinweise in den folgenden Abschnitten;

möglicherweise enthält das Datenblatt weitere Hinweise zu speziellen

Betriebsbedingungen.

● Bewahren Sie die "Grundlegenden Sicherheitshinweise" und die

Produktdokumentation gut auf und geben Sie diese an weitere Benutzer des

Produkts weiter.

Der R&S FSH wurde für den Einsatz im Labor sowie für Service- und

Wartungseinsätze im Freien entwickelt. Deshalb gelten zusätzlich oder im Gegensatz

zur Broschüre „Grundlegende Sicherheitshinweise‟ die folgenden Sicherheitshinweise.

3. Der R&S FSH ist gegen Spritzwasser und Staub geschützt (IP-Schutzart 51) und

kann daher bis zu einem gewissen Grad im Freien verwendet werden.

4. Die maximale Betriebshöhe des R&S FSH beträgt 4600 m ü. NN und die maximale

Transporthöhe 12000 m ü. NN

R&S FSH Consignes de sécurité

1175.6590.12 - 03 Page iv

Consignes de sécurité

Risque de blessures et d'endommagement de l'appareil

L'appareil doit être utilisé conformément aux prescriptions afin d'éviter les

électrocutions, incendies, dommages corporels et matériels.

● N'ouvrez pas le boîtier de l'appareil.

● Lisez et respectez les "consignes de sécurité fondamentales" fournies avec

l’appareil sous forme de brochure imprimée ou disponibles en format électronique

sur le CD-ROM de documentation.

● Lisez et respectez les instructions de sécurité dans les sections suivantes. Il ne

faut pas oublier que la fiche technique peut indiquer des conditions d’exploitation

supplémentaires.

● Gardez les consignes de sécurité fondamentales et la documentation produit dans

un lieu sûr et transmettez ces documents aux autres utilisateurs.

Le R&S FSH a été conçu pour le fonctionnement en laboratoire ainsi que pour les

applications de service et de maintenance en extérieur. Par conséquent, les

instructions de sécurité suivantes s’appliquent en plus de la fiche « Consignes

fondamentales de sécurité » ou s’opposent à elles.

5. Le R&S FSH est protégé contre les projections d’eau et la poussière (niveau de

protection IP 51) et peut par conséquent être utilisé en extérieur dans une certaine

mesure.

6. Le R&S FSH est utilisable jusqu’à une altitude maximale de 4600 m au-dessus du

niveau de la mer, et peut être transporté à une altitude maximale de 12000 m au-

dessus du niveau de la mer.

1171.0200.22-06.00

Customer Support

Technical support – where and when you need it For quick, expert help with any Rohde & Schwarz equipment, contact one of our Customer Support Centers. A team of highly qualified engineers provides telephone support and will work with you to find a solution to your query on any aspect of the operation, programming or applications of Rohde & Schwarz equipment.

Up-to-date information and upgrades To keep your instrument up-to-date and to be informed about new application notes related to your instrument, please send an e-mail to the Customer Support Center stating your instrument and your wish. We will take care that you will get the right information.

Europe, Africa, Middle East Phone +49 89 4129 12345 [email protected]

North America Phone 1-888-TEST-RSA (1-888-837-8772) [email protected]

Latin America Phone +1-410-910-7988 [email protected]

Asia/Pacific Phone +65 65 13 04 88 [email protected]

China Phone +86-800-810-8228 / +86-400-650-5896 [email protected]






R&S FSH Table of Contents

Operating Manual 1173.6275.12 - 31 1

Table of Contents

Documentation Overview ................................................................... 9

Conventions Used in the Documentation ....................................... 11

1 Operating the R&S FSH .................................................................... 12

1.1 Screen Layout and Elements ....................................................................................12

1.2 Means of Input ............................................................................................................13

1.2.1 Using the Alphanumeric Keys ......................................................................................14

1.2.2 Confirming and Cancelling Entries ..............................................................................15

1.2.3 Using the Rotary Knob .................................................................................................15

1.2.4 Using the Cursor Keys .................................................................................................16

1.2.5 Remote Operation........................................................................................................16

1.3 Presetting the R&S FSH ............................................................................................17

1.4 Configuring Measurements ......................................................................................17

1.5 Configuring the Instrument ......................................................................................18

1.6 Taking Screenshots ...................................................................................................21

1.7 Saving Events ............................................................................................................22

1.8 Connecting the R&S FSH to a PC ............................................................................24

1.8.1 Connecting the R&S FSH in a LAN .............................................................................25

1.8.2 Connecting the R&S FSH in an Existing LAN .............................................................28

1.8.3 Connecting the R&S FSH via USB ..............................................................................29

1.9 Managing Datasets ....................................................................................................30

1.9.1 Saving Datasets ...........................................................................................................32

1.9.2 Restoring Datasets ......................................................................................................37

1.9.3 Deleting Datasets.........................................................................................................39

1.10 Updating the Firmware ..............................................................................................40

1.11 Installing Firmware Options .....................................................................................40

2 Working with the Measurement Wizard .......................................... 41

2.1 Preparing the Measurement .....................................................................................42

2.1.1 Creating a Measurement Set .......................................................................................42

2.1.2 Uploading Measurement Sets .....................................................................................44

2.2 Using the Measurement Wizard ...............................................................................45



2.2.1 Starting the Measurement Wizard ...............................................................................45

2.2.2 Performing a Sequence of Measurements ..................................................................48

2.3 Evaluating Results .....................................................................................................51

3 Spectrum Analyzer Mode ................................................................. 52

3.1 Performing Spectrum Measurements ......................................................................52

3.1.1 Measuring Basic Signal Characteristics ......................................................................52

3.1.2 Measuring the Channel Power of Continuously Modulated Signals ............................53

3.1.3 Measuring the Occupied Bandwidth ............................................................................57

3.1.4 Power Measurements on TDMA Signals .....................................................................61

3.1.5 Measuring the Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR) ...........................................64

3.1.6 Measuring the Spectrum Emission Mask ....................................................................73

3.1.7 Measuring the Harmonic Distortion .............................................................................76

3.1.8 Measuring the AM Modulation Depth ..........................................................................78

3.1.9 Measuring Spurious Emissions ...................................................................................80

3.1.10 Working with the Spectrogram Result Display (R&S FSH-K14/ -K15) ........................83

3.1.11 Using Isotropic Antennas .............................................................................................94

3.2 Configuring Spectrum Measurements ....................................................................96

3.2.1 Configuring the Horizontal Axis ...................................................................................96

3.2.2 Configuring the Vertical Axis ......................................................................................100

3.2.3 Setting Bandwidths ....................................................................................................104

3.2.4 Configuring and Triggering the Sweep ......................................................................107

3.2.5 Working with Traces ..................................................................................................113

3.2.6 Using Markers ............................................................................................................118

3.2.7 Using Display Lines ...................................................................................................127

3.2.8 Using Limit Lines........................................................................................................128

3.3 Working with Channel Tables .................................................................................131

3.4 Using Transducer Factors ......................................................................................132

3.4.1 Unit for Measurements with Transducers ..................................................................133

3.4.2 Setting the Reference Level ......................................................................................133

3.4.3 Frequency Range of Transducer ...............................................................................134

3.4.4 Data Sets Containing Transducer Factors ................................................................134

4 Power Meter .................................................................................... 135

4.1 Using a Power Sensor .............................................................................................135



4.1.1 Connecting a Power Sensor ......................................................................................137

4.1.2 Performing and Configuring Measurements ..............................................................138

4.2 Using a Directional Power Sensor .........................................................................141

4.2.1 Connecting a Directional Power Sensor ....................................................................142

4.2.2 Performing and Configuring Measurements ..............................................................143

4.3 Using the Internal Power Meter ..............................................................................146

4.4 Performing Pulse Power Measurements (R&S FSH-K29) ....................................147

4.4.1 Configuring the Numerical Result Display .................................................................149

4.4.2 Configuring the Power vs Time Result Display .........................................................150

5 Interference Analyzer (R&S FSH-K15/ -K16) ................................. 154

5.1 Measuring the Spectrum .........................................................................................156

5.1.1 Measuring the Carrier-to-Noise Ratio ........................................................................156

5.1.2 Measuring the Carrier-to-Interference Ratio ..............................................................157

5.1.3 Analyzing Interference Measurements ......................................................................157

5.2 Working with Maps ..................................................................................................158

5.2.1 Transferring Maps (R&S FSH-K15 and -K16) ...........................................................158

5.2.2 Transferring Indoor Maps (R&S FSH-K17) ................................................................159

5.2.3 Displaying Maps .........................................................................................................160

5.2.4 Measuring Interference ..............................................................................................166

5.2.5 Collecting Geographic Data (R&S FSH-K15 and -K16) ............................................169

5.2.6 Collecting Measurement Data (R&S FSH-K17) .........................................................173

5.2.7 Analyzing Geographic Data (R&S FSH-K15 and -K16).............................................176

5.2.8 Analyzing Indoor Data (R&S FSH-K17) .....................................................................177

6 Network Analyzer Mode ................................................................. 178

6.1 Configuring the Tracking Generator ......................................................................180

6.2 Calibrating Measurements ......................................................................................182

6.3 Performing Scalar Measurements ..........................................................................188

6.3.1 Measuring the Transmission ......................................................................................188

6.3.2 Measuring the Reflection ...........................................................................................190

6.4 Performing Vector Measurements (R&S FSH-K42) ..............................................192

6.4.1 Measuring the Transmission ......................................................................................192

6.4.2 Measuring the Reflection ...........................................................................................195

6.5 Evaluating the Results ............................................................................................197



6.5.1 Selecting the Measurement Format...........................................................................197

6.5.2 Configuring the Vertical Axis ......................................................................................204

6.5.3 Using Markers ............................................................................................................206

6.5.4 Working with Channel Tables ....................................................................................206


6.5.6 Using Trace Mathematics ..........................................................................................207

6.6 Vector Voltmeter (R&S FSH-K45) ...........................................................................208

6.6.1 Calibrating Measurements .........................................................................................209

6.6.2 Performing Measurements ........................................................................................209

6.6.3 Evaluating the Results ...............................................................................................211

7 Distance-to-Fault Mode (R&S FSH-K41) ....................................... 212

7.1 Performing Cable and Antenna Measurements ....................................................214

7.1.1 Reflection Measurements ..........................................................................................214

7.1.2 Distance to Fault Measurements ...............................................................................215

7.1.3 Spectrum Measurements ...........................................................................................215

7.1.4 Selecting the Measurement Format...........................................................................216

7.1.5 Calibrating Measurements .........................................................................................218

7.2 Configuring Cable and Antenna Tests ..................................................................219

7.2.1 Selecting the Cable Model .........................................................................................219

7.2.2 Configuring the Horizontal Axis .................................................................................222

7.2.3 Configuring the Amplitude Characteristics ................................................................224

7.2.4 Configuring the Tracking Generator ..........................................................................226

7.3 Analyzing Measurement Results ............................................................................227


7.3.2 Using Markers ............................................................................................................227

7.3.3 Using Display and Limit Lines ....................................................................................227

8 Receiver Mode (R&S FSH-K43) ...................................................... 228

8.1 Selecting the Measurement Mode ..........................................................................229

8.1.1 Performing Single Frequency Measurements ...........................................................229

8.1.2 Performing Frequency Scans ....................................................................................232

8.2 Configuring Measurements in Receiver Mode .....................................................235

8.2.1 Selecting Detectors for EMI Measurements ..............................................................235

8.2.2 Selecting the Measurement Bandwidths for EMI Measurements ..............................237



8.2.3 Defining the Measurement Time ................................................................................238


8.2.5 Using Transducers .....................................................................................................238


9 Digital Modulation Analyzer ........................................................... 239

9.1 General Settings of the Digital Modulation Analyzer ...........................................240

9.1.1 General Settings in the Result Summary ..................................................................240

9.1.2 Trace Mode Selection ................................................................................................243

9.2 General Result Displays of the Digital Modulation Analyzer ..............................245

9.3 Measurements on GSM Signals .............................................................................248

9.3.1 The Result Summary .................................................................................................249

9.3.2 The Burst Power Result Display ................................................................................253

9.3.3 Configuring the Measurement ...................................................................................255

9.4 Measurements on 3GPP FDD Signals ...................................................................256


9.4.2 The Code Domain Analyzer .......................................................................................261

9.4.3 The Code Domain Channel Table .............................................................................264


9.5 Measurements on CDMA2000 Signals ..................................................................271




9.5.4 The PN Scanner ........................................................................................................280


9.6 Measurements on 1xEV-DO Signals ......................................................................284


9.6.2 The PN Scanner ........................................................................................................288

9.6.3 The Burst Power Result Display ................................................................................288


9.7 Measurements on TD-SCDMA Signals ..................................................................290






9.7.4 The Sync ID Result Display .......................................................................................299

9.7.5 The Time Domain Power Result Display ...................................................................300


9.8 Measurements on LTE Signals ...............................................................................306


9.8.2 The Result Summary for Carrier Aggregation ...........................................................313

9.8.3 The Constellation Diagram ........................................................................................314

9.8.4 The BTS Scanner ......................................................................................................316

9.8.5 The Resource Allocations Result Display ..................................................................317


9.9 Measurements on NB-IoT Signals..........................................................................325


9.9.2 The Constellation Diagram ........................................................................................330


10 Menu and Softkey Overview .......................................................... 337

10.1 General Functions ...................................................................................................337

10.1.1 General R&S FSH Setup ...........................................................................................337

10.1.2 File Management .......................................................................................................338

10.1.3 Operating Mode Selection .........................................................................................338

10.2 Functions of the Spectrum Analyzer .....................................................................339

10.2.1 Measurement Selection .............................................................................................339

10.2.2 Frequency Parameters ..............................................................................................342

10.2.3 Span Selection ...........................................................................................................342

10.2.4 Amplitude Parameters ...............................................................................................342

10.2.5 Sweep Configuration .................................................................................................343

10.2.6 Bandwidth Selection ..................................................................................................343

10.2.7 Trace Functionality.....................................................................................................343

10.2.8 Display and Limit Lines ..............................................................................................343

10.2.9 Markers ......................................................................................................................344

10.3 Functions of the Network Analyzer ........................................................................345

10.3.1 Measurement Configuration ......................................................................................345


10.3.3 Span Selection ...........................................................................................................346







10.3.8 Limit Lines ..................................................................................................................347

10.3.9 Markers ......................................................................................................................347

10.4 Functions of the Power Meter ................................................................................349

10.4.1 Power Meter Measurements ......................................................................................349




10.4.5 Bandwidth Configuration ............................................................................................351

10.4.6 Trace Configuration ...................................................................................................351

10.5 Functions of the Distance-to-Fault Mode ..............................................................352



10.5.3 Span Selection ...........................................................................................................352





10.5.8 Markers ......................................................................................................................354

10.6 Functions of the Receiver Mode ............................................................................355



10.6.3 Span Selection ...........................................................................................................355





10.6.8 Markers ......................................................................................................................357

10.7 Functions of the Interference Analyzer (Map Mode) ............................................358









10.8 Functions of the Digital Modulation Analyzer ......................................................360






11 How a Spectrum Analyzer Works .................................................. 366

Index ................................................................................................ 371

R&S FSH Documentation Overview


Documentation Overview

The user documentation for the R&S FSH is divided as follows:

Quick Start Guide

The Quick Start Guide provides basic information on the instrument's functions.

It covers the following topics:

● overview of all elements of the front and rear panels

● basic information on how to set up the R&S FSH

● information on how to operate the R&S FSH in a network

● instructions on how to perform measurements

Operating Manual

The Operating Manual provides a detailed description on the instrument's functions


● instructions on how to set up and operate the R&S FSH in its various operating

modes

● instructions on how to perform measurements with the R&S FSH

● instructions on how to work with the available software options and applications

Service Manual

The Service Manual provides information on maintenance.


● instructions on how to perform a performance test

● instructions on how to repair the R&S FSH including a spare parts list

● mechanical drawings

Release Notes

The release notes describe the installation of the firmware, new and modified

functions, eliminated problems, and last minute changes to the documentation. The

corresponding firmware version is indicated on the title page of the release notes. The

current release notes are provided on the internet.

Internet Site

The internet site at: http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/fsh.html provides the most

up to date information on the R&S FSH. The most recent manuals are available as

printable PDF files in the download area.

Also provided for download are firmware updates including the corresponding release

notes, instrument drivers, current data sheets, application notes and image versions.

http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/fsh.html

R&S FSH Documentation Overview


Calibration Certificate

The calibration certificates of your device are available online. Visit the R&S FSH product page and select the item to download the calibration certificate. You will be forwarded to a Gloris page.

https://gloris.rohde-schwarz.com/calcert

Enter the device ID of your R&S FSH and download the certificate. You can find the

device ID either in the "Setup" menu or on the label on the rear panel.

R&S FSH Conventions Used in the Documentation


Conventions Used in the Documentation

The following conventions are used throughout the R&S R&S FSH Operating Manual:

Typographical conventions

Convention Description

“Graphical user interface elements” All names of graphical user interface elements both on the screen

and on the front and rear panels, such as dialog boxes, softkeys,

menus, options, buttons etc., are enclosed by quotation marks.

“KEYS” Key names are written in capital letters and enclosed by quotation

marks.

Input Input to be entered by the user is displayed in italics.

File names, commands,

program code

File names, commands, coding samples and screen output are

distinguished by their font.

"Links" Links that you can click are displayed in blue font.

"References" References to other parts of the documentation are enclosed by

quotation marks.

Other conventions

● Remote commands: Remote commands may include abbreviations to simplify

input. In the description of such commands, all parts that have to be entered are

written in capital letters. Additional text in lower-case characters is for information

only.

R&S FSH Operating the R&S FSH

Screen Layout and Elements


1 Operating the R&S FSH

This chapter provides information about basic functionality and about the user interface

of the R&S FSH.

1.1 Screen Layout and Elements

The following figure shows the screen layout in cable and antenna test operating

mode. It shows all elements that are the same for all operating modes of the R&S FSH.

Screen layouts that show specifics for each operating mode or measurement are

provided in the corresponding sections of this manual.

1 Measurement information 13 Horizontal axis labeling

2 GPS and antenna status 14 Active menu item

3 Date and time 15 Unavailable menu item

4 Battery status 16 Currently selected menu item

5 Hardware settings 17 Selectable menu item

6 GPS information 18 Input field

7 Marker information 19 Vertical axis labeling

8 Reference position 20 Currently selected softkey

9 Invalid trace indicator and

overload information

21 Selectable softkey

10 Diagram 22 Active softkey function

11 Marker 23 Unavailable softkey

12 Trace


Means of Input


1.2 Means of Input

The user interface of the R&S FSH provides several elements for you to input data.

1 Alphanumeric keys

2 Unit keys

3 Rotary knob

4 Cursor keys

5 Enter key

6 Cancel key

7 Back key


Means of Input


1.2.1 Using the Alphanumeric Keys

Using the alphanumeric keys, you can enter numeric values or characters. The

alphanumeric keys include the numbers from 0 to 9, the alphabet, a minus sign and

dot.

If you have to enter a numeric value, press the corresponding key. In case of numeric

values, each key covers just the number that's printed on it.

You can enter negative values with the minus sign key and enter values that contain

decimal places with the dot key.

If the R&S FSH asks you to enter a character or you need to enter a character (e.g. file

names), the key assignment changes. Each key covers one number and more than

one character with the first choice being a character. If you need to enter a character,

press the key several times until the character you require is selected. The following

table shows an overview of character assignment.

You can correct entries with the BACK key. The BACK key moves the cursor one

position backwards and deletes the character that was in that place.

Key 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1 1

2 a b c 2 A B C

3 d e f 3 D E F

4 g h i 4 G H I

5 j k l 5 J K L

6 m n o 6 M N O

7 p q r s 7 P Q R S

8 t u v 8 T U V

9 w x y z 9 W X Y Z

0 0 blank _

- - +

. .


Means of Input


1.2.2 Confirming and Cancelling Entries

Depending on the input you have made, there are several ways to confirm entries.

● Values without unit or values that have a fixed unit that you enter in an input field

can be confirmed with the ENTER key or by pressing the center of the rotary knob.

Alternatively, you can confirm such an entry by pressing the softkey that has

opened the input field in question.

● Values that have flexible units, like frequency or time, can be confirmed with one of

the unit keys.

If you confirm a such a value with the ENTER key, the R&S FSH always uses the

smallest possible unit (e.g. Hz).

● If you have opened a submenu or input field by accident, you can close it without

making any changes with the CANCEL key.

1.2.3 Using the Rotary Knob

Using the rotary knob, you can do several things.

● The rotary knob works like a cursor key in dialog boxes or softkey submenus. In

that case you can navigate to one of the items with the rotary knob. If the dialog

box covers more than one screen page, it also scrolls through the dialog box.

Turning it to the right corresponds to a downward movement. Moving it to the left to

an upward movement.

● The rotary knob increases or decreases any kind of numeric value if an input field

is active.

Turning it to the right corresponds to an increase, turning it to the left to a decrease

of a numeric value.

In most cases, the rotary knob changes numeric values with a fixed step size.

● The rotary knob moves markers around.

Again the step size is fixed.

● Pressing the rotary knob has the same effect as pressing the ENTER key as it

confirms an entry or selection.


Means of Input


1.2.4 Using the Cursor Keys

Using the cursor keys, you can do several things.

● The cursor keys navigate through dialog boxes or softkey submenus.

● The up and down keys increase or decrease any kind of numeric value if an input

field is active.

The cursor keys change numeric values with a fixed step size.

● The up and down keys move markers around.

The step size is fixed.

● The left and right keys move the cursor in an input field in the corresponding

direction.

1.2.5 Remote Operation

Remote operation is a way to control the R&S FSH from another device like a PC. To

use the R&S FSH this way, you have to establish a connection between both devices

via the LAN or USB interfaces of the R&S FSH.

The product range of the R&S FSH provides several tools for remote operation.

Remote control with R&S FSH-K40

The R&S FSH-K40 is a firmware option to control the R&S FSH with remote control

commands that are compatible to the SCPI standard.

You can download the user manual for the R&S FSH-K40 from the R&S website.

Remote desktop with R&S InstrumentView

The remote desktop is an application provided by the R&S InstrumentView software.

You can use it to access and control the R&S FSH in the R&S InstrumentView

environment.

While the R&S FSH is running and connected to the control computer, the screen

contents and control elements (keys, softkeys etc.) are displayed. Thus, you can

operate the R&S FSH just like the hardware itself.

► Connect the R&S FSH to the control computer.

► Start the R&S InstrumentView software.

► Press the "Remote Display" button ( ) in the user interface.

The software opens the remote display to operate the R&S FSH remotely.


Presetting the R&S FSH


1.3 Presetting the R&S FSH

Before you prepare a measurement, it is recommended to preset the R&S FSH. During

a preset, the R&S FSH resets all settings to their default state. Restoring the default

configuration has the advantage that old settings do not affect measurements.

The default setup is specific to the operating mode.

► Press the PRESET key.

The R&S FSH restores its default setup.

You can also define your own default settings via a dataset. These are then loaded

after pressing the PRESET key instead of the factory default.

► Press the SETUP key.

► Press the "User Preferences" softkey.

► Select the "Preset Dataset" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box to select the dataset that contains the settings

you would like to have as the preset settings.

► Select the dataset with the settings you want.

► Select the "Preset Mode" menu item in the "User Preferences" dialog box.

► Select the "User Defined" item from the dropdown menu.

The R&S FSH now loads the settings of the dataset after you press PRESET.

1.4 Configuring Measurements

The "Measurement Setup" dialog box provides an overview of the current configuration

of the R&S FSH. In addition, you can also change the configuration in this dialog box.


► Press the "Measurement Setup" softkey.

► Select one of the menu items and change the settings as you like.

Note that the contents of the "Measurement Setup" dialog box are customized for each

operating mode of the R&S FSH. Therefore, the order and number of displayed

settings is different in each mode.


Configuring the Instrument


1.5 Configuring the Instrument

The "Instrument Setup" dialog box contains functionality that is independent of the

operating mode.

For more information see the "Quick Start Guide".

Protecting the R&S FSH with a PIN

The R&S FSH features a PIN protection system that protects the R&S FSH from

unauthorized access. If PIN protection is on, you have to enter the PIN whenever you

turn the R&S FSH on.

The protection system provides three levels of security.

● PIN made up of four digits

● Master PIN made up out of 10 digits.

When you enter the wrong PIN three times in a row, you have to enter the Master

PIN to unlock the R&S FSH. By default, the Master PIN is the same as the OEM

Master PIN, but you can define a User Master PIN.

If you unlock the R&S FSH with the User Master PIN, the PIN is automatically

reset to its default value ('0000').

● OEM Master PIN code made up out of 10 digits.

If you

- have defined a User Master PIN and enter the wrong User Master PIN five

times in a row or

- have not defined a User Master PIN and enter the wrong PIN three times in a

row,

the only remaining way to unlock the R&S FSH is with the OEM Master PIN. The

OEM Master PIN is a fix PIN that you receive upon delivery of your R&S FSH. You

cannot change the OEM Master PIN.

OEM Master PIN

Make sure not to lose the OEM Master PIN that is delivered with the R&S FSH and

keep it in a safe place away from the instrument itself.

If you use PIN protection and forget the User PINs, the OEM Master PIN is the only

way you can unlock and use the R&S FSH.

If you unlock the R&S FSH with the OEM Master PIN, the PIN and, if defined, the

User Master PIN are automatically reset to their default values:

'0000' (PIN) and '0000000000' (User Master PIN).

If you fail to unlock the R&S FSH with the OEM Master PIN, the R&S FSH will

force a reboot of the software until you enter the correct OEM Master PIN.




Firmware update

If the R&S FSH is protected with a PIN, a firmware update is only possible after you

have entered the correct PIN.

In the initial state after delivery, PIN protection is turned off. So if you want to protect

the R&S FSH, you have to turn it on manually.


► Press the "Instrument Settings" softkey.

The R&S FSH shows the "Instrument Settings" dialog box.

► Select the "PIN Code Protection" menu item.

► Press ENTER

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define a new PIN.

► Enter a 4-digit PIN.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to confirm the PIN.

► Enter the 4-digit PIN again.

If the PIN confirmation was successful, the R&S FSH shows a corresponding

message and activates PIN protection. In that case, you have to enter the PIN

every time the R&S FSH boots.

If the PIN confirmation was not successful, the R&S FSH shows a corresponding

message and does not activate PIN protection. In that case repeat the last steps.

You can change the PIN any time you want.

► Select the "New PIN Code" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define a new PIN.

► Enter the new PIN.

► Confirm the new PIN.

The R&S FSH changes the PIN accordingly.

You can define a User Master PIN the same way. By default, the User Master PIN is

the OEM Master PIN as shown in the "Instrument Settings" dialog box.

► Select the "Master PIN Code" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define a User Master PIN.




► Enter a 10-digit number for the User Master PIN.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to confirm the User Master PIN.

► Confirm the PIN.

The R&S FSH shows a message if the change was successful or not.

► Alternatively, select the "User Master PIN Code" menu item and enter a 10-digit

PIN in the input field that opens.


Taking Screenshots


1.6 Taking Screenshots

You can take and store a screenshot of the current screen anytime with the key.

► Press the key.

The R&S FSH takes a screenshot.

If available, the R&S FSH stores the screenshot on an external storage device (USB

memory stick or SD card). If both are connected, the R&S FSH uses the SD card.

If no external device is available, the R&S FSH stores the screenshot in its internal

memory (if there is enough left). In that case you can transfer the pictures with the

R&S InstrumentView software to your computer.

Saving screenshot and dataset at the same time

Depending on the "Capture" settings available in the "User Preference" menu, using

the key also saves a dataset in addition to the screenshot.

For more information see "Managing Datasets" on page 30.

Screenshot file name

All screenshots get a default file name "Screenshot####". The files also get numbers

(####) in ascending order, beginning with 0000. You can select a default file name and

start number in the "User Preference" menu.


► Press the "User Preference" softkey.

► Select the "Default Filename" and "File Name Counter Starts At" items and assign

a file name and number as you wish.

Screenshot file format

The file format of screenshots is either *.png or *.jpg, depending on your configuration

in the "User Preference" menu.



► Select the "Capture Screen Format" item to select the screenshot file format.

Previewing screenshots

If you want to make sure if a screenshot you took contains the wanted information, you

can preview screenshots on the R&S FSH.

► Press the SAVE/RECALL key.

► Press the "Recall Screenshot" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box to select a screenshot for the preview.


Saving Events


1.7 Saving Events

The R&S FSH provides functionality that automatically saves measurement information

if a certain situation or event occurs.

Saving events is possible in all operating modes.



► Select the "Save on Event" menu item.

► Select "On" from the "Save on Event" dropdown menu.

The R&S FSH turns on automatic event recognition. You can select one of several

events that trigger the storage of measurement data.

Data types

You can select several data types to save when an event occurs.

● A screenshot of the sweep that contains the event (.png or .jpg file)

● A dataset of the sweep that contains the event (.set file)

● The GPS coordinates of the location where the event happens (.gpx file) - a GPS

receiver and option R&S FSH-K16 is required for this



► Select the "Capture Screen", "Capture Dataset" or "Capture GPX" menu item and

turn it on or off.

If on, the corresponding information is included in the saved data.

Timing of the data capture

Note that the R&S FSH evaluates the measured data after a sweep is done and thus

detects and saves an event only after a sweep has been completed.

Event types

To use the "Save on Event" functionality, you have to select an event type that triggers

the capture of the selected data. The R&S FSH supports several event types.



► Select the "Event Source" menu item and select an event type from the dropdown

menu.

● Time interval

Saves measurement data every <x> seconds.

You can define the duration of the time interval via the "Time Interval" menu item.


Saving Events


Single sweeps and sweep time

Note that it is not possible to save measurement data every <x> seconds in single

sweep mode, because the R&S FSH only performs one sweep and then stops.

Note also that the time interval must be longer than the sweep time. If the time interval

would be shorter, the R&S FSH would not be able to save data, because a sweep has

to be complete before the R&S FSH is able to save the data.

● Limit failure

Saves measurement data if a limit line is violated. (not supported by Geotagging

mode yet)

The R&S FSH provides different modes for handling limit check failures. You can

select one via the "Limits Save Mode"

- Start on failure: starts to save measurement data if a limit line is violated.

- Stop on failure: stops to save measurement data if a limit line is violated.

- Save only failure: saves only the sweeps that actually fail a limit check.

● Distance interval

Saves measurement data after you have covered a certain distance.

You can define the distance that must covered before data is saved via the

"Distance Interval" menu item.

● Every sweep

Saves the data of all measurement sweeps that are performed.

Storage device

To use the "Save on Event" functionality, you need an SD card or USB stick to store

the data on. The internal memory would probably not be sufficient.



► Select the "Recording Storage" menu item.

► From the dropdown menu, select the storage device you prefer (SD card or USB

device)


Connecting the R&S FSH to a PC


1.8 Connecting the R&S FSH to a PC

The R&S FSH comes with the R&S InstrumentView software package. This software

package features several tools that allow you to document measurement results or

create and edit limit lines or channel tables among other things.

Note that the .NET Framework 2.0 (or higher) is required on the PC to run the software

properly.

You can set up a connection between the R&S FSH and R&S InstrumentView either

via its LAN port or its mini USB port.

You have to install the R&S InstrumentView software on the PC before you are able to

establish a connection.

► Run the CD-ROM delivered with the R&S FSH.

► Navigate to the "Software" section and start the setup file.

► Follow the instructions on the screen.

Alternatively, you can download the latest R&S InstrumentView from the R&S FSH

product homepage.


Firewall settings

If no connection can be established between the software and the R&S FSH after

successful configuration, check the firewall settings on your PC.





1.8.1 Connecting the R&S FSH in a LAN

You can connect the R&S FSH directly to the PC with the LAN cable that is supplied

with the R&S FSH. The LAN port is located on the left side of the R&S FSH behind a

protective cap.

You can set up the LAN connection in the "Instrument Settings" dialog box.

For a direct connection between a PC and the R&S FSH, DHCP (Dynamic Host

Configuration Protocol) has to be turned off (which is the default state).

► In the "Instrument Setup" dialog box, select the "DHCP" item.

► Press the ENTER key.

A dropdown menu to select the DHCP state opens.

► Turn DHCP on or off as required.

Setting an IP address and subnet mask

To establish a connection, the PC and the R&S FSH have to be in the same subnet.

► Identify the subnet mask of your PC, for example in the Microsoft Windows

"TCP/IP Properties".

► In the "Instrument Setup" dialog box, select the "Subnet Mask" item.


► Enter the subnet mask of the PC with the numeric keys.

► Confirm the entry with the ENTER key.




After you have matched the subnet mask, you can define the IP address. When both

devices are in the same subnet, the first three digits of the IP address are usually the

same ('192' in the example below).

Example

IP address PC 192.0.2.0

IP address R&S FSH 192.0.2.10

► Identify the IP address of your PC, for example in the Microsoft Windows "TCP/IP

Properties".

► In the "Instrument Setup" dialog box, select the "IP Address" item.


► Enter the IP address of the PC with the numeric keys.

► Confirm the entry with the ENTER key.

Configuring the R&S InstrumentView software

► Start R&S InstrumentView.

► Select the "LAN" tab in the "Instrument Connect" dialog box.




► Press the "Add" button to create a new network connection.

► Specify a name for the new network connection, for example R&S FSH.

► Enter the IP address for the R&S FSH (in this case 192.0.2.10)

► Confirm the entry with the "OK" button.

The connection is now created and configured and is added to the IP Configuration

list.

► Select the new connection labeled R&S FSH.

► Press the Connect button to establish the connection.




1.8.2 Connecting the R&S FSH in an Existing LAN

You can either draw the R&S FSH IP address automatically from the DHCP server or

manually assign a fixed address. With manual allocation, a fixed IP address and

subnet mask must be assigned to the R&S FSH as described in the chapter on direct

LAN connection. Then the R&S InstrumentView software has to be configured as

described with the assigned IP address.

Free IP address

Contact your IT system manager to get a free IP address.

In networks with a DHCP server, DHCP permits automatic allocation of the network

configuration to the R&S FSH connected via LAN cable. For this purpose, DHCP has

to be active on the R&S FSH.

DHCP is off by default. Turn it on like this:

► In the "Instrument Setup" dialog box, select the "DHCP" item.


A dropdown menu to select the DHCP state opens.

► Select "On" to activate DHCP.

The R&S FSH is now allocated an IP address and the subnet mask by the DHCP

server. This can take several seconds.

The IP address and subnet mask are automatically set in the corresponding input

fields and are no longer available for editing.

Configure the R&S InstrumentView software with the IP address and subnet mask

as defined by the DHCP server. For more information see "Connecting the

R&S FSH in a LAN" on page 25.




1.8.3 Connecting the R&S FSH via USB

Alternatively, you can connect the R&S FSH to the PC with the USB cable that is

supplied with the delivery. The Mini USB interface is located on the left side of the

R&S FSH behind a protective cap.

When you connect the R&S FSH to a computer for the first time, Windows tries to

install the new hardware automatically. The required drivers are installed along with the

R&S InstrumentView software package.

When the drivers have been found on your system and the hardware has been

successfully installed, Windows shows a corresponding message.

► Connect the R&S FSH via the Mini USB port to your computer.

► Start R&S InstrumentView on the PC.

► Select the "USB" tab in the "Instrument Connect" dialog box.

► Select the R&S FSH connection.

► Confirm the selection with the "Connect" button.

►

R&S FSH IP address

The R&S FSH internally emulates a LAN connection. The IP address displayed by

R&S InstrumentView for the USB connection is for information only. It is fixed to

172.16.10.10 and cannot be changed.


Managing Datasets


1.9 Managing Datasets

The R&S FSH provides functionality to manage (save, restore etc.) datasets available

in its internal memory or an external storage device.

The USB interface that supports the use of memory sticks is available for models with

serial numbers 105000 and higher.

Read-only files

If a file is labeled with a lock symbol in the "Stat" column of the file manager, it is read-

only and therefore cannot be edited.

You can remove the read-only attribute in several ways.

● Connect the R&S FSH to a PC and start the R&S InstrumentView software.

In the software, start the "Synchonization Control", select a file and lock or unlock

the file with the corresponding buttons.

● Copy the file to a computer and remove the attribute with the Windows functionality

(right click on the file, select "Properties" and remove the check from the "Read-

only" checkbox.

● Use the SYSTem:SET:UNLock command to remove the read-only attribute. Note

that you might have to select the correct directory first with MMEM:CDIR.

MMEM:CDIR '\Public\Cable Models'

SYST:SET:UNL 'xyz.cblmod'

Datasets

Basically, the R&S FSH supports various types of datasets. The instructions below

primarily describe managing datasets that you create on the R&S FSH during

measurements, for example measurement results and configurations. Note that these

datasets have the file extension .set.

Datasets with the file extension .set are an image of measurement results and

configurations. Thus, you can subsequently reproduce the context of the

measurement.

You can use datasets for documentation, for example, or use them for a more detailed

analysis later on (for example with the R&S InstrumentView software). Note that

datasets also contain calibration data if calibration has been performed.


Managing Datasets


Templates

The R&S FSH also supports various other types of datasets (or templates). Such

templates mainly contain additional requirements for a particular measurement, like

limit lines or channel tables.

Creating and editing these templates is only possible with the functionality provided by

the R&S InstrumentView software package. Note that the file extension depends on

the application of the template. For example, a template containing a channel table has

the extension .chntab.

For more information on working with templates refer to the documentation of the

R&S InstrumentView software package.

Data synchronization

The R&S InstrumentView features a data synchronization that matches the data

available on the R&S FSH and that on the computer with the R&S InstrumentView

installation.

► Press the "Synchronization Control" ( ) button.

The software opens another dialog box to control synchronization.

By default, the software synchronizes a selected set of data, depending on the

synchronization direction.

● Synchronization from PC to R&S FSH: button

Updates all files on the R&S FSH that have been created or edited with the

R&S InstrumentView software package (cable models, limit lines, transducers,

channel tables etc.).

● Synchronization from R&S FSH to PC: button

Updates all files on the PC that have been created on the R&S FSH (datasets,

screenshots and wizard results).

Removing outdated files

When you turn on "Remove Orphans", the software removes all files from the

R&S FSH that it cannot find on the PC.

Alternatively, you can synchronize all files at the same time

(templates and datasets) in one direction (PC to R&S FSH

or R&S FSH to PC), regardless of the file type.

► Turn on "Synchronize All".

► Press either the "FSH ← PC" button to update all files on the R&S FSH based on

the data available on the PC or the "FSH → PC" button to update the files on the

PC based on the data available on the R&S FSH.


Managing Datasets


1.9.1 Saving Datasets

The R&S FSH allows you to save the data that is currently analyzed at any time.


The R&S FSH opens the file manager.

► Press the "Save" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens the "Save Dataset" dialog box.

1 Available datasets and folder structure

2 Dataset name input field

3 Remaining memory on selected data storage device

4 File manager softkey menu

The folder structure shows all available data storage devices. Possible storage devices

are the internal memory of the R&S FSH, an SD card or a memory stick.

The default storage device depends on which devices are connected to the R&S FSH.

● If an SD card is connected, datasets are always stored there first.

● If a memory stick is connected, datasets are stored there only if no SD card is

connected.

● The internal memory is used only if neither SD card or memory stick are connected.

The internal memory provides approximately 20 MB of data, therefore the number of

datasets you save on the R&S FSH is limited. Each dataset needs about 100 kB of

memory, but this value can vary.

If you are using an external storage device, the number of datasets you can save is

limited only by the size of the storage device.

The R&S FSH shows the remaining memory on the storage device in the dialog box.

► Select the storage device you want to save the data to.

► Select the folder you want to save the data to.

► Enter a file name in the corresponding input field.


Managing Datasets


The default file name for datasets is "Dataset###.set" with a new number in

ascending order for each new dataset. The file extension for datasets is .set.

If you enter another name, the R&S FSH uses that name and assigns a new

number to the file name if you save the data set the next time. This function allows

you to assign consecutive dataset file names without entering a new name every

time you want to save a dataset.

You can enter the file name with the alphanumeric keypad. Each key covers more

than one character. To get the character you want, press the key in question the

appropiate number of times.

Instead of entering a file name character by character, you can also put a name

together using the quick naming feature. For more information see "Quick Naming

of Datasets" on page 34.


The R&S FSH saves the dataset.

1.9.1.1 Alternative Ways to Save Datasets

The R&S FSH provides alternative and more comfortable ways to save datasets.

Using the key

You can configure the key to take a screenshot as well as saving a dataset.



► Select the "Capture Dataset" item and turn it on.

If on, pressing the key saves a dataset of the current measurement.

Pressing the key saves the selected data of the current measurement.

Saving events

You can configure the R&S FSH to save a dataset when an event occurs.



► Select the "Capture Dataset" item and turn it on.

If on, the R&S FSH saves a dataset of the current measurement if an event occurs.

For more information on events see "Saving Events" on page 22.


Managing Datasets


1.9.1.2 Renaming File Names

If necessary, you can rename files or file directories directly on the R&S FSH.

► Enter the "File Manager".

► Select the file or directory you want to rename.

► Press the "Select Action" softkey.

► Select the "Rename" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to change the name of the file.

1.9.1.3 Quick Naming of Datasets

The R&S FSH provides a quick naming feature that speeds up the process of naming

a file.

Putting together a file name

Basically, using the quick naming feature is a way of compiling a file name by putting

one or more predefined text modules or terms together in a logical way.

The various terms are combined in a table, each cell of which contains one term. The

table consists of 120 cells. You can define the contents of each cell freely.



► Press the "Quick Naming" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box that contains the terms.

► Select the term you want to add with the cursor keys.

► Press ENTER to add the term to

the file name.

The current file name is displayed

in the line above the table.

So, if you perform, for example, an

ACLR measurement of an uplink

LTE signal at a certain location,

you might want that information in

the file name:

'Site_LTE_UL_ACLR'

► Press the "OK" softkey to exit the quick naming table.

After you have exited the table, the file name appears in the "Save as:" field in the

"Save Dataset" dialog box. If necessary, you can then add additional characters.

Note that by default, the R&S FSH adds a term without separators between each term.

If you need a separator between the term, you can add a blank space or an

underscore.


Managing Datasets


► After having added a term, press the "_" softkey or the "Space" softkey.

Or to add a separator automatically upon adding a term.

► Press the "Auto Insert" softkey.

► Select the "Off" menu item to add no separator, the "_" menu item to add an

underscore or the "Space" menu item to add a blank space.

Designing a quick naming table

The firmware of the R&S FSH already has some basic mobile communication terms in

the table. However, you can add up to 120 terms to the table.



► Press the "Quick Naming" softkey.

► Select one of the table cells with the cursor keys.

► Press the "Change Table Item" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define a term for the cell.

► Define a term with the number keys and confirm the term with ENTER.

The R&S FSH adds the term to the table.

You can create and edit quick naming tables with the R&S InstrumentView software

package and then transfer them into the internal memory of the R&S FSH.

► In the "Quick Naming" softkey menu, press the "Import" softkey.

► Select the "Import Quick Naming Table" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box to select a file to import.

The same way, you can also export a quick naming table.

► In the "Quick Naming" softkey menu, press the "Export" softkey.

► Select the "Export Quick Naming Table" menu item.

1.9.1.4 Converting Dataset File Types

The functionality of the R&S InstrumentView software allows you to convert a dataset

of the file type *.set into the *.csv format.

The conversion is possible with a command line option for the FSH4View.exe file.

The general syntax you have to use is:

FSH4View.exe -csv "<InputDataset.set>" "<DestinationFile.csv>"

Note that you have to use quotation marks for the file name if it contains blank spaces.

Example:

FSH4View.exe -csv 'Dataset.set' 'Dataset.csv'

Renames the file Datset.set into Dataset.csv.


Managing Datasets


Environment variables

The command line option only works if you execute the command from the installation

folder of R&S InstrumentView software.

Otherwise, you have to set a "Path" environment variable to the destination of the

location of the .exe file.

You can access the environment variable via the MS Windows control panel.

"Start Menu" "Control Panel" "System" "Advanced System Settings"

"Advanced" tab

"Environment Variables" button "System Variables" "Path"

► Add a new variable with the installation path of the software.

The default installation path is

● C:\Program Files\Rohde-Schwarz\FSH4View\ (for Windows XP, Vista and 7 (32-bit)

● C:\Program Files (x86)\Rohde-Schwarz\FSH4View\ (for Windows 7 64-bit)

If necessary, change the path as required.


Managing Datasets


1.9.2 Restoring Datasets

You can preview and load previously saved measurement results with the recall

function of the R&S FSH. This function also provides easy access to previous

measurement settings so that you do not have to set up the R&S FSH again.



► Select the dataset you want to use.

The R&S FSH restores the configuration that the dataset contains.

By default, the most recently saved dataset is highlighted. If you need another dataset,

navigate to the folder or storage device that contains the dataset you need.

1.9.2.1 Previewing a Dataset

The R&S FSH provides a preview of datasets. The preview is like a screenshot and

lets you take a quick look at that measurement and its settings. The R&S FSH does

not yet activate the measurement settings of that dataset.

► Browse through the available datasets and select the one you want.

► Press the "Recall" softkey.

The R&S FSH shows a preview of the measurement contained in the selected

dataset. The preview shows the measurement results as well as the measurement

settings.

► Use the rotary knob to browse the previews of all datasets available in the selected

folder.

► Press the "Exit" softkey to return to the "Recall Dataset" dialog box.

1.9.2.2 Loading a Dataset

If you find a dataset whose settings you need for your current measurement task, you

can load it.

► Press the "Activate" softkey.

The R&S FSH loads the dataset in question and adjusts its measurement settings

to those of the dataset.


Managing Datasets


1.9.2.3 Quick Recall of Instrument Settings

For regular measurement tasks, the R&S FSH allows quick access to previously saved

datasets by linking a particular dataset to one of the softkeys.

Assigning a dataset to one of the softkeys


The R&S FSH opens the setup menu.


The R&S FSH opens the User Preference Setup menu.

In this menu you can customize the name of one of the softkeys F1 to F6 and assign a dataset to a specific softkey for quick access to that dataset. By default, the name of the label is "User-Pref 1" to "User-Pref 6".

► Select one of the User Key Labels F1 to F6.

► Customize the name of the softkey by entering a new one with the alphanumeric

keys, e.g. 'user label 1'.

The first word of the key label is displayed in the first row of the label, the rest in

the second row. If a label is too long to be displayed, it is truncated. If you enter no

label, the softkey will be inactive.

► Select the User Key Dataset corresponding to the customized User Key Label F1

to F6.

The R&S FSH opens the file manager and displays a list of available datasets.

► Select the dataset you want to assign to the softkey.

The R&S FSH returns to the User Preference Setup menu. The dataset is now

assigned to the softkey.

Recalling a dataset

► Press the USER key.

► Press one of the softkeys F1 to F6 in the menu.

Note that the label of the softkeys depends on the settings made in the User

Preference Setup menu.

The R&S FSH immediately activates the dataset assigned to that softkey.


Managing Datasets


1.9.3 Deleting Datasets

If you have to delete a dataset, you can do so with the file manager.


► Press the "File Manager" softkey.


► In order to delete a single dataset, press the "Select Action" softkey. Select

"Delete" and the dataset currently selected is deleted after your confirmation.

In order to delete multiple data sets, the respective datasets have to be marked first.

► Press the "Mark" softkey to mark files for deletion

► Select the dataset you'd like to delete.

► Mark the data sets with the ENTER key.

The selected data sets should be checked in the "Status" column.

Repeat the selection by moving the cursor with the rotary knob or the cursor key

and marking more data sets with the ENTER key.

► Press the "Select Action" softkey.

► Select the "Delete" menu item and confirm with the ENTER key or the "Select

Action" softkey.

Before deleting the data set, the R&S FSH shows a warning message that you

need to confirm. After confirming the deletion process the R&S FSH deletes the

selected data sets from its memory.


Updating the Firmware


1.10 Updating the Firmware

You can download new firmware versions from the R&S FSH website.


The website also provides release notes for each new firmware version. The release

notes include instructions on how to perform a firmware update.

1.11 Installing Firmware Options

You can equip the R&S FSH with several firmware options to enable additional

operating modes or special measurements.

For more information see the "Quick Start Guide"


R&S FSH Working with the Measurement Wizard

Installing Firmware Options


2 Working with the Measurement Wizard

When testing antennas and cables it is often necessary to perform a sequence of

standardized and recurring measurements, often in an environment that is not easily

accessible. To make sure that measurements are performed as required and to avoid

a constant adjustment of parameters, the R&S FSH features a measurement wizard.

The measurement wizard allows you to combine several individual measurement

configurations to a sequence of measurements (or measurement set). Because all

relevant parameters have been set prior to the actual measurement and cannot be

changed once the measurement procedure has begun, the wizard is a good way to

avoid mistakes and save time when setting up measurements.

This chapter describes the functionality of the measurement wizard. For details on the

individual measurements you can perform with the wizard, refer to the corresponding

chapters.

● Spectrum Analyzer Mode on page 52

● Power Meter on page 135

● Network Analyzer Mode on page 154

● Distance-to-Fault Mode (R&S FSH-K41) on page 212

● Receiver Mode on page 228

● Interference Analyzer (R&S FSH-K15/ -K16) on page 154

● Digital Modulation Analyzer on page 239

You can use the wizard for measurements in all operating modes.

Note that it is necessary to install and use the R&S InstrumentView software package if

you want to access the measurement wizard.


Preparing the Measurement


2.1 Preparing the Measurement

Before you can use the measurement wizard you have to define a measurement set

with the R&S InstrumentView software package and transfer it to the R&S FSH.

The R&S InstrumentView software package is delivered with the R&S FSH. The latest

version is also available for download on the R&S FSH website at

http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/product/fsh.html

2.1.1 Creating a Measurement Set

A measurement set consists of several datasets. A dataset is a file that contains the

settings of a specific R&S FSH configuration, for example frequency, scaling etc. To

get hold of a dataset, set up the R&S FSH as you need and save the configuration or

use one of the predefined datasets.

For more information on datasets see "Saving Datasets" on page 32.

► Start the R&S InstrumentView software on your PC.

► Select the "Wizard Set Editor" with the button.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog that provides all functionality to manage

measurement sets.

1 Name of the measurement set

2 Description of the measurement task

3 Font type for on-screen instructions (latin and some asian fonts are supported)

4 Measurement set password protection

5 Measurement sequence control

6 Calibration method

7 Cable characteristics (length and model)

http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/product/fsh.html




8 Control of cable characteristics (model and length) after individual measurements

9 List of datasets that are available via the PC

10 List of datasets that are currently part of the measurement set

11 File management options

12 Preview dataset button

► Set up the measurement set as you like by adding or removing datasets.

The editor also allows you to add comments to each measurement that is part of the

measurement set. You can also rename the measurement.

► Select one of the datasets and click on the button.

The R&S FSH opens another dialog box.

In this dialog box, you can

- see the name of the selected dataset

- define a name for the corresponding measurement

- include instructions (verbal or graphical) about performing the measurement

- define several hardware settings as described in the Quick Start Guide.

- select a calibration method specific for that measurement

You can add instructions for every measurement that you include in the set to

avoid handling measurements incorrectly.

The R&S FSH shows these instructions before the measurement starts.

Password protection for measurement sets

It is possible to protect the contents of measurement sets with a password from

unauthorized access.

If you protect a measurement set, you are able to edit the contents of the

measurement set only after you have entered the correct password.

In addition, you can control who is using the measurement sets by limiting its access

to a particular set of R&S FSH serial numbers only. All other devices will not be able

to process these wizard files.




2.1.2 Uploading Measurement Sets

In order to perform the actual measurements, you have to upload the wizard definition

file that contains the set of measurements to the R&S FSH.

► Select the "Wizard Set Control" function with the button.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box to select the measurement set(s) to upload.

► Select the measurement set you want to upload.

► Copy the files with the button.

The software stores a copy of the measurement set in the memory of the

R&S FSH.

Alternatively, you can use a memory stick or SD card to access a measurement

set on the R&S FSH.


Using the Measurement Wizard


2.2 Using the Measurement Wizard

Now that the measurement set is available on the R&S FSH you can start performing

measurements.

2.2.1 Starting the Measurement Wizard

► Press the USER key.

► Press the "Wizard" softkey".

The R&S FSH opens the "Wizard" dialog box. This dialog box contains information

about the measurement set, including several parameters whose values you can

change during the measurement (for example the site name).

► Press the "Load Meas Set" softkey.


► Select the file that contains the

measurement set that you require.

► Confirm the selection with the

"Select" softkey.

The R&S FSH returns to the

measurement wizard dialog box. It

now displays information about the

measurement set you have just

loaded.

The dialog box contains the following information:

● Measurement Definition

Name of the wizard definition file currently in use. Pressing the ENTER key on this

field has the same effect as the "Load Meas Set" softkey.

● Measurement Description

Short description of the measurement task. This is a read only field that shows the

description as defined with the R&S InstrumentView software.

● User

Name of the person that performs the measurement.

● Number of Sequence Steps to Perform

Number of individual measurements in the measurement sequence.

The field allows you to reduce the number of individual measurements and perform

only those measurements that are really necessary. If you reduce the number of

measurements, the R&S FSH omits the last measurements in the sequence.




You can edit this field only if you have turned on the "Allow Variable Number of

Sequence Steps" in the "Wizard Set Editor" of the R&S InstrumentView software.

● Site Name

Location of the measurement. This field is available on the R&S FSH only.

● Comments

Comments about the measurement, e.g. the external conditions during the

measurement.

● GPS Position

Shows the GPS position, if you have connected a GPS receiver. Pressing the

ENTER key on this field results in an update of the GPS coordinates.

● Use Wizard Cable Settings

Determines if you want to use the cable characteristics as defined in the

measurement set or if you want to be able change cable characteristics on site.

Select "Yes" to use the predefined cable characteristics. In That case the

parameters below will be locked.

● Cable Model

Cable model that you perform the measurement on. You can define a cable model

with the R&S InstrumentView software, but can also change the cable model on

short notice, if necessary.

● Clear Cable Model

Deactivates the currently active cable model.

● Cable Length

Length of the cable that you perform the measurement on.

● Calibration

Calibration method to use before the measurement starts. This is a read only field,

the calibration method has to be defined with R&S InstrumentView.

You have to calibrate the R&S FSH before you can begin with the measurement

sequence defined in the wizard. If the R&S FSH has already been calibrated with

the defined routine prior to starting the wizard, the R&S FSH skips the calibration

and directly starts the measurement.

● Measurements

List of all individual measurements (datasets) that need to be performed for

successful completion of the measurement task. The list also shows the

measurements that still need to be performed.




Some parameters of the measurement setup you can still change directly on the

R&S FSH. These are mainly parameters whose details may not be available when you

define the measurement set or whose details may differ depending on the

measurement site, e.g. the cable length or the cable model if it is different to the one

defined previously.

► To change a parameter, select it with the cursor keys and activate the

corresponding input field with the ENTER key.

► Update all parameters that are not correct for the current measurement.




2.2.2 Performing a Sequence of Measurements

Now that you have updated all parameters concerning the measurement task, you can

start the measurement procedure.

► Press the "Start Meas Set" softkey.

If calibration of the R&S FSH is necessary for the measurement task, it asks you to

perform the calibration routine. The stages of the calibration depend on the defined

calibration routine.

For more information see "Calibrating Measurements" on page 182.

Calibration pool

The R&S FSH adds the calibration data of each calibration you perform to a calibration

pool available on its internal memory. Each dataset in the calibration pool is unique for

a particular calibration method and a particular measurement configuration.

Note that the calibration is only valid for the instrument it has been performed on.

Before you start a measurement sequence with the measurement wizard, the

R&S FSH compares the contents of the calibration pool to the measurement

configurations and required calibration methods in the measurement sequence.

● If the R&S FSH has already been calibrated for a particular configuration, it

restores that data. Another calibration is not necessary.

● If the R&S FSH has not been calibrated for a particular configuration yet,

calibration becomes necessary. The new calibration data is added to the pool.

Therefore, calibration is necessary only for calibration methods that have not been

used for a particular measurement configuration before.

However, it is recommended to perform calibration on a regular basis to keep

measurements as accurate as possible.

You can delete obsolete calibration data from the folder:

\Public\CalibrationPool.

Measurement sequence

After having successfully calibrated the R&S FSH, it starts to go through the

measurements that are part of the measurement set. The sequence of measurements

is as defined with R&S InstrumentView.

Before each measurement, the

R&S FSH shows a message box.

The message box contains the information and instructions on how to prepare and

perform the measurement that you have defined with the R&S InstrumentView

software.

► Make the necessary preparations, like connecting the cable.

► Press the "Confirm" softkey.




The R&S FSH performs the measurement as defined in the dataset and

measurement set. When finished, it shows the measurement results and says

.

Note that it is not possible to change any measurement parameters while using the

measurement wizard. Marker functionality, scaling parameters and (if configured

that way) cable settings are, however, available.

Changing cable characteristics

If necessary, you can define different cable characteristics (cable model and length)

after each individual measurement. This is useful, for example, if you want to do the

same measurements on different cables at one go.

This feature is available when you turn on "Prompt User to Change Cable Settings" in

the "Wizard Set Editor" of the R&S InstrumentView software.

When this function is on, the R&S FSH asks you to select new cable characteristics

during the preparation of a measurement.

► Press the "Yes" softkey if changes are required and select new cable

characteristics before proceeding with the measurement.

► Press the "No" softkey if changes are not required and proceed with the

measurement.

After each measurement step, you have several options:

- Continue with the next measurement ("Continue" softkey).

Finishes the current measurement and begins with the next measurement by

showing the necessary preparations.

- Repeat the current measurement ("Repeat Meas" softkey).

Repeats the current measurement, e.g. if the results don't match your

expectations and you want to validate the results.

- Interrupt the measurement set sequence ("Interrupt Wizard" softkey).

Interrupting the sequence of measurements may become necessary if the

measurement doesn't yield the expected results (e.g. violated limit lines).

In that case, you can interrupt the measurement sequence and try to find the

origin of the problem by using different settings or measurements than those

defined in the wizard.

When you interrupt the wizard sequence, the complete functionality is

available as if you would not use the wizard.

When you interrupt a measurement sequence, the R&S FSH keeps the results

of measurements you have already performed.

When you are finished reconfiguring the measurement, press the WIZARD key

and resume the measurement sequence with the "Resume Sequence" softkey.




- Skip a measurement ("Skip Meas" softkey).

Skips a single measurement and initiates the subsequent measurement.

Skipping individual measurements is possible when you turn on "Allow to skip

measurements and finish wizard sequence" in the "Wizard Set Editor" of the

R&S InstrumentView software.

- End the measurement sequence ("Finish Wizard" softkey).

Ends the measurement sequence and returns to the "Measurement Wizard"

dialog box. The results of the measurements you have already finished are

kept in the memory of the R&S FSH.

Ending the sequence is possible when you turn on "Allow to skip

measurements and finish wizard sequence" in the "Wizard Set Editor" of the


- Abort the measurement sequence ("Cancel" softkey).

Aborts the measurement and returns to the "Measurement Wizard" dialog box.

The results of the measurements you have already finished are lost.

When you have finished all measurements that are part of the measurement set, the

R&S FSH asks you if you want to save the measurement results.

► Press the "Save Meas Results" softkey.

The R&S FSH saves the results on the selected storage device.

Limited internal memory

If you have to store the results on the internal memory, make sure that it has enough

space left to store them. Else the results might get lost. If the space is not enough, you

can delete old data with the file manager.

For more information see "Deleting Datasets" on page 39.

The results for a measurement set consist of a number of files, each file corresponding

to one of the performed measurements. For easy evaluation, the R&S FSH includes

the name of the measurement as defined in the wizard dialog or R&S InstrumentView

in the file name.

All result files that belong to a measurement set are stored in the same directory. The

directory is named after the measurement name and site. The syntax is

'sitename_measurement_#'.

The R&S FSH adds numbers in ascending order to files as well as directories if you

perform a measurement or measurement set more than once.


Evaluating Results


2.3 Evaluating Results

The R&S InstrumentView software provides functionality to evaluate results and

compile measurement reports. However, before you can start to evaluate the results

you have to download the results to your computer.

► Select the "Wizard Result Control" function with the button.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box to select the measurement set(s) to download.

► Select the measurement set you want to download.

► Copy the files with the button.

Now that the results are available, you can start to compile a measurement report with

the R&S InstrumentView.

► Select the "Report Generator" with the button.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog that provides all functionality to manage

measurement sets.

1 Source folder of the datasets

2 Preview of a particular dataset

3 Measurement data to be included in the report

4 Selection of the included information on each report page

5 Selection of the output format

6 Save/load a report

With the report editor, you can create measurement reports for the full measurement

set or a selection of dataset only. You can also perform simple tasks like activating or

deactivating markers that have been set during the measurement.

► Add the results you want to include in the report by setting a checkmark or

removing the checkmark in the report pane.

► Select the report format you would like.

► Create the report with the "Save" button.

R&S FSH Spectrum Analyzer Mode

Performing Spectrum Measurements


3 Spectrum Analyzer Mode

The default operating mode of the R&S FSH is the spectrum analyzer. The spectrum

analyzer provides the functionality to perform measurements in the frequency domain,

e.g. to identify the power of signals.

3.1 Performing Spectrum Measurements

In addition to basic spectrum measurements, the R&S FSH provides several specific

measurements. These measurements, also in combination with one of the available

accessories, allow you to perform advanced and more complex measurement tasks.

3.1.1 Measuring Basic Signal Characteristics

Basic spectrum measurements determine the spectrum of a signal in the frequency

domain or keep track of a signal in the time domain. They provide a basic overview of

the input signal characteristics.

Frequency domain

In the frequency domain, the R&S FSH analyzes the input signal characteristics over a

particular span. You can use it, for example, to obtain basic measurement results like

peak levels and the shape of the spectrum.

The horizontal axis shows the frequency, the vertical axis shows the signal levels.

The measurement in the frequency domain is the default measurement mode.

Time domain

In the time domain, the R&S FSH analyzes the characteristics of a signal at a particular

frequency over time. The span during time domain measurements is 0 (zero span

mode). You can use time domain measurements, for example to monitor the

characteristics of a signal.

The horizontal axis shows the time, the vertical axis shows the signal levels.

To perform a time domain measurement, you have to set the span to zero manually.




3.1.2 Measuring the Channel Power of Continuously Modulated Signals

The channel power measurement selectively measures the power of modulated

signals. Unlike a power meter that performs measurements over its entire frequency

range, the channel power measurement measures the power of a specific transmission

channel. Other signals in the frequency spectrum don't show in the results.

When measuring the spectrum within a channel, the R&S FSH uses a resolution

bandwidth that is small compared to the channel bandwidth. It then determines the

total power of the channel by integrating the results on the trace. The R&S FSH takes

the following parameters into account:

● display mode (absolute or relative)

● detector

● resolution bandwidth

That means that you can compare the result to the result that would have been

obtained from a thermal power meter. The small resolution bandwidth acts like a

narrow channel filter and so prevents out-of-channel emissions from affecting the

result.

► Press the MEAS key.

► Press the "Meas Mode" softkey.

► Select the "Channel Power" menu item.

The R&S FSH starts to measure the channel power.

By default, the 3GPP WCDMA standard is active. Two vertical lines show the

channel bandwidth.

Screen layout for channel power measurements

1 Standard

2 Channel bandwidth

3 Channel power numerical

4 Channel bandwidth graphical (blue lines)

5 Channel power measurement softkey menu




3.1.2.1 Selecting the Standard

If you need to perform measurements that are conform to a telecommunications

standard, you can activate one of the predefined standards that are already stored in

the R&S FSH memory. However, you can create new configurations to perform

measurements on other standards as well.


► Press the "Standard" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box to select the standard.

► Select one of the available standards.

► Confirm the selection with the "Select" softkey.

The R&S FSH loads the configuration of the selected standard. It automatically

sets the optimal span, resolution bandwidth, video bandwidth, sweep time and

detector for the standard.

If the measurement is not according to the selected standard anymore (e.g. if you

make changes to a parameter), the R&S FSH puts a red dot in front of the

standard display ( ).

You can create and edit standards with the R&S InstrumentView software and transfer

them to the R&S FSH via the USB or the LAN interface. The number of standards the

R&S FSH can store in its memory depends on the number of other data sets stored on

the R&S FSH.


3.1.2.2 Setting the Reference Level

The reference level is the power level that the R&S FSH expects at the RF input. When

selecting the reference level, make sure that you do not overload the R&S FSH by

applying a signal whose power exeeds the maximum reference level.

As the power is measured with a small resolution bandwidth compared to the signal

bandwidth, it is still possible to overload the R&S FSH, even if the trace is within the

measurement diagram. To prevent an overload, perform the measurement with the

largest resolution bandwidth possible using the peak detector. If you set these

parameters, it is not possible for the trace to exceed the reference level.

To simplify operation and to prevent incorrect measurements, the R&S FSH has an

automatic routine for setting the reference level.

► Press the AMPT key.

► Press the "Level Adjust" softkey.

The R&S FSH performs a

measurement to determine the

optimal reference level.




It uses a resolution bandwidth of 1 MHz, a video bandwidth of 1 MHz and the peak

detector. After finishing the automatic measurement, the R&S FSH sets the optimal

reference level.

3.1.2.3 Setting the Channel Bandwidth

The channel bandwidth specifies the frequency range around the center frequency,

over which the R&S FSH performs the power measurement.


► Press the "Chan BW" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to specify the channel bandwidth.

► Enter the channel bandwidth you need.

The R&S FSH sets the appropriate span for the channel bandwidth that you have

entered (span = 1.2 x channel bandwidth). This ensures that no incorrect channel

power measurements are made.

The minimum channel bandwidth that you can set is 833 Hz at a span of 1 kHz.

3.1.2.4 Changing the Span

Usually, the span the R&S FSH sets yields optimal results. But sometimes you also

need to see the spectrum outside the current span to detect other signal components

that you need to include in the measurement. Therefore, you can adjust the span to up

to ten times the channel bandwidth and hence still be able to see the spectrum outside

the measurement channel.

► Press the SPAN key.

In the default configuration, "Auto Span" is active. The R&S FSH automatically sets

the optimal span for the channel power measurement.

► Press the "Manual Span" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the span manually.

► Enter the span you need.

The largest possible span for the channel power measurement is ten times the

channel bandwidth. At larger spans, the result of the channel power measurement

would be increasingly imprecise, because too few points of the trace would be in

the channel you are measuring.

► Press the "Auto Span" softkey.

The R&S FSH again calculates the span automatically.




3.1.2.5 Measuring the Maximum Channel Power

If signal levels fluctuate significantly, you can define the maximum channel power with

the Max Hold function.


► Press the "Power Display" softkey.

► Select the "Max Hold" menu item.

The power display switches from "Power" to "Max Power".

If you want to deactivate the Max Hold function and return to the normal power display,

activate Clear/Write.

► To deactivate the Max Hold function, press the "Power Display" softkey.

► Select the "Clear/Write" menu item.

The power display returns to "Power" display.

3.1.2.6 Unit for Power Display

The R&S FSH can apply different units to the power output. The default unit is dBm.


► Press the "Power Unit" softkey.

► Select the unit you want from the submenu.

The R&S FSH displays the power level in the selected unit.




3.1.3 Measuring the Occupied Bandwidth

The proper operation of a transmission network requires that all transmitters adhere to

the bandwidths assigned to them. The occupied bandwidth is defined as the bandwidth

that contains a specified percentage of the entire power of the transmitter.

Numerous standards require a occupied bandwidth of 99 %. Therefore this is the

default setting. If you need another percentage for the occupied bandwidth you can set

values from 10 % to 99.9 %.

After entering the channel bandwidth, the R&S FSH automatically selects the

measurement parameters so that you can attain the best result.



The R&S FSH opens the measurement menu.

► Select the "Occupied BW" menu item.

The R&S FSH starts to measure the occupied bandwidth.

Two vertical lines show the occupied bandwidth.

Screen layout for the occupied bandwidth

1 Standard

2 Occupied bandwidth numerical

3 Channel bandwidth

4 Power percentage

5 Occupied bandwidth graphical (blue lines)

5 Occupied bandwidth measurement softkey menu




3.1.3.1 Selecting a Standard
















the R&S FSH.


If you make changes to the settings or create datasets, note that

● the span is always coupled to the channel bandwidth. Changes to either of those

automatically adjust the other (= 5 x channel bandwidth).

● the resolution bandwidth should be between 1 % and 4 % of the channel

bandwidth. This ensures that the occupied bandwidth is measured with high

accuracy.

● the video bandwidth must be at least three times the resolution bandwidth. This

prevents incorrect results due to the compression of signal peaks by the video

filter.

● you use the RMS detector if possible. This ensures that the power measurement is

always correct irrespective of the waveform being investigated.

● the sweep time must be set so that the result is stable. If you increase the sweep

time, the R&S FSH also increases the integration time for the RMS detector and

thus ensures more stable measured values.





As the power is measured with a small resolution bandwidth compared to the signal

bandwidth, it is still possible to overload the R&S FSH, even if the trace is within the

measurement diagram.




To prevent an overload, perform the measurement with the largest resolution

bandwidth possible using the peak detector. If you set these parameters, it is not

possible for the trace to exceed the reference level.





The R&S FSH performs a measurement to determine the ideal reference level.


detector. After finishing the automatic measurement, the R&S FSH sets the ideal

reference level.

3.1.3.3 Setting the Channel Bandwidth




► Press the "Chan BW" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to specify the channel bandwidth.



entered (span = 5 x channel bandwidth). This ensures that no incorrect channel

power measurements are made.

The minimum channel bandwidth that you can set is 2 kHz at a span of 1 kHz.

3.1.3.4 Defining the Percentage of Occupied Bandwidth

By default, the power percentage inside the occupied bandwidth is 99 %, a number

most standards require. If you measure standards that specify another power

percentage you can change that value.


► Press the "% Power BW" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the power percentage.

► Enter the power percentage you need.

The value you enter here is the power percentage that has to be inside the channel

bandwidth relative to the power over the total span (the percentage of the total

power).

The R&S FSH now displays the occupied bandwidth graphically in the trace

window and numerically above the trace window.




3.1.3.5 Changing the Span

Usually, the span the R&S FSH sets yields optimal results. But sometimes you also

need to see the spectrum outside the current span to detect other signal components

that you need to include in the measurement. Therefore, you can adjust the span to up

to ten times the channel bandwidth and still be able to see the spectrum outside the

measurement channel.


In the default configuration, "Auto Span" is active. The R&S FSH automatically sets

the optimal span for the channel power measurement.


The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the span manually.


The largest possible span for the channel power measurement is ten times the

channel bandwidth. At larger spans, the result of the channel power measurement

would be increasingly imprecise, because too few points of the trace occur in the

channel to be measured.

► Press the "Auto Span" softkey.

The R&S FSH again calculates the span automatically.




3.1.4 Power Measurements on TDMA Signals

When TDMA (time division multiple access) methods are used, e.g. for GSM, several

users share a channel. Each user is assigned a period of time or timeslot. With the

TDMA power measurement, you can determine the power over one of the timeslots.

The TDMA power measurement is a measurement in the time domain (span = 0 Hz).

You can start it on an external or video trigger and specify the power measurement

time.

To prevent incorrect power measurements in the time domain, make sure that the

whole signal is within the selected resolution bandwidth. If the resolution bandwidth is

too small, the displayed power will be lower than the actual power.




► Select the "TDMA Power" menu item.

The R&S FSH starts to measure the TDMA power.

Two vertical lines define the measurement range.

Screen layout for TDMA power measurements

1 Standard

2 TDMA power

3 Measurement limits

4 Trigger delay

5 Trigger level

6 Measurement time

7 TDMA power measurement softkey menu







the R&S FSH memory. When starting the measurement in the default configuration,

the R&S FSH automatically activates the GSM/EDGE standard. However, you can

create new configurations to perform measurements on other standards as well.







sets the optimal settings for the selected standard.




the R&S FSH.


3.1.4.2 Setting the Burst Length

The burst length is the measurement time that the R&S FSH performs measurements

with. The burst length can be equal or less than the sweep time.


► Press the "Burst Length" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the burst length.

► Enter the length of the burst you need.

The R&S FSH performs the measurement over the time you have entered.

If the measurement time you have entered was greater than the sweep time, the

R&S FSH sets a burst length equal to the sweep time. To work with a greater burst

length, you have to increase the sweep time first.

The minimum burst length is the time corresponding to one trace pixel (= sweep

time / 631).








Because the resolution bandwidths of the R&S FSH are implemented digitally after the

A/D converter, the signal level at the A/D converter can be higher than the level

indicated by the trace, depending on the selected resolution bandwidth.

To prevent the A/D converter from being overloaded, the signal must be measured at

the widest resolution bandwidth and video bandwidth with the peak detector. The trace

maximum then determines the best reference level.





The R&S FSH performs a measurement to determine the ideal reference level.


detector. After finishing the automatic measurement, the R&S FSH sets the ideal

reference level.

3.1.4.4 Using a Trigger

Usually you will apply a trigger when measuring bursts.

If a trigger is active, the R&S FSH uses the video trigger for TDMA measurements by

default. The video trigger level is at 50 % of the range of the vertical axis but is

variable. This means, the R&S FSH triggers a measurement if the rising edge of the

burst exceeds this 50 % line.

If the DUT features some sort of trigger equipment, you can also use an external

trigger to trigger measurements.

► Connect the DUT trigger output to the R&S FSH trigger input.

► Press the SWEEP key.

► Press the "Trigger" softkey.

► Select either the "External Rise" or "External Fall" menu item (rising or falling

edge).

The R&S FSH activates the trigger and shows the results of the measurement.

It may be that the burst is not completely visible on the display. To correct that and

make the whole burst visible, you can set a trigger delay.


► Select the "Trigger Delay" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the trigger delay.

► Adjust the trigger delay until the burst is visible inside the vertical lines that show

the measurement range.




3.1.5 Measuring the Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR)

The Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR) measurement is a method to measure

the power over more than one transmission channel and also evaluate the power of

the adjacent (or alternate) channels of the transmission channel. The ACLR performs

measurements according to a specific channel configuration, e.g. a particular radio

communications standard.




► Select the "ACLR" menu item.

The R&S FSH starts to measure the adjacent channel leakage ratio.

In principle, the ACLR measurement works like the channel power measurement in

that it determines the spectrum within the channel using a resolution bandwidth that is

small compared to the channel bandwidth. In addition to the channel bandwidth, the

ACLR measurement is also defined by the channel spacing, the bandwidth of adjacent

channels and the adjacent channel spacing. The R&S FSH supports measurements on

up to 12 carrier channels and 12 adjacent channels to either side of the carrier. When

measuring more than one carrier or adjacent channels, the R&S FSH shows the

powers of each channel in a list below the marker list. The channel itself is marked by

red (transmission channels) or green (adjacent channels) vertical lines.

Screen Layout for ACLR measurements

1 Standard

2 Marker information

3 Limit check information

4 Channel information

5 TX channel (red line)

6 Adjacent channel (green line)

7 Alternate channels (green lines)

8 Marker (blue line)

9 ACLR softkey menu




The predefined standards are the same as for channel power measurements (3GPP

WCDMA, cdmaOne and CDMA2000 1x systems). However, you can also customize

the settings to set up the R&S FSH for other radio communication standards. You can

define the settings directly on the R&S FSH or define and manage them using the


When customizing settings, make sure to consider the following points to get valid and accurate measurement results:

● Reference level

Make sure not to overload the R&S FSH as the power is measured with a

resolution bandwidth that is small in comparison with the signal bandwidth. As with

Channel Power measurements, automatically set the reference to an optimal level

with the "Level Adjust" softkey.

● Setting the span

The frequency span must at least cover the carriers and the adjacent channels

plus a measurement margin of about 10 % to get valid results.

If the span is automatically calculated by the R&S FSH with the "Auto Span"

function, the span is calculated as follows:

(No. of transmission channels - 1) x transmission channel spacing +

2 x transmission channel bandwidth + measurement margin

with the measurement margin being approx. 10 % of the value obtained by adding

the channel spacing and the channel bandwidth.

Selecting the frequency span

If the frequency span is too large in comparison to the channel bandwidth (or the

adjacent-channel bandwidths) being examined, only a few points on the trace are

available per channel. This reduces the accuracy of the waveform calculation for the

channel filter used, which has a negative effect on the measurement accuracy. It is

therefore strongly recommended that the formulas mentioned be taken into

consideration when selecting the frequency span.

● Setting the resolution bandwidth:

The RBW should not be too high or too small to get both an acceptable

measurement speed and a suppression of spectral components outside the

channels. As a rule of thumb, it is recommended to set it to about 1 % to 4 % of the

channel bandwidth.

You can select a larger resolution bandwidth if the spectrum within the channel to

be measured and around it has a flat characteristic. In the standard setting, e.g. for

standard cdmaOne at an adjacent channel bandwidth of 30 kHz, a resolution

bandwidth of 30 kHz is used. This yields correct results since the spectrum in the

neighborhood of the adjacent channels normally has a constant level.




For standard NADC/IS136 this would not be not possible, for example, since the

spectrum of the transmit signal penetrates into the adjacent channels and a too

large resolution bandwidth causes a too low selection of the channel filter. The

adjacent-channel power would thus be measured too high.

If the RBW is automatically calculated by the R&S FSH with the "Auto RBW"

function, the RBW is calculated as follows:

RBW ≤ 1/40 of channel bandwidth

The R&S FSH then selects the maximum possible resolution bandwidth resulting

from the available RBW steps (1, 3).

● Setting the video bandwidth

To obtain correct power measurements, the video signal must not be limited in

bandwidth. A restricted bandwidth of the logarithmic video signal would cause

signal averaging and thus result in a too low indication of the power (-2.51 dB at

very low video bandwidths). Therefore, the VBW should be at least three times the

resolution bandwidth.

If the VBW is automatically calculated by the R&S FSH with the "Auto VBW"

function, the VBW is calculated as follows:

VBW ≥ 3 x RBW

The R&S FSH then selects the smallest possible VBW with regard to the available

step size.

● Selecting the detector:

It is best to use the RMS detector. This detector correctly indicates the power

irrespective of the characteristics of the signal to be measured. The whole IF

envelope is used to calculate the power for each measurement point. The IF

envelope is digitized using a sampling frequency which is at least five times the

resolution bandwidth which has been selected. Based on the sample values, the

power is calculated for each measurement point using the following formula:

N

i

iRMS sN

P1

21

with

si = linear digitized video voltage at the output of the A/D converter

N = number of A/D converter values per measurement point

PRMS = power represented by a measurement point

When the power has been calculated, the power units are converted into decibels

and the value is displayed as a measurement point.

In principle, the sample detector would be possible as well. Due to the limited

number of measurement points used to calculate the power in the channel, the

sample detector would yield less stable results.







the R&S FSH memory. Those predefined standards have already been set up to yield

the best results. However, the R&S FSH provides functionality to create new

configurations to perform measurements on other test setups as well.












the R&S FSH. For more information see "Managing Datasets" on page 30.

3.1.5.2 Configuring the Measurement

In addition to creating and editing standards with the R&S InstrumentView software,

the R&S FSH also provides functionality to set up a measurement configuration.

Setting the number of transmission channels


► Press the "Channel Settings" softkey.

► Select the "Tx Channels" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the number of transmission channels.

► Enter the number of transmission channels you need for the measurement.

Setting the number of adjacent channels


► Select the "Adj Channels" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the number of adjacent channels.

► Enter the number of adjacent / alternate channels you need for the measurement.

The borders of Tx channels are displayed red in the trace diagram, the borders of

adjacent and alternate channels are displayed green.




Setting the channel bandwidth




► Press the "Channel BW" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box

to specify the channel bandwidth

for all channels.

► Select the channel you want to

change the bandwidth for.

► Activate the input by pressing the

ENTER key.



entered according to the criteria desribed above. This ensures that no incorrect

channel power measurements are made.

The minimum channel bandwidth that you can set is 833 Hz at a span of 1 kHz.

Setting the channel spacing

In case of the R&S FSH, the channel spacing is defined as the distance between the

center frequency of the transmission channel and the center frequency to the next

transmission channel or the distance between the center frequency of the transmission

channel and the center frequency of the adjacent channel.

Specific channel spacing definitions

Note that some some radio communication standards, e.g. CDMA2000 DS / MC1 /

MC3 and IS95 B / C, IS97 B / C, IS98 B / C, define the channel spacing differently,

namely the distance from the center of the transmission channel to the closest border

of the adjacent channel. The R&S FSH does not consider these specifics. It always

regards the channel spacing as the distance between the center of a channel and the

center of its neighboring channel.



► Select the "Channel Spacing" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box to define the spacings for all transmission

channels and adjacent / alternate channels.





change the spacing for.

► Activate the input by pressing the

ENTER key.

► Enter the channel spacing you

need.

The R&S FSH now takes the new

values into account for future

measurements.

When performing measurements on multi-carrier signals, you can define the spacing of

the transmission (Tx) channels to one another. By default, the R&S FSH assumes

equal spacing between all Tx channels in the system. Therefore, the spacing you enter

for the first two Tx channels is automatically applied to all other Tx channels.

If you do measurements on systems with a different channel spacing for each Tx

channel, you can also set the channel spacing for each Tx channel separately by

entering the respective number in the fields.

If the spacings are not equal, the channel distribution according to the center frequency

is as follows:

● Odd number of TX channels

The middle TX channel is centered to center frequency.

● Even number of TX channels

The two TX channels in the middle are used to calculate the frequency between

those two channels. This frequency is aligned to the center frequency.

Adjacent or alternate channel spacing is also available for single-carrier

measurements. The R&S FSH can perform measurements on up to 12 adjacent

channels. Usually the first adjacent channel to the Tx channel is referred to as the

Adjacent Channel (ADJ). All others are called Alternate Channels (ALT1 to ALT11).

By default, the R&S FSH assumes that the distance of the adjacent channels to each

other is the same. In that case, you only have to enter the first spacing value. The

R&S FSH then calculates all higher adjacent channels from that value. If you change

the spacing of one of the higher channels, the R&S FSH only updates the channel

spacings above the one you have changed, but not those below.

So, for example, if you set the first adjacent channel spacing (ADJ) to 20 kHz, the

following spacings are 40 kHz (ALT1), 60 kHz (ALT2), 80 kHz (ALT3), 100 kHz (ALT4),

120 kHz (ALT5) and so on.

If you then change the spacing of the third alternate channel (ALT3) to 100 kHz, the

R&S FSH adjusts the alternate channels above the third one accordingly: 125 kHz

(ALT4), 150 kHz (ALT5) and so on.




3.1.5.3 Normalization of Measurement Results

By default, the power of the channels and adjacent channels is displayed in the unit

dBm. It is also possible to display the power density of the signal to, for example,

measure the signal/noise power density or obtain the signal to noise ratio.



► Select the "Channel Pwr/Hz" menu item.

The R&S FSH activates normalization and switches the unit from dBm to dBm/Hz.

The channel power density in dBm/Hz corresponds to the power inside a

bandwidth of 1 Hz and is calculated as follows:

channel power density = channel power - log10(channel bandwidth)

3.1.5.4 Displaying Absolute and Relative Results

You can set up the result display to either show the absolute power of the adjacent

channels or the power relative to one of the transmission channels.


► Press the "Power Display" softkey.

► Select either the "Absolute" menu item to display the absolute results or the

"Relative" menu item to display the power relative to one of the transmission

channels.

3.1.5.5 Selecting the Reference Channel

When determining relative power values for the adjacent channels, you can set a

specific transmission channel as the reference channel.



► Select the "ACLR Ref Setting" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a another submenu to select the reference channel.

► Select the method of determining the reference channel.

The following methods are available:

- Tx Channel

Select a specific transmission channel by entering its number as the reference.

- Min Power Tx Channel

The channel with the lowest power level is the reference channel.

- Max Power Tx Channel




The channel with the highest power level is the reference channel.

- Lowest Highest Channel

The outer left-hand transmission channel is the reference channel for the lower

adjacent channels. The outer right-hand transmission channel is the reference

channel for the upper adjacent channels.

3.1.5.6 Setting and Checking the Limits

Limit checks in ACLR measurement mode are independent of limit line handling. You

can define a limit for each of the adjacent channels. Limits for adjacent channels can

be set either in absolute or relative terms.

Defining relative limits


► Press the "Channel Settings"

softkey.

► Select the "Channel Limit Relative"

menu item.


to define the relative limits for each

adjacent channel.


define a limit for.

► Activate the input by pressing the "Select" softkey.

The channel turns green and the check box in the first column is marked.

► Enter the limit value you need.

The R&S FSH automatically activates the check flag, so that the limit is included in

future limit checks.

► To deactivate the limit check for a specific channel, move the cursor to the channel

in question with the rotary knob or the cursor keys and deselect it with the "Select"

softkey.

Defining absolute limits


► Select the "Channel Limit Absolute" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box to define the absolute limits for each adjacent

channel.

► The procedure of defining absolute limits is analogous to that of defining relative

limits.




Performing a limit check


► Select the "Check Channel Limits" menu item.

The R&S FSH automatically

performs limit checks.

The results of the limit check are displayed in the table above the trace. If a result

fails the limit check, it turns red and has a star (*) in front of its power level.




3.1.6 Measuring the Spectrum Emission Mask

The Spectrum Emission Mask (SEM) measurement is a method to detect spurious

emissions or intermodulation products of a signal. When performing a SEM

measurement, the R&S FSH checks the signal against a spectral mask to see whether

the signal complies with a specific standard or not. Therefore, the R&S FSH provides

predefined spectrum emission masks for various telecomunications standards.

However, you can define your own spectral masks with the R&S InstrumentView

software to perform measurements in frequency ranges other than the predefined

ones. To learn how to define Spectrum Emission Masks, refer to the

R&S InstrumentView manual.




► Select the "Spectrum Emission Mask" menu item.

The R&S FSH starts to measure the spectrum emission mask.

Note that the frequency range of the actual measurement depends on the start and

stop frequency you have set on the R&S FSH. Correct measurement results are

therefore only possible if the frequency ranges of the SEM are inside the current span

of the R&S FSH.

Screen Layout for the SEM measurement

1 Standard


3 SEM list

4 Limit check result

5 Spectrum emission mask (red line)

6 Trace (yellow line)

7 Peak (P<x>) and normal markers (M<x> and D<x>) (blue line)

8 SEM softkey menu




Markers in the SEM measurement

In addition to the normal marker functionality of the R&S FSH, the SEM measurement

provides special markers labeled P1 to Px.

The R&S FSH activates and positions these special markers automatically after

displaying the trace. Each of these markers marks the peak level in each SEM

subrange. Thus, the number of markers depends on the number of subranges defined

for the Spectrum Emission Mask and in turn depends on the standard you are

measuring against.

The numerical marker information (frequency and level) for these markers is part of the

SEM list.

Markers P1 to Px are fix and always remain on the peak level of the corresponding

subrange. If you'd like to analyze other locations on the trace, use normal marker and

deltamarker functionality. For more information see "Using Markers and Deltamarkers"

on page 118.

















the R&S FSH.


3.1.6.2 Optimizing Measurement Settings

After selecting the standard and applying the signal to the R&S FSH, you can optimize

measurement settings to avoid overloading the R&S FSH.

► Press the "Adjust Settings" softkey.

The R&S FSH performs a measurement to determine the ideal reference level ans

span..




3.1.6.3 Viewing the Results in a Table

You can add a table to the display that shows the measurement results in numerical

form.


► Press the "View List" softkey.

The R&S FSH shows a list above

the trace diagram.

If the list contains more than four entries, you can scroll through the list with the

rotary knob or the cursor keys to see the other results. Note that scrolling works

only if there is no active input field.

The list contains the following information:

● Tx Power

Power level of the transmission channel.

● Tx Bandwidth

Bandwidth of the transmission channel.

● PASS / FAIL information

If the signal is within the limits of the spectral mask, the R&S FSH shows ,

if not it shows .

● Range [Hz]

Frequency range. The first number is the start frequency, the second number the

stop frequency of each defined frequency range. The character following the

number indicates the unit (k = kHz, M = MHz, G = GHz)

● RBW [Hz]

Resolution bandwidth the corresponding frequency range is measured with.

● Peak

Number of the peak marker (Px).

● Freq [Hz]

Frequency of the peak level that has been measured in each frequency range

● Power Abs

Absolute peak power in the corresponding frequency range.

● Power Rel

Relative peak power in relation to the channel power of the reference channel.

● Δ Limit

Minimum distance from the limit line to the trace in the corresponding frequency

range. Negative values or a zero indicate a passed SEM limit check, positive

values indicate a violation of the limit check.




3.1.7 Measuring the Harmonic Distortion

The Harmonic Distortion measurement is an easy way to identify the harmonics of a

DUT. In addition to the graphic display of the harmonics, this measurement mode also

calculates the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and shows the results.

You can perform a Harmonic Distortion measurement in frequency sweep (span > 0)

and zero span mode (span = 0). When starting the measurement, the R&S FSH looks

for the first harmonic of the signal (= the highest signal) in the defined frequency range.

It then adjusts the frequency axis so that all harmonics are visible. In zero span mode,

the center frequency remains the same.



► Select the "Harmonic Distortion" menu item.

The R&S FSH starts to measure the harmonic distortion.

The search for harmonics starts as soon as you enter the Harmonic Distortion

measurement. Upon entering the measurement, the R&S FSH automatically adjusts

the settings in order to display the selected number of harmonics (default = 2) on the

screen.

Screen layout for the harmonic distortion measurement

1 Harmonics list

2 Total harmonic distortion in %

3 Total harmonic distortion in dB

4 Trace

5 Markers indicating harmonics (blue lines)

6 Harmonic distortion softkey menu




3.1.7.1 Defining the Number of Harmonics

By default, the R&S FSH shows the signal and its first harmonic. Each harmonic is

indicated by a marker that the R&S FSH places on the harmonic (here M1 and M2).

Note that all of the markers that have been set are normal markers that show the

absolute frequency of the harmonic.

At the same time, the R&S FSH also calculates the values for the total harmonic

distortion (THD) and shows the results in a box above the trace diagram. The values

are output in % as well as dB.

If you want to see more than one harmonic, the R&S FSH can show up to six

harmonics.


► Press the "Harmonics" softkey.

► Enter the number of harmonics you'd like to see.

3.1.7.2 Optimizing the Display of Harmonics

The R&S FSH places the markers on the other harmonics even if they are outside of

the display range.



The R&S FSH performs a measurement to determine the ideal reference level,

frequency and span in order to display all harmonics.

3.1.7.3 Activating the Harmonics List

To see the exact frequency of the harmonic, you can activate the marker list that

shows the value for each harmonic or marker.

► Press the MKR key.


The R&S FSH displays the marker list that contains the values for each harmonic.




3.1.8 Measuring the AM Modulation Depth

The AM Modulation Depth measurement analyzes AM modulated signals and

calculates the modulation depth of the signal using the measurement results. Note that

the measurement works properly only if you apply an AM modulated signal.




► Select the "AM Modulation Depth" menu item.

The R&S FSH starts to measure the AM modulation depth.

After you have started the measurement, the R&S FSH places three markers on the

trace. The first marker is placed on the peak power level. The R&S FSH assumes that

position as the level of the carrier. The second and third markers are delta markers.

These are placed symmetrically on the adjacent peak values to the left and right of the

carrier.

Screen layout for the AM modulation depth measurement

1 Marker list

2 Modulation depth

3 Trace

4 Threshold line

5 Markers (blue lines)

6 AM modulation depth softkey menu

By default, delta marker 2 is active for editing. If you move the delta marker to another

position, the other delta marker will be moved by the same distance relative to the

normal marker. Note that this happens only if you move delta marker 2 (D2). When

moving delta marker 3 (D3), only this marker is repositioned.




From the values of the markers, the R&S FSH then calculates the AM modulation

depth. The AM modulation depth is the ratio between the power values at the

reference marker and at the delta markers. When the powers of the two AM side bands

are not the same, the R&S FSH uses the mean value of the two sideband values.

If the R&S FSH is unable to find any AM modulated a carriers, it shows the message

.

3.1.8.1 Setting a Threshold

You can set a threshold that defines the minimum power level the signal must have. If

the power of the signal is below the threshold, the R&S FSH will not set the markers

and therefore will not calculate the modulation depth.


► Press the "Threshold" softkey

The R&S FSH opens an input field to set the threshold.

► Enter the threshold value you need.

The threshold is represented as a horizontal blue line in the diagram area.

3.1.8.2 Optimizing the Settings

In order to get the best results, you can use the automatic adjustment routine that the

R&S FSH offers.



The R&S FSH performs a sweep and repeats the peak search sequence for the

three markers.

3.1.8.3 Activating the Marker List

To see the exact frequency of the carrier and its sidebands, you can activate the

marker list that shows the value for each marker.



The R&S FSH displays the marker list that contains the values for carrier and

sideband.




3.1.9 Measuring Spurious Emissions

The Spurious Emission measurement is a tool to monitor unwanted emissions in the

frequency spectrum outside of an assigned channel (carrier). When performing a

Spurious Emission measurement, the R&S FSH checks the spectrum that you have

defined against a limit line to see whether the signal complies with a specific standard

or not.

Spurious Emission measurements are usually performed over a wide frequency

spectrum. To avoid long measurement times, the spectrum is split into several smaller

ranges. Each of those ranges has a different configuration (for example a different

RBW).

The Spurious Emission measurement available on the R&S FSH is designed for

measurements on category A 3GPP base stations with the appropriate configuration in

each measurement range.




► Select the "3GPP BTS Spurious Emission" menu item.

► Press the "Start Meas" softkey.

The R&S FSH starts the measurement.

Screen Layout for the Spurious Emission measurement

1 Result display

2 Limit check

3 List of spurious emissions

4 Limit line (red line)

5 Trace (yellow line)

6 Spurious Emission softkey menu




Note that the frequency range of the actual measurement depends on the start and

stop frequency you have set for the carrier. Correct measurement results are therefore

only possible if the frequency ranges of the measurement are inside the current span

of the R&S FSH.

Markers in the Spurious Emission measurement

In addition to the normal marker functionality of the R&S FSH, the Spurious Emission

measurement provides special markers labeled P1 to Px.

The R&S FSH activates and positions these special markers automatically after

displaying the trace. Each of these markers marks the peak level in each Spurious

Emission range.

The numerical marker information (frequency and level) for these markers is part of the

result table.

Markers P1 to P4 are fix and always remain on the peak level of the corresponding

subrange. If you'd like to analyze other locations on the trace, use normal marker and

deltamarker functionality. For more information see "Using Markers and Deltamarkers"

on page 118.

3.1.9.1 Defining the Channel Bandwidth

Several frequency bands have been defined for 3GPP transmissions. Depending on

the frequency band you are testing, you have to adjust the start and stop frequencies

of the carriers.


► Press the "Carrier Start" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the lower frequency of the channel.

► Press the "Carrier Stop" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the upper frequency of the channel.

Note that the standard defines spurious emissions as transmission outside the

frequency band 12.5 MHz below the first carrier and 12.5 MHz above the last carrier.

Keep these values in mind when defining the start and stop frequencies of the carrier.

3.1.9.2 Viewing the Results in a Table

You can add a table to the display that shows the measurement results in numerical

form.



The R&S FSH shows a list above

the trace diagram.




The list contains information for each frequency range that the measurement covers.

Thus, the number of entries in the list depends on the overall frequency span you are

using for the measurement. The following ranges have been defined:

● 9 kHz to 150 kHz (with an RBW of 1 kHz)

● 150 kHz to 30 MHz (with an RBW of 10 kHz)

● 30 MHz to 1 GHz (with an RBW of 100 kHz)

● > 1 GHz (with an RBW of 1 MHz)

The spurious list contains the following information for each range.

● Frequency range

Start and stop frequencies of the range.

● RBW

Resolution bandwidth that the R&S FSH uses within that range.

● Peak Frequency

Frequency at which the peak power has been measured in a particular range.

● Peak Power

Peak power that has been measured in a particular range.




3.1.10 Working with the Spectrogram Result Display (R&S FSH-K14/ -K15)

With option R&S FSH-K14 or R&S FSH-K15, you can view measurement results in a

spectrogram.

The spectrogram result display shows the spectral density of a signal in the frequency

domain and over time simultaneously.

Screen layout for the spectrogram

1 Result display

2 Marker and time line information

3 Spectrum result display (optional)

4 Marker/ delta marker (vertical lines)

5 Spectrogram

6 Time lines T1 and T2 (horizontal lines)

7 Scroll direction

8 Spectrogram softkey menu

Like other result displays, the horizontal axis represents the frequency span. The

vertical axis represents time. Time in the spectrogram runs chronologically from top to

bottom. Therefore, the top of the diagram is the present. A third dimension shows the

amplitude for each frequency by mapping different colors to every power level. The

result is therefore a two dimensional diagram.

The color the R&S FSH assigns to a power level that was measured depends on:

● the color table you have selected

● the spectrogram reference level

● the spectrogram level range

The spectrogram consists of horizontal lines, each one pixel high, that are called

frames. In the default state, a frame is added to the spectrogram after each sweep.

This means that the amount of data in a frame depends on the sweep time. As the

spectrogram in the R&S FSH runs from top to bottom, the outdated time line(s) move

down one position, so that the present frame is always on top of the diagram.

Therefore, the sequence of frames is chronological.






► Select the "Spectrogram" menu item.

The R&S FSH starts the spectrogram result display.

By default, the spectrogram result display consists of two windows. The upper window

shows the measured spectrum as a trace line. The lower window shows the

measurement results in a spectrogram. The chronological information in the

spectrogram is restricted by the internal memory of the R&S FSH. The R&S FSH

stores 1024 frames or spectrums that have been measured in its memory. As the

height of the display is smaller, some of the data becomes invisible after a time.

3.1.10.1 Controlling the Spectrogram Update

The spectrogram starts running as soon as you enter the spectrogram mode, if you are

in continuous sweep mode.

If you are in single sweep mode, the R&S FSH does not add a line to the spectrogram

until you initiate the next single sweep.

You can stop the update of the spectrogram in continuous sweep mode.


► Press the "Hold" softkey.

Note that in continuous sweep mode the measurement in the spectrum result

display does not stop. The trace in the upper window still updates continuously.

Only the spectrogram view stops.

► Press the "Hold" softkey again.

The R&S FSH resumes updating the spectrogram.

The spectrogram result display is filled with results until you change a measurement

setting. As soon as a setting is changed, the spectrogram clears and starts to fill again.

You can also clear the spectrogram manually.


► Press the "Clear" softkey.

3.1.10.2 Browsing Through the Signal History

There are two ways to view parts of the measurement result history that have moved

outside the visible area of the spectrogram.


► Press the "Spectrogram Settings" softkey.

► Select the "[ ] Spectrogram Full Screen" menu item.




The R&S FSH now uses the full diagram area of the screen for the spectrogram.

The number of lines in the spectrogram and therefore the displayed time period

more than doubles.

► The "Spectrogram Full Screen" menu item is marked by an [X].

It may, however, be necessary that the spectrum result display is still visible to

evaluate measurement results. For this purpose, the spectrogram has an (invisible)

scrollbar that you can use to scroll up and down the spectrogram to the frame that

you'd like to see.

Scrolling through the spectrogram

Turn the rotary knob or use the UP and DOWN cursor keys whenever you are viewing

the spectrogram.

The R&S FSH scrolls through the spectrogram history.

Note that this is only possible as long as no input field or menu is active. To resume

the spectrogram scroll function in this case,

► Press the CANCEL key

► Use the rotary knob or the UP and DOWN cursor keys again.

The R&S FSH resumes scrolling through the spectrogram history.

The symbols on the right side of the spectrogram indicate the position of the

spectrogram part currently displayed on the screen:

● A single down arrow in the right lower corner of the spectrogram indicates that the

uppermost frame still represents the most recently recorded trace.

● Two arrows (one up, one down) indicate that the spectrogram area displayed is

somewhere in the middle of the available history.

● A single up arrow in the upper right corner of the spectrogram indicates that the

lowest line of the spectrogram represents the end of the history buffer.

3.1.10.3 Configuring the Display

As colors are an important part of the spectrogram, the R&S FSH offers various ways

to customize the display for best viewing results.

The first and most obvious way to configure the display is to select a different color

scheme.


► Select the "Spectrogram Color Table" menu.

The R&S FSH opens a submenu that contains several color schemes.

● Default

● Green-Yellow

● Green-Blue

● Black-White

● Red-Purple

● Blue-Black

The following examples are based on the green-yellow color scheme.




► Select the color scheme you are most comfortable with.

The R&S FSH adjusts the screen colors according to your selection.

It is possible that the color distribution is not ideal in the current configuration. You

have two ways to set things straight.

By cutting the reference level, you can eliminate amplitudes from the color map

that are not part of the signal.

Example: By default, the spectrogram reference level is 30 dBm.

That means that signal parts with

an amplitude of 30 dBm would be

yellow in the spectrogram, and

signal parts with a very small

amplitude would be dark green.

Everything in between is a shade

of the colors between. As the

colors are distributed over a very

large range (about a 150 dBm or

more), it is likely that you can not

distinguish details in the signal you

have measured.

Therefore you should adjust the color map to the overall shape of the signal you

are measuring. Let's say, for example, that the signal has an amplitude range of

about 30 dB with the maximum amplitude at about -60 dBm and the minimum

amplitude at about -100 dBm and the Green-Yellow color scheme. With the default

settings, the spectrogram is made up exclusively of green colors and it's not easy

to distinguish amplitude levels. That's because the yellow color shades are

completely out of range.

To get a better result, change the spectrogram reference level to a level near the

maximum power level that has been measured first.


► Select the "Spectrogram Reference Level" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to enter the spectrogram reference level.

The reference level should be near the maximum level that has been measured

while the spectrogram was running. In the example, the reference level should be

at about -60 dBm.

► Enter the reference level you need.

The R&S FSH now shifts the reference level of the spectrogram to the value you

have entered.

Note that the spectrogram reference level does not affect the spectrum result

display, as well as the spectrum reference level ("Amplitude" menu) does not affect

the spectrogram. In the screenshot the spectrum trace is therefore exactly the

same as in the previous picture.




The result however, still does not

show signal differences in detail.

The only thing that happened is

that the colors have shifted, in the

example to yellow, because the

color that corresponds to the

reference level has shifted from

green to yellow. All other colors

that are part of the color scheme

are still unused, because the

spectrogram level range is still the

same (150 dB).


► Select the "Spectrogram Level Range" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to enter the spectrogram level range.

In the example, the level range of the signal is from about -60 dBm to about

-100 dBm.

► Therefore set the level range to

40 dB to get the whole signal.

As the level range is now adjusted,

the R&S FSH is able to map its

complete color range to the level

range of the signal.

This means that signal parts with a

low amplitude are in a shade of

green while signal parts with a

high amplitude are yellow.

The best way to display a spectrogram is therefore to reduce the level range until

the lowest signal part is mapped to the lower end of the color map and the highest

signal part to the upper end of the color map.

In a last step you can configure the spectrogram in a way that it only shows signal

peaks in color and the noise floor in black. To get a result like that you have to

reduce the level range, until the noise floor is outside the displayed range.

► Instead of entering a level range of 40 dB, enter a level range of 35 dB or even

30 dB.




This will provide a high contrast

between signal parts that are

above the noise floor, and the

noise floor, which is drawn in

black.

To show details of the noise floor

and exclude the peak levels you

have to lower the spectrogram

reference level, until it is just

above the noise floor.

The R&S FSH will then display the signal parts that are above the reference level

in only one color, which is the color at the upper border of the color map.

3.1.10.4 Recording a Spectrogram

You can save the data of the spectrogram for documentation or for further analysis of

the recorded data.


► Press the "Save Spectrogram" softkey.


to save the current spectrogram.

► Enter the name of the spectrogram

with the alphanumeric keys.

By default, the R&S FSH saves

the spectrogram as

'Spectrogram###' with ascending

numbers.

► Press the "Save" softkey to store

the spectrogram.

Now that you have saved the spectrogram, you can replay it any time you want.

The number of spectrograms that you can store on the R&S FSH internal memory

depends on the other datasets that are currently on the R&S FSH.




3.1.10.5 Playback of a Spectrogram

If you have recorded a spectrogram and have saved it in internal memory, a memory

stick or the SD card, you can view the results of that measurement at a later time.

► Press the "Playback" softkey

or


► Select the "Spectrogram Playback" menu item.

Recalling a previously stored spectrogram

► Press the "Recall Spectrogram" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box to select a file that contains the spectrogram

data. The file extension for spectrogram data is *.spm.

► Select the file you need.


The R&S FSH loads the spectrogram and shows the data in the display.

In general you can do the same things on a recalled spectrogram as in the

spectrogram recording mode, e.g. customize the display to your needs.

In addition to that functionality, it is possible to view not only the spectrum that belongs

to the currently selected spectrogram frame, but also the spectrums of all frames that

are in the memory of the R&S FSH.

Working with time lines in playback mode

To find a particular point in time and display the corresponding spectrum you can use

two time lines:

When entering the playback mode the R&S FSH displays two time lines in the

spectrogram.

The first time line (T1) corresponds to

an absolute time value, the second

(T2) is a time relative to the first time

line. Both time lines are positioned on

the most recent spectrogram line at

the top of the result display.

You can now select a specific spectrogram frame that is in the memory of the

R&S FSH.

► Press the "Select Time Line" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the position of the first time line (T1).




► Position the time line by entering a number or moving it with the rotary knob.

Entering 0 sets the time line marker on the most recent frame. The maximum value

that you can enter is 1024 (the maximum number of frames the R&S FSH can

store in its memory).

Note that not all frames are visible on the screen. If a frame is part of the history

outside the visible area, the time line is also not visible and you have to scroll

through the spectrogram to be able to see it again.

The upper window will display the spectrum of the frame at the time line position. By

moving the time line you can thus browse through the history of spectra stored in

memory.

In the marker information field, the R&S FSH shows the time stamp of the time line.

The time stamp of the first time line T1

is always referred to the top-most

frame (e.g. a time stamp of

00:00:50:000 means that the data was

measured 50 seconds prior to the top-

most frame).

► Press the "Select Time Line"

softkey again.

The R&S FSH opens an input field

to define the position of the

second time line (T2).

► Enter a number with the number keys, the rotary knob or the cursor keys.

The R&S FSH positions the second time line on the selected frame. Again it shows

the time stamp of the time line in the marker information field (ΔT value). For the

second time line (T2), the information is relative to the first one (T1). This means

that the time stamp of the second time line can be negative, if you have set it on a

frame above the first time line.

If you scroll the time line through the frames of the spectrogram with the rotary knob or

the cursor keys, the R&S FSH will show the spectrum corresponding to the selected

frame in the upper window of the display.

You can use the spectrogram playback for a detailed analysis of the signal levels over

time and compare signal details in the spectrum result display, e.g. with the help of

markers.

In addition to the time line (horizontal marker), you can also use (vertical) markers in

the spectrogram.

With the help of the marker and the time line, you are able to find the exact moment

when a specific event has occurred in the spectrum.




► Press the MARKER key.

The R&S FSH activates a marker

and sets it on the peak level of the

currently displayed spectrum.

► Use the rotary knob or the cursor

keys to move the marker on the

horizontal axis to the frequency

you want to analyze, or enter the

frequency directly with the number

keys.

► Press the "Select Time Line" softkey and browse through the spectrums using the

rotary knob or the cursor keys until the spectrum of interest is displayed in the

upper window.

The time stamp of the selected time line gives you a precise indication on when the

event shown in the spectrum occurred.

For more information on marker functionality, see

● "Using Markers" on page 227

Switching back to active spectrogram recording

To resume recording of a new spectrogram

► Press the "Live Update" softkey at any time you are in playback mode.

The R&S FSH switches back to performing live measurements.

Long Time Spectrograms

The R&S FSH can record spectrogram data up to 999 hours (although the maximum

time actually depends on the measurement settings and available storage space).


► Press the “Measure Setup” softkey and look for the “Spectrogram Long Time

Recording” settings.

► Connect the storage device (necessary for long time recording).

► Select the storage device you would like to use from the “Recording Storage”

menu item (USB or SD card).

► Turn on the long time spectrogram with the “Long Time Recording” menu item.

The R&S FSH starts the spectrogram measurement. The data is written directly to the

connected storage device in one or more files, depending on the overall length of the

spectrogram . the longer the recording last, the more files are created.

When you stop the recording, the

R&S FSH shows a message

containing the directory where the

measurement data has been saved.




When you playback the spectrogram,

the currently used file is indicated in

the display.

Note that it might take a little while to access a new file during spectrogram playback (a

corresponding message is shown).

Configuring Long Time Spectrograms

You can define several characteristics of the long time spectrogram in the “Measure

Setup” menu:

● Recording Mode: Selects the way the spectrogram is controlled.

- “Timer”: Recording starts and stops on a certain date and time. You can define

the date via the “Start / Stop Date” and “Start / Stop Time” menu items (for

example from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm on January 1st in the year 3000. You can

also define a “Duration” instead of specifying a stop time.

- “Immediately”: Recording begins immediately, and you can define a “Duration”

(for example 6 hours). Otherwise the recording stops when you deliberately so.

- “Limits Failure”: Recording starts or stops when a limit has been violated.

Select the details with the “Limits Save Mode” menu item.

In any case, you can stop the recording deliberately any time by turning the

long time spectrogram off.

- “Stop Recording If Battery Low”: Recording stops when the battery level runs

low.

● Recording Speed: Selects if the spectrogram measurement time is defined

automatically by the R&S FSH or manually. In the latter case, define the

measurement time with the “Manual Recording Interval” menu item (Example: a

spectrogram line is added every 100 ms).

Analyzing Long Time Spectrograms with the R&S InstrumentView software

Long spectrograms can be difficult to read on the R&S FSH. However, the

R&S InstrumentView software package provides a tool called the "Long Time

Recording Viewer" that allows you to conveniently display and analyze very long

spectrograms.

► Select the icon in the toolbar of the R&S InstrumentView software to open the

viewer.

In the viewer, you can do several things.

● Display spectrograms that you have previously saved via the "File" menu. The

compressed view shows the complete spectrogram, while the main window shows

a detailed view of the measured data.

● Apply different color schemes via the "Colors" menu. The color schemes are the

same as those available within the firmware.

● Select a certain time line in the spectrogram and view the corresponding spectrum

in the diagram area below the spectrogram.

● Zoom into and out of the measurement results.




● Position markers in the spectrogram via the "Show" menu and the "Measurement”

panel on the right side of the user interface.

● Configure markers via the "Setup" panel on the right side of the user interface.

● View the measurement setup via the "Measurement" panel.

Prerequisites

Using the "Long Time Recording Viewer" requires you to install .NET framework

version 4.0 or higher on the PC you are running the R&S InstrumentView software on.




3.1.11 Using Isotropic Antennas

The R&S FSH supports measurements with an isotropic antenna.

You can use any isotropic antenna available with the R&S TS-EMF system (order no.

1158.9295.05). Each of those antennas supports a different frequency range between

9 kHz and 6 GHz.

Test setup

The test setup consists of an R&S FSH and one of the isotropic antennas. The

necessary cables are provided with the antennas.

► Connect the RF cable with the N coaxial connector to the RF input (port 1).

► Connect the control cable to the power sensor interface (9-pin D-Sub connector)

with the adapter cable that comes with the antenna.

If necessary, you can connect an additional extension cable (R&S TS-EMFZ2,

order no. 1166.5708.02).

Starting the measurement



► Select the "Isotropic Antenna" menu item.

After you have turned the isotropic antenna on, the R&S FSH uses the isotropic

antenna for all measurements.

Note that when you turn the isotropic antenna on without having selected a

transducer factor first, the R&S FSH asks you to select a transducer factor.

Using transducer factors

The isotropic antenna is in effect a transducer. Because it has a characteristic

frequency response, it is necessary to correct the measurement results by these

characteristics.

The transducer factors for each of the supported isotropic antennas are provided with

the R&S FSH. The factors contain typical correction values for all three antenna

elements as well as the correction values for the cable.


► Press the "Transducer" softkey

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box to select the transducer factor.

► Select the "Primary Transducer" menu item.

► Select the transducer factor.

The file you have to select depends on the antenna you are using. The file type of

transducer factors for isotropic antennas is *.isotrd.





If you are using the extension cable R&S TS-EMFZ2, you have to take this into

account as a secondary transducer.

► Press the "Transducer" softkey.

► Select the "Select Secondary Transducer" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box to select transducer factors with the unit dB.

► Select the transducer factor for the extension cable.


For more information see "Using Transducer Factors" on page 132.

You can create and edit transducer factor with the R&S InstrumentView software

package and then transfer them into the internal memory of the R&S FSH. Each

transducer factor may consist of up to 1000 reference values.

Display of the antenna directions

An isotropic antenna consists of three orthogonal elements. Each of these elements

measures the field strength from a different direction (x-, y- and z-axis).

Decrease of measurement speed

Because the R&S FSH performs a measurement on each of the three antenna axes,

the update rate of the results decreases slightly.

You can select to display different aspects of the measurement.


► Select the "Iso Direction [ ]" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a new menu to select the measurement aspect.

● "Auto"

Shows the total field strength over all three antenna axes.

The displayed result is a combination of the results for each antenna element. After

measuring each of the three directions individually, the R&S FSH calculates the

total field strength (Er) based on the results for each antenna element.

222zyxr EEEE

● "X"

Shows the field strength measured on the antenna's x-axis only.

● "Y"

Shows the field strength measured on the antenna's y-axis only.

● "Z"

Shows the field strength measured on the antenna's z-axis only.


Configuring Spectrum Measurements


3.2 Configuring Spectrum Measurements

3.2.1 Configuring the Horizontal Axis

The FREQ key contains all necessary functions to configure the horizontal axis for

spectrum measurements.

The contents of the menu depend on the currently selected measurement.

Usually, the horizontal axis contains frequency information in spectrum mode. You can

specify the frequency in terms of the center frequency or by defining a start and stop

frequency for a particular span.

If you know the frequency of the signal you are measuring, it is best to match the

center frequency to the signal's frequency. If you are investigating signals, e.g.

harmonics, that are within a particular frequency range, the best option is to enter a

start and stop frequency to define the span.

3.2.1.1 Defining the Center Frequency

The center frequency represents the frequency at the center of the horizontal axis in

the diagram area.

► Press the FREQ key.

The R&S FSH opens the frequency menu.

When you press the FREQ key, the R&S FSH automatically opens an input field to

define the center frequency. If the input field is inactive, you can open it with the

"Center Freq" softkey.

► Enter the center frequency you need.

The frequency you have entered becomes the new center frequency.

While adjusting the center frequency, you may obtain a value that is outside the

R&S FSH maximum span. If this happens, the R&S FSH automatically reduces the

span.

3.2.1.2 Defining a Frequency Step Size

If you set the center frequency with the rotary knob or the cursor keys, the distance of

each step that you take depends on the span. With the rotary knob, the smallest

possible step is a pixel. As the trace consists of 631 pixels, each step is equal to 1/630

of the span. With the cursor keys, the step is 10% of the span or one division of the

grid.

You can set another step size.


► Press the "CF Step Size" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens a submenu that contains possible step sizes.




- 0.1 x Span

The step size equals 10% of the span or 1 division of the horizontal axis.

- =Center

The step size equals the center frequency.

This step size is ideal for measurements on harmonics. When you increase or

decrease the center frequency, the center frequency automatically moves to

the next harmonic.

- Manual…

Define any step size you want.

This step size makes it easy to investigate a spectrum with frequencies at

constant intervals.

► Select the step size you need from the menu.

The R&S FSH adjusts the step size accordingly.

If you set the step size to 10% of the span or to the center frequency, the R&S FSH

sets the step size internally. Manually defining the step size opens an input field to

define the step size.

3.2.1.3 Setting a Frequency Offset

For measurements on frequency converters such as satellite downconverters, it is

often convenient to reference the results to the frequency prior to conversion. For this

purpose, the R&S FSH offers a frequency offset that arithmetically shifts the center

frequency to higher or lower frequencies. Thus, the R&S FSH displays the input

frequency of the DUT.

Positive frequency offset is possible in the range from 1 Hz to 100 GHz, in steps of

1 Hz. The maximum negative frequency offset depends on the start frequency you

have set. The start frequency, taking into account the frequency offset, is always

≥ 0 Hz.


► Press the "Freq Offset" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to set the frequency offset.

► Enter the frequency offset you need.

The R&S FSH adds the frequency offset to the center frequency you have set. A

red dot at the center frequency display indicates that a frequency offset has been

set.




3.2.1.4 Defining a Start and Stop Frequency

Defining a start an stop frequency is best suited for example for measurements on

harmonics or signals whose exact frequency is unknown.


► Press the "Start Freq" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the start frequency.

► Enter the start frequency you need.

► Set a stop frequency with the "Stop Freq" softkey.

The R&S FSH adjusts the horizontal axis according to your input, beginning with

the start frequency and ending with the stop frequency.

If you have entered a stop frequency that is outside the maximum frequency range,

the R&S FSH sets the stop frequency to the possible maximum.

The label of the horizontal axis changes from "Center" and "Span" to "Start" and

"Stop".

3.2.1.5 Setting the Span

The span is the frequency range around the center frequency that a spectrum analyzer

displays on the screen. The span you should select depends on the signal and the

measurement that you are performing. A rule of thumb is that it should be at least twice

the bandwidth occupied by the signal.

The available span for frequency domain measurements depends on the instrument

model.

● R&S FSH4: 10 Hz to 3.6 GHz

● R&S FSH8: 10 Hz to 8 GHz

● R&S FSH13: 10 Hz to 13.6 GHz

● R&S FSH20: 10 Hz to 20 GHz

If you set a span of 0 Hz (zero span), the R&S FSH performs measurements in the

time domain.


When you press the SPAN key, the R&S FSH automatically opens an input field to

define the span. If the input field is inactive, you can open it with the "Manual

Span" softkey.


The R&S FSH adjusts the span of the horizontal axis.




If you have to switch between full span and a smaller span, you can do so without

having to enter the numeric values.


► Press the "Full Span" softkey.

The R&S FSH displays the spectrum over its entire frequency range.

► Press the "Last Span" softkey.

The R&S FSH restores the span that you have set just before displaying the entire

frequency range.

Time domain measurements

You can also activate time domain measurements without having to enter the value

manually. When measuring in the time domain, the span is 0 Hz. In that state, the

R&S FSH measures the signal at the current center frequency only. Instead of

displaying the spectrum, the R&S FSH shows the signal power over a certain time

period. The horizontal axis becomes the time axis. The display always starts at 0 s and

stops after the currently set sweep time.


► Press the "Zero Span" softkey.

The R&S FSH sets a span of 0 Hz and performs the measurement in the time

domain.




3.2.2 Configuring the Vertical Axis

All relevant settings to configure the vertical axis are available in the amplitude menu.

You can access it via the AMPT key.


The reference level is represented graphically by the grid line at the top of the diagram.

The reference level sets the input signal gain up to the display stage. If the reference

level is low, the gain is high. That means that even weak signals are displayed clearly.

If you are measuring strong signals, you have to set a high reference level in order to

prevent an overload of the signal path of the analyzer and to keep the signal within the

display range. If you are measuring the spectrum of a composite signal, make sure that

the reference level is high enough to cover all signals and that all signals are within the



When you press the AMPT key, the R&S FSH automatically opens an input field to

define the center frequency. If the input field is inactive, you can open it with the

"Ref Level" softkey.

► Enter the reference level you require.

If you change the reference level, the R&S FSH adjusts the position of the trace as

you make the changes.

By default, the reference level corresponds to the grid line at the top of the diagram.

You can also change the position of the reference level to another grid line if you have

a signal that would otherwise overlap with the top of the diagram area. The R&S FSH

indicates the current reference level position with a triangle at the corresponding grid

line on the vertical axis ( ).


► Press the "Range / Ref Pos" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens a submenu.

► Select the "Ref Position 10…" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the reference position.

► Enter the number of the grid line you want the reference level at.

The range is from 0 to 10. "0" corresponds to the lowest grid line, "10" corresponds

to highest grid line.

3.2.2.2 Setting a Display Range

The display range determines the scaling or resolution of the vertical axis. In the

default state, the display range is a logarithmic scaling over a 100 dB. This

corresponds to 10 dB per grid division. The R&S FSH provides other display ranges

that either increase or decrease the resolution of the vertical axis.




However, increasing resolution does not increase the accuracy of, for example, the

marker level readout, but only makes it easier to read values off the trace.

You can also select a linear scale for the vertical axis. In that case, the power levels

are expressed as a percentage of the reference level. Linear scaling is useful to

display AM modulated carriers in the time domain, for example.



The R&S FSH opens a submenu to select the display range.

► Select the display range you need (“Manual Range” allows you to select a custom

range).

The R&S FSH adjusts the vertical axis accordingly.

3.2.2.3 Selecting the Display Unit

By default, the vertical axis (and therefore the reference level) is scaled in dBm.

However, the units dBmV, dBµV, Watt and Volt are also available. Selecting the right

unit is relevant for the marker level display because the unit of the marker level is the

same as that of the reference level.


► Press the "Unit" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens a submenu to select the display unit.

► Select one of the available units.

The R&S FSH adjusts the labels of the vertical axis accordingly.

3.2.2.4 Setting a Reference Offset

You can define a reference offset for the reference level. With a reference offset, you

can increase the reference level by a certain amount. This is useful, for example, if an

attenuator or amplifier has been inserted before the RF input. The R&S FSH

automatically takes the loss or gain into account when the level is displayed and no

manual calculations are necessary. A loss introduced at the RF input must be entered

as a positive number and a gain as a negative number.


► Press the "Ref Offset" softkey.

The R&S FSH open an input field to

► Enter the offset you need.

The R&S FSH includes the offset in the measurement.

To indicate an offset other than 0, the R&S FSH puts a red dot at the "Ref:"

hardware setting ( ).




3.2.2.5 Setting the RF Attenuation

RF attenuation adjusts the input range inside the analyzer. It is coupled directly to the

reference level. If you have set a high reference level, RF attenuation is turned on in

10 dB steps according to the table below so that the input mixer always remains in the

linear range.

The R&S FSH provides three attenuation modes.

● Auto Low Distortion

If this mode is active, the R&S FSH sets the RF attenuation 10 dB higher

according to the table below, making the stress of the input mixer 10 dB less at the

specified reference level. If the spectrum is densely occupied with signals, e.g. in a

television cable network, the input mixer reduces the R&S FSH inherent spurious

products. However, the inherent noise display of the R&S FSH increases due to

the increased attenuation in front of the input mixer.

● Auto Low Noise

If this mode is active, the R&S FSH sets the RF attenuation 10 dB lower. This

increases the sensitivity of the R&S FSH, which means that the inherent noise

display decreases due to the lower attenuation in front of the input mixer.

● Manual

Manual selection of the attenuation.

You can check the status of the RF attenuation and the preamplifier in the

measurement setup dialog and the hardware settings area of the display.

Reference Level

Preamplifier OFF Preamplifier ON

RF Attenuation RF Attenuation

Low Noise Low Distortion Low Noise Low Distortion

≤-30 dBm 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB

-29 to -25 dBm 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 5 dB

-24 to -20 dBm 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB 10 dB

-19 to -15 dBm 0 dB 5 dB 5 dB 15 dB

-14 to -10 dBm 0 dB 10 dB 10 dB 20 dB

-9 to -5 dBm 5 dB 15 dB 15 dB 25 dB

-4 to 0 dBm 10 dB 20 dB 20 dB 30 dB

1 to 5 dBm 15 dB 25 dB 25 dB 35 dB

6 to 10 dBm 20 dB 30 dB 30 dB 40 dB

11 to 15 dBm 25 dB 35 dB 35 dB 40 dB

16 to 20 dBm 30 dB 40 dB 40 dB 40 dB

21 to 25 dBm 35 dB 40 dB 40 dB 40 dB

26 to 30 dBm 40 dB 40 dB 40 dB 40 dB





► Press the "RF Att / Amp / Imp" softkey.

► Select either the "Auto Low Distortion" or the "Auto Low Noise" menu item.

The R&S FSH sets the attenuation according to the table above.

► Select the "Manual: 0 dB" menu item for manual selection of the RF attenuation.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to set the RF attenuation. You can set the

attenuation from 0 dB to 40 dB in 5 dB steps.

To indicate a manual attenuation, the R&S FSH puts a red dot at the "Att:"

hardware setting ( ).

3.2.2.6 Using the Preamplifier

To increase the input sensitivity, the R&S FSH provides an integrated 20 dB

preamplifier after the input mixer.

In the default state of the R&S FSH, the preamplifer is turned off. If you want to

measure signals with low powers, you can turn it on.



► Select either the "Preamp On" or "Preamp Off" menu item.

The R&S FSH turns the preamplifier on and off.

3.2.2.7 Setting the Input Impedance

In the default state, the input impedance is 50 Ω.

The R&S FSH can also handle 75 Ω systems. The R&S FSH does not select a 75 Ω

RF input per se. Instead it selects a 75 Ω matching pad connected at the RF input. The

50/75 Ω matching pad R&S RAZ is recommended for 75 Ω matching (see

recommended accessories). The R&S FSH automatically considers the conversion

factor when a value of 75 Ω is set.



► Select the impedance you need.

You can also use other matching pads (e.g. R&S RAM or R&S FSH-Z38) by

activating transducer factors.

3.2.2.8 Using Transducer Factors

For more information see "Using Transducer Factors".




3.2.3 Setting Bandwidths

The bandwidth menu contains all settings to set up filter bandwidths available in the

R&S FSH. You can access it with the BW key.

3.2.3.1 Setting the Resolution Bandwidth

The resolution bandwidth in a spectrum analyzer determines the frequency resolution

for frequency domain measurements and therefore determines how well it can

separate adjacent frequencies. The results as you see them on the display depend on

the passband of a resolution filter.

The resolution bandwidth (RBW) has several effects on measurements.

● To be able to display two or more signals whose frequencies are close together

separately, you need a (resolution) filter whose bandwidth is small enough. The

frequency difference between two sinusoidal carriers can not be less than the

selected resolution bandwidth if the carriers are to be resolved, for example.

● The bandwidth of the resolution filter also affects the noise that is displayed by the

R&S FSH. The smaller the bandwidth, the less noisy the results are. The rule is,

that if you increase or decrease the bandwidth by a factor of 3, the noise goes

down or up by 5 dB. If you change the bandwidth by a factor of 10, the displayed

noise changes by 10 dB.

● The resolution bandwidth affects the speed of the measurement. If you want to

display the true spectrum, the resolution filters have to settle at all frequencies that

are of interest. Narrow bandfilters have a longer settling time compared to wide

ones. Therefore the sweep time increases the smaller the resolution bandwidth

gets. The rule is, that if you reduce the bandwidth by a factor of 3, the sweep time

goes up by a factor of 9. If you reduce the bandwidth by a factor of 10, the sweep

time goes up by a factor of 100.

The R&S FSH has resolution bandwidths from 1 Hz to 3 MHz in a 1-3-10 sequence.

Additionally, the R&S FSH provides a 200 kHz resolution bandwidth that you have to

select and enter manually.

Setting the 200 kHz resolution bandwidth

The 200 kHz bandwidth is not coupled to the span, so it will not be selected if

automatic selection of the RBW is on.

In fact, you have to enter the 200 kHz resolution bandwidth with the number keys.

When using the rotary knob or the cursor keys, the 200 kHz bandwidth will be skipped.

In the R&S FSH's default state, the resolution bandwidth is coupled to the span, i.e. if

you change the span, the R&S FSH adjusts the resolution bandwidth. Therefore, you

do not have to set the resolution bandwidth manually in many cases, because the

R&S FSH automatically sets the resolution bandwidth if you change the span.

► Press the BW key.

By default, the resolution bandwidth is coupled to the span.

► Press the "Manual RBW" softkey.




The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the resolution bandwidth.

► Enter the resolution bandwidth you need.

The R&S FSH uses the resolution bandwidth you have entered for the

measurement.

If the resolution bandwidth is no longer coupled to the span, the R&S FSH puts a

red dot at the "RBW" hardware setting ( ).

► Press the "Auto RBW" softkey to again couple the resolution bandwidth to the

span.

Automatic adjustment of the sweep time

In its default mode, the R&S FSH automatically adjusts the sweep time as soon as you

change the resolution bandwidth. This is to make sure that the settling time required for

the selected resolution filter is properly taken into account.The maximum allowed

sweep time is 1000 s. For narrow resolution filters this value would be exceeded for

large spans. In order to avoid this, the R&S FSH adjusts the span automatically as

soon as the maximum sweep time is reached.

3.2.3.2 Setting the Video Bandwidth

The video bandwidth (VBW) basically smoothes the trace by reducing the noise and

therefore making power levels easier to see.

The noise reduction is a result of the video filter. This lowpass filter defines the video

bandwidth and filters the higher frequency parts of the voltage from the signal. Video

voltage is the (DC) voltage that results from the IF signal passing through the envelope

detector which removes the IF components and outputs the envelope only. This output

is also known as the video signal.

The figure below shows that process on an AM modulated signal in the time domain.

In case of an AM modulated signal, the envelope (or video) signal contains a DC

component that corresponds to the level of the carrier. The video signal also contains

an AC component whose frequency is the same as the AM frequency.




If the bandwidth of the video filter is less than the frequency of the AC component, it is

suppressed depending on its maximum frequency. If the AM component should be

displayed truly, the cutoff frequency of the filter has to be greater than the modulation

frequency.

If there is noise on the sine signal, the modulation signal can be thought of as noise. If

the video bandwidth is reduced, the high-frequency noise components above the cutoff

frequency of the video filter will be rejected. The smaller the video bandwidth, the

smaller the noise amplitude at the video filter output.

The R&S FSH provides video bandwidths from 1 Hz to 3 MHz in a 1-3-10 sequence. In

its default state, the video bandwidth is coupled to the resolution bandwidth and is the

same as the resolution bandwidth. If you change the resolution bandwidth, the

R&S FSH adjusts the video bandwidth accordingly.

The effects of the video bandwidth on measurements are as follows.

● if you are performing measurements on modulated signals, the video bandwidth

must be sufficiently large so that significant modulation components are not

rejected (≥ RBW)

● if you want to keep signals free of noise, you should select the smallest video

bandwidth possible (≤ 0.1 x RBW)

● if you are performing measurements on pulsed signals, the video bandwidth should

be at least three times greater than the resolution bandwidth so that the pulse

edges are not distorted

Like the resolution bandwidth, the video bandwidth has an effect on sweep speed.

Before each measurement, the video filter has to settle.


► Press the "Manual VBW" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the video bandwidth.

► Enter the video bandwidth you need.

The R&S FSH uses the video bandwidth you have entered for the measurement.

If the video bandwidth is no longer coupled to the resolution bandwidth, the

R&S FSH puts a red dot at the "VBW" hardware setting ( ).

► Press the "Auto VBW" softkey to again couple the video bandwidth to the RBW.




3.2.4 Configuring and Triggering the Sweep

You can find all necessary settings to configure the sweep itself in the sweep menu. To

access it, press the SWEEP key.

3.2.4.1 Setting the Sweep Time

The sweep time is the time it takes the R&S FSH to get the results that are contained

in one trace.

In the frequency domain (span > 0), the sweep time is the time it takes the R&S FSH to

measure the spectrum in the specified span. To avoid the display of spurs in the

spectrum, the sweep time has to meet some conditions.

● The sweep time depends on the resolution bandwidth. If the sweep time is too

short, the resolution filter has no time to settle. In that case, the displayed levels

will be too low. For more information see "Setting the Resolution Bandwidth".

● The sweep depends on the span. If you increase the span, you also have to

increase the sweep time.

In its default state, the R&S FSH couples the sweep time to the span and the

resolution bandwidth to avoid invalid settings. If the coupling is active, the R&S FSH

always sets the shortest possible sweep time to make sure that the display of the

spectrum is correct and valid.

The R&S FSH requires a minimum sweep time of 20 ms for every 600 MHz of span. If

you increase the span, the R&S FSH will also increase the sweep time.

In the time domain (span = 0), the R&S FSH shows the video voltage over time. The

horizontal axis becomes a time axis that starts at 0 s and ends at the sweep time that

you selected. The range of the sweep time in the time domain is from 200 µs to 1000 s.


In the default state, "Auto SWP Time" is active.

► Press the "Manual SWP Time" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to set the sweep time.

► Enter the sweep time you need.

If the video bandwidth is no longer coupled to the span or the resolution bandwidth,

the R&S FSH puts a red dot at the "SWT" hardware setting ( ).




3.2.4.2 Selecting the Sweep Mode

The sweep mode is the way the R&S FSH performs the measurement.

In its default state, the R&S FSH measures continuously. In this mode, the R&S FSH

automatically repeats the sweep in the defined range of the horizontal axis (frequency

or time) and updates the trace accordingly after it has finished with one sweep.

In some cases it may be sufficient to get the results over a single sweep only, e.g. if a

particular trigger condition is met. In single sweep mode, the R&S FSH performs the

sweep a certain number of times (depending on the number of averages you have set)

over the defined range of the horizontal axis (frequency or time) and then stops

measuring. It performs another sweep only after you tell it to. For more information on

setting the number of sweeps included in a single sweep see "Selecting the Trace

Mode (Average)".


► Press the "Single Sweep" softkey.

The R&S FSH activates single sweep mode.

► Press the "Cont Sweep" softkey.

The R&S FSH again starts to measure continuously.

3.2.4.3 Working with Trigger Functionality

If you have to perform measurements according to certain signal conditions, you can

use a trigger. A trigger responds to certain events. If a trigger is active, the R&S FSH

starts to measure if the trigger conditions are met. The trigger can be generated either

externally or internally.

Selecting the trigger source



The R&S FSH opens a submenu to select the trigger source.

► Select the trigger source you need.

The R&S FSH activates the trigger.

The R&S FSH provides the following trigger functions.

● Free Run

A new sweep starts on completion of the previous sweep. This is the default state

of the R&S FSH.




● Video Trigger

A sweep starts when the video voltage exceeds a particular level. The video trigger

is available only in the time domain (span = 0).

In the frequency domain, the R&S FSH would never start a measurement with the

video trigger because there is no guarantee that there is a signal that generates

video voltage present at the start frequency.

● External Trigger (rising or falling slope)

A sweep starts on the rising edge (RISE) or on the falling edge (FALL) of an

external trigger signal. The external trigger signal is fed in via the BNC connector

"Ext Trigger". The switching threshold is 1.4 V, i.e. a TTL signal level.

● Gated Trigger

When the gated trigger is active, a gate signal that is applied to the R&S FSH

trigger input controls the sweep. The R&S FSH starts measuring when the applied

gate signal becomes active and the set gate delay has expired, and it interrupts the

measurement as soon as the defined gate length is reached. With the gate signal

becoming active the next time the measurement is resumed etc.

Pulsed signals can be measured by this method, if the gate delay and gate length

are selected in a way that the measurement is only performed while the pulse is

active. Gated measurements are possible in the frequency domain (span > 0) and

the time domain (span = 0), but it is available only in combination with an external

gate signal.

Note that gated trigger is not available if you are using a forced FFT sweep (see

Selecting the Sweep Type).

● Internal Trigger

A sweep is triggered with an accurate, internal clock.

You can use this trigger, for example, to trigger on time domain based signals,

and, in combination with a gated trigger, hide the uplink or downlink information in

the signal.

To use the internal trigger for this scenario, proceed as follows:

- Define the frequency, the span, the RBW and the amplitude parameters.

- Define the time bases of the internal clock in Hz. These should correspond

with the time domain setting of the injected RF signal.

Example: TD-LTE = 100Hz

- With the "Gate Settings" ("Gate Length" and "Gate Delay"), select the signal

you are interested in. (See below for more information about gate settings.)

- Turn on the gated trigger.

Note that the internal trigger is available for devices with a serial number > 121000




Including a Delay Time

When you are using a video trigger in the time domain or an external trigger, you can

delay the start of the measurement with respect to the trigger event by entering a delay

time. In this way, you can include time differences between the trigger event and the

measurement.

The range of the trigger delay is from 0 µs to 100 s. The resolution depends on the

subrange.

Trigger delay Resolution

0 to 1 ms 10 µs

1 ms to 10 ms 100 µs

10 ms to 100 ms 1 ms

100 ms to 1 s 10 ms

1 s to 10 s 100 ms

10 s to 100 s 1 s



► Select the "Trigger Delay…" menu item.


► Enter the delay time you need.

Defining the Trigger Level

When you are using the video trigger, you have to define a trigger level. The trigger

level is a percentage of the reference level. A trigger level of 100 % is the same as the

reference level. A trigger level of, e.g. 50% corresponds to the middle of the vertical

axis. The R&S FSH indicates the video trigger level with a triangle.



► Select the "Trace Video" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the trigger level.

► Enter the trigger level.

The R&S FSH shows the trigger level by adding a horizontal line to the diagram

area.

Performing Gated Sweeps

When the external trigger is active, it is possible to perform a gated sweep.






► Activate an external trigger.

Now that the external trigger is active, the "Gated Trigger" menu item becomes

available.

► Press the "Trigger" softkey again.

► Select the "Gated Trigger" menu item.

In order to get appropriate results, you have to set the gate delay and gate length in a

way that the measurement is active during the interesting part of the signal. You can

also modify the sweep time in order to match the horizontal axis to the length of the

signal and thus set the gate delay and gate length parameters more accurately.

The gate delay parameter defines the time between the trigger event and the

beginning of the actual measurement. The gate length defines the duration of the

measurement, before it is interrupted and the next gate signal is anticipated to resume

the measurement.



► Select the "Gate Settings" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a softkey submenu to control the gate settings. At the same time,

the R&S FSH switches into time domain, as indicated in the display.

► Press the "Manual SWP Time" softkey and set the sweep time in a way that the

portion of interest of the signal is visible on the screen.

► Press the "Gate Delay" softkey.


► Enter the delay time you need.

The measurement now starts after the delay time has passed.

► Press the "Gate Length" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the gate length.

► Enter the length of the gate.

The R&S FSH now measures over the period of the gate length. After the gate has

closed, the R&S FSH waits with the measurement until the next gate signal

happens.

The delay time and gate length are represented by vertical red lines in the diagram

area.

► After setting the gate delay and gate length, exit the gate settings menu with the

"Exit" softkey.

The R&S FSH returns to the frequency domain provided it was active before

setting up the gated trigger. The original span is restored. The R&S FSH is ready

to perform measurements with an accurately set gate.




3.2.4.4 Selecting the Sweep Type

The sweep type defines the way how the R&S FSH captures and processes the

data.


► Press the "User Preferences" softkey.

► Select the "Sweep / FFT" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a dropdown menu to select the sweep type.

Which sweep type is appropriate for the current measurement depends on the

span, RBW, VBW and sweep time settings.

- Auto

The R&S FSH automatically selects the fastest sweep type for the current

measurement configuration.

- Always Sweep

The R&S FSH uses the local oscillator to provide the spectrum quasi analog

from the start to the stop frequency.

- Prefer FFT

The R&S FSH samples the signal levels over time on a defined frequency

value and transforms it to the spectrum by fast Fourier transformation (FFT).

Note that an FFT sweep is not possible under the following circumstances:

● For measurements in the time domain (zero span).

● For TDMA Power, Spectrum Emission Mask and Spurious Emission

measurements.

● For measurements with a gated trigger.

● If the frequency span is smaller than the resolution bandwidth (RBW).

● If the the resolution bandwidth (RBW) is greater than 300 kHz.




3.2.5 Working with Traces

The trace menu contains all functions available to customize the trace display.

3.2.5.1 Selecting the Trace Mode

The R&S FSH provides several trace modes. The trace mode defines the way the

R&S FSH writes the trace.

● Clear/Write

In its default state, the R&S FSH overwrites the trace after each sweep.

You can apply all detectors in this mode.

● Average

The trace is the result of the moving average over several sweeps.

The R&S FSH calculates the (moving) average of the power levels for each pixel

over a particular number of sweeps in the range from 2 to 999.

Averaging reduces the effects of noise, but has no effects on sine signals. Using

the trace averaging therefore is a good way to detect signals in the vicinity of

noise.

You can apply all detectors in this mode.

● Max Hold

The trace shows the maximum power levels that have been measured at each

pixel.

To overwrite a max hold trace, change a parameter in a way that the results can

not be compared any more, e.g. the span. Using the max hold trace mode is a

good way to detect intermittent signals or the maximum values of fluctuating

signals, for example.

Using the max hold trace mode automatically activates the max peak detector.

● Min Hold

The trace shows the minimum power levels that have been measured at each

pixel.

To overwrite a min hold trace, change a parameter in a way that the results can not

be compared any more, e.g. the span. Using the min hold trace mode is a good

way to highlight signals within noise or suppress intermittent signals.

Using the min hold trace mode automatically activates the min peak detector.

● View

The view trace mode freezes the current trace and aborts the measurement.

Using the view trace mode is a good way to evaluate the trace, for example with

markers.




► Press the TRACE key.

► Press the "Trace Mode" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens a submenu to select the trace mode.

► Select the trace mode you want to work with.

If you have selected the average trace mode ("Average: 10" menu item), the

R&S FSH opens an input field to set the number of sweeps the R&S FSH includes

in the averaging.

► Enter the number of sweeps to include in the averaging.

In continuous sweep mode, the R&S FSH now calculates the moving average over

the number of sweeps you have specified. In single sweep mode, it stops the

measurement after finishing the sweeps and averages the traces.

3.2.5.2 Selecting the Detector

The number of measurement results collected in a single sweep usually is very high,

especially if the span is large. However, the display of the R&S FSH can display only

631 results in horizontal direction, as it is limited by the number of pixels that are

available on the display. Therefore, it has to combine measurement results to fit them

on the display. In that case, one pixel represents a frequency range = span/631.

The detector determines the way the R&S FSH combines and displays the results for

one pixel. The data base is the video voltage of the analyzer.

The R&S FSH provides several types of detectors.

● Auto Peak

If the auto peak detector is active, the R&S FSH displays both the maximum and

the minimum power levels that were measured in the frequency range covered by

a pixel.

Therefore, the auto peak detector loses no information. If a signal power level

fluctuates (e.g. noise), the width of the trace depends on the magnitude of the

signal fluctuation.

The auto peak detector is the default detector.

● Max Peak

If the max peak detector is active, the R&S FSH displays only the maximum power

levels that were measured in the frequency range covered by a pixel.

The max peak detector is useful for measurements on pulse or FM signals, for

example.

● Min Peak

If the max peak detector is active, the R&S FSH displays only the minimum power

level that were measured in the frequency range covered by a pixel.

The min peak detector displays sine signals with the correct level and suppresses

noise. Therefore it is useful to find sine signals in the vicinity of noise.




● Sample

If the sample detector is active, the R&S FSH shows one random power level that

was measured in the frequency range covered by a pixel.

The sample detector is useful for measurements in the time domain (span = 0 Hz)

as it provides the only way to represent the timing of the video signal correctly.

In the frequency domain, the sample detector is a good way to measure noise

power because noise usually has a uniform spectrum with a normal amplitude

distribution.

Signals may get lost if you are using the sample detector for measurements with a

span that is greater than "RBW*631".

● RMS

If the RMS detector is active, the R&S FSH measures the spectral power over one

pixel. In case of power measurements, the RMS detector always shows the true

power of a signal, regardless of the shape of the signal.

The RMS detector is best for measurements on digitally modulated signals

because it provides stable and true power readings. In combination with a high

sweep time you can increase the display stability even more because the

measurement time for each pixel increases.

Noise measurements also provide stable results if you apply the RMS detector in

combination with a high sweep time.

However, the bandwidth occupied by the signal to be measured should at least

equal the frequency covered by a trace pixel or the selected resolution bandwidth

(whichever is larger). Otherwise, the power the R&S FSH shows is too low

because there are spectral components within the frequency range covered by the

pixel that do not originate from the signal you want to observe (e.g. noise).

To get the true power, the video bandwidth (VBW) should also be greater than the

resolution bandwidth (RBW). Otherwise, an averaging effect caused by video

bandlimiting comes into play before the RMS value is calculated.

The R&S FSH provides automatic selection of the detector. In that case, the R&S FSH

selects the detector that is most suitable for the current trace mode.

Trace mode Detector

Clear/Write Auto Peak

Average Sample

Max Hold Max Peak

Min Hold Min Peak




If you select the detector manually, the detector is independent of the trace mode and

will not change.


► Press the "Detector" softkey.

► Select the detector you want to use.

If you automatic detector selection is active, the corresponding menu item is

marked by an [X].

3.2.5.3 Working with a Second Trace

In spectrum mode, you can use two traces. Both traces are based on the same

settings, except the trace settings like the trace mode or the detector. You can use the

second trace to compare, for example, two different detector settings.

In the default state, only trace 1 is active.


► Press the "Show" softkey.

► Select the "Trace 2" menu item.

The R&S FSH shows the second

trace. The second trace is in a

different color. To show that the

second trace is active, the

R&S FSH labels the "Trace 2"

menu item with an [X].

After you have activated the

second trace, this is also the

active one. All actions (like

changing the detector or trace

mathematics) apply to the active

trace.

The trace indicator shows the currently active trace with a white background.

► Press the "Select Trace" softkey.

Trace 1 becomes the active trace.

You can put both traces into the internal memory of the R&S FSH and restore them

later. Note that the memory trace 1 and memory trace 2 have the same color (i.e.

white).




3.2.5.4 Working with Memory Traces

You can save the image of both traces to the memory of the R&S FSH and later

restore it and compare it to a live trace. The memory trace is always colored white to

distinguish it from the live trace.

Measurement settings

Because the memory trace is just a bitmap, any modifications to measurement settings

like span or reference level are nor reflected in the memory trace.

When you save a data set, the R&S FSH also stores the associated trace in the trace

memory. If you restore it at a later time, you can display the memory trace as if it is a

normal memory trace.


► Select the trace you want to store

in the trace memory with the

"Select Trace" softkey.

► Press the "TraceMemory"

softkey.

The R&S FSH saves the active

trace.


► Select the "Memory <x>" menu

item.

The R&S FSH shows the corresponding memory trace. If active, it labels the

"Memory <x>" menu item with an [X].

3.2.5.5 Using Trace Mathematics

Trace mathematics substract the memory trace from the live trace and vice versa and

then display the results.


► Press the "TraceMemory"

softkey.


► Press the "Trace Math" softkey.

► Select the "Trace-Memory" or

"Memory-Trace" menu item.

The R&S FSH calculates and

shows the resulting trace.

► To turn off trace mathematics, select the "Off" menu item.




3.2.6 Using Markers

The spectrum analyzer mode provides marker and deltamarker functionality. In

addition, you can use several marker functions.

3.2.6.1 Using Markers and Deltamarkers

The R&S FSH has six markers, five of which can be used as either markers or delta

markers.

The markers cannot leave the trace and indicate the horizontal and vertical coordinates

of the point they are positioned on. The horizontal position of a marker is shown by a

vertical line which extends from the top to the bottom of the measurement diagram.

The marker list above the diagram area shows the exact coordinates of all markers in

use.

The position of a delta marker is indicated by a dashed line to distinguish it from a

normal marker. The delta marker level is always a relative to the main marker level and

so the delta marker level unit is always dB. The delta marker frequency is always

relative to the main marker – in other words, the delta marker frequency is the

frequency difference between the frequency at the point marked by the main marker

and the frequency at the point marked by the delta marker.

To measure complex signals, you can activate up to six markers. Marker 1 is always a

normal marker and the reference of all delta markers. Markers 2 to 6 are either

markers or delta markers depending on your set up.

Screen Layout with Active Markers

1 Marker list

2 Marker label: M(x)

3 Delta marker label: D(x)

4 Active marker label (red label)

5 Delta marker (blue dotted line)


7 Marker input field

8 Marker menu




3.2.6.2 Positioning Markers


The marker menu opens.

If, as yet, no marker has been activated, the R&S FSH automatically activates the

main marker and positions it on the maximum level that has been measured. In

addition, the marker frequency input field opens.

You can perform the following actions:

● Position the marker with the cursor keys.

When positioning the marker with the cursor keys, the step size is 10% of the

span.

● Position the marker with the rotary knob

When positioning the marker with the rotary knob, the step size is one pixel.

● Enter a marker position with the number keys and confirm the entry with one of the

unit keys.

► Confirm the marker position with the ENTER key.

The marker input field closes.

By default, the marker list above the diagram area is active. The marker list shows

the horizontal position of all markers and the corresponding vertical value. If

inactive, the list shows only the coordinates of markers 1 and 2.

You can turn it off and on again whenever you like.


The marker list turns off or on, depending on its original state.

3.2.6.3 Positioning a Delta Marker

When a normal marker is already in use, you can add delta markers.


► Press the "New Marker" softkey.

The R&S FSH activates a delta marker and positions it on the next maximum level

that has been measured. In addition, the delta marker input field opens.

The R&S FSH adds the delta marker to the marker list and shows the marker

position relative to the normal marker (M1).

You can perform the following actions:

● Enter a delta marker position with the number keys and confirm the entry with one

of the unit keys.

● Change the delta marker position with the rotary knob or the cursor keys.




► Confirm the delta marker position with the ENTER key.

The delta marker input field closes.

► To add more markers, press the "New Marker" softkey several times until you have

the number of markers you want in the display.

3.2.6.4 Selecting the Marker Type

When you add new markers, they will be delta markers by default. Their coordinates

are relative to the first marker (M1). You can turn delta markers into normal markers if

you need absolute information about the marker position.


► Select the delta marker you want to convert with the "Select Marker" softkey.

The corresponding marker symbol turns red and the marker input field opens.

► Press the "Marker Type" softkey.

The delta marker turns into a normal marker. Its label changes accordingly (e.g. D2

to M2) and its coordinates are now absolute values.

3.2.6.5 Automatic Positioning of Markers

The R&S FSH offers functions that make setting the markers easier or allow to make

instrument settings on the basis of the current marker position:

● "Set to Peak"

The Peak function places the active marker or the delta marker on the highest level

value of the trace.

● "Set to Next Peak"

The Next Peak function places the active marker or delta marker on the next

highest level value of the trace, relative to its current position.

● "Set to Minimum"

The Minimum function places the active marker or delta marker on the lowest

value of the trace.


► Press the "Set to Peak", "Set to Next Peak" or "Set to Minimum" softkey.

The R&S FSH positions the marker accordingly.




3.2.6.6 Removing Markers

Remove markers any time you want.

Removing selected markers

► Select the marker you want to delete with the "Select Marker" softkey.

The corresponding marker symbol turns red and the marker input field opens.


► Press the "Delete Marker" softkey.

► Select the "Delete Selected" menu item.

► Confirm the selection with the ENTER key.

The R&S FSH deletes the marker.

Deactivating markers

If you delete marker 1 (M1), all delta markers that are relative to that marker are also

deleted.

Removing delta markers only



► Select the "Delete All Delta" menu item.


The R&S FSH deletes all delta markers.

Removing all markers at the same time.



► Select the "Delete All" menu item.


The R&S FSH deletes all markers and delta markers.




3.2.6.7 Using Marker Search Limits

The R&S FSH allows you to use only a limited section of the trace for the "Set to

Peak", "Set to Next Peak" and "Minimum" functions.


► Press the "Search Limits" softkey.

► Select the "Search Limits On/Off" menu item.


The R&S FSH activates the marker search limits.

An [X] indicates an active search limit. Two vertical red lines show the lower and upper

limits in the diagram.

By default, the search limit range is over the whole span.

► Press the "Search Limits" softkey

► Select the "Lower Limit" menu item.


The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the lower limit of the search range.

► Enter the lower limit.

► Confirm the entry with one of the unit keys.

If the span is wide enough, the R&S FSH displays a red vertical line to indicate the

lower limit.

► Define the upper search limit the same way.

Deactivating marker search limits

► Press the "Search Limits" softkey.

► Select the "Search Limits On/Off" menu item.

► Confirm the selection.

The "Search Limits" softkey turns grey again and in the "Search Limits" menu, the

[X] is no longer displayed.




3.2.6.8 Using Marker Functions

In addition to the frequency and level readout, the R&S FSH provides several, more

complex, marker functions in spectrum analyzer mode.

Deactivating marker functions

Selecting a marker function again while it is still active turns that marker function off.

Measuring the Noise Power Density

The marker noise function calculates the noise power density at the marker position in

dBm/Hz. The R&S FSH includes several variables in the calculation of the noise power

density, including the trace pixel values, the resolution bandwidth, the detector and the

level display mode (absolute or relative). To stabilize the noise power display, the

R&S FSH uses the pixel the marker is on and four pixels to the right and four pixels to

the left of the marker pixel.

Noise power density can provide useful information when you are measuring noise or

digitally modulated signals. However, you will get valid results only if the spectrum in

the vicinity of the marker has a flat frequency response. When measuring the noise

power density on discrete signals, results are not valid.


► Press the "Marker Function"

softkey.

► Select the "Noise" menu item.

The R&S FSH shows the level at

the marker frequency in dBm/Hz. If

you are using a delta marker for

the measurement, the results have

the unit dBc/Hz with marker 1

being the reference.

Measuring the Frequency

The R&S FSH provides a frequency counter. The frequency counter accurately

measures the frequency at the marker position.

When calculating the horizontal position of the marker, the R&S FSH includes the

current span, center frequency and the frequency of the pixel the marker is on. As the

trace only has 631 pixels, the marker position is just an approximation, especially if the

span is very wide.

With the frequency counter, however, you can get a more accurate result of the

horizontal marker position. If the frequency counter is active, the R&S FSH stops the

measurement at the marker position for a short time and measures the frequency

using the internal reference frequency.




The accuracy of the results therefore depends only on the accuracy of the internal

reference frequency (TCXO). The frequency counter has a resolution of 0.1 Hz and

therefore provides far more accurate results. Despite the accuracy, the measurement

is still fast (because of a special algorithm for the I/Q baseband signal).

The frequency counter only gives completely accurate readings for sine signals that

are at least 20 dB above the noise floor. If the S/N ratio is less, noise affects the

results.



softkey.

► Select the "Frequency Count"

menu item

The R&S FSH displays the

counted marker. If the frequency

counter is on, the marker symbol

changes from M1 to C.

The resolution with which the frequency is measured depends on your selection.

► Select the desired frequency resolution with “Frequency Count Resolution” menu

item. “Low” has a resolution of 0.1 Hz, “High” a resolution of 0.1 mHz.

Precision Frequency Reference

For even more precise measurements with the frequency counter, you can use the

R&S FSH-Z114 Precision Frequency Reference (order no. 1304.5935.02).

For more information refer to the documentation available for the R&S FSH-Z114.

Measuring the Signal Bandwidth

The "n dB Down" marker function places two temporary markers to the left and to the

right of the reference marker and measures the bandwidth between the two temporary

markers. The function therefore is a good way to measure the bandwidth of a signal or

the bandwidth of a filter, for example. The temporary markers are represented as two

vertical lines.

The distance to the reference marker is by default 3 dB below the reference marker.

You can also adjust this value manually. Entering a positive value sets the temporary

markers below the reference marker. If it is, for any reason, not possible to calculate

the frequency spacing, dashes are displayed instead of a value.

Upon entering a negative value, the function turns into a n dB up function. You can use

a n dB up function, for example, for measurements on notch filters.


► Press the "Marker Function" softkey.

► Select the "n dB Down" menu item




The R&S FSH displays two temporary markers on the left and on the right of the

reference marker M1. It also shows the bandwidth between the n dB down

markers.

You can then adjust the distance of the temporary markers.


softkey.

► Select the "n dB Down" menu item

The R&S FSH opens an input field

► Enter a different distance (in this

case 6 dB).

The R&S FSH again shows the

temporary markers, this time with

a broader bandwidth.

Demodulating Signals

The R&S FSH features an AM and FM demodulator to demodulate and monitor audio

signals. It demodulates the signal at the marker frequency.

You can listen to the demodulated signal with the internal speaker or headphones that

you can connect to the 3.5 mm headphone jack on the top of the R&S FSH.

When demodulating an AM modulated signal, the R&S FSH turns the video voltage

into an audible sound. You should therefore set the reference level to about the level of

the signal that you are demodulating.

If you perform measurements in the time domain, the R&S FSH demodulates

continuously. In the frequency domain, you can define a time period the R&S FSH

demodulates the signal at the marker frequency. The frequency sweep then stops at

the marker frequency for that time before finishing the sweep.



► Select the demodulation scheme you require from the menu.

The R&S FSH starts to demodulate the signal.

Demodulating signals

If you turn on the demodulator, the R&S FSH automatically turns off the noise marker

or the frequency counter.




Defining the demodulation time period



► Select the "Time…" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the demodulation time.

► Enter the demodulation time you need.

The range is from 100 ms to 500 s. In time domain the R&S FSH demodulates

continuously, i.e. the demodulation time is not relevant.

Controlling the volume



► Select the "Volume…" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the demodulation volume.

► Enter the volume you are comfortable with.

The demodulation volume is a percentage (0 % to 100 %) with 100 % being full

volume.

For more information on general volume control see the Quick Start Guide.




3.2.7 Using Display Lines

Like markers, display lines help you to determine the level of the signal.

A display line is a straight line that runs horizontally and corresponds to a certain level

value. You can move the display line to each pixel in the display. This means that the

accuracy and exact vertical position of the display line depends on the resolution of the

vertical axis. With a display range of 100 dB, for example, each pixel corresponds to

0.3 dB. In that case, the accuracy of the display line is 0.3 dB. If you enter a value with

a higher resolution, the R&S FSH rounds that value.

You can also move the display line with the rotary knob or the cursor keys. The step

size for movement with the rotary knob is one pixel. The step size for the cursor keys is

10 % of the display range.

► Press the LINES key.

► Press the "Display Line" softkey.

The R&S FSH displays the display line as a blue horizontal line. It shows the

vertical position of the line in a table above the diagram area.

When you activate the display line, the R&S FSH also opens an input field to

define the vertical position of the line.

► Enter the level value you need.

The R&S FSH positions the display line accordingly.

Alternatively you can also move the display line with the rotary knob or the cursor

keys.




3.2.8 Using Limit Lines

Limit lines help you to identify if a signal complies with certain level characteristics.

A limit line is made up out of two or more points that are connected to a line. Each of

the points that define the shape of the limit line consists of two coordinates. One

coordinate defines the horizontal position (e.g. frequency), the other one the vertical

position. With the R&S FSH you can build limit lines that consist of up to 1000 points.

Values that define the horizontal characteristics of the limit line can be either absolute

values (e.g. frequency in MHz) or relative values whose reference is the center of the

measurement trace (e.g. the center frequency). Relative values are of advantage if

you, for example, measure modulated output signals and you change the center

frequency but need the limit line to remain the same. Absolute limit lines have the file

extension ".abslim" while relative limit lines have the file extension ".rellim"

Values that define the vertical characteristsics are always level values in dB. If the

scaling of the vertical axis is currently a linear one (units V or W), the R&S FSH

automatically switches to a logarithmic scaling after you turn on the limit line.

After turning on a limit line, the R&S FSH checks if the signal violates the shape of the

limit line. If one or more signal levels exceed the limit value, the R&S FSH features

several indicators that the limit check has failed.

● A general message in the diagram header that indicates if the signal violates the

limit line, including the trace that violates the limit:

● An audio signal that sounds every time a limit is violated

● The trace color turns red in areas of the spectrum that violate a limit

You can create and edit limit lines with the R&S InstrumentView software package and

then transfer them into the internal memory of the R&S FSH. The number of limit lines

you can store in the memory depends on other datasets available on the R&S FSH or,

if you are using an external storage device (e.g. memory stick), the size of it.


3.2.8.1 Selecting a Limit Line

Before selecting a limit line, you need to decide if you want to use it as an upper or

lower limit line. In case of upper limit lines, the R&S FSH checks if the signal is above

the limit line. In case of lower limit lines, the R&S FSH checks if the signal is below the

limit line.

You also have to make sure that the limit line is compatible to the scale of the

horizontal axis.


► Depending on the application, press the "Upper Limit" or "Lower Limit" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box to select the limit line.

► Select the "Load From File…" menu item.

► Press the "Sort/Show" softkey.




► Select the "Show Compatible" menu item.

The R&S FSH shows all limit lines that are compatible to the current settings.

► Select one of the available limit lines.

► Press the "Select" softkey.

The R&S FSH activates the limit line. In the diagram, the limit line is displayed as a

red line.

If you have already selected a limit line, you can turn the limit line on and off with

the "Limits On/Off" softkey.

Alternatively, you can define a threshold that works like a limit line. A threshold is a

simple horizontal limit line.

► Press the "Upper Limit" or "Lower Limit" softkey.

► Select the "Threshold" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a input field to define the threshold.

► Enter the threshold you need.

The R&S FSH displays the line and performs a limit check for that threshold.

Threshold line and display line

Like the display line, a threshold line is a straight horizontal line. The difference is that

the R&S FSH performs a limit check for threshold lines, but not for display lines.

A failed limit check may be an issue if you want to create a measurement report,

because measurements with failed limits are not included in this report.

Using a display line, you can use a line and are able to create a measurement report at

the same time, regardless if any limits have been violated or not.

The process of turning off a limit line completely is similar to that of selecting a line.

► Press the "Upper Limit" or "Lower Limit" softkey

► Select the "Unselect Limit" menu item.

The R&S FSH deactivates the limit line.

3.2.8.2 Performing Limit Checks

If limit lines are active, the R&S FSH automatically checks the trace for limit violations

after each frequency sweep. As long as the signal does not violate the limit line, the

R&S FSH shows a "Pass" message in the measurement diagram. As soon as one

single value (i.e. one pixel) is outside of the limits, the R&S FSH displays a "Fail"

message in the diagram area and, in addition, sounds a beep.

A limit checks relates only to the frequency range defined by the limit line, not the

span.




Audio signal

You can turn the acoustic signal that sounds in case of a limit violation on and off.

► Press the "Options" softkey.

► Select the "Audio Beep" menu item.

An [X] in front of the "Audio Beep" menu item indicates that the beeper is active. If

the audio beep is active, the R&S FSH beeps each time a limit is violated.

Limit violation

Note that a limit check fails only if the signal exceeds the limit line.

If the signal level is the same as the limit value, the limit check passes.


Working with Channel Tables


3.3 Working with Channel Tables

Almost all transmission systems divide their assigned frequency ranges into channels.

Each channel corresponds to a specific frequency. To keep the handling of such

systems simple, you can use channel tables instead of entering frequencies manually.

The R&S FSH already comes with an assortment of channel tables that you can use

without doing anything. If you want to test transmission standards that are not listed,

you can also build channel tables manually with the "Channel Table Editor" of the

R&S InstrumentView software package that is delivered with the R&S FSH. To use one

of those, you just have to copy the channel table to the R&S FSH.


Selecting a channel table


► Press the "Frequency Mode" softkey.

► Select the "Channel" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box to select a channel table.

► Select one of the available channel tables.

After activating the channel table, the R&S FSH is set up according to the

information contained in the channel table. Instead of a center frequency, the

R&S FSH shows the currently active channel number including the name of the

channel. The center frequency of a channel is defined in the channel table and is

the frequency corresponding to the selected channel.

Selecting a channel

Entering a center, start or stop frequency is not possible anymore. Instead you select a

channel. The R&S FSH then adjusts the center, start and stop frequency according to

the channel table.


► Press the "Center Frequency" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to select the channel.

► Enter the channel you want to perform measurements on.

The R&S FSH changes the channel according to the channel table.

Channel numbers are assigned to frequencies as follows:

- The first channel is assigned a channel number and a frequency.

- All subsequent channels have ascending numbers.

- The frequency spacing between channels is fixed. It can also be negative, i.e.

the center frequency of the R&S FSH decreases with ascending channel

number.

- In transmission systems containing gaps in the frequency range (as in the case

of television, for example), a channel table can comprise multiple ranges.


Using Transducer Factors


3.4 Using Transducer Factors

The frequency-dependent transducer factor of transducers and antennas can be

directly considered in the measurement result. A transducer factor consists of a

numeric value and a unit. The R&S FSH corrects the level values of the trace by the

values of the transducer. At the same time, the unit of the transducer is assigned to the

level axis. When field-strength measurements are performed with the aid of antennas,

for instance, the electrical field strength is directly indicated in dBµV/m on the

R&S FSH. A transducer factor can also be used to correct a frequency-dependent

attenuation, e.g. of a cable between DUT and RF input of the R&S FSH.

You can create and edit transducer factor with the R&S InstrumentView software

package and then transfer them into the internal memory of the R&S FSH. Each

transducer factor may consist of up to 1000 reference values.


Interpolation between the values is performed with the aid of a modified spline

algorithm. Even if only relatively few values such as maxima, minima and turning

points are available, this algorithm can easily simulate the correction factors of

common transducers. Two transducers can be switched on at a time. The second

transducer must be assigned the unit dB. The R&S FSH adds the two transducers to a

total transducer.

Units supported for transducer factors:

● dB

● dBµV/m

● dBµA/m

● W/m2

The unit dB does not change the unit set on the R&S FSH. It can be used, for instance,

to compensate for frequency-dependent loss and gain at the input of the R&S FSH.

The units dBµV/m and dBµA/m convert the output power of an antenna into electric or

magnetic field strength. The unit W/m2 is used to calculate and display the power flux

density.

For example, to compensate for the cable loss between the transducer and the RF

input, the R&S FSH can use two transducers at the same time. One of them must have

the unit dB, however, i.e. it must correspond to one loss or gain value.


► Press the "Transducer" softkey.

Transducer factor availability

Transducer factors are not available for measurements with the tracking generator or

the Power Sensors. The "Transducer" softkey is therefore inactive.

You can select two transducer factors, a primary transducer and a secondary

transducer. If a transducer factor is active, the menu item has an [X] in front of it.




► Select the "Select Primary Transducer" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box to select the transducer factor.

► Select the transducer factor you need.


The R&S FSH shows the name of the active transducer on the display.

An example would be the transducer factor of the R&S HL223 antenna that is defined

between 200 MHz and 1300 MHz. The R&S FSH therefore displays the noise in this

frequency range as a function of frequency incremented by the transducer factor.

Outside the transducer range, the R&S FSH sets the transducer factor at zero, i.e.

measurements in this range do not yield conclusive results.

You can select a second transducer factor with the "Select Secondary Transducer"

menu item. The secondary transducer factor in that case is added to the first. The unit

of the second transducer factor must always be the relative unit dB as otherwise an

addition would not be useful. When you select a secondary transducer factor, the

dialog box shows only those transducer factors that have dB as their unit.

3.4.1 Unit for Measurements with Transducers

If the unit of the transducer is dB, the units dBm, dBmV or dBµV remain unchanged.

The linear units Volt and Watt are not permissible. They are deactivated in the units

menu.

If the unit of the transducer is dBµV/m or dBµA/m, this unit is also used for the

R&S FSH level display. This means that both the level axis of the diagram and the

level at the marker position are assigned the unit of the transducer. If dBµV/m is

selected as the transducer unit, a switch to absolute level indication in V/m is possible.



► Select the V(olt) menu item.

If you are using a transducer with the unit dBµA/m, it is not possible to select another unit. Level indication is entirely in dBµA/m.

3.4.2 Setting the Reference Level

The transducer shifts the trace by its value as a function of frequency. Positive

transducer values increase the level, negative values reduce it. To ensure that the

trace is always within the diagram, the R&S FSH adjusts the reference level

accordingly. The reference level is shifted by the maximum transducer value in the

positive or negative direction.




3.4.3 Frequency Range of Transducer

If the set frequency range is wider than the span in which a transducer is defined, the

R&S FSH assumes the transducer values outside the defined range to be zero.

3.4.4 Data Sets Containing Transducer Factors

The R&S FSH stores data sets together with any transducer factors that may have

been active for the measurement in question. When such a dataset is recalled, the

associated transducer factor(s) are switched on as well. Transducer factors recalled as

part of a data set do however not appear in the list of transducer factors.

R&S FSH Power Meter

Using a Power Sensor


4 Power Meter

For highly accurate power measurements, you can connect a power sensor to the

R&S FSH and perform measurements.

4.1 Using a Power Sensor

The power sensor function turns the R&S FSH into a wideband power meter. It then

always measures the power of the whole signal in the frequency range of the power

sensor. In most cases the signal shape has no effect on the measurement.

► Press the MODE key.

► Press the "Power Meter" softkey

The R&S FSH activates the mode for power measurements.

Screen layout of the power meter mode

1 Connected power sensor model

2 Reference for relative power measurements

3 Power offset

4 Measurement time

5 Readout of the measured power

6 Analog readout of the measured power

7 Measurement frequency

8 Power sensor softkey menu

A power sensor measures the power in the frequency range defined in the data sheet

of the power sensor. This means that you can measure both sine signals and

modulated signals precisely over a large dynamic range.

For a complete list of supported power sensors, refer to the data sheet.

R&S FSH Power Meter



If you are using one of the NRP power sensors you also need a passive USB adapter

(R&S NRP-Z4) to connect the power sensor to the R&S FSH.

For more information on the characteristics of the supported power sensors see

● the datasheet of the R&S FSH

● the website for R&S power sensors

http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/en/products/test_and_measurement/power_volt_meter/NRPZ.html

http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/en/products/test_and_measurement/power_volt_meter/NRPZ.html

R&S FSH Power Meter



4.1.1 Connecting a Power Sensor

The R&S FSH controls and powers the power sensors via a special interface on the

top of the instrument. You can also connect a power sensor via the USB interface on

the right.

If you are using the R&S FSH-Z1 and -Z18 power sensors, connect the power sensor

cable to the power sensor interface and screw it into position. Power sensors of the

R&S NRP product line are controlled via the USB interface with a passive USB

adapter.

After connecting the power sensor to the R&S FSH, you can connect the DUT to the N-

connector of the power sensor.

Risk of damage to the power sensor

Before you start to work with the power sensor, make sure that the continuous power

applied to the input of the power sensor does not exceed a certain level.

Refer to the documentation of the power sensor for more information on the maximum

input power.

If the R&S FSH recognizes a power sensor, it sets up a connection via the interface

and after a few seconds shows the measured power. It displays the type of the power

sensor in the display header.

If no power sensor has been connected or it is not connected appropriately, the

R&S FSH shows nothing.

If there are communication problems between the R&S FSH and the power sensor, the

R&S FSH displays one of the following error messages that indicate the possible

cause.

Message Cause Remedy

Error in zeroing: signal at sensor A signal was present at the power sensor

when zeroing was performed.

Unscrew the power sensor from the device

under test and repeat zeroing.

Warning: Input overloaded The power at the input of the power sensor

exceeds the permitted power (23 dBm =

200 mW).

Reduce the power at the sensor input.

Power sensor hardware error Communication error between the R&S FSH

and the power sensor.

Unscrew the sensor from the R&S FSH and

check the connectors.

If the problem persists, contact a Rohde &

Schwarz service center.

Power sensor error The power sensor signals an error to the

R&S FSH.

Contact a Rohde & Schwarz service center.

Unknown power sensor model

connected

TheR&S FSH cannot identify the device

connected to the power sensor interface.

R&S FSH Power Meter



4.1.2 Performing and Configuring Measurements

After you have connected a power sensor, the R&S FSH immediately starts to

measure the signal power.

Defining the center frequency

Power sensors have a memory containing correction values that are dependent on the

frequency. Hence, measurement results are the most accurate for signals whose

frequency you know.

Note that the R&S FSH maintains the center frequency that you have set in another

operating mode. In that case it uses that frequency as the power sensor frequency.

If you want to perform measurements on another known signal, you can change the

power sensor frequency manually.

► Press the MEAS key

► Press the "Freq" softkey.

An input field to define the frequency opens.

► Enter the frequency of the signal.

The R&S FSH transfers the new frequency to the power sensor which then

corrects the measured power readings.

Zeroing the power sensor

Offset voltages and currents have most effect on the power readout when measuring

low powers. You can compensate for these offsets by zeroing the power sensor.

Do not apply power during the zeroing process, as the power sensor cannot distinguish

between external powers and internal offsets.

► Press the "Zero" softkey.

The R&S FSH asks you not to apply

any signals to the power sensor during

the zeroing process.

► Disconnect the power sensor from any signal sources.

► Press the "Continue" softkey to start zeroing.

► Press "Cancel" to abort zeroing, for example, if you cannot disconnect the signal

source.

The R&S FSH immediately starts power sensor zeroing.

While zeroing is in progress, the

R&S FSH shows the message

“Zeroing power sensor, please

wait..”.

When zeroing is over, the R&S FSH shows the message

and switches back to the softkey menu for the power sensor.

R&S FSH Power Meter



Selecting the unit for the power readout

The R&S FSH can display measured power in relative units (dBm) or in absolute units

(W, mW, µW, nW and pW). It is also possible to set a reference level in dB.


A submenu to select the unit opens.

► Select the unit you want.

The R&S FSH adjusts the result display accordingly.

Setting the reference level

If you have selected the unit dB Rel, the R&S FSH opens an input field to set the

reference level. The R&S FSH shows the currently set reference level in the diagram

header.

► Enter the reference level you want.

Alternatively, you can set the current level readout as the reference level.

► Press the "Ref" softkey.

The R&S FSH sets the current result as the reference level.

It then displays the measured level relative to the reference level in dB. The unit is

automatically set to dB Rel...

Setting the averaging time

The averaging time determines the length of the measurement. The longer the

averaging time, the more stable the display, particularly if signals have low power or

are noisy.

The averaging time is either "Short", "Normal" or "Long".

● A short measurement time provides stable and accurate results for stationary sine

signals with high levels (> -40 dBm). It is also appropriate for measurements that

require a high repition rate.

● A normal measurement time increases the stability of results for signals with low

levels or modulated signals.

● A long measurement time is appropriate for signals with very low power levels

(< -50 dBm)

To eliminate noise and the effects of noise on the measurement effectively, use the

R&S FSH-Z1 power sensor.

► Press the "Meas Time" softkey.

► Select the measurement time most suitable for your test setup.

R&S FSH Power Meter



Taking additional loss or gain into account

At high powers that cause the power sensor maximum input level to be exceeded or at

very low levels that are below the R&S FSH minimum sensitivity, the R&S FSH can

take additional loss or gain between the DUT and the power sensor into account.

These are defined in terms of an offset in dB relative to the measured level. A positive

offset corresponds to a loss and a negative offset to a gain.

The R&S FSH shows the current offset in the diagram header.



The value entry box for the reference offset opens.

► Enter the required offset.

The offset is taken into account in the power or level display.

R&S FSH Power Meter

Using a Directional Power Sensor


4.2 Using a Directional Power Sensor

For power measurements in both directions (forward and reverse), you can connect

directional power sensors to the R&S FSH. The R&S FSH supports the following

directional power sensors:

● R&S FSH-Z14

● R&S FSH-Z44

With a directional power sensor, the R&S FSH measures the power of a signal from

source to load (forward power) and from load to source (reverse power). The ratio of

forward and reverse power is a measure of the load matching. The R&S FSH displays

the results as the return loss or the standing wave ratio.


► Press the "Power Meter" softkey

The R&S FSH activates the mode for power measurements.

Screen layout of the power meter mode with a directional power sensor


2 Selected transmission standard

3 Reference for relative power measurements

4 Power offset

5 Readout of the forward power

6 Analog readout of the forward power

7 Readout of the matching value

8 Analog readout of the matching value


10 Directional power sensor softkey menu

R&S FSH Power Meter



4.2.1 Connecting a Directional Power Sensor

The R&S FSH controls and powers the directional power sensors via a special

interface on the top of the instrument.

Connect the power sensor cable to the power sensor interface and screw it into

position. The power sensor itself is located between the source and the load of the test

setup. The figure below shows the way a test setup would look like.

The power sensors for the R&S FSH have an assymetrical design. Hence, you have to

insert them into the test setup in such a way that the "Forward" arrow (12) on the

sensor points toward the load (= in the direction of the power flux).

If the R&S FSH recognizes a power sensor, it sets up a connection via the interface

and after a few seconds shows the results. It displays the type of the power sensor in

the display header. If an error occurs, the R&S FSH shows a corresponding message.

For more information, see "Connecting a Power Sensor".

1 Directional Power Sensor R&S FSH-Z14 or -Z44

2 Source

3 Load

4 Power sensor jack

R&S FSH Power Meter



4.2.2 Performing and Configuring Measurements

After you have connected a power sensor, the R&S FSH immediately starts to

measure the signal power.

When measuring high powers, pay strict attention to the following instructions to avoid

personal injury and to prevent the power sensor from being destroyed

Risk of skin burns and / or damage to the R&S FSH

Measuring high powers may lead to skin burns and / or damage to the R&S FSH. You

can avoid it by:

● Never exceeding the permissible continuous power. The permissible continuous

power is indicated on a diagram on the back of the power sensor.

● Turning off the the RF power when connecting the power sensor.

● Connecting the RF connectors tightly.

Defining the center frequency

To get the most accurate results, you should synchronize the frequency to that of the

signal.

Note that the R&S FSH maintains the center frequency that you have set in another

operating mode. In that case it uses that frequency as the power sensor frequency.

If you want to perform measurements on another known signal, you can change the

power sensor frequency manually.

► Press the MEAS key


An input field to define the frequency opens.

► Enter the frequency of the signal.

The R&S FSH transfers the new frequency to the power sensor which then

corrects the measured power readings.

Zeroing the power sensor

For more information see "Zeroing the power sensor".

R&S FSH Power Meter



Setting the power measurement weighting mode

For forward power display, the R&S FSH provides both average power and peak

envelope power.


► Press the "Fwrd Pwr Display" softkey.

► Select the weighting mode you require.

The R&S FSH indicates the weighting mode at the Forward Power heading.

- Forward power (AVG) = average power

- Forward power (PEP) = peak envelope power

Selecting the unit for the power readout

When using a directional power sensor, the R&S FSH displays the forward power as a

logarithmic level value in dBm (relative value) or as a linear value in W or mW

(absolute value). In addition you can define a reference level relative to which the

R&S FSH indicates the level difference in dB. Load matching is indicated as return loss

in dB or as voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). In addition, the absolutely reflected

power can be displayed in W, or the reflected level in dBm.

For more information see "Selecting the unit for the power readout".

Setting the reference level

If you have selected the unit dB Rel for the forward power, the R&S FSH opens an

input field to set the reference level. The R&S FSH shows the currently set reference

level in the diagram header.

For more information see "Setting the reference level".

Selecting a standard

To ensure that true results are output when measuring modulated signals, the

R&S FSH offers the possibility of taking correction values into account for a number of

common telecommunications standards.


A menu to select a standard opens.

► Select the required standard.

The R&S FSH takes the selected standard into account. The currently active

standard is displayed in the display header.

R&S FSH Power Meter



Taking additional attenuation into account

When the directional power sensor is connected to a test point not directly but via a

cable, the influence of cable attenuation can be taken into account. For this purpose,

the cable attenuation for the measurement frequency in question is to be entered, i.e.

as a positive dB value if the power and matching are to be measured at the source and

the cable is connected between the source and the power sensor, and as a negative

dB value if the power and matching are to be measured at the load and the cable is

connected between the load and the power sensor. The directional power sensor then

corrects the power and matching values to produce the results that would have been

obtained if it had been directly connected to the test point.



The input field to enter the reference offset opens.

► Enter the offset you need.

The selected offset is displayed in the diagram header and is taken into account in

the power (level) and matching results.

If high powers are applied that exceed the maximum input level of the R&S FSH-Z14

or R&S FSH-Z44, a directional coupler or an attenuator has to be connected ahead of

the power sensor. In such cases, the coupling attenuation of the directional coupler or

the attenuation value of the attenuator are to be entered as positive dB values (see

above) into the R&S FSH to ensure true measured power readout. In both cases, a

termination or an attenuator of sufficient power-handling capacity has to be connected

to the power sensor at the load end. The matching readout is irrelevant in such case

since it is likewise corrected by taking into account the attenuation value of the

termination or attenuator.

R&S FSH Power Meter

Using the Internal Power Meter


4.3 Using the Internal Power Meter

The R&S FSH also supports power measurements without using a power sensor. In

that case, you can connect the DUT directly to the R&S FSH and still perform accurate

channel power measurements.

The screen layout is the same as is described in "Using a Power Sensor" on page 135.

Performing and configuring channel power measurements

The configuration of channel power measurements without a power sensor is similar to

measurements with a power meter.

The following features are available:

● Defining the frequency

● Zeroing the measurement

● Selecting the unit

● Defining the reference level

● Taking additional loss or gain into account

For more information see "Performing and Configuring Measurements" on page 138.

Defining the channel bandwidth

In addition, you can select the channel bandwidth.


► Press the "Channel BW" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens an input field.

► Enter the required channel bandwidth.

The R&S FSH performs a measurement on the selected channel. Note that it is not

possible to change the measurement time, resolution bandwidth and frequency span.

R&S FSH Power Meter

Performing Pulse Power Measurements (R&S FSH-K29)


4.4 Performing Pulse Power Measurements (R&S FSH-

K29)

When you equip the R&S FSH with firmware option R&S FSH-K29, and connect one of

the wideband power sensors available from Rohde & Schwarz (R&S NRP-Z81, -Z85 or

-Z86), you can perform pulse power measurements with your R&S FSH.

Support of the application for R&S FSH models

For R&S FSH with a serial number <121000, it’s mandatory to use Y adapter cable

R&S FSH-Z129 (order no. 1304.5887.00).

Make sure to connect this cable to the USB port and the AUX port on the left side of

the R&S FSH.

Like the normal power meter application, the pulse power application measures the

power of the whole signal in the frequency range of the (wideband) power sensor.


► Press the "Power Meter" softkey.

Connecting the power sensor

You can connect the wideband power sensors to the USB port of the R&S FSH. For

more information see "Connecting a Power Sensor" on page 137.

The measurement starts as soon as the power sensor is connected.

Numerical result display



► Select the "Average" menu item.

The layout and contents of the numerical result display are the same as those

described in chapter "Using a Power Sensor" on page 135.

Graphical result display (Power vs Time)

The graphical representation of the results is a special feature only available with the

firmware option R&S FSH-K29.


► Press the "Meas mode" softkey.

► Select the "Power vs Time" menu item.

R&S FSH Power Meter




2 Header table showing various hardware settings

3 Marker table

4 Numerical results showing the pulse characteristics

5 Diagram showing the pulse characteristics in a graphical format (trace display)


7 Scale of the x-axis

8 Softkey menu of thze pulse power measurement application

The following power characteristics are calculated and displayed as numerical values

(see also the figure below for a graphical representation of the parameters).

R&S FSH Power Meter



Pulse characteristic Description

Pulse Width

Time that the pulse remains at the top level ("ON").

This is the time between the first positive edge and the subsequent negative edge

of the pulse in seconds, where the edges occur at crossings of the mid threshold.

Pulse Period Time that is elapsing from the beginning of one pulse to the beginning of the next

pulse.

Pulse Off Time Time in the displayed trace that is not occupied by the pulse.

Rise Time

Time required for the pulse to transition from the base to the top level.

This is the difference between the time at which the pulse exceeds the lower and

upper thresholds.

Fall Time

Time required for the pulse to transition from the top to the base level.

This is the difference between the time at which the pulse drops below the upper

and lower

thresholds.

Duty Cycle Ratio of the "Pulse Width" to "Pulse Repetition Interval" expressed as a percentage

(requires at least two measured pulses).

Start Time Time offset, relative to the beginning of the trace (0 sec), where the pulse begins

(start of the rise time).

Stop Time Time offset, relative to the beginning of the trace (0 sec), where the pulse stops

(end of the fall time).

Pulse Top

Median pulse ON power.

The value of this parameter is used as a reference (100%) to determine other

parameter values such as the rising / falling thresholds.

Pulse Base

Median pulse OFF power.

The value of this parameter is used as a reference (0%) to determine other

parameter values such as the rising / falling thresholds.

Trace Avg Average power of the signal displayed in the diagram.

Trace Peak Maximum power of the signal displayed in the diagram.

Trace Min Minimum power of the signal displayed in the diagram.

Positive Overshoot Height of the local maximum after a rising edge, divided

by the pulse amplitude. The result is a percentage of the pulse amplitude.

Negative Overshoot Height of the local minimum after a rising edge, divided

by the pulse amplitude. The result is a percentage of the pulse amplitude.

4.4.1 Configuring the Numerical Result Display

The functions available for the numerical result display are the same as those available for normal power sensor measurements. For more information see "Performing and Configuring Measurements" on page 138.

R&S FSH Power Meter



4.4.2 Configuring the Power vs Time Result Display

The R&S FSH allows you to configure several aspects of the Power vs Time result

display and the way the pulse is measured.

4.4.2.1 Determining Pulse Characteristics

Selecting an algorithm for base and top power calculation

The R&S FSH provides several methods (or algorithms) to calculate the base and top

power of a pulse.

● "Histogram"

Calculates the top and base power of the pulse by analyzing the histogram of the

trace data. The level of the pulse top calculated by the mean value of all points

representing the pulse top. Similarly the level of the pulse base is calculated by the

points representing the pulse base.

This algorithm is recommended for analyzing most of the pulse signals

● "Integration"

Calculates the top power of the pulse by fitting a rectangle pulse of same energy

into the pulse signal as a reference.

This algorithm is recommended for modulated pulse signals or when the pulse

energy must be taken into account, for example when you want to compare the

measurement result with that of a thermal power sensor.

● "Peak"

Assumes that the peak power of the pulse is also the top level of the pulse.

The top and base power are also the reference point for the calculation of pulse timing

characteristics.


► Press the "Algorithm" softkey.

► Select the algorithm you prefer for your measurement.

The R&S FSH adjusts the results accordingly.

Defining reference levels for pulse timing calculation

To calculate pulse timing parameters, like the rise and fall time of the pulse, you have

to define several reference levels. All reference levels are a percentage of the pulse

amplitude, either expressed in terms of power (Watt) or voltage (Volt).

The "Low Reference Power" and "High Reference Power" are required to calculate the

fall and rise times of the measured pulse. The "Low Reference Power" defines the

level at the start of the rising edge and the level at the end of the falling edge of the

pulse. The "High Reference Power" defines the level at end of the rising edge and the

level at the start of the falling edge.

R&S FSH Power Meter



The "Reference Power" is required to calculate the pulse width, its start time and its

stop time.


► Press the "Ref Power Config" softkey.

► Define the reference levels as required.

You can always reset the reference levels to their default value with the "Set to

Default" menu item.

All the reference levels can be relative to the power or the voltage of the signal.

Depending on this selection, different measurement points are being analyzed, so the

results may be different.


► Press the "Ref Power Config" softkey.

► Select either the "Power" or the "Voltage" menu item as the reference.

4.4.2.2 Selecting the Video Bandwidth

When you are using a wideband power sensor, you can change the video bandwidth

used for the measurement. The main effect of using a small video bandwidth is that it

reduces the displayed inherent noise.

Using a small video bandwidth thus increases the measurement sensitivity and allows

you to accurately determine the pulse peak power even for weak pulses. Reducing the

video bandwidth also increases the trigger sensitivity of the power sensor.

Note however that the video bandwidth should not be smaller than the RF bandwidth of

the measured signal. Otherwise, measurement results may become invalid.

4.4.2.3 Averaging Traces

Selecting the trace mode

The Power vs Time result display provides two trace modes.

● The "Clear / Write" mode overwrites the trace data after each measurement.

● The "Average" mode forms an average over several measurement and displays

the data according to the selected detector.

When you select this mode, you can define the number of measurements over

which the trace data is calculated.



► Select the trace mode you prefer for the measurement.

R&S FSH Power Meter



Selecting the detector

When you are averaging traces, you can also select a detector. The detector defines

the way the measured data is evaluated and which data is displayed.

In the Power vs Time result display, you can select the "Average" detector or the "Max

Peak" detector. The "Average" detector displays the averaged measurement data,

while the "Max Peak" detector displays the highest values that have been measured on

each pixel.



► Select the detector you prefer.

4.4.2.4 Triggering Measurements

In its default state, the R&S FSH starts a measurement on completion of the previous

measurement ("Free Run" measurements).

However, you can also perform triggered measurements with the power sensor. When

you choose to do so, the trigger event (the moment when the actual measurement

starts) is either a rising slope in the signal or a falling slope ("Positive" or "Negative"

trigger).



► Select either the "Positive" or "Negative" menu item.

The R&S FSH stops measuring the signal until a trigger event occurs.

In case of triggered measurements, you have to define a trigger level by which the

signal must rise or fall in order to be recognized.



► Select the "Trigger Level" menu item and define a trigger level.

In addition, you can define a trigger delay time. The trigger delay time defines a time

that must pass after the trigger event has occurred before the measurement starts. A

negative trigger delay time is called a pretrigger.



► Select the "Trigger Delay" menu item and define a delay time.

When a trigger event occurs, the R&S FSH takes the delay time into account when

drawing the trace.

R&S FSH Power Meter



4.4.2.5 Selecting the Result Unit

In the pulse measurement application, the R&S FSH can display measured power in

relative units (dBm) or in absolute units (W).



► Select the unit you prefer.

The R&S FSH adjusts the y-axis accordingly.

4.4.2.6 Scaling the Y-Axis

The functionality to scale the y-axis is similar to that of the Spectrum application.

For more information see "Setting a Display Range" on page 100.

4.4.2.7 Using Markers

The Power vs Time diagram supports markers. The functionality is similar to that of the

Spectrum application.

For more information see "Using Markers" on page 118 (note that marker functions are

not available in the Power Meter mode).

R&S FSH Interference Analyzer (R&S FSH-K15/ -K16)



5 Interference Analyzer (R&S FSH-K15/ -K16)

In wireless systems, interference causes low data rates, dropped calls and poor voice

quality, often making it impossible to establish or maintain a connection.

Equipped with option R&S FSH-K15 (order no. 1309.7488.02), option R&S FSH-K16

(order no. 1309.7494.02) and / or R&S FSH-K17 (order no. 1304.5893.02), you can

track down the source of interferences with your R&S FSH. These options provide

tools and means to make the search for interferers as comfortable as possible.

To measure interferences, you'll also need a directional antenna like the R&S HL300

(order no. 4097.3005.02). For more information refer to the Quick Start Guide.

The interference analyzer provides several measurement modes.


► Press the "Receiver / Interferences" softkey.

Interference analyzer (R&S FSH-K15)

► Select the "Interference Analyzer" menu item.

The R&S FSH enters the interference analyzer.

For more information see "Measuring the Spectrum" on page 156.

Map mode

► Select the "Maps" menu item.

The R&S FSH enters the map application.

Triangulation (R&S FSH-K15)



► Select the "Triangulation" menu item.

The R&S FSH provides the triangulation measurement functions.

For more information see "Working with Maps" on page 158.

Geotagging (R&S FSH-K16)



► Select the "Geotagging" menu item.

The R&S FSH provides the geotagging measurement functions.





Indoor Mapping (R&S FSH-K17)



► Select the "Indoor Mapping" menu item.

The R&S FSH provides the geotagging measurement functions.



Measuring the Spectrum


5.1 Measuring the Spectrum

Most spectrum measurements of the interference analyzer are also available in

Spectrum mode. Using these measurements allow you to locate interferences in the

frequency spectrum.

● "Measuring the Channel Power of Continuously Modulated Signals" on page 53

● "Measuring the Occupied Bandwidth" on page 57

● "Measuring the Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR)" on page 64

● "Working with the Spectrogram Result Display (R&S FSH-K14/ -K15)" on page 83

These measurements work the same and yield the same results as in Spectrum mode.

You can configure the measurements just as in Spectrum mode. For more information

see "Configuring Spectrum Measurements" on page 96.

In addition, the R&S FSH-K15 provides several dedicated measurements.

5.1.1 Measuring the Carrier-to-Noise Ratio

The Carrier-to-Noise (C/N) measurement is a tool to determine if a signal has sufficient

power compared to the spectrum surrounding it. In case of the carrier-to-noise

measurement, the R&S FSH determines the distance between the level of the carrier

and the lowest signal level that has been measured (usually the noise floor).




► Select the "Carrier-to-Noise" menu item.

The R&S FSH starts to measure the carrier-to-noise ratio.

After you have started the measurement, the R&S FSH places two markers on the


position as the level of the carrier. The second marker is positioned on the lowest level

that has been measured ("Min Peak").

Based on the markers, the R&S FSH then calculates the difference between the two

signal levels and returns the result as the "Carrier-to-Noise" ratio.

Optimizing the Settings


R&S FSH offers.




two markers.


Measuring the Spectrum


5.1.2 Measuring the Carrier-to-Interference Ratio

The Carrier-to-Interference (C/I) measurement is a tool to determine if a signal is

affected by interference from neighboring channels. In case of the carrier-to-

interference measurement, the R&S FSH determines the distance between the level of

the carrier and the second strongest level.




► Select the "Carrier-to-Interference" menu item.

The R&S FSH starts to measure the carrier-to-noise ratio.

After you have started the measurement, the R&S FSH places two markers on the


position as the level of the carrier. The second marker is positioned on the second

strongest level that has been measured ("Next Peak").

Based on the markers, the R&S FSH then calculates the difference between the two

signal levels and returns the result as the "Carrier-to-Interference" ratio.

Optimizing the Settings


R&S FSH offers.




5.1.3 Analyzing Interference Measurements

5.1.3.1 Trace Mathematics ("Diff Mode")

The Interference Analyzer provides a quick way to apply trace mathematics ("Trace -

Memory Trace") and thus a quick way to compare the current results with a previous

one.


► Press the "Diff Mode" softkey.

When you turn on the "Diff Mode", the R&S FSH saves the current trace ("memory

trace") and will subtract this trace from the live traces resulting from future sweeps.

For more information on general trace mathematics supported by the R&S FSH see

"Using Trace Mathematics" on page 117.

Note that "Diff Mode" is only available in the Spectrum Overview result display of the

Interference Analyzer.


Working with Maps


5.2 Working with Maps

Options R&S FSH-K15 and -K16 allow you to work with maps, for example view and

save the position of measurements. With option R&S FSH-K15 you are also able to

determine the source of interference (through triangulation). The options also provide

several other tools that make it easier to locate interference.

To make full use of the functions available in map mode, you will need a GPS receiver

and an antenna (for example R&S HL300, which already contains a GPS receiver).

Option R&S FSH-K17 ("Indoor Maps") allows you to work with small scale maps (for

example floor plan). This option provides functionality to measure the signal strength

indoors using an antenna (for example R&S HL300).

5.2.1 Transferring Maps (R&S FSH-K15 and -K16)

Before you can use any features based on maps, you have to download and install the

maps on the R&S FSH. The R&S FSH supports the map material supplied by the

Open Street Maps project (http://www.openstreetmaps.org)

The easiest way for you to transfer the maps to the R&S FSH is to use the R&S Open

Street Map Wizard (OSM Wizard). The OSM Wizard is available for download on the

R&S FSH product homepage (http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/product/fsh.html).

The OSM wizard establishes a connection to the Open Street Maps database and thus

needs a connection to the internet. The tool allows you to select the area that you need

for your measurements and download the corresponding maps.

For more information on how to download and save maps refer to the documentation

of the OSM Wizard. The documentation is part of the software.

http://www.openstreetmaps.org/



Working with Maps


5.2.2 Transferring Indoor Maps (R&S FSH-K17)

Before you can use the features of the indoor mapping application, you have to create

an indoor map (for example a floor plan). These maps are created with features

available in the R&S InstrumentView software package, and are based on an image of

the area you would like to measure. The image source can be one of the common file

formats (for example jpg, png or tif).


► Start the "Indoor Mapping" feature .

The R&S FSH opens the indoor map editor.

► Select the "Map Creator" tab in the map editor.

► Select the "Load New Map" button.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box to select an image file.

Zooming in and out of the indoor map

You can zoom in and out of the indoor map using the mouse wheel.

► Select the image file of the area you want to measure.

If you have an image, but need only a small part of it, you have to edit it with an

image manipulation program before loading it into the R&S InstrumentView

software.

► Press the "Create New Map" button and select the folder to save the map data in.

The R&S FSH creates a map from the image you have uploaded.

When this is done, copy the folder containing the map data to an SD card and insert it

into the SD card slot of the R&S FSH (make sure that the folder is in the root directory

of the SD card, because otherwise the R&S FSH may not be able to find the map

data).

In addition to creating a map, you can also specify the exact geographic location of the

area you are measuring. To do so, you have to specify three GPS reference points of

the area. Enter the corresponding latitude and longitude data in the corresponding

fields available in the "Create Map" dialog box and move the three cross-hairs

displayed in the preview of the map to the corresponding locations.

When you are using this feature, the application provides some useful features:

● The map is automatically rotated in such a way that the north side faces up.

● The R&S FSH calculates and displays the distance between measurement points

(in meters or feet, depending on the regional settings).

● You are able to embed the collected data into maps with a larger scale. Thus you

are able to, for example, combine measurement data recorded with the

Geotagging application (outdoor map) and data recorded with the Indoor Maps

application in a single map. For more information about this see "Collecting

Measurement Data (R&S FSH-K17)" on page 173.


Working with Maps


5.2.3 Displaying Maps

After you have downloaded or created the maps you need, save them to an SD card,

which you can use with the R&S FSH.

► Enter the "Maps" or "Indoor Maps"

mode.


► Press the "Map" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens a menu that

contains all maps that you have

stored on the SD card (the names

correspond to the folder names for

every area you have saved).

► Select the maps of the area you

need.

In the R&S FSH-K15 or -K16, the "Auto Select" menu item automatically selects

the map that is most fitting for your current location. Using the automatic selection

requires an GPS receiver.

In the R&S FSH-K17, the "Auto Select" menu item is only available if the R&S FSH

could not find any indoor maps.

Screen layout of the map display

The screen layout in "Maps" mode is variable. You can customize the screen contents

and add only information that you need.

► Press the "Settings" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens a menu that contains functions to configure the map display.

If no screen element has been selected, the R&S FSH shows the map only. The

following list contains all settings that define the screen contents.


Working with Maps


1 Current type of result display

2 Connected device: green color = GPS connection established, red color GPS connection not established

3 Hardware settings

4 GPS information, incl compass information, GPS connection quality and triangulation results (not in

R&S FSH-K17)

5 Power results (incl. the distance between measurement locations in the R&S FSH-K17)

6 Map area, including tags representing the measurement locations

7 Power bar including noise squelch level

8 Geotagging / Indoor Map softkey menu

Adding and removing elements

The result display is made up out of several elements that you can add or remove as

you like.



► Select the element you want to add or remove.

- GPS receiver and antenna support

► Turn on with "Antenna", "Compass" or "GPS" menu item.

Supported by R&S FSH-K15 and -K16.

- Hardware settings

► Turn on with "Show Hardware Settings" menu item.

If on, the display contains the hardware settings.

- GPS and compass information

► Turn on with "Show GPS Information" or "Show Compass Information"

menu item.

If on, the display contains the GPS and compass information. The compass

information is available with the R&S HL300 antenna.

Supported by R&S FSH-K15 and -K16.

- Power results

► Turn on with "Show Power Results" menu item.

If on, the display contains the power results.

- Power bar

► Turn on with "Show Power Bar" menu item.

If on, the display contains the power bar.

In addition to the currently measured signal level, the power bar also shows

the squelch level for noise signals (vertical yellow line).


Working with Maps


5.2.3.1 Zooming in and out of the Map

If you have downloaded different zoom levels of your maps, or if you have created a

large (or very small) indoor map, you can change the scale of the map to get a more

detailed view or a more general overview.

Note that the original size of indoor maps depends on the size of the image these

maps are based on.

► Press the "Zoom In" softkey to decrease the scale of the map.

► Press the "Zoom Out" softkey to increase the scale of the map.

5.2.3.2 Aligning the Map (R&S FSH-K15 and -K16)

The R&S FSH provides several tools to align the map. This is useful if you want your

current location to be in the center of the display or if you have moved out of the visible

map area.

Manual alignment

► Use the cursor keys to move the map in a particular direction.

You can move the maps until you reach the borders of the downloaded content.

Note that the borders of the maps might be different for different scales.

Automatic alignment

For most automatic map alignment functions, you have to establish a GPS connection.

► Press the "GPS Position" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens a menu that contains various functions to control and work

with GPS data.

In this menu, you can select from the following automatic alignment functions.

● "Go To Current Position"

Moves your current position to the center of the display once.

● "[ ] Trace Current Position"

Keeps your current position in the center of the display, even if you move.

● "Go To Triangulation Position"

Moves the location of the triangulation result to the center of the display.

5.2.3.3 Aligning the Map (R&S FSH-K17)

The R&S FSH automatically aligns the map when you move the cross-hairs displayed

in the map. The cross-hairs represent your current position on the map.

Moving the cross-hairs is necessary to define another measurement location. This is

only possible by manually changing the position of the cross-hairs.


Working with Maps


Using the cursor keys

► Use the cursor keys to move your position in a particular direction.

You can move the cross-hairs representing your position until you reach the

borders of the indoor map.

When you are using the cursor keys to move the cross-hairs, you can also specify the

distance (pixels) the cross-hairs move on a single press of the cursor key.


► Select the "Cursor Sensitivity" menu item.

► Enter a number between 1 and 64 in the input field.

The number you enter corresponds to the number of pixels each movement of the

cross-hairs covers (for example "1" moves the cross-hairs one pixel in the selected

direction).

Using the rotary knob

Alternatively, you can move the cross-hairs with the rotary knob. However, if you are

using the rotary knob, you can only move the cross-hairs either sideways or vertically.

You have to select the direction of the rotary knob with the cursor keys. The cross-

hairs indicate the currently selected direction by little arrows.

● :Using the rotary knob moves the cross-hairs to the left or right.

● : Using the rotary knob moves the cross-hairs up or down.

The best way to use this functionality is to use the cursor keys for big steps and then

use the rotary knob for fine tuning of the cross-hair position.

5.2.3.4 Selecting Colors for Geotags and Measurement Locations

For more information on geotags (R&S FSH-K15 and -K16) in general see "Collecting

Geographic Data" on page 169.

For more information on measurement locations (R&S FSH-K17) in general see

"Collecting Measurement Data (R&S FSH-K17)" on page 173.

Default behavior of geotags (R&S FSH-K15 and -K16)

By default, all geotags (including all the labels associated with that geotag) have the

same color (black). Depending on the type of geotag, you can assign different colors to

the geotags.

Note that changing the color of a geotag in the interference analyzer (R&S FSH-K15)

also changes the color of the azimuth line.


Working with Maps


Default behavior of measurement locations (R&S FSH-K17)

Your current position is represented by a black cross-hairs. When you do a

measurement at that location, and save the results, a colored dot is added to the map.

The color represents the signal level at that location:

● Red dot: Signal recepetion is bad.

● Yellow dot: Signal reception is OK.

● Green dot: Signal reception is good.

Color of your current position (R&S FSH-K15 and -K16)

To emphasize your current position, you can define a different color to that geotag.


► Select the "Current Position Color" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a submenu to select the color.

► Select one of the colors available in the submenu.

The R&S FSH applies the color as selected.

Color of previous positions (R&S FSH-K15)

In the Interference Analyzer (R&S FSH-K15), you can distinguish between your current

position and positions that you have visited (or saved) earlier.


► Select the "Saved Position Color" menu item.




In addition to the geotag, you can also define a custom color for the triangulation

results. The R&S FSH displays triangulation results as circle with a dot in the middle.

By default, the circles and dot are blue. You can change the color of those as follows.


► Select the "Triangulation Color" menu item.




Color of previous positions (R&S FSH-K16 and -K17)

In Geotagging mode (R&S FSH-K15) and Indoor Mapping mode (R&S FSH-K17), you

can distinguish between your current position and positions that you have visited (or

saved) earlier.


Working with Maps


The color a geotag (or measurement location) gets in this mode depends on the signal

strength that has been measured at the corresponding location. In addition to the color

itself, you can also define the signal levels associated with a particular color: a

separate color for "good" coverage, one for "average" coverage and one for "bad

coverage".


► Select the "Good Coverage Color", "Average Coverage Color" or "Bad Coverage

Color" menu item.




The R&S FSH has default values that characterize "good", "average" and "bad"

coverage. If required, you can change the signal levels associated with these terms.


► Select the "Good Coverage Level", "Average Coverage Level" or "Bad Coverage

Level" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the signal level associated with the

coverage conditions.

Superimposed geotags

If one or more geotags superimpose each other, you can define rules which tag (or its

color) is actually displayed.


► Select the "Default Indicator" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a submenu to select the tag that shall be displayed:

● Best: the tag with the best signal level is displayed.

● Average: the tag with the average level is displayed.

● Worst: the tag with the lowest signal level is displayed.


Working with Maps


5.2.4 Measuring Interference

Interference measurements usually require an antenna to locate the source of those

interferers. The R&S FSH supports several antenna models.

● R&S HL300

Connected to the R&S FSH at the AUX port and the RF input.

● R&S HE300

Connected to the R&S FSH at the power sensor jack and the RF input.

● R&S HE400

Connected to the R&S FSH at the power sensor jack and the RF input.

You can control the antenna functionality in several ways in the general setup of the

R&S FSH. For more information see the Quick Start Guide of the R&S FSH.

5.2.4.1 Selecting an Antenna Model

For easy access, the R&S FSH allows you to select the antenna model directly in the

interference analyzer or geotagging application.


► Select the "Antenna" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a submenu to select or disable the antenna.

► Select the antenna type you are using or turn using the antenna off.

- Disabled

Disables the use of an antenna.

- HL300 Side

Selects the R&S HL300 antenna connected to the AUX port on the left side of

the R&S FSH.

- HE300 Top

Selects the R&S HE300 antenna connected to the power sensor jack on the

top of the R&S FSH.

- HE400 Top

Selects the R&S HE400 antenna connected to the power sensor jack on the

top of the R&S FSH.

The currently selected antenna model is displayed in the title bar. The color of the label

indicates the state of the satellite lock of the the GPS receiver of the antenna model.

For more information on the GPS receiver states see the Quick Start Guide.


Working with Maps


5.2.4.2 Using an Audio Signal to Locate Interferers

You can configure the R&S FSH to play back an audio signal when it receives a signal.

The audio signal changes its volume and frequency, depending on the strength of the

received signal.


► Select the "Tone [ ]" menu item.

The R&S FSH turns the audio signal on.

The R&S FSH allows you to define various aspects of this audio signal.

Defining a squelch level

The squelch level defines the signal level above which the audio signal starts to play.

The squelch level is variable.


► Select the "Squelch Level" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the squelch level.

► Enter a squelch level in dBm as required.

The R&S FSH displays the squelch level graphically in the power bar element of

the user interface.

Defining the threshold of the audio signal

The audio signal has a specific frequency that is coupled to a specific signal level, the

threshold. As the signal you are receiving during a measurement becomes stronger or

weaker, the audio signal changes its frequency:

● When the signal becomes stronger, the frequency of the audio signal gets higher

● When the signal becomes weaker, the frequency of the audio signal gets lower

You can define the threshold of the base tone as necessary.


► Select the "Tone Threshold" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the threshold.

► Enter a threshold level in dBm as required.

Note that it may be possible that the audio signal frequency becomes so high or low

that it is no longer audible.


Working with Maps


Defining the gain of the audio signal

The change of frequency of the audio signal is a constant change of frequency. It is

either one octave per 20 dB or one octave per 40 dB.


► Select the "Tone Gain" menu item.


► Select the gain setting you prefer.

Defining the volume of the audio signal

The R&S FSH allows you to adjust the volume of the audio signal.


► Select the "Tone Volume" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the volume.

► Define a volume you are comfortable with.

The volume is a percentage from 0% to 100% with 100% being the loudest.

5.2.4.3 Using Limits

The R&S FSH allows you to define limits within which the signal level must be in order

to be recognized as a signal.


► Press the "Upper Limit" or "Lower Limit" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the limits: signals that are above the

upper limit are ignored as well as signals that are below the lower limit. Only the

signal with these boundaries are actually considered in the analysis.

The limits you have defined are displayed in the power bar as red triangles.


Working with Maps


5.2.5 Collecting Geographic Data (R&S FSH-K15 and -K16)

The main application of the "Maps" mode is to collect geographic data. The R&S FSH

provides two main applications, triangulation and geotagging.

5.2.5.1 Geotags

A geotag is a tag for a particular location that contains information about that location.

This information includes, for example, GPS coordinates, the time of the measurement

or level that has been measured. You can evaluate the geotag information directly on-

site or save the information for later evaluation.

With the geotagging functionality, you can mark locations where you have performed a

measurement. Thus, you are able to analyze the geographical distribution of the

received signal strength. This allows you to analyze, for example, the coverage

conditions around a base station's coverage area.

In the map display, a geotag is displayed as a dot with a number. Option R&S FSH-

K15 also shows a straight line. The straight line represents the direction you are facing.

You can create a geotag in several ways.

Creating geotags manually

You can create a geotag of your current position (which requires a GPS receiver) or

create a geotag of any other position that you would like to create.


► Select the "Save Current Position" menu item.

The R&S FSH creates a geotag of your current position. A geotag created this way

is based on the coordinates of the GPS receiver and includes the azimuth.

If required, you can assign a different azimuth for the GPS coordinates.


► Select the "Save Azimuth Only" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to change the azimuth (the GPS data itself is

not changed). Note that the azimuth line is updated in real time when you change

its angle.

Alternatively, create a geotag of an arbitrary location.

► Select the "Save Manual Position" menu item.

► Enter the GPS data and location information.

The R&S FSH creates a geotag with the geographic data you have entered.


Working with Maps


Creating geotags automatically

The R&S FSH is able to save geographic information automatically if you are using the

"Save on Event" functionality. For more information see "Saving Events" on page 22.

The R&S FSH adds all geotags that you create to the "GPS Position List".

If you are using the Geotagging application (R&S FSH-K16), you can turn on the "Save

on Event" functionality in the application itself.



► Select the "Geotagging" menu item.



► Select the "[ ] Save on Event" menu item.

► Select the "Event Source" menu item to select the event that triggers data storage.

Managing geotags

The application features a "GPS Position List" that allows you to manage and edit

geotags. The "GPS Position List" contains all geotags that you have created.


► Select the "GPS Position List" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a list of geotags that you have saved. In this list, the

R&S FSH shows some basic information about the geotag.

- Number: number of the location as displayed on the map.

- Include: checkbox to include the geotag on the map display

- Latitude, longitude and azimuth: GPS information of the location

- Name: name of the location

However, a geotag consists of more information than the information displayed in the

list.

► Select one of the geotags available in the list.

► Press the "View" softkey.

The R&S FSH displays the complete information of the geotag.

In addition to the geographic information, the details of the geotag also contain

information about the measurement. This information includes, for example, the

frequency, measured level or measurement bandwidth.

The R&S FSH allows you to change the name and description anytime you want. All

other geotag information is unchangeable after it has been saved.

► In the geotag information overview, press the "Edit" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens input fields to change the name and description of the

location.


Working with Maps


Displaying geotags

A geotag is represented by a dot and a number on the map. The R&S FSH-K15 also

displays an azimuth line.

The azimuth is the deviation from the direction you are facing and the north. It is a

number in degrees. For example, if you are looking east, the azimuth would be 90°.

The application shows the azimuth as a straight black line, beginning at your location

and pointing in the direction you are facing.

The azimuth line is always displayed when you are using the functionality of the

R&S FSH-K15, even if you are just walking around without saving any data.

The R&S FSH-K15 allows you display three geotags at the same time. If you want to

display a different geotag, you first have to remove one of those that are currently

displayed.

If you are using functionality of the R&S FSH-K16, you can display as many geotags

as you want.



► Select the geotag you want to remove and press the "Include" softkey.

The R&S FSH unchecks the checkbox in the "Include" column of the list.

► Select the geotag you want to display instead and press the "Include" softkey.

The R&S FSH adds the geotag to the map display.

5.2.5.2 Triangulation (R&S FSH-K15)

With option R&S FSH-K15, the R&S FSH is able to locate the source of interference

using the triangulation method.

To perform triangulation, you have to create at least two geotags with azimuth

information. After creating the geotags, display them on the map. Based on these

geotags, the R&S FSH calculates the point at which the azimuth lines of the geotags

intersect. This intersection point represents the source of the interference.



► Select at least two geotags and display them on the map.

(Selecting more geotags yields more accurate triangulation results.)


► Select the "Triangulation" menu item.

The R&S FSH calculate the intersection point of the geotags you have selected.

The result is displayed on the map as a dot that is surrounded by a circle.

By default, the dot and circle are blue. However, you can assign a different color to

the triangulation results. For more information see "Selecting Colors for Geotags

and Measurement Locations" on page 163.


Working with Maps


Adding the triangulation result to the GPS position list


► Select the "Save Triangulation" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to enter a name and description for the new

geotag.

► Enter a name and description.

After you have entered name and description, the R&S FSH opens a dialog box to

define a name for the file that conatins the new GPS information.

Note that the R&S FSH stores triangulation results in a .gpx file. The .gpx file

format is a common file format used to store GPS information.

► Press the "Save" softkey to save the new .gpx file.


Working with Maps


5.2.6 Collecting Measurement Data (R&S FSH-K17)

When you enter the "Indoor Mapping" application, the R&S FSH always shows the

signal strength you are currently receiving as a numeric value at the top of the display

or in the power bar at the right side of the display (if you have turned that feature on).

However, the main application of the "Maps" mode is to collect the signal strength of

various locations in enclosed areas, and save that data for later evaluation. This allows

you to analyze, for example, the coverage conditions within a building. Basically, the

method to collect this data is similar to that of collecting geotags in large scale map

mode.

When you perform a measurement at a particular spot on the map, the application

creates a tag (represented by a colored dot) and draws it on the map at your current

location. The color of the dot represents the signal strength received at that location

(see "Selecting Colors for Geotags and Measurement Locations" on page 163).

Creating tags

You can create a tag on any place of the map. To do so, you first have to move the

cross-hairs in the map display to the position you are currently at with the cursor keys

or the rotary knob. For more information see "Aligning the Map (R&S FSH-K17)" on

page 162.

When the cross-hairs is at the right

location, proceed as follows to save

the measured data.


The R&S FSH creates a tag at

your current position, represented

by a colored dot on the map.

(Alternatively, you can press the

"Indoor Position" softkey and create a

tag with the "Capture Position" menu

item.)

In addition to the graphical representation of the tags, the R&S FSH also stores

additional (numerical) data of the measurement in the tag. You can view the additional

information in the "Indoor Position List".

Managing tags

The application features an "Indoor Position List" that allows you to manage and edit

tags and (to some degree) the information they conatin. The "Indoor Position List"

contains all tags that you have created.

► Press the "Indoor Position" softkey.

► Select the "Indoor Position List" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a list of tags that you have saved. In this list, the R&S FSH

shows some basic information about the geotag.


Working with Maps


- Number: represents the number of the measurement (in consecutive order).

- Include: checkbox to include the tag on the map display

- Latitude, longitude and azimuth: GPS information of the location. This

information is only displayed if you have defined reference GPS points during

the creation of the map. Using this information, the application is able to

calculate the exact coordinates of the measurement locations.

- Name: name of the location (displayed only if you have defined a name in the

"Details" view; see below)

However, a tag consists of more information than the information displayed in the list.

► Select one of the tags available in the list.

► Press the "View" softkey.

The R&S FSH displays the complete information of the tag.

In addition to the signal information, the details of the tag also contain information

about the measurement. This information includes, for example, the frequency,

measured level or time of the measurement.

The R&S FSH allows you to change the name and description anytime you want. All

other tag information is unchangeable after it has been saved.

► In the tag information overview, press the "Edit" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens input fields to change the name and description of the

location.

Displaying tags

A tag is represented by a dot on the map. You can add or remove tags as you like.


► Select the "Indoor Position List" menu item.

► Select the tag you want to remove and press the "Include" softkey.

The R&S FSH unchecks the checkbox in the "Include" column of the list and

removes it from the map (the information of the tag, however, remains).

► Select the tag you want to display instead and press the "Include" softkey.

The R&S FSH adds the tag to the map display.

Saving measurement data

When you are done with the measurement, you can save the measurement data in a

.gpx file for later evaluation in the R&S InstrumentView software or other applications

like Google Earth.



► Select the "Save Results" menu item.

The R&S FSH stores the measurement data in a gpx file (it does not matter if you

have specified any GPS data in your map).


Working with Maps


Restoring measurement data previously recorded

In the same way, you can also restore a gpx file that you have saved previously.



► Select the "Select GPX File" menu item.

The R&S FSH restores the measurement data saved in the selected gpx file. You

can then add or remove tags as required.

If you have specified GPS reference points for the indoor map, you can also load the

measurement data into a different map (for example a larger scale floor plan of a

building or embed the indoor data into an outdoor map).

To do so, load a different map via the "Map" softkey, and load the corresponding gpx

data. If the map and the gpx data are not compatible, the R&S FSH will not display the

measurement data stored in the gpx file.

Note that you have to load the map first, before restoring the gpx file.

If the gpx data is not compatible with the currently displayed map, or does not contain

any GPS information, the R&S FSH shows a corresponding message.


Working with Maps


5.2.7 Analyzing Geographic Data (R&S FSH-K15 and -K16)

The R&S InstrumentView software package provides an interface that allows you to

export and review your recorded data with Google Earth. This interface transforms .gpx

files into .kmz files (required by Google Earth). It also contains a plug-in that illustrates

the signal levels measured at the GPS coordinates that you have added to the .gpx

file.


► Select "Tools" → "Geotag Mapping".

The software opens a dialog box to select a .gpx file.

► Select (or remove) one or more .gpx files with the "Add" ( or "Remove") button.

In the pane on the right, the software shows a list of individual GPS coordinates.

You can include or exclude individual locations by adding or removing the

checkmark in the "Enabled" column.

► Press the "Save as KMZ" button.

► Define a name and location where you want to save the file to.

When you press "Save", the R&S InstrumentView saves the file and at the same

time opens Google Earth to show the data.

Each GPS coordinate is represented by a colored dot. The color of the dot represents

the signal level that has been measured at the corresponding coordinate. The color

map is displayed in the Google Earth window.

You can change the color map in R&S InstrumentView.

► Select "Tools" → "Geotag Mapping".

► Press the "Settings" button.

► In the "Color Settings" pane, select a color and assign a signal level to the color.


Working with Maps


5.2.8 Analyzing Indoor Data (R&S FSH-K17)

The R&S InstrumentView software package provides an interface that allows you to

export and review your recorded data with external tools. This interface transforms the

measurement data into an image or a csv file.

► Start the R&S InstrumentView software

► Select the "Indoor Mapping" tool ( ).

The software opens the "Map Viewer".

► Press the "Load Map" button to load a map.

► Press the "Load GPX File" button to restore the corresponding GPX data.

When both the map and the GPX file been loaded successfully (and compatible to

each other), the software displays the map, including the signal strength tags that

you have collected.

In addition, the software shows a pane that contains the measurement data as

numeric values (including the coordinates of the tags, measured level and a time

stamp). You can also add a numeric label to the tags that represents the order of

the measurements, and the measured level for each tag ("Show Indices on Map"

and "Show Levels on Map").

You can also change the colors of the signal levels.

► Select "Color Settings" and change the values and colors as you like.

► In the "Color Settings" pane, change the values and colors as you like.

Finally, you can export the measurement data as an image, which may contain a color

map ("Export Image with Legend"), or as a numeric list in the csv file format.

► Select the "Export Image" button, select the file type you prefer and the location

you want save the image in.

► Select the "Export CSV" button and the location you want to save the file in.

Importing data into Google Earth

When you add GPS reference information to the indoor map, it is also possible to

export the data collected indoors as a .kmz file and import it into Google Earth. For

more information see "Analyzing Geographic Data (R&S FSH-K15 and -K16)" on page

176.

R&S FSH Network Analyzer Mode

Working with Maps


6 Network Analyzer Mode

The network analyzer mode provides the functionality to characterize networks with

one or two ports.

To enable the features of the network analyzer mode, you need at least an R&S FSH

with tracking generator or one that also has an internal VSWR bridge.

Scalar measurements

In its basic configuration, an R&S FSH with tracking generator can only perform scalar

measurements and determine the reflection or reverse transmission characteristics of

the device under test (DUT). However, scalar measurements determine the magnitude

of the transmitted or reflected power only.

Measurements yield the best results when you calibrate the R&S FSH to the test

setup. Although the accuracy of measurements is high in the default factory calibration,

the R&S FSH also provides all necessary calibration methods to correct the magnitude

for these kinds of measurements and make results even more accurate.

If the R&S FSH also has an internal VSWR bridge, the R&S FSH can also determine

the reflection on either port or the forward transmission characteristics. The VSWR

bridge enables the R&S FSH to switch the tracking generator to each of the

measurement ports (ports 1 and 2) and can therefore send signals from port 2 to port 1

and vice versa.

Vector measurements

To increase the dynamic range and measurement accuracy, you can equip the

R&S FSH with firmware option R&S FSH-K42 (order no. 1304.5629.02). This enables

vector measurements for the network analyzer operating mode. Note that vector

measurements are only possible with models that feature tracking generator and

VSWR bridge.

In addition to be able to determine the magnitude and phase characteristics of a DUT,

the option also features additional calibration methods and measurement functionality

and formats (e.g. group delay or phase).


► Press the "Network Analyzer" softkey.

The R&S FSH turns on the tracking generator. Frequency and level settings are

inherited from the previous operating mode.


Working with Maps


Screen layout of the network analyzer

1 Result display

2 Measurement mode

3 0 dB reference

4 Status line

- S-matrix

- Calibration status

- Measurement format

5 Trace window

6 Network analyzer softkey menu


Configuring the Tracking Generator


6.1 Configuring the Tracking Generator

The tracking generator provides the stimulus signal for the network analyzer

measurement. For measurements in the frequency domain, the output frequency

depends on the current measurement frequency. For measurements in the time

domain (zero span), you can define a specific output frequency.

Defining the level of the stimulus signal

You can define the level of the stimulus signal in two different ways.

● As an absolute level in terms of dBm.

● As an attenuation relative to 0 dBm.

Example: Defining an attenuation of 0 dB corresponds to an output level of 0 dBm.

An attenuation of 40 dB corresponds to an output level of -40 dBm.


► Press the “TG Settings” softkey.

► Select the “TG Power” menu item to define the output level as an absolute value.

► Select the “TG Attenuation” menu item to define the output level as a relative

value.

Note that the actual output level you measure can deviate from the value you enter and

may not be linear over the frequency range of the measurement. The level can also

vary depending on which port you use as the driving port - the signal generated on port

1 can differ from that on port 2 because of the system architecture. We recommend to

use port 2 in case an absolute source is required. Therefore a S22 or S12

measurement should be selected.

We also recommend to always normalize or calibrate a measurement to compensate

for any level variations caused by the tracking generator. For more information about

calibration, see "Calibrating Measurements" on page 182.

►

Tracking generator output level

Using a tracking generator attenuation of 0 dB for S12 or S21 measurements can

cause an overload at the RF input. It is therefore recommended to use an output level

of -10 dBm (default) or lower for these measurements.

This especially applies to measurements on amplifiers.

In addition to the level, you can also define a level offset, for example to take external

attenuators into account. Note that this is a purely mathematical value that does not

change the actual output level.



► Select the “TG Power Offset” menu item and define the required offset.

The displayed values are adjusted by the offset.


Configuring the Tracking Generator


Defining the frequency of the generated signal (zero span only)

In case of frequency domain measurements (span > 0), the R&S FSH automatically

adjusts the tracking generator frequency to the current measurement frequency.

In the time domain (zero span mode), you can define a specific frequency of the signal

that is output by the tracking generator.



► Select the “Use TG as CW source” menu item.

The R&S FSH changes into zero span mode.

This is not possible when you are using the High Accuracy calibration method (see

“Calibration Methods” on page 184.


► Select the “Source Frequency” menu item and define the required signal

frequency.

The R&S FSH generates a signal with the corresponding frequency. The

measurement frequency is adjusted accordingly.

Note that when you deselect the “Use TG as CW Source” menu item, the R&S FSH

restores the previously selected span. If the span is changed to a value greater than

0 Hz while “Use TG as CW Source” is active, this feature is automatically deselected.

Turning the tracking generator on and off (zero span only)

When you are using the tracking generator in zero span mode, you can turn it on and

off as required.



► Select the Source On/Off” menu item.

When it is on, the tracking generator provides a signal with the characteristics that

you have defined. When it is off, no signal is generated.

Note that previously recorded calibration data is not lost when you turn the tracking

generator off. It is restored when you turn the tracking genartor back on.


Calibrating Measurements


6.2 Calibrating Measurements

In its default state, the R&S FSH uses factory calibration. Factory calibration is a full 2-

port calibration over the current frequency range (i.e. span) of the R&S FSH. When

factory calibration is active, the status line reads . In many cases, this calibration

already provides accurate results.

To get the best and most accurate results, however, you have to calibrate the

measurement manually, because factory calibration does not take the actual test setup

into account (e.g. cables). The R&S FSH provides several calibration methods. You

will need one of the available calibration standards R&S FSH-Z28, -Z29 (order no.

1300.7804.03 and 1300.7504.03) or R&S ZV-Z121 (order no. 1164.0496.02/.03).

Alternatively, you can create customized calibration kits with the functionality of the

R&S InstrumentView software package and transfer those to the R&S FSH.

Before you calibrate the R&S FSH for the current measurement, you should set the

frequency parameters, reference level and attenuation levels. If you change one of

these parameters after a successful calibration, it may become invalid.

To successfully calibrate the test setup, you have to connect the calibration standard at

the reference plane, usually the output of the RF measurement cable.

During calibration, the R&S FSH removes systematic errors from the measurement.

This process is based on correction data it gets while performing the calibration.

The correction data for transmission measurements is based on the results of

comparing the transmission characteristics of the test setup to the frequency response

of the tracking generator. The correction data for reflection measurements is based on

the results of a reflection measurement at a short and an open on the bridge.

Calibration remains valid after turning off the R&S FSH or changing into another operating mode as calibration data is saved in the internal memory of the R&S FSH. If you save the measurement in a dataset, calibration data is part of that dataset. When you restore the dataset and perform the same measurement again, you do not have to recalibrate the R&S FSH.

6.2.1.1 Calibration States

The R&S FSH features several calibration states. It displays the current state in the

status line. The possible states depend on the calibration type (see below).

● (fcal)

The R&S FSH uses factory calibration. Factory calibration is restored after a preset

or self alignment. The R&S FSH also uses factory calibration if you change a

frequency parameter (span, start, stop or center frequency) to a value outside the

calibrated frequency range or if you measure another s-parameter than the one the

R&S FSH is calibrated for.

The calibration data for the factory calibration is already in the memory of the

R&S FSH when it is delivered. The factory calibration is a full two-port calibration.




You can restore the factory calibration manually any time.

- Press the "Calibration" softkey.

- Select the "User Calibration Off" menu item.

● (fcal?)

The R&S FSH uses factory calibration. However, the calibration is not accurate

because the power of the tracking generator and the attenuation at the RF input

are not in line with the default settings. In that case you should repeat calibration.

● (cal)

The R&S FSH uses user calibration. To get that state you have to perform either a

full 1-port or a full 2-port calibration.

● (cal?)

The R&S FSH uses user calibration. However, the calibration is not accurate

because the TG power and receiver attenuation are not in line with the settings at

the time it has been calibrated. In that case you should repeat calibration.

● (norm) (network analysis only)

The R&S FSH uses normalization. To get that state you have to normalize the

transmission.

● (norm?) (network analysis only)

The R&S FSH uses normalization. However, the normalization is not accurate

because the TG power and receiver attenuation are not in line with the settings at

the time it has been calibrated. In that case you should repeat calibration.

● (interp) (network analysis only)

The R&S FSH interpolates the correction data between the reference points of the

calibration. Interpolation is used when you change one of the frequency

parameters (start, stop or center frequency). In that case the distribution of the

measurement points is different to the distribution during calibration. This could

result in an increasing measurement uncertainty.

When calibration has become invalid for any reason or the calibration data has

changed, you can restore the most recent calibration that was valid.

► Press the "Calibration" softkey.

► Select the "Restore Calibration Settings" menu item.

The R&S FSH restores the calibration data and the frequency settings that were

active.




6.2.1.2 Calibration Methods

The available calibration methods depend on whether you perform scalar or vector

measurements. In addition, calibration for reflection measurements is available only for

models with an VSWR bridge.

Scalar measurements

Scalar measurements provide normalization of transmission and reflection only.

Normalization is a simple but effective way to calibrate the measurement using one

calibration standard only. The correction data is deducted from this measurement. As

only one calibration standard is used, the accuracy is lower than that of a full

calibration available for vector measurements.

Vector measurements

Vector measurements provide several calibration methods that correct the magnitude

and the phase.

● Full 2-Port

Both test ports are calibrated for both reflection and transmission measurements

on either port or direction. The calibration routine therefore requires the connection

of the standards load, open and short to both test ports, and a through connection

of the test ports. The influences of the test setup and of the isolation between the

test ports are thereby determined and taken into account in the subsequent

measurement of the device under test.

While this method is the most time-consuming during calibration, it does provide

the greatest accuracy for all measurements at both test ports without recalibration

and is thus the most flexible.

● Full 2-Port High Accuracy

Both test ports are calibrated like the full 2-port calibration. In addition, the load

match is taken into account more accurately and correction data is applied in both

directions, forward and reverse.

This method provides even more accurate results than the normal full 2-port

calibration but takes a while longer to finish.

● Reflection Port 1/2

Test port 1 or 2 is calibrated for reflection measurements on that port (S11 or S22).

The calibration routine requires the calibration standards open, short and load to

be connected one after another.

● Transmission Fwd (Port 12) and Transmission Rev (Port 21)

Test port 1 or 2 is calibrated for transmission measurements (S12 or S21). For

measurements in forward direction, this method calibrates port 1, in case of

measurements in the reverse direction, it calibrates port 2.

The calibration requires a through connection and the calibration standards open

and short.




● Normalize…

Normalization is a simple way to calibrate the measurement using one calibration

standard only. The correction data is deducted from this measurement. As only

one calibration standard is used, the isolation between the test ports is ignored. A

possible cross-talk between the test ports is therefore not eliminated and the

accuracy is lower than that of a full calibration.

Each calibration method is suitable for certain kinds of measurement tasks.

● For high isolation meaurements, use the normalization and isolation calibration

methods.

● For filter measurements requiring high standards (for example S11 in passband

better than -20 dB), use the full 2-port high accuracy calibration.

● For full s-parameter measurements on attenuators or amplifiers, use the full 2-port

calibration.

6.2.1.3 Performing Calibration

The procedure below shows a full 2-port calibration routine. All other calibration

methods basically work the same way, except for the type and number of calibration

standards you are going to need.

► Disconnect the DUT from the RF cable.

After disconnecting the DUT, the R&S FSH is ready for calibration.



► Select the "Full 2-Port" menu item.

The R&S FSH asks you to confirm

the currently selected calibration

kit.

If you are using another calibration kit, cancel the process and select the right one.

For more information see "Selecting a calibration kit" on page 186.

► Else, press the "Continue" softkey.

The R&S FSH asks you to connect

an "Open" first to port 1, then to

port 2.

► Firmly connect the "Open" of the calibration standard to the ports.

► You can abort the calibration any time by pressing the "Cancel" softkey.

► Press the "Continue" softkey to

start calibration.

The R&S FSH calibrates the open.




► Disconnect the "Open".

Next, the R&S FSH asks you to

connect a "Short" first to port 1,

then to port 2.

► Firmly connect the "Short" of the calibration standard to the ports.

► Press the "Continue" softkey to start calibration.

The R&S FSH calibrates the "Short".

► Disconnect the "Short".

Next, the R&S FSH asks you to connect a "Load" (50 Ω termination) first to port 1, then to port 2.

► Firmly connect the "Load" of the calibration standard to port 1.


The R&S FSH calibrates the "Load".

► Disconnect the "Load".

Next, the R&S FSH asks you to set up a "Through" connection from port 1 to port 2.

► Firmly connect the "Through" connection to port 1 and port 2.


The R&S FSH calibrates the "Through" connection.

After finishing the calibration routine, the R&S FSH shows that calibration is

finished for a short time ( ). The status line now says (Cal) to indicate

successful calibration.

Selecting a calibration kit

To avoid phase errors, you have to define the characteristics of the calibration kit you'd

like to use and then select the calibration kit in use. The R&S FSH then corrects the

measurement results accordingly.

You can either use one of the calibration kits specifically designed for use with the

R&S FSH, e.g. the R&S FSH-Z28 and -Z29 calibration kits. Those provide an "Open",

"Short" and "Load" calibration standard in one piece. The characteristics of these

calibration kits are already part of the R&S FSH firmware.

You can create and edit calibration kits with the R&S InstrumentView software and

transfer them to the R&S FSH via the USB or the LAN interface. The number of

standards the R&S FSH can store in its memory depends on the number of other data

sets stored on the R&S FSH.







► Select the "Select Calkit [ ]" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box to select the calibration kit. The list of supported

calibration kits covers those supported by the R&S FSH and those that you have

customized.

► Select the calibration kit you are using.

The R&S FSH uses the characteristics specified for the calibration kit.

It also shows the calibration kit currently in use next to the "Select Calkit [ ]" menu

item.

You can also use calibration kits other than the R&S FSH-Z28 or -Z29 in combination

with their characteristics. However, make sure that the electrical length of the

calibration kit in use is similar to that of the R&S FSH-Z28 or -Z29. The electrical length

of the "Open" and "Short" of the R&S FSH calibration kits is 5.27 mm. If the electrical

length is different, it may cause additional phase error.

Some measurement setups may include additional cables or adapters that may have

an additional electrical length. To correct their phase error, you can include the

electrical length of additional test equipment. The R&S FSH distinguishes if the

equipment is connected to port 1 or port 2.



► Select the "Offset Length Port 1" or "Offset Length Port 2" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the electrical length of the accessory.

► Enter the electrical length.

The R&S FSH now includes the electrical length of the accessory for phase

measurements.


Performing Scalar Measurements


6.3 Performing Scalar Measurements

With scalar measurements, you can measure the magnitude of both reflection and

transmission characteristics of a device under test. To calibrate the measurements,

only normalization is available.

6.3.1 Measuring the Transmission

The example included here is based on a transmission measurement of a two-port

filter. The filter has a center frequency of 2060 MHz and a bandwidth of about 11 MHz.

Test setup

► Connect the input of the DUT to the tracking generator output (port 2).

► Connect the output of the DUT to the RF input (port 1).

Preset the R&S FSH

Before starting the measurement procedure, preset the R&S FSH to restore the default

configuration and connect the filter between the measurement ports.


► Connect the DUT.

Start scalar measurements



► Select the "Scalar" menu item.

Select the type of transmission measurement

► Press the "Result Display" softkey.

► Select the "Transmission Fwd (Port 12)" menu item for transmission

measurements in forward direction or "Transmission Rev (Port 12)" menu item

for transmission measurements in reverse direction.

► Select the "Transmission Fwd and Rev" menu item for a simultaneous display of

both forward and reverse transmission measurements.

In case of a simultaneous display, the R&S FSH shows two traces with a different

color in the result display. One for the measurement in forward direction and one

for the measurement in reverse direction. A label in the result display shows the

direction a trace belongs to.

Note that the simultaneous display of both directions is only possible with a high

accuracy calibration.




Define the frequency parameters

Before calibrating the measurement, you should define the frequency parameters to

avoid inaccurate results because of invalid calibration.


The R&S FSH opens an input field to set the center frequency.

► Enter a frequency of 2060 MHz.


The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the span.

► Enter a span of 50 MHz to get a high resolution of the results.

Calibrate the measurement for scalar transmission measurements.

Scalar measurements provide normalization only. Normalization is not as accurate as

a full calibration, but yields pretty accurate results nonetheless. In addition,

normalization needs one calibration standard only and therefore is faster than a full

calibration.


► Select the "Normalize

Transmission Rev (Port 12)

menu item.

► Perform normalization. For more

information see "Performing

Calibration".

► Reconnect the DUT.

The R&S FSH shows the results of

the scalar transmission

measurement on the filter.

You can change the measurement configuration (e.g. select another sweep time or

detector) without affecting the accuracy of the measurement except the frequency

parameters and attenuation.




6.3.2 Measuring the Reflection

The example included here is based on a reflection measurement of the same two-port

filter used for the transmission measurement. The filter has a center frequency of

2060 MHz and a bandwidth of about 11 MHz.

You can skip the preset, scalar measurement selection and frequency settings if you

have already set up the R&S FSH for the measurement. You can also skip the

calibration, if you have performed the appropriate calibration already.

Preset the R&S FSH





Start scalar measurements



► Select the "Scalar" menu item.

Select the type of reflection measurement


► Select the "Reflection Port 1" menu item for reflection measurements on port 1 or

the "Reflection Port 2" menu item for reflection measurements on port 2.

► Select the "Reflection Port 1 and Port 2" menu item for a simultaneous display of

both the reflection on port 1 and on port 2.

In case of a simultaneous display, the R&S FSH shows two traces with a different

color in the result display. One for the measurement on port 1 and one for the

measurement on port 2. A label in the result display shows the port a trace belongs

to.

Note that the simultaneous display of both ports is only possible with a high

accuracy calibration.



avoid inaccurate results because of invalid calibration.










Calibrate the measurement for scalar transmission measurements.

Scalar measurements provide normalization only. Normalization is not as accurate as

a full calibration, but yields pretty accurate results. In addition, normalization needs one

calibration standard only and therefore is faster than a full calibration.



► Select the appropriate menu item

(normalization on one or two

ports).

► Perform normalization. For more


Calibration".



the scalar reflection measurement

on the filter.

You can change the measurement configuration (e.g. select another sweep time or

detector) without affecting the accuracy of the measurement except the frequency

parameters and attenuation.


Performing Vector Measurements (R&S FSH-K42)


6.4 Performing Vector Measurements (R&S FSH-K42)

If you equip the R&S FSH with option R&S FSH-K42, vector measurements become

available. The R&S FSH also must feature an VSWR bridge in addition to the tracking

generator.

Unlike scalar measurements, vector measurements also measure the phase

characteristics of a DUT. Vector measurements also have a higher dynamic range and

accuracy because of the advanced calibration methods that vector measurements

provide.

In addition to normalization, vector measurements feature full calibration methods that

require a 50 Ω termination in addition to an open or short circuit. Instead of the

characteristics of the VSWR bridge, the decisive factor of the quality of results is the

quality of the calibration standards.

Because of the higher dynamic range, vector measurements allow more accurate

measurements of well matched DUTs at a higher display resolution.

Vector measurements also unlock more measurement formats and therefore provide

more information from different perspectives about the DUT.

Supplying DC voltage to active DUTs

If you are performing measurements on active DUTs (e.g. amplifiers), you can supply

them with DC voltage by connecting an RF cable to the BIAS ports. The DC voltage is

fed in from a suitable external power supply (max. 600 mA/max. 50 V).

To measure the antenna coupling of mobile radio base stations, the DC voltage must

be supplied to two tower-mounted amplifiers (TMA). This is done by applying a

suitable voltage at the BIAS 1 and BIAS 2 BNC ports.

6.4.1 Measuring the Transmission


filter. The filter works in the frequency from of 1920 MHz to 1980 MHz.

Test setup

► Connect the input of the DUT to the tracking generator output (port 2).

► Connect the output of the DUT to the RF input (port 1).

Preset the R&S FSH








Start vector measurements.



► Select the "Vector" menu item.

Select the type of transmission measurement


► Select the "Transmission Fwd (Port 12)" menu item for transmission

measurements in forward direction or "Transmission Rev (Port 12)" menu item

for transmission measurements in reverse direction.

Simultaneous display of several results

You can also display two results simultaneously in a single diagram. In that case, the

R&S FSH shows two traces with a different color in the result display.


► Press the "Result Display” softkey.

► Select one of the result combinations to be displayed in a single diagram.

- Reflection S11 + S22

- Transmission S21 + S12

- Transmission / Reflection S21 + S11

- Transmission / Reflection S12 + S22

The information, which trace carries which result, is indicated by a label in the

diagram area.

Note that the simultaneous display of more than one result in a single diagram is

only possible with a high accuracy calibration.

In addition, you can display two diagrams, so that you can view all four results at the

same time (S11, S12, S21, S22).



► Select the "Show Trace 2" menu

item.


► Press the "Select Trace" softkey to

select the diagram.

► Trace 1 corresponds to the upper

diagram (contains trace 1 and

trace 3).

► Trace 2 corresponds to the lower diagram (contains trace 2 and trace 4).

► Select the contents from the "Measurement” menu as required.




When you are measuring with two diagrams, you can configure the scale of the y-axis

for each diagram separately, depending on the trace you have currently selected. You

can also select a different measurement format for each diagram (phase, magnitude

etc.). Markers on the other hand are coupled. When you move them, they change the

position in both diagrams. See also "Working with the Dual Trace Mode".



avoid interpolation of the results.







Calibrate the measurement for vector transmission measurements.

Vector measurements provide the full range of calibration methods for more accurate

results. Most full calibration methods require more than one calibration standard.


► Select the appropriate menu item (calibration on two ports).

► Perform calibration. For more information see "Performing Calibration".


The R&S FSH shows the results of the vector transmission measurement on the

filter.


the vector transmission

measurement and therefore the

filter characteristics.

You can change the measurement

configuration (e.g. the sweep time

or detector) or format (e.g. view

phase characteristics) without

affecting the accuracy of the

measurement.

For more information see "Selecting the Measurement Format" on page 197.

Note that for calibration to remain valid, frequency parameters, bandwidth and

attenuation have to remain the same.

Depending on the calibration method, you can also select other result displays

(e.g. reflection measurements) without having to recalibrate the R&S FSH.




6.4.2 Measuring the Reflection

The example included here is based on a reflection measurement of the two-port filter

that was also used for the transmission measurement.

You can skip the preset, vector measurement selection and frequency settings if you

have already set up the R&S FSH for the measurement. You can also skip the

calibration, if you have performed the appropriate calibration already.

Preset the R&S FSH





Start vector measurements.



► Select the "Vector" menu item.




the "Reflection Port 2" menu item for reflection measurements on port 2.

► Select the "Reflection on Port 1 and Port 2" menu item for simulatenous display of

the reflection on both ports.

For more information see "Performing Scalar Measurements" on page 188.

Simultaneous display of several results

You can also display two results simultaneously in a single diagram. In that case, the

R&S FSH shows two traces with a different color in the result display.

See “Measuring the Transmission” for more information.













Calibrate the measurement for vector reflection measurements.

Vector measurements provide the full range of calibration methods for more accurate

results. Most full calibration methods require more than one calibration standard.


► Select the appropriate menu item (calibration on one or two ports).




the vector reflection measurement

on the filter.

You can change the measurement

configuration (e.g. the sweep time

or detector) or format (e.g. view

phase characteristics) without

affecting the accuracy of the

measurement. For more

information see "Selecting the

Measurement Format" on page

197.

Depending on the calibration method, you can also select another result display.


Evaluating the Results


6.5 Evaluating the Results

6.5.1 Selecting the Measurement Format

Depending on the measurement mode (scalar or vector) and result display (reflection

or transmission), you can select one of several measurement formats. Each of the

measurement formats shows a different aspect of the measurement results.

Note that some of the measurement formats become available only after you have

calibrated the measurement.


► Press the "Format" softkey.

► Select the measurement format from the menu.

The R&S FSH displays the results in the new measurement format and adjusts the

trace and the scale of the vertical axis accordingly. The current measurement

format is part of the status line information ( )

Magnitude / dB Mag

Shows the magnitude of the transmission or reflection in dB. The diagram is a

Cartesian diagram with a logarithmic vertical axis. The horizontal axis represents the

measured frequency range.

The magnitude format is the default format for all measurements.

Available for all measurements.

Phase

Shows the phase characteristics of the DUT in degrees. The diagram is a Cartesian

diagram with a linear vertical axis. The horizontal axis represents the measured

frequency range.

In the default state, the R&S FSH shows the phase only from -200° to +200°. In that

case, the R&S FSH displays measurement results correctly only if the phase difference

between two adjacent test points is less than 180°.

You can unwrap the phase to expand the range of the phase.


► Press the "Range" softkey.

► Select the "Phase Wrap" or "Phase Unwrap" menu item.

Available for all vector measurements.

Simultaneous display of magnitude and phase characteristics

Selecting the "Magnitude + Phase" format results in a split screen that shows the

magnitude characteristics in the upper screen and the phase in the lower screen.




VSWR

Shows the (voltage) standing wave ratio of the DUT.

The VSWR is the ratio of the maximum to the minimum voltage that occur in an

electrical transmission line. It is a measure of the reflected power at the input of the

DUT. The results are displayed in a Cartesian diagram with a logarithmic vertical axis.

Available for vector reflection measurements.

Reflection coefficient

Shows the reflection coefficient of the DUT.

The reflection coefficient is the ratio of the amplitude of a reflected wave and that of the

incidental wave that occur in an electrical transmission line.

You can set the unit for the reflection coefficient.




Smith chart

Shows the measurement results in the Smith chart.

The Smith chart is a circular diagram that primarily shows impedance or reflection

characteristics of a DUT.


For more information see "Working with the Smith Chart" on page 199

Cable loss

Shows the cable loss characteristics of a DUT.

The cable loss is a measure to determine the attenuation of a cable in a particular

frequency range. The diagram is a Cartesian diagram with a logarithmic vertical axis

that shows the cable attenuation. The horizontal axis represents the measured

frequency range. See “Selecting the Measurement Format” for more details about the

measurement.


Group delay

Shows the group delay characteristics of the DUT.

The group delay is a measure that describes the time period or delay of the signal as it

goes through the DUT.

Available for vector measurements.




Electrical length

Shows the electrical length of a DUT.

The electrical length is a numerical result that displayed in addition to another

measurement format. As long as it is active, the electrical length is displayed

regardless of the currently selected format.

The electrical length is calculated from the phase delay.

f

2

with being the phase deviation over the entire frequency range. The electrical

length is then derived by

0cl

with 0c being the velocity of light.

By definition, the electrical length is calculated from the vacuum velocity of light and

the differential group delay ( g ). Here, the group delay is replaced by the phase delay

for two reasons:

● An electrical length needs to be specified only for non-dispersive DUTs in which

phase delay and group delay match.

● Due to the significantly wider aperture, the measurement certainty is an order of

magnitude higher in the phase delay measurement than in the group delay

measurement.

The result for the electrical length is correct only if the phase difference between two

adjacent test points does not exceed 180°.

Available for vector measurements.

Delay time

Shows the delay time of a cable.

The delay time is a numerical result that is displayed in addition to another

measurement format.

The delay time is the propagation time of the wave or the time it takes the wave to

reach its destination..

Available for the vector phase measurements.

6.5.1.1 Working with the Smith Chart

If you are displaying measurement results in a Smith chart (available for vector

reflection measurements), the R&S FSH provides several special functionality.


► Press the "Measurement Format" softkey.

► Select the "Smith Chart" menu item.

The R&S FSH shows the reflection of the DUT in the Smith chart.




Zooming the Smith chart

To take a better look at the results, you can zoom and enlarge a particular part of the

Smitch chart.

The R&S FSH provides a 2x, 4x and

8x zoom.


► Press the "Zoom" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens a submenu

to control the zoom function. It

also draws a rectangle on the

display that corresponds to the

parts of the display about to be

zoomed in.

The size of the rectangle depends on the zoom factor.

► Press the "Zoom Factor" softkey.

► Select the menu item with the

zoom factor you want.

The R&S FSH adjusts the size of

the rectangle.

By default, the position of the rectangle

is the area in the center of the display.

You can also change the position of

the rectangle.

The magnitude of the shift is a percentage and ranges from -50 % to +50 % for both

vertical and horizontal directions. The zero point (0 %) in vertical and horizontal

direction is the center of the Smith diagram.

► Press the "Move X" softkey.


► Enter a value between -50 % and 50 % to shift the window horizontally.

Entering negative values moves the rectangle to the left, positive values move it to

the right.

► Press the "Move Y" softkey.


► Enter a value between -50 % and 50 % to shift the window vertically.

Entering negative values moves the rectangle up, positive values move it down.




► Press the "Zoom Active" softkey.

The R&S FSH now zooms in on

the area covered by the zoom

window. You can position the

zoom window more accurately

with the "Move X" and "Move Y"

softkeys as described.

► To deactivate the zoom

functionality, press the "Zoom

Active" softkey again.

Using markers

In addition to the standard marker functionality, the Smith chart also features several

marker output formats.

● dB Magnitude + Phase

Shows the magnitude (in dB) and the phase at the current marker position.

● Lin Magnitude + Phase (Rho)

Shows the converted magnitude (in %) and the phase (in rho) at the current

marker position.

● Real + Imag (Rho)

Shows the real and imaginary components at the current marker position.

● R + jX

Shows the real and imaginary components of the impedance at the marker

position. The imaginary component is converted to inductance or capacitance.

Marker frequency and sign are taken into account.

● G + jB

Shows the real and imaginary components of the admittance at the marker

position. The imaginary component is converted to inductance or capacintance.

Marker frequency and sign are taken into account.

● (R + jX/Z0)

Shows the real and imaginary components of the standardized impedance.

● (G + jB/Z0)

Shows the real and imaginary components of the standardized admittance.


The R&S FSH activates a marker and opens the marker softkey menu. Like usual

traces, you can move the marker around with the rotary knob or the cursor keys, or

enter a specific marker position.




In its default state, the marker position is specified by the marker frequency and

complex resistance in Ω. The complex resistance in that case is calculated according

to: (real component) + j (imaginary component)

► Press the "Marker Mode" softkey.

► Select one of the marker formats.

The R&S FSH adjusts the marker

information accordingly.

Selecting the reference impedance

The default reference impedance (the matching point in the center of the Smith chart)

is 50 Ω. It is, however, also possible to perform reflection measurements on networks

with another impedance.


► Press the "Marker Mode" softkey.

► Select the "Ref Impedance: …" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to select the reference impedance.

► Enter the reference impedance you need.

The value range is from 1 mΩ to 10 kΩ.

6.5.1.2 Working with the Dual Trace Mode

When performing measurements, it is possible to perform and display two

measurements simultaneously. After activating this function, the R&S FSH shows the

two traces in two separate diagrams. This allows you to view any combination of two

results and measurement formats on the display.

Note that the Magnitude + Phase measurement format is an exception to this rule. This

format counts as one trace. To display the magnitude and phase as two separate

traces, assign the Phase format to trace 1 and the Magnitude format to trace 2.



► Select the "Show Trace 2" menu item.

The R&S FSH splits the screen. The upper screen shows trace 1, the bottom

screen shows trace 2. You can configure some aspects of the diagram

independently, like y-axis scale or displayed measurement format.

An [X] in front of the "Show Trace 2" menu item indicates that the dual trace mode

is active.

In addition, the menu of the "Result Display" softkey expands. It now shows the

available measurement formats that can be applied to trace 2.




For vector measurements, you can also display two traces in each diagram. This

way, you can view four results at the same time (S11, S12, S21, S22). For more

information on how to configure such a screen layout, see "Measuring the

Transmission".

Screen layout in dual trace mode

1 Result display trace 1

2 Result display trace 2

3 Measurement mode

4 Trace window 1

5 Trace information trace 1

- S-matrix

- calibration status

- measurement format

6 Trace window 2

7 Measurement format trace 2

8 Active trace indicator

After activating the second trace, trace 1 is always the active trace. Only the active

trace can be configured, while the other is passive.

► To activate trace 2, press the "Select Trace" softkey in the trace menu.

When pressing the "Select Trace" softkey, the R&S FSH switches between trace 1

and 2. The trace indicator shows the currently active trace:

After selecting trace 2, you can set the measurement parameters for trace 2, while

the first trace is passive.

Note that you can display all four S-parameters at the same time in dual trace

mode by displaying the transmission measurement in both directions in one

window and displaying the reflection measurement on both ports in the other

window.

For more information see "Performing Scalar Measurements" on page 188.




You can also use the trace memory using the "Show" softkey in the "Trace" menu.

Restoring a saved trace is possible only for the currently active trace (i.e. screen 1 or

screen 2). For more information see "Working with Memory Traces" on page 117.

6.5.2 Configuring the Vertical Axis

Some results may not fit in the diagram area as it is configured in the default state of

the R&S FSH (for example measurements on amplifiers).

If you are performing measurements on an amplifier, you most likely have to change

the scaling of the vertical axis in order to see the complete transmission function.

The R&S FSH provides several ways to adjust the scaling of the vertical axis.

Changing the reference value

Changing the reference value works like an attenuation or gain in that it moves the

trace to another level. The R&S FSH adjusts the scale of the vertical axis accordingly.

The R&S FSH indicates the value and position of the current reference value with a

triangle at the vertical axis ( ). In the default state, it is 0 dB and its position is the

grid line at the top of the diagram.

The reference value only changes the 0 dB reference without actually attenuating or

amplifying the signal level.

When changing the reference value, make sure that you do not overload the

R&S FSH. As long as the trace is completely within the diagram area and the

reference position at the top of the diagram, the risk of an overload is eliminated.




► Enter the reference value you need to see the trace completely.

The R&S FSH moves the trace accordingly, relabels the vertical axis and shows

the new 0 dB reference in the hardware settings display.




Changing the reference position

Changing the reference position moves the position of the reference value up or down.

The reference position also moves the trace up or down. The levels and the reference

value, however, remain the same. The default reference position is the grid line at the

top of the diagram. The reference position is indicated by a triangle at the vertical axis

( ).

The reference position is a number between 0 and 10 with 0 being the grid line at the

bottom and 10 being the grid line at the top of the diagram.


► Press the "/Ref Pos" softkey.


► Enter the new position of the reference value.

The R&S FSH moves the trace accordingly and moves the triangle to the new

position.

Changing the display range

The display range is the value range the vertical axis covers. The default display range

depends on the measurement format. For more information see "Selecting the

Measurement Format" on page 197.

When you change the display range, the reference value and position remain the

same. Merely the scale of the vertical axis is compressed or expanded.



► Select the display range you need from the submenu.





Automatic scaling of the vertical axis

All measurement formats except the Smith chart feature an automatic scale function.

If you use automatic scaling, the R&S FSH automatically sets the display range in a

way that the trace best fits on the display.

► In the "Range" submenu, select the "Auto Scale" menu item.

For the SWR measurement format, instead of selecting one of the predefined ranges,

you can also define the exact top and bottom values of the vertical axis.


► Press the Range softkey.

► Select the "Scale Max" or "Scale Min" menu items to define the top or bottom

values of the vertical axis.


6.5.3 Using Markers

The network analyzer mode also features markers. The functionality is similar to that of

the spectrum analyzer.

For more information see "Using Markers" on page 118.

6.5.4 Working with Channel Tables

The R&S FSH allows you to use channel tables in network analyzer mode.


► Press the "Channel Table" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens the list of channel tables loaded into the R&S FSH via

R&S InstrumentView.

► Select the channel table you need.

The R&S FSH scans the channel table for the channels with the lowest and

highest frequencies and sets those as the start and stop frequency.

The R&S FSH already comes with an assortment of channel tables that you can use

without doing anything. If you want to test telecommunications standards that are not

listed, you can also build channel tables manually with the "Channel Table Editor" of

the R&S InstrumentView software package that is delivered with the R&S FSH. To use

one of those, you just have to copy the channel table to the R&S FSH.





When working with the magnitude format in the network analyzer, you can use limit

lines to set limits for level characteristics on the display that must not be exceeded.

You can create and edit limit lines with the R&S InstrumentView software and load

them into the R&S FSH via the USB or the LAN interface. The number of limit lines the

R&S FSH can store in its memory depends on the number of other data sets on the

R&S FSH.

For more information see "Managing Datasets" on page 30 und "Using Limit Lines" on

page 128.

6.5.6 Using Trace Mathematics

Trace mathematics that subtract one trace from another are available for most

measurement formats in the network analyzer mode.

For more information see "Using Trace Mathematics" on page 117.


Vector Voltmeter (R&S FSH-K45)


6.6 Vector Voltmeter (R&S FSH-K45)

With firmware option R&S FSH-K45 (order no. 1304.5658.02) you can use a R&S FSH

with tracking generator and VSWR bridge as a vector voltmeter.

A vector voltmeter performs reflection (S11) and transmission measurements (S21).

The tracking generator provides the signal source that generates an unmodulated

sinewave signal on a single frequency. Typical applications for a vector voltmeter are:

● adjustment of the electrical length of cables with a reflection measurement

● testing of the antenna elements of a phase-controlled antenna-array relative to a

reference antenna with a transmission measurement


► Press the "Network Analyzer" softkey.



► Select the "Vector Voltmeter" menu item.

The R&S FSH starts the vector voltmeter mode. It turns on the tracking generator

and the zero span mode.

Screen layout of the vector voltmeter.

1 Result display

2 Hardware settings

3 Results: magnitude

4 Results: phase

5 Vector voltmeter softkey menu




6.6.1 Calibrating Measurements

To get the best and most accurate results, you have to calibrate the measurement. The

reflection and transmission measurement of the vector voltmeter each have their own

calibration procedures. To successfully calibrate the test setup, you have to connect

one or more calibration standards at the reference plane.

The process of calibration including the selection of a calibration kit works like that for

scalar or vector measurement. For more information see "Calibrating Measurements"

on page 182.

6.6.2 Performing Measurements

With the vector voltmeter you can measure the reflection on port 1 and the

transmission in reverse direction.


filter. The filter works in the frequency from of 1920 MHz to 1980 MHz.




the "Transmission Rev (Port 21)" menu item for transmission measurements in

reverse direction.










6.6.2.1 Performing Transmission Measurements

Calibrate the measurement for transmission measurements.


► Select the "Transmission Rev

(Port 21)" menu item.

► Perform calibration. For more


Calibration".


The R&S FSH shows the

characteristics of the DUT

(magnitude and phase) as

numerical values.

You can change the measurement configuration (e.g. the sweep time) or format

(see "Selecting the Measurement Format") without affecting the accuracy of the

measurement.

6.6.2.2 Performing Reflection Measurements

Calibrate the measurement for reflection measurements.


► Select the "Reflection Port 1" menu item.



The R&S FSH shows the characteristics of the DUT (magnitude and phase) as

numerical values.

You can change the measurement configuration (e.g. the sweep time) or format

(see "Selecting the Measurement Format") without affecting the accuracy of the

measurement.

Note that for calibration to remain valid, frequency parameters, bandwidth and

attenuation have to remain the same.




6.6.3 Evaluating the Results

6.6.3.1 Selecting the Measurement Format

Depending on the result display (reflection or transmission), you can select one of

several measurement formats. Each of the measurement formats shows a different

aspect of the measurement results.

For more information see "Selecting the Measurement Format" on page 197.

Vector Voltmeter

In addition to the measurement formats also available for scalar and vector

measurement, the vector voltmeter provides the vector voltmeter format. This shows

the results as numerical values and is the default format.

6.6.3.2 Comparing Results

If you perform measurements on different DUTs whose results you'd like to compare,

you can save the current results as reference values.



The R&S FSH saves the results

that it got prior to pressing the

softkey as the reference result for

future measurements.

The results show the difference of

the current measurement and the

reference measurement. The unit

for reference measurements is

always dB.

The reference measurement results are always displayed below the current

measurement results for better orientation.

Note that reference measurements are only available for the "Vector Voltmeter"

measurement format.

6.6.3.3 Configuring the Vertical Axis

If you are using one of the graphical measurement formats (all except the "Vector

Voltmeter" format and the "Smith Chart"), you can configure the vertical axis just like

with scalar and vector measurements.

For more information see "Configuring the Vertical Axis" on page 204.

R&S FSH Distance-to-Fault Mode (R&S FSH-K41)



7 Distance-to-Fault Mode (R&S FSH-K41)

Equipped with firmware option R&S FSH-K41 (order no. 1304.5612.02), you can

perform distance-to-fault measurements with your R&S FSH.

The distance-to-fault (DTF) mode provides functionality to measure cables for

mechanical defects in the system that cause a deterioration of the transmission quality.

The figure below shows some typical defects in a transmission system, including

defects on the cable.

The R&S FSH provides the necessary functionality to test the system equipment for its

characteristics and identify faults when it is being installed or maintained.

● Reflection Measurements on page 214

● Distance to Fault Measurements on page 215

● Spectrum Measurements on page 215

Test setup

A typical test setup to test cables and antennas includes the R&S FSH, an RF cable

(e.g. R&S FSH-Z320, order no. 1309.6600.00), a calibration standard (R&S FSH-Z28

or R&S FSH-Z29, order no. 1300.7804.03 and 1300.7504.03) and the cable under test.

Cable and antenna tests also require a tracking generator and VSWR bridge. The

tracking generator transmits a reference signal through the internal VSWR bridge to

the test port.

► Connect the RF cable to the RF input (port 1 or 2).

► Connect the test cable to the RF cable.




► For measurement on DUTs that need an external voltage supply (e.g. power

amplifiers), you can connect the supply voltage from a suitable AC power supply to

the BIAS Port 1 or use the internal bias.

By default, the R&S FSH is in spectrum analyzer mode after you have turned it on. To

switch to the DTF mode from another operating mode, proceed as follows.


► Press the "Distance-to-Fault" softkey.

The R&S FSH starts the DTF mode.

By default, the R&S FSH performs measurements on port 1. It however, also supports

measurements on port 2, but you have to configure those first.


► Select the "DTF / Refl Measurement Port" menu item.


► Select either "Port 1" or "Port 2".

Screen layout of the cable and antenna analyzer

1 Cable model

2 Hardware settings


4 Status line:

- S-matrix

- Calibration status

- Measurement format

5 Trace window


7 Cable length information

8 Cable frequency information

9 Cable test softkey menu


Performing Cable and Antenna Measurements


7.1 Performing Cable and Antenna Measurements

In order to get an idea about problems of a cable, you can analyze several aspects of

the signal.

7.1.1 Reflection Measurements

The reflection (S11) measurement is a good way to get an idea if the transmission

system works properly. If unusual amounts of signal power are being reflected, you

can guess that there is something wrong in the system. This measurement helps to

find reflections by displaying the magnitude of the reflections in dB in a specified

frequency range.


► Select the "Reflection" menu item.

The R&S FSH starts the reflection measurement over its entire frequency range.

The figure shows an example of a reflection measurement without any major faults in

the cable or the antenna.

You can perform reflection

measurements on the complete

system or on individual components of

the system. If you measure while two

or more system components are

connected, the results of the reflection

measurement are an aggregate over

these components. Therefore you can

only see the aggregated magnitude of

the reflected power in a specified

frequency range.

To draw conclusions about which component is affected and determine the location of

the fault, you need to perform further analysis using other measurements.




7.1.2 Distance to Fault Measurements

The distance to fault (DTF) measurement determines the exact location of possible

faults in a transmission system. If you connect the end of the cable to the R&S FSH,

the DTF measurement shows you the exact distance to the fault (in meter or feet),

regardless by what the fault is caused. In addition, the measurement shows the degree

of the fault in dB. From this information, you can determine the component that has the

fault and its seriousness.

In order to determine the distance to a cable fault, the R&S FSH measures the

reflections of the cable under test in the frequency domain. The R&S FSH first

determines the magnitude of the reflections for a particular frequency by comparing the

phase of the reflected signal and a reference signal created by the tracking generator.

It then performs inverse fast fourier transformation (IFFT) on the signal that has been

received. In combination with the characteristics of the cable model, the R&S FSH is

able to determine the distance the reflections have been travelling.

Because of its sensitivity by first measuring in the frequency domain and subsequent

IFFT, the measurement is able to locate faults in a cable accurately. To keep this

accuracy, the R&S FSH also accounts for any attenuation that occurs over distance in

a cable.

If you are measuring the cable only, make sure to terminate the other end into a load.


► Select the "DTF" menu item.

The R&S FSH calculates the

distance to cable faults.

The figure shows the results of a DTF

measurement. The peaks that the

trace shows at the marker positions

are possible faults. Depending on the

distance, you can also get an idea of

the component that is defective.

Marker 1, for example, shows a defect in the cable. Marker 2 shows a fault at the end

of the cable, probably a bad or loose connection.

7.1.3 Spectrum Measurements

The spectrum measurement provides an overview of the spectrum of the DUT without

the necessity to change the operating mode. This measurement is well suited for a

quick check if there are any interfering signals that may impair results before you start

the actual measurement.


► Select the "Spectrum" menu item.

The R&S FSH shows the current spectrum.




7.1.4 Selecting the Measurement Format

You can select several measurement formats for each measurement. The

measurement format selects the way the results are displayed.

● Magnitude (dB Mag)

This is the default format. It shows the magnitude of the results in dB.

● VSWR

The VSWR shows the standing wave ratio in a cartesian diagram. The VSWR is

the ratio of the maximum voltage and the minimum voltage that occur in an

electrical transmission line. The VSWR format is available for DTF and reflection

measurements.

● Reflection Coeffcient

Shows the reflection coefficient of the DUT.

The reflection coefficient is the ratio of the amplitude of a reflected wave and that

of the incidental wave that occur in an electrical transmission line.

● Cable Loss

The cable loss measurement is a

reflection measurement on an

open cable. It evaluates the

amount of energy that a signal

loses while traveling through a

cable. .The amount of lost energy

depends on the frequency and the

length of the cable

The R&S FSH shows the result

(graphically) over the specified

frequency range (span) in dB.

The numerical result is the average cable loss over the specified span. The image

above shows a typical cable loss result, with a steadily declining loss over the

selected frequency range and several maximums and minimums.

By default, the R&S FSH evaluates the cable loss over its entire frequency range

(full span of the R&S FSH). When you reduce the span, make sure to define a

span that is appropriate for the measurement, especially for high center

frequencies, and consider the cable length and the wavelength of the selected

center frequency. For a typical cable loss trace, you should select a span that is

large enough to evaluate at least one peak and one minimum. Otherwise, the

result might not be valid.

If the cable loss is constant over a large span (for example in case of low center

frequencies), you can select any span.

Note that if the cable loss is greater than 20 dB, you are better off using the S21

measurement, because the cable loss measurement might yield invalid results.

The cable loss format is available for reflection measurements.




The following pictures show the results of a reflection measurement in Magnitude

format (left side) and VSWR format (right side).




7.1.5 Calibrating Measurements

To get the best and most accurate results, you have to calibrate the measurement. The

R&S FSH provides several calibration methods. You will need one of the available

calibration standards R&S FSH-Z28, -Z29 (order no. 1300.7804.03 and 1300.7504.03)

or R&S ZV-Z121 (order no. 1164.0496.02/.03).

To successfully calibrate the test setup, you have to connect the calibration standard at

the reference plane, usually the output of the RF measurement cable.

Calibration is performed over the R&S FSH's entire frequency range (full span). This

eliminates the need for recalibration when you change a parameter or select a different

cable or DUT.

Calibration also remains valid after turning off the R&S FSH or changing into another

operating mode as calibration data is saved in the internal memory of the R&S FSH. If

you save the measurement in a dataset, calibration data is part of that dataset. When

you restore the dataset and perform the same measurement again, you do not have to

recalibrate the R&S FSH.

7.1.5.1 Calibration States

The calibration states are the same as for the network analyzer. For more information

see "Calibration States" on page 182.

7.1.5.2 Calibration Methods

In distance-to-fault mode, the calibration method is a full 1-port calibration. For more

information see "Calibration Methods" on page 184.

7.1.5.3 Performing a Full 2-Port Calibration

For a description of a complete calibration procedure see "Performing Calibration" on

page 185


Configuring Cable and Antenna Tests


7.2 Configuring Cable and Antenna Tests

For valid measurement results, you need to specify the characteristics of the cable

under test like model or frequency range.

7.2.1 Selecting the Cable Model

To determine the speed of propagation, and therefore the precise distance to any

faults, you have to specify the cable model that you want to test.

The R&S FSH already comes with an assortment of predefined cable models that you

can use without doing anything. If you want to test a cable that is not listed, you can

also define cable models manually, either directly on the R&S FSH or with the "Cable

Model Editor" of the R&S InstrumentView software package that is delivered with the

R&S FSH.

7.2.1.1 Selecting a Predefined Cable Model


► Press the "Cable Config" softkey.

► Select the "Select Cable Model"

menu item.

The R&S FSH opens the file

manager to select the cable

model.

► Select the cable model that you

are testing.

► Confirm the selection with the

"Select" softkey.

The R&S FSH shows the currently selected cable model in the diagram header.

► Select the "Deselect Cable Model" item from the "Cable Config" menu if you want

to perform measurements without using a particular cable model.

7.2.1.2 Creating a Cable Model

The R&S FSH provides two ways to define customized cable models.

The first way is to define a cable model with the "Cable Model Editor" that is part of the

R&S InstrumentView software package. The R&S InstrumentView is delivered with the

R&S FSH. With this software, you can define a cable model on a PC and then transfer

it to the R&S FSH. Then you can select it just like any other predefined cable model.





If you do not have access to a PC, but still need a cable model that is not stored on the

R&S FSH, you can also define the characteristics of a cable temporarily on the

R&S FSH itself. It is not possible to save these in a data set, however. They are lost as

soon as you change them or load another cable model.



► Select the "Define User Model" menu item.

A submenu opens.

► Select the "Frequency" menu item.

► Enter the frequency of the cable you are testing.

► Select the "Velocity" menu item.

► Enter the cable velocity.

► Select the "Loss" menu item.

► Enter the cable loss.

You can now perform measurements on the temporary cable definition.

Note that as soon as you change any cable parameter or load another cable

model, the temporary data is lost and you have to define it again if you have to

perform further measurements.

After you have defined the cable characteristics, you still have to activate the use of the

customized cable.


► Select the "[ ] User Model" menu item.

If the R&S FSH uses the customized cable model, it shows an [X] at the "User

Model" menu item.

7.2.1.3 Working with a DTF List

The DTF list shows the results of the distance to fault measurement in numerical form.


► Press the "DTF Settings" softkey.

► Press the "DTF List" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens a table that lists the peaks it has found during the

measurement.




The table contains the following information.

● Peak

Shows the peak the results refer to.

● Distance

Shows the distance from the measurement plane to the peak.

● Return Loss

Shows the magnitude of the peak.

To limit the information in the list, you can define a threshold for the DTF list, so that

only peaks above a certain level are included in the list.


► Press the "DTF Settings" softkey.

► Press the "DTF List Threshold" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define a threshold in dB.

► Enter the threshold you want.

The R&S FSH now only shows the peaks that are above the level you have

entered.




7.2.2 Configuring the Horizontal Axis

The FREQ key contains all necessary functions to define frequency and distance

parameters when performing cable measurements.

The contents of the menu depend on the currently selected measurement.

7.2.2.1 Setting the Frequency Range for DTF Measurements

In the default setting, the R&S FSH automatically selects a center frequency of

1.8 GHz (R&S FSH4) or 4 GHz (R&S FSH8) and a distance of 20 m. The R&S FSH

optimizes the settings for the best resolution, if you change the cable length.

If you have to keep the current frequency settings, it is best to define a manual span.

Setting the frequency span

When setting the frequency range, it is best to first set the span and then the center

frequency.



By default, the R&S FSH automatically calculates the best span ("Auto Span") for

the best length resolution. If the required span is too large for the current center

frequency, the R&S FSH sets the center frequency to the smallest possible

frequency.

► Enter the span you need manually.

The R&S FSH sets the new span. Note that the maximum span you can set

depends on the maximum cable distance you have defined and is never greater

than the span calculated by the "Auto Span" function. The minimum span that you

can set is 10 MHz.

Setting the displayed frequency range

After you have selected the span, you can set a particular frequency range whose

results the R&S FSH displays.

In the default configuration, the R&S FSH adjusts the DTF start and DTF stop

frequency according to the span and the center frequency. The distance from center

frequency to the start and stop frequency is the same. Alternatively, you can directly

set a DTF start and DTF stop frequency.


► Press the "Center Freq" softkey.

► Enter the frequency that you'd like to be in the center of the horizontal axis.

The R&S FSH adjusts the frequency range according to span and center

frequency.





► Press the "Start Freq" or the "Stop Freq" softkey.

► Enter the start frequency and stop frequency you need.

The R&S FSH adjusts the frequency range according to your settings.

Note that the distance from start to stop frequency has to be equal to the span.

The R&S FSH adjusts the values if you enter a frequency range that is not the

same as the span.

7.2.2.2 Selecting the Cable Length

The R&S FSH uses the cable length to determine the span for the measurement. The

longer the cable under test, the smaller the span. Together with the cable model, the

cable length is also the basis for the calculation of the cable attenuation. The cable

attenuation in turn is necessary for a correct calculation of the reflection magnitude at

the cable fault. The cable length also defines the scale of the horizontal axis. In the

default configuration, the R&S FSH shows the whole cable length.

If the cable length you have set is shorter than the actual cable length, the R&S FSH

does not display the faults of the whole cable. A reflection at the end of the cable will

not be shown. However, deliberately entering a cable length that is too short is a good

way to increase measurement accuracy for a fault that is near to the measurement

plane. If the entered cable length is greater than the actual length, the results for

lengths beyond the actual cable length are obsolete because they are caused by

multiple reflections.


► Press the "Cable Length" softkey.

► Enter the length of the cable.

The range is from 3 m to 1500 m (about 10 ft to 5000 ft.). If you do not know the exact

length of the cable, define a length that is about 20 to 50 % larger than the best

estimate.

The maximum cable length that is suitable for measurements depends on the cable

attenuation. Since the test signal must be routed twice through the cable, the signal

reflected at the cable end arrives with twice the cable attenuation in attenuated form at

the input of the power divider. Dynamic range decreases with increasing cable length.

If the cable attenuation exceeds 10 dB, the R&S FSH displays a warning indicating that

the cable attenuation is too high. It also indicates the maximum recommended cable

length to get accurate results.




7.2.3 Configuring the Amplitude Characteristics

The amplitude menu contains all settings related to the level display.

7.2.3.1 Adjusting the Scale of the Diagram

The R&S FSH provides several options to improve the vertical scaling of the


The unit of the level axis is dB.

Setting the reference value

The reference value defines the amplitude of the reference line. The unit of the

reference is dB.

The R&S FSH indicates the position of the reference value with a yellow triangle at the

vertical axis ( ).

When you change the reference value, the R&S FSH adjusts the labels of the vertical

axis. Changing the reference value changes the vertical position of the trace. It does

not change the position of the reference line.



► Enter the reference value you want or move the reference with the rotary knob.

The R&S FSH sets up the display accordingly.

Defining the display range

The display range defines the scale of the vertical axis and therefore the amplitude

between two horizontal grid lines.

The unit depends on the measurement format.

When you change the display range, you can increase or decrease the amplitude the

R&S FSH displays and, e.g. include signal parts that are outside the displayed screen

area. The position of the reference value and the trace do not change.



► Select one of the menu items to select the display range you want.




Adjusting the vertical axis automatically

The R&S FSH provides an automatic scaling routine that scales the vertical axis in a

way that the results fit ideally on the display. The R&S FSH does this by determining

the minimum and maximum trace values and scaling the vertical axis according to

these values.



► Select the "Auto Scale" menu item.

The R&S FSH performs automatic adjustment of the vertical axis.

Setting the reference position

The reference position defines the position of the reference line in the diagram. The

reference position is a linear value between 0 and 10. Each value represents one

horizontal grid line of the diagram. 0 corresponds to the top grid line and 10

corresponds to the bottom grid line.

When you change the reference position, the R&S FSH also shifts the position of the

trace by the magnitude of the reference position change. It has no effect on the

reference value itself.


► Press the "Ref Pos" softkey.

► Enter the reference position you want.

The R&S FSH moves the trace accordingly.

7.2.3.2 Setting the Attenuation

The R&S FSH provides functions to attenuate the signal at the RF input.

► Press the "RF Att/Amp/Imp" softkey.

► Select the "Manual:" menu item or one of the automated attenuation modes.

► Enter the attenuation of the signal at the RF input.

You can set an RF attenuation in the range from 0 dB to 40 dB in 5 dB steps.




7.2.4 Configuring the Tracking Generator

If your R&S FSH features a tracking generator, you can define several characteristics

of the generated signal.


► Press the "TG Settings" softkey.

You can define the level of the generated signal as an absolute level or an

attenuation (value relative to 0 dBm).

► Select the “TG Power” menu item to define an absolute level.

► Select the “TG Attenuation” menu item to define a relative level.

An input of 10 dB, for example, corresponds to an attenuation of -10 dBm.

In addition, you can define an arithmetic level offset, for example to take external

attenuators into account.

► Press the "TG Settings" softkey.

► Select the “TG Power Offset” menu item to define a level offset.

Note the the level offset has no effect on the actual signal level.

Tracking generator output level

Using an output level of 0 dBm (or a receiver attenuation of 0 dB) for S12 or S21

measurements can cause an overload at the RF input. It is therefore recommended to

use an output level of -10 dBm (default) or lower for these measurements.

This especially applies to measurements on amplifiers.


Analyzing Measurement Results


7.3 Analyzing Measurement Results


For more information see "Working with Traces" on page 113.

7.3.2 Using Markers

For more information see "Using Markers" on page 118.

When measuring the distance-to-fault, the horizontal unit is meter or feet. For all other

measurements the horizontal axis is the frequency axis. The unit of the vertical axis is

dB for distance-to-fault and cable loss measurements and dBm for all others.

Sorting markers

A special marker function available for distance-to-fault measurements is that you can

sort them in ascending order.


► Press the "Sort Markers" softkey.

The R&S FSH sorts the markers in ascending order with marker 1 being positioned on the lowest distance. The marker values remain the same.

7.3.3 Using Display and Limit Lines

The display and limit line functionality in DTF mode is the same as that of the spectrum

analyzer mode.

For more information on using the display line see "Using Display Lines" on page 127.

For more information on using limit lines see "Using Limit Lines" on page 128.

R&S FSH Receiver Mode (R&S FSH-K43)

Analyzing Measurement Results


8 Receiver Mode (R&S FSH-K43)

Equipped with firmware option R&S FSH-K43 (order no. 1304.5635.02), you can

perform receiver and channel measurements (or scans) with your R&S FSH.

In receiver mode, the R&S FSH measures the power level of a particular frequency or

a customized set of frequencies instead of sweeping over (parts of) the frequency

spectrum. The R&S FSH shows the scan results in result displays that have been

designed for just such measurement tasks.

The receiver mode also adds the necessary functions like bandwidths or detectors to

perform measurements according to CISPR.

By default, the R&S FSH is in the operating mode you have been in last after you have

turned it on. To switch to the receiver mode from another operating mode, proceed as

follows.


► Press the "Receiver Mode" softkey.

The R&S FSH starts the receiver mode in single frequency measurement mode.


Selecting the Measurement Mode


8.1 Selecting the Measurement Mode

In receiver mode, the R&S FSH features two measurement modes.

● Fixed Frequency / Channel

● Frequency Scan / Channel Scan

Fixed measurement mode is designed for measurements on single frequencies. Scan

measurement mode performs scans on a defined set of frequencies.

8.1.1 Performing Single Frequency Measurements

The R&S FSH shows the result of the single frequency measurement in a result

display that contains three main elements.

● Measurement (or receive) frequency

● Power level measured at the receive frequency

● Horizontal bargraph that graphically represents the currently measured power

level.

In the default state, the R&S FSH performs the measurement on a single receive

frequency. If it instead shows the result display for a frequency scan, you can access

the single frequency result display manually.


► Press the "Fixed Freq" softkey.

The R&S FSH shows the result display for single frequency measurements.

Screen layout of the bargraph result display

1 Measurement mode

2 Operating mode

3 Header table

4 Receive frequency and corresponding power level (numerical)

5 Bargraph

6 Receiver softkey menu




8.1.1.1 Defining the Receive Frequency

In single frequency measurement mode, the R&S FSH determines the power level of a

single frequency only. The available frequency range depends on the R&S FSH model

you are using.



Enter the frequency you want to measure.

For a quick change of frequencies with the rotary knob, define a frequency stepsize.

► Press the "Freq Stepsize" softkey.

Enter a frequency stepsize.

For measurements on systems that use channels instead of single frequencies, you

can also load a channel table and measure the channel power.

► Press the "Channel Mode" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box to select a channel table.

For measurements based upon a channel table, you can select a single channel

instead of a single receive frequency.

► Press the "Channel" softkey.

► Enter a channel number.

8.1.1.2 Customizing the Bargraph Aspects

The bargraph is a graphical representation of the power level with one dimension, the

power level of the receive freuqency. The R&S FSH provides several ways to

customize the aspects of the bargraph.

Selecting the Unit

By default, the unit the R&S FSH uses in receiver mode for the measured power levels

in general is dBµV. In addition to dBµV, the receiver mode provides other units as well.



Select the unit you need.

Defining the Bargraph Scale

The scale of the bargraph is defined by the reference level and the level range.

The reference level is the maximum power level that the bargraph displays. You should

set the reference level in a way that the signal level does not exceed the reference

level and high enough so that the signal does not disappear in the inherent noise.


► Press the "Ref Level" softkey.




► Define the reference level that best fits the measurement.

In the default state, the reference level corresponds to the level at the right of the

bargraph.

The reference level position is

shown by a triangle in the

bargraph scale label.

You can move the reference position to another position on the scale.


► Press the "Range/Ref Pos" softkey.

► Select the "Ref Position 10…" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the reference position.

► Enter the number of the grid line you want the reference level at.

The range is from 0 to 10. "0" corresponds to the left side of the bargraph, "10"

corresponds to right side of the bargraph.

You can also select the level range that the bargraph covers. In the default state, the

bargraph covers 100 values of the unit you have selected (e.g. 100 dBµV).


The R&S FSH opens a submenu to select the level range.

► Select the level range you need.




8.1.2 Performing Frequency Scans

Compared to single frequency measurements, frequency scans perform a

measurement on a particular set of receive frequencies. The scan measures only

those frequencies that are defined in the frequency range. The space between the

receive frequencies is not considered in the measurement.

The R&S FSH shows the results for a frequency scan in a graphical result display. The

horizontal axis in that display represents the frequency spectrum covered by the scan.

The vertical axis represents the power levels.

The power levels for each frequency contained in the scan are represented by a

vertical line at the receive frequencies that have been measured. This type of display

emphasizes the fact that the scan measures single receive frequencies only and not

the frequencies between those receive frequencies.


► Press the "Freq Scan" softkey.

The R&S FSH shows the scan result display.

Screen layout of the scan result display

1 Measurement mode

2 Operating mode

3 Header table

4 Marker

5 Scan results

6 Receiver softkey menu

While scanning, the R&S FSH indicates the frequency it is currently measuring with a

triangle at the bottom of the diagram.




Selecting the trace style

The trace style defines the way the trace looks.


► Press the "Trace Style" softkey.

► Select the trace style you prefer from the menu.

The R&S FSH provides two trace styles in receiver mode.

● "Lines"

The "Lines" trace style shows a vertical line for each receive frequency as

described above.

● "Polygon"

The "Polygon" trace style shows the trace as a continuous, horizontal line. The

gaps between the actual measurement frequencies are interpolated.

8.1.2.1 Defining the Scan Range

The scan range defines the frequency range that the scan takes place in. Therefore,

you have to define a start and stop frequency for the scan range and a scan step size.

The step size defines the (equidistant) space between the receive frequencies and

thus, in combination with the start and stop frequency, the number of receive

frequencies considered in the scan.

Example:

If you define a scan range from 100 MHz to 200 MHz with a step size of 10 MHz, the

receive frequencies that are analyzed are 100 MHz, 110 MHz, 120 MHz, …, 200 MHz.

Overall, this scan range defines a set of 11 receive frequencies.


► Press the "Scan Start" softkey.

Enter the frequency you want the scan to start at.

► Press the "Scan Stop" softkey.

Enter the frequency you want the scan to stop at.

► Press the "Scan Step" softkey.

Enter the step size you want to apply. The R&S FSH starts the scan as soon as

you have finished defining the scan range.

Performing a channel scan

Instead of a frequency scan, you can also perform a channel scan. A channel scan is

based on the contents of a channel table. In case of measurements based on a

channel table, the set of receive frequencies (or channels) is defined in a channel

table.




In a channel table, you can define the

receive frequencies as you wish. The

number of receive frequencies

depends on the number of channels

included in the channel table and there

may even be gaps between the

receive frequencies.


► Press the "Channel Mode" softkey.

or

► Press the "Channel Table" softkey.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box to select the channel table.

For more information on working with channel tables see "Working with Channel

Tables" on page 131.

8.1.2.2 Using Markers

The scan measurement in receiver mode features the same marker functionality as

that in Spectrum mode.

For more information see "Using Markers and Deltamarkers" on page 118.


Configuring Measurements in Receiver Mode


8.2 Configuring Measurements in Receiver Mode

In addition to the single frequency measurement and the scan measurement, the

receiver mode also adds features in accordance with EMI measurements.

8.2.1 Selecting Detectors for EMI Measurements

The receiver mode provides several types of detectors also available in other operating

modes. In addition, it adds the average and quasi peak detectors.

● Max Peak

If the max peak detector is active, the R&S FSH displays only the maximum power

of the signal that was measured during the measurement time.

● Average

If the average detector is active, the R&S FSH calculates and displays the (linear)

average power of the signal that was measured during the measurement time.

● RMS

If the RMS detector is active, the R&S FSH calculates and displays the RMS

power of the signal that was measured during the measurement time.

● Quasi Peak

If the quasi peak detector is active, the R&S FSH evaluates the signal in a way that

complies to the requirements defined by CISPR16.

It is designed for EMI measurements and especially useful for the evaluation of

pulse shaped spurious emissions.

When you use the quasi peak detector, the R&S FSH uses a particular evaluation

curve or bandwidth depending on the CISPR band.

- CISPR band A (frequencies < 150 kHz): 200 Hz bandwidth

- CISPR band B: (frequencies from 150 kHz to 30 MHz): 9 kHz bandwidth

- CISPR band C/D: (frequencies from 30 MHz to 1 GHz): 120 kHz bandwidth

- Frequencies > 1GHz: 120 kHz bandwidth

Bandwidth selection for the quasi peak detector

If you select the quasi peak detector, the R&S FSH automatically select a 6 dB filter

bandwidth depending on the measurement frequency.

If you select a 3 dB bandwidth while using the quasi peak detector, the R&S FSH

deactivates the quasi peak detector.






► Select the detector you want to use.

For more information on detectors in general, see "Selecting the Detector" on page

114.

Selecting the trace mode and working with memory traces

For more information on trace modes and memory traces see "Selecting the Trace Mode" and "Working with Memory Traces" on pages 113 and 117.




8.2.2 Selecting the Measurement Bandwidths for EMI Measurements

The receiver mode adds 6 dB resolution bandwidths to the 3 dB resolution bandwidths

already available in other operating modes. The 6 dB bandwidths are special

bandwidths that are necessary for measurements according to CISPR16.

If automatic selection of the CISPR bandwidth is on, the R&S FSH selects an

appropriate CISPR bandwidth, depending on the receive frequency.

● Frequencies < 150 kHz: 200 Hz CISPR bandwidth

● Frequencies from 150 kHz to 30 MHz: 9 kHz CISPR bandwidth

● Frequencies from 30 MHz to 1 GHz: 120 kHz CISPR bandwidth

● Frequencies > 1 GHz: 1 MHz CISPR bandwidth

You can also select a 3 dB or 6 dB bandwidth manually.


► Press the "Manual RBW" softkey to select a 3 dB bandwidth.

or

► Press the "Manual CISPR BW" to select a 6 dB bandwidth.

► Select the bandwidth you need with the rotary knob or by entering the corresping

number.

► Press the "Auto CISPR BW" to select the 6 dB bandwidth automatically according

to the list above.




8.2.3 Defining the Measurement Time

The measurement time is the time that the R&S FSH collects data at each

measurement frequency to calculate the results for that frequency according to the

detector you have selected.

You can define a measurement time between 5 ms and 1000 s.


► Press the "Meas Time" softkey.

► Define the measurement time you need.

Selecting the scan mode

When you enter the receiver mode, the R&S FSH repeatedly measures the receive

frequency or set of frequencies over the measurement time you have defined. If you

want to perform a single measurement or scan only, select single scan mode.


► Press the "Single Scan" softkey to perform a single scan or measurement.

► Press the "Cont Scan" softkey to perform a continuous scan or measurement.

When you select single scan mode, the R&S FSH performs the measurement once

over the measurement time and then stops. In case of frequency scans, the

R&S FSH performs one measurement on each receive frequency in the scan

range over the measurement time and stops when it has measured all frequencies

that are part of the scan range.


In Receiver mode, the R&S FSH provides several ways to configure the trace display,

like the trace mode or trace mathematics.

For more information see

● "Selecting the Trace Mode" on page 113

● "Working with a Second Trace" on page 116

● "Working with Memory Traces" on page 117

● "Using Trace Mathematics" on page 117

● "Performing Frequency Scans" on page 232

8.2.5 Using Transducers

For more information see "Using Transducer Factors" on page 132.


For more information see "Using Limit Lines" on page 128.

R&S FSH Digital Modulation Analyzer



9 Digital Modulation Analyzer

In digital modulation analyzer operating mode, the R&S FSH is able to demodulate

signals of several telecommunications technologies. Thus it can provide results for

modulation characteristics, channel characteristics or information about the signal

quality.

The digital modulation analyzer consists of several firmware options. Each option

covers a specific telecommunications standard with functionality especially designed

for that technology.

● "Measurements on GSM Signals" on page 248

● "Measurements on 3GPP FDD Signals" on page 256

● "Measurements on CDMA2000 Signals" on page 271

● "Measurements on 1xEV-DO Signals" on page 284

● "Measurements on TD-SCDMA Signals" on page 290

● "Measurements on LTE Signals" on page 306

Each option of the digital modulation analyzer comes with a result summary. This

result display summarizes the most relevant results that you will need for successful

base station tests. For some options there is also an extended version that features

additional functionality like graphic results.


General Settings of the Digital Modulation Analyzer


9.1 General Settings of the Digital Modulation Analyzer

Several settings and numerical results are available for all mobile radio standards

supported by the digital modulation analyzer.

● "General Settings in the Result Summary" on page 240

● "Trace Mode Selection" on page 243

9.1.1 General Settings in the Result Summary

The result summary includes some basic settings of the analyzer. The contents are

similar to those of the "Hardware Settings" in the spectrum analyzer. Most of these

settings are available for every application.

This chapter provides a reference for those general settings that are available for all

applications of the digital modulation analyzer.

Center

Shows the current center frequency of the R&S FSH.

For valid results, the center frequency of the R&S FSH and the signal have to be the

same.



► Enter the frequency you need.

Channel

Shows the number of the channel currently selected. The number depends on the

selected band(class).

Band

Shows the name of the band class you have selected.


► Press the "Freq Mode" softkey.

► Select the "Channel" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a dialog box to select a LTE channel table or band class.

► Select the channel table you need with the "Select" softkey.

The R&S FSH now applies the channel table to the measurement.




Transducer

Shows the name of the transducer if one is in use.

For more information see Using Transducer Factors on page 132.

Ref Level

Shows the current reference level of the R&S FSH.

The reference level is the power level the R&S FSH expects at the RF input. If "Auto

Low Noise" or "Auto Low Distortion" is on, the R&S FSH uses it to determine the

attenuation and preamplification internally.For more information see "Setting the RF

Attenuation" on page 102.

Keep in mind that the power level at the RF input is the peak enevelope power in case

of signals with a high crest factor like LTE.

To get the best dynamic range, you have to set the reference level as low as possible.

At the same time, make sure that the maximum signal level does not exceed the

reference level. If it does, it will overload the A/D converter, regardless of the signal

power. Measurement results may deteriorate (e.g. EVM). This applies especially for

measurements with more than one active channel near the one you are trying to

measure (± 6 MHz).

Note that the signal level at the A/D converter may be stronger than the level the

R&S FSH displays, depending on the current resolution bandwidth. This is because the

resolution bandwidths are implemented digitally after the A/D converter.

In case of an IF overload, the R&S FSH shows a corresponding warning in the diagram

area ( ).

If you are not sure about the signal strength, you can avoid an IF overload and

determine the maximum level manually or perform an automatic level adjustment.



The R&S FSH performs a series of measurements to determine the ideal reference

level for the current signal.

Note that the current signal level does not necessarily have to correspond to the

reference level after an automatic adjustment. This is because the R&S FSH

measures a frequency range that is larger than current span and adjusts the

reference level to the measured peak which may be outside the visible span.

An automatic level adjustment will set the attenuation mode to "Manual" if it has

been set to "Auto Low Noise" or "Auto Low Distortion" previously.

You can also determine the reference level manually.

► Perform a measurement in spectrum mode with the largest resolution bandwidth

(3 MHz) and video bandwidth (3 MHz).

► Activate the peak detector.

The trace maximum corresponds to the ideal reference level.

For more information see "Setting the Reference Level" on page 100.




Ref Offset

Shows the current reference level offset.

For more information see "Setting a Reference Offset" on page 101.

Att(enuation)

Shows the current RF attenuation of the R&S FSH.

For more information see "Setting the RF Attenuation" on page 102.

Preamp(lification)

Shows the current state of the preamplifier.

For more information see "Using the Preamplifier" on page 103.

Sweep

Shows the current sweep mode.

You can select from

● Single: data is captured and results are displayed one at a time.

● Continuous: data is captured and results are displayed continuously.

For more information see "Selecting the Sweep Mode" on page 108.

"Sync Not Found" / "Sync OK"

Indicates whether synchronization was successful or not.

To successfully synchronize the R&S FSH to the signal, you have to enter the correct

values for center frequency, reference level or, in case of, for example, a WCDMA

signal, the correct scrambling code.

To indicate successful synchronization, the R&S FSH shows the label.

If the synchronization was not successful, the R&S FSH shows the

label.

Position

Shows the current GPS coordinates if you have connected a GPS receiver and have

activated the GPS receiver. If not, this field stays empty.

For more information see the Quick Start Guide.




9.1.2 Trace Mode Selection

The digital modulation analyzer supports trace modes for various result displays

available for those applications (numerical and graphical).

● Clear/Write

In its default state, the R&S FSH overwrites the results after each sweep.

● Average

The results are based on the moving average over several sweeps.

The R&S FSH calculates the (moving) average of the power levels over a

particular number of sweeps in the range from 2 to 999.

If you are using the average mode,

the R&S FSH adds the "avg" label

to numerical results.

● Max Hold

The results are based on the maximum values that have been measured.The

result is updated only if a higher value has been measured for a particular result.

If you are using the max hold mode, the R&S FSH adds the "max" label to

numerical results.

● Min Hold

The results are based on the minimum values that have been measured.The result

is updated only if a lower value has been measured for a particular result.

If you are using the min hold mode, the R&S FSH adds the "min" label to

numerical results.

In the graphical results (for example the Spectrum Overview), the trace modes have

the same effects as in Spectrum mode. For more information on trace modes see

"Selecting the Trace Mode" on page 113.

Carrier frequency error

Note that the "Carrier Frequency Error" result supports the average trace mode only if

you are using the Precision Reference Frequency R&S FSH-Z114.

Min Hold and Max Hold trace modes are not supported by the Carrier Frequency Error

result.






The R&S FSH opens a submenu to select the trace mode.

► Select the trace mode you want to work with.

If you have selected the average trace mode ("Average: 10" menu item), the R&S FSH

opens an input field to set the number of sweeps the R&S FSH includes in the

averaging.

► Enter the number of sweeps to include in the averaging.

In continuous sweep mode, the R&S FSH now calculates the moving average over

the number of sweeps you have specified. In single sweep mode, it stops the

measurement after finishing the sweeps and averages the traces.


General Result Displays of the Digital Modulation Analyzer


9.2 General Result Displays of the Digital Modulation

Analyzer

The R&S FSH provides several result displays that are available for all digital

modulation options.

There are two methods to view and analyze the spectrum of the signal you are

currently measuring: the spectrum overview and the isotropic antenna result displays.

Both result displays are integrated into the digital modulation options, so you do not

have to switch modes if you want to have a quick glance at the spectrum. For a

detailed analysis of the signal, however, you should still use the spectrum analyzer

operating mode.

The screen layout and contents of the spectrum result displays are the same as those

of the spectrum analyzer mode.

The Spectrum Overview

The Spectrum Overview provides an overview of the frequency spectrum with limited

functionality.

The Spectrum Overview is meant for

fast measurements that give you a

rough idea about the signal's

frequency and level characteristics. To

maintain high measurement speed, the

R&S FSH analyzes one FFT and

shows the results of the signal and its

surrounding frequencies. Thus, you

should use this result display for

situations when measurement speed is

an issue, not accuracy.

In addition to the "RF Channel Power" and the "Power Within Span" results, the

Spectrum Overview shows the Occupied Bandwidth. The channel bandwidth depends

on the selected mobile standard.

While using the spectrum overview, you can only set the resolution bandwidth and the

span.


► Select the "Spectrum Overview" menu item.

Note that the Spectrum Overview also features miscellaneous trace modes to display

different aspects of the measurement results. For more information see "Selecting the

Trace Mode" on page 113.




The Isotropic Antenna Result Display

The isotropic antenna result display also provides an overview of the spectrum.

The results of measurements with an

isotropic antenna are based on data

from the three axes of the antenna.

When performing measurements with

an isotropic antenna, the R&S FSH

performs a measurement on each of

the three antenna axes and then

averages the results to draw the trace.

Measurement speed will decrease

because of the multiple

measurements.

You can see the results for each antenna axis (x, y and z) and for the channels that are

part of the signal in a table above the diagram area.


► Select the "Isotropic Antenna" menu item.

For more information on isotropic antennas see "Using Isotropic Antennas" on page

94.

While using the isotropic antenna result display, you can set up the measurement as

usual.

Results in other result displays

When you measure with an isotropic antenna, the other result displays (for example

the numerical result summary) always show the results that were measured in the x-

direction.




Limits

A limit check tests the actual results against a set of predefined values to see if the

measurement results are inside a specified boundary. In the Limits result display, the

R&S FSH shows the results of the limit check.

If the results are in the allowed range of values, the limit check has passed. The results

are highlighted green.

If the results violate one of the limits,

the limit check has failed. The results

are highlighted red.

A complete limit check usually consists

of the limit definition of several results.

The complete limit check only passes

if every individual limit check also

passed. In that case, the R&S FSH

shows "LIMITS PASSED" in the result

display. If even one limit has failed, the

R&S FSH shows "LIMITS FAILED".

By default, the R&S FSH tests against default limits. These limits have been defined

according to the standard.


► Select the "Limits" menu item.

You can create and edit digital modulation limits with the R&S InstrumentView software

package and then transfer them into the internal memory of the R&S FSH.



Measurements on GSM Signals


9.3 Measurements on GSM Signals

Equipped with the software application R&S FSH-K10, you can perform measurements

on downlink GSM signals in accordance to the 3GPP standard with your R&S FSH.

► Press the MODE key

► Press the "Dig Mod Analyzer" softkey.

► Select the "GSM / EDGE BTS" menu item.

The R&S FSH starts the signal analysis.

After you have started the measurement, the R&S FSH starts recording the signal you

have applied. It records an amount of data that makes sure that at eight GSM time

slots are captured. The signal analysis itself contains exactly eight time slots.

The R&S FSH performs various general measurements based on the complete frame

as well as measurements based on an individual slot. It then shows the results in

tabular form in the "Result Summary" display or graphically in various diagrams.

To get highest measurement accuracy, it is necessary to synchronize the reference

frequency of the R&S FSH with the base station via the EXT REF IN input or the

external GPS frequency reference.

The GSM option provides several result displays to display the measurement results.




9.3.1 The Result Summary

The default result display is the result summary. The result summary shows various

measurement results and hardware settings in numerical form.


► Select the "Result Summary" menu item.

The R&S FSH shows the numerical results in a table.


2 Currently selected standard

3 General settings

4 Global results

5 Channel results

6 Synchronization state

- green font: synchronization OK

- red font: synchronization failed

7 GSM softkey menu




9.3.1.1 General Settings

For more information see "General Settings of the Digital Modulation Analyzer" on

page 240.

In addition the application features some settings specific to the 3GPP standard.

For more information on each type of parameter see "Configuring the Measurement"

on page 267.

Trigger

Shows the current trigger mode.

For more information see "Working with Trigger Functionality" on page 108.

BSIC (NCC, BCC)

Shows the way you have selected to determine the training sequence.

In case of manual selection, the field shows the actual number of the training

sequence. In case of automatic selection, the field shows an "Auto" label.

For more information see "Selecting the Training Sequence" on page 255.

Slot #

Shows the way you have selected to determine the slot that is analyzed.

In case of manual selection, the field shows the actual number of the selected slot. In

case of automatic selection, the field shows an "Auto" label.

9.3.1.2 Global Results

Global results contain various measurement results of the composite signal. These

results evaluate the total signal over the period of one slot.

RF Channel Power

Total power of the signal in dBm in the 200 kHz bandwidth around the center

frequency.

Burst Power

Shows the signal power in the first time slot (or burst) that has been found.

Carrier Frequency Error

Shows the frequency error in relation to the current center frequency of the R&S FSH.

For more information see "Selecting the Unit of the Carrier Frequency Error" on page

255.

Concerning uncertainty of the reference frequency of the GPS receiver, refer to the

data sheet.




C/I (8PSK modulated slots only)

Shows the ratio of the desired carrier power to the undesired signal power

(interference) in dB.

The C/I is an estimate derived from the EVM value.

Burst Types

Shows the modulation type for each slot in the analyzed frame.

Each of the eight slots in the GSM frame may have a different modulation. Thus, the

result is made up out of eight characters, e.g. "F I N I N I N I".

The characters have the following meanings.

● D: Dummy burst

● E: Normal burst with 8PSK modulation (EDGE)

● F: Frequency correction burst

● I: Idle burst

● N: Normal burst with GMSK modulation

● S: Synchronization burst

BSIC Found

Shows the Base Station Identity Code.

The BSIC is a code that uniquely identifies a base station. It is made up out of two

separate numbers.

● The first number is the network color code (NCC).

● The second number is the base station color code (BCC). This number is the same

as the training sequence (TSC).

Traffic Activity

Percentage of traffic slots with data.

9.3.1.3 Modulation Accuracy

Modulation accuracy results contain various results that are specific to a modulation

type (GMSK and 8PSK).

Slot Analyzed

Shows the currently analyzed GMSK or 8PSK time slot.

The currently analyzed time slot is always the first time slot the R&S FSH could find for

the corresponding modulation type. If the frame contains no slots with a GMSK or

8PSK modulation, the R&S FSH shows no results for that modulation type.




Phase Error (GMSK modulated slots only)

Shows the phase error of the analyzed time slot in degree.

The R&S FSH calculates the phase error over the useful part of the burst. The useful

part of a burst is defined in 3GPP TS 45.002.

A possible residual frequency error resulting from a mismatch between the reference

frequency of the R&S FSH and the base station is compensated.

Mag(nitude) Error (GMSK modulated slots only)

Shows the magnitude error of the analyzed time slot in %.

The R&S FSH calculates the magnitude error over the useful part of the burst. The

useful part of a burst is defined in 3GPP TS 45.002.

Slot EVM (8PSK modulated slots only)

Shows the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) of the analyzed slot in %.

The EVM is defined as the ratio of the mean error power of the signal to the power of

an ideal reference signal.

Peak EVM (8PSK modulated slots only)

The Peak EVM is the peak value of the EVM of all symbols in the useful part

(excluding tail symbols) of the analyzed slot. The RMS EVM is the root mean square

value of the EVM of all symbols in the useful part (excluding tail symbols) of the

analyzed slot.

I/Q Offset (8PSK modulated slots only)

Shows the DC offset of the analyzed time slot in %.




9.3.2 The Burst Power Result Display

If you equip the R&S FSH with option R&S FSH-K10E, the Burst Power result display

becomes available.

The Burst Power result display shows the power of the signal over time. You can

choose to display the power over a single and complete GSM frame (4.615 ms) or over

a single timeslot (about 567 µs)

This result display is designed to check if the power and timing of the bursted signals

meet the requirements of the standard.

In order to capture a complete frame, you can apply a trigger from a GPS device or

another external trigger.

Screen layout of the burst power result display



3 Global results

4 Diagram area

5 Modulation type for each slot

6 GSM softkey menu




Global results

For more information on the general results shown above the diagram area see

"Global Results" on page 250.

Diagram area

The diagram area contains the graphical representation of the power over time.

hen you display the complete frame, the result display also contains information about

the modulation (or burst type) applied to the slots that are displayed. This information is

shown in colored bars (one for each slot) at the bottom of the diagram area. The

R&S FSH supports detection of the following burst types.

● 8PSK (normal burst EDGE)

● Dummy burst

● Frequency correction burst

● Idle burst (no modulation)

● NB (normal burst GMSK)

● Synchronization burst




9.3.3 Configuring the Measurement

9.3.3.1 Selecting the Training Sequence

The training sequence (or midamble) is a known bit sequence required to synchronize

the user equipment and the base station. The number of bits that carry the training

sequence depend on the modulation. They are transmitted in the center of the GSM

burst.

The standard defines eight training sequences (numbered 0 to 7). The R&S FSH is

able to determine the training sequence in a burst automatically. Alternatively, you can

select the training sequence manually.

Manual selection of the training sequence may become necessary if two base stations

operate on the same frequency, for example. In that case, you can select to measure

one base station rather than the other.

► Press the "Signal Settings" softkey.

► Select either the "TSC Manual…" or "TSC Auto" menu item.

In case you have selected the "Manual" menu item, the R&S FSH opens an input field

to select a particular training sequence.

9.3.3.2 Selecting the Unit of the Carrier Frequency Error

If possible, you should synchronize the receiver and the transmitter.

The carrier frequency error can have the unit Hz or ppm.


► Press the "Display Settings" softkey.

► Select the "Hz" or "ppm" menu item.

The R&S FSH shows the carrier frequency error in the unit you have selected.


Measurements on 3GPP FDD Signals


9.4 Measurements on 3GPP FDD Signals


on WCDMA signals in accordance to the 3GPP standard with your R&S FSH.

You can expand the functionality by adding the R&S FSH-K44E firmware application.

This application performs code domain power measurements on downlink WCDMA

signals according to the standard.


► Press the "Dig Mod Analyzer" softkey

► Select "3GPP WCDMA BTS" menu item.


When starting a measurement, the R&S FSH first records a section of the signal that

lasts 20 ms (or 2 WCDMA frames). From this information, it gets all necessary

information for further analysis of the WCDMA signal.

The R&S FSH performs various measurements on a WCDMA slot in general as well as

measurements on specific channels. When you perform measurements on slot level,

you can either analyze a single slot or over all of the 15 slots of one frame.

Measurements on slot level include the power level, error vector magnitude (EVM), the

code domain error and the frequency error. To get sufficient measurement accuracy, it

is necessary to synchronize the reference frequency of the base station and the

R&S FSH via the EXT REF IN input.

In addition, you can analyze the following channel types in more detail:

● Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

Note: This channel is required by the channel configuration; without it,

synchronization is not possible.

● Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)

● Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH)

● Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH)

For the CPICH and P-CCPCH channels the R&S FSH measures the power level and

the Ec/Io. For the P-SCH and S-SCH channels, the R&S FSH measures the power

level.

The 3GPP option provides several result displays to display the measurement results.










Availability of measurement results

Note that some results and support of HSDPA and HSPA+ channels are available only

with option R&S FSH-K44E.

For more information see the data sheet.



3 General settings

4 Global results

5 Channel results

6 Synchronization state



7 3GPP WCDMA softkey menu






page 240.


For more information on each type of parameter see "Configuring the Measurement"

on page 267.

Scrambling Code

Shows the way you have selected to determine the scrambling code.

In case of manual selection, the field shows the actual number of the scrambling code.

In case of automatic selection, the field shows an "Auto" label.

Antenna Div(ersity)

Shows the currently selected antenna diversity.

P-CPICH Slot

Shows the slot number the results are displayed for.

Ch(annel) Search

Shows the status of the channel search.



results evaluate the total signal over the period of one slot.

Channel Power

Shows the power of the complete signal in dBm.



The absolute frequency error is the sum of the frequency error of the R&S FSH and

that of the device under test. If the frequency error is more than 1 kHz, the R&S FSH is

not able to synchronize with the signal. If possible, you should synchronize the receiver

and the transmitter.

I/Q Offset

Shows the DC offset of the signal in %.

This value is valid only when the R&S FSH is in channel search mode.




I/Q Imbalance

Shows the I/Q Imbalance of the signal in %.


Composite EVM

Shows the Error Vector Magnitude in %.

The EVM is defined as the ratio of the mean error power of the signal to the power of

an ideal reference signal. To calculate the mean error power, the root mean square

average (of the real and imaginary parts of the signal) is used.


Active Channels

Shows the number of active channels in the signal.

Scr Code Found

Shows the number of the primary and secondary scrambling code, regardless if it has

been found automatically or entered manually.

Occupied Bandwidth

Shows the occupied bandwidth of the signal in Hz.

You can control if the occupied bandwidth is measured or not. By default, it is not.


► Press the "Meas Settings" softkey.

► Select the "[ ] Occupied Bandwidth" menu item.

The R&S FSH determines the occupied bandwidth in addition to the other global

results. When the measurement has been turned on, the menu item is marked by

an [X].

Peak CDE (15 ksps)

Shows the Peak Code Domain Error of the signal in dB.

The Peak Code Domain Error is defined as the maximum code domain error power

that occurs in the measurement. The code domain error is the difference in power of

the test signal and an ideal reference signal.


Avg. RCDE (64QAM)

Shows the Average Relative Code Domain Error of the signal.

Note that only channels with a 64QAM modulation are considered in this

measurement.





9.4.1.3 Channel Results

Channel results contain various results that are specific to one or more channels.

P-CPICH Power

Shows the power of the P-CPICH in dBm.

P-CPICH Ec / Io

Shows the ratio of the power of the pilot channel to the total power of the signal.

Therefore this value shows the usable part of the signal.

P-CPICH Symbol EVM rms

Shows the averaged (root mean square) EVM on symbol level of the P-CPICH.

P-CCPCH Power

Shows the power of the P-CCPCH in dBm.

The abbreviation in brackets shows if it is the absolute power or the power in relation to

the pilot channel (P-CPICH).

P-CCPCH Ec / Io

Shows the ratio of the power of the control channel to the total power of the signal.


P-CCPCH Symbol EVM rms

Shows the averaged (root mean square) EVM on symbol level of the P-CCPCH.

P-SCH Power

Shows the power of the P-SCH in dBm.



S-SCH Power

Shows the power of the S-SCH in dBm.






9.4.2 The Code Domain Analyzer

If you equip the R&S FSH with option R&S FSH-K44E, code domain analysis becomes

available to visualize the results in a diagram.


► Select the "Code Domain Power" menu item.

The R&S FSH starts the code domain analyzer.

Screen layout of the code domain power result display



3 Header table

4 Diagram header

5 Diagram area

6 WCDMA softkey menu




9.4.2.1 Header Table

The header table contains an assortment of settings already discussed in the section

about the result summary. For more information see "The Result Summary" on page

257.

In addition, it contains the following information.

RBW

Shows the currently selected resolution bandwidth.

For more information see "Setting the Resolution Bandwidth" on page 104.

Trace mode

Shows the currently selected trace mode.

Clear/Write and Max Hold are available for 3GPP measurements.

For more information see "Selecting the Trace Mode" on page 113.

9.4.2.2 Diagram Header

The diagram header shows the results for individual code channels.

Code channel

Shows the number of the code channel the results are displayed for.

For more information see "Selecting the Slot and Code Channel" on page 269.

Slot

Shows the slot number.

For more information see "Selecting the Slot and Code Channel" on page 269.

Symbol rate

Shows the symbol rate of the currently selected code channel.

Channel power

Shows the power of the complete signal.

Power

Shows the power of the currently selected code channel. The result is either in

absolute values or relative to the P-CPICH channel.

If more than one code belongs to a channel, the R&S FSH shows the power of the

complete channel.

For more information see "Changing the Code Power" on page 270.




Composite EVM

Shows the EVM of the complete signal.

9.4.2.3 Diagram Area

The Code Domain Power result display contains the measurement results in graphic

form. It shows the power of all codes in the signal. In the graph, each bar represents

one code channel. A complete channel may consist of more than one code.

The displayed codes have different colors. The color of the code depends on the state

of the channel it belongs to.

● Yellow: active code (channels)

● Turquoise: inactive (code channels)

● Red: currently selected code (channel)

The power of the codes is a relative value. The reference power is the power of the

pilot channel. You can also display the absolute powers of the code channels. For

more information see "Changing the Code Power" on page 270.




9.4.3 The Code Domain Channel Table

If you equip the R&S FSH with option R&S FSH-K44E, the code domain channel table

becomes available to visualize the channel structure of the signal.

The code domain channel table shows various parameters and measurement results

on (code) channel level.

Screen layout of the code domain channel table result display



3 Header table

4 Synchronization state and GPS information



5 Global results

6 Channel table

7 WCDMA softkey menu





The header table contains various settings already discussed in the sections above.


page 240 and "The Result Summary" on page 257.


The global results include information about the complete signal.

Channel Power

Shows the power of the complete signal.

Active Channels

Shows the number of the currently measured channels.

9.4.3.3 Channel Table

The channel table is made up out of seven columns that show various information

about each channel. The number of rows depends on the number of channels that are

currently active. If a channel occupies more than one code, the results correspond to

all codes in the channel.

Channel Type

Type of code channel.

All code channels that the R&S FSH is able to recognize are shown with the correct

channel type and spreading factor.

Channels with the label CHAN are active code channels whose type could not be

detected. Codes that are inactive are not shown.

Chan#.SF

Code channel number including the spreading factor (in the form <Channel>.<SF>).

Symb. Rate (ksps)

Symbol rate that the code channel is transmitted with (7.5 ksps to 960 ksps).

T Offs (chips)

Shows the timing offset of the code channel in chips.

Pilot Bits

Shows the number of pilot bits the code channel contains.




Status

Status display of the code channel.

Power Abs (dBm)

Absolute power of the code channel in dBm.

Power Rel to CPICH (dB)

Relative power of the code channel in dB. The reference channel is the C-PICH or the

total signal, depending on the reference power you have selected.





Some of the results depend on the measurement configuration.

9.4.4.1 Selecting the Analysis Length

The R&S FSH allows you to analyze one slot only, or a complete WCDMA frame

(which is made up out of 15 slots).



► Select the "One Slot" or "One Frame" menu item.

The R&S FSH analyzes the slot or frame, depending on your selection. The results

are updated accordingly.

Defining the scope of the frequency error

In case of the frequency error, you can display the results on a frame or slot basis,

regardless of the selected analysis length.



► Select the "Slot" or "Frame" menu item (→ Carrier Freq Error Meas Range).

The R&S FSH updates the frequency error accordingly.

9.4.4.2 Specifying the Scrambling Code

To demodulate a 3GPP signal, you have to know the primary and secondary

scrambling codes of the base station you are testing. You can enter the scrambling

code manually or let the R&S FSH automatically find the right scrambling code(s).

Defining the scrambling code manually



► Select the "Primary Code…" or "Secondary Code…" menu item.

► Enter the primary or secondary scrambling code of the base station you are

testing.

In most cases, the secondary scrambling code has the value '0'.




Performing a search for the scrambling code

If you don't know the scrambling code, the R&S FSH is able to determine the

scrambling code of one or more 3GPP base stations by itself.



► Select the "[ ] Auto" menu item.

With each sweep, the R&S FSH starts a search for the scrambling code. If it finds

the code, the synchronization will be successful. If not, the synchronization fails.

The R&S FSH shows a corresponding message ( ).

Comparing the power of multiple scrambling codes

You can also view the scrambling codes and their power graphically.



► Select the "Scrambling Code"

menu item.

The R&S FSH shows all primary

and corresponding secondary

scrambling codes that it has found

during the search in descending

order regarding the power level.

In addition, the R&S FSH shows the power of the common pilot channels (CPICH)

belonging to the scrambling code. You can see the power in numerical form in a

table above the diagram area and in graphical form.

Trace modes

Note that the PN Scanner supports several trace modes.

If you are using a trace mode other than Clear / Write, the bars depicting the

scrambling codes may turn grey. A grey color indicates time periods during which no

scrambling codes can be found.

For more information on the trace modes see "Selecting the Trace Mode" on page 113.




9.4.4.3 Setting the Antenna Diversity

By default, the R&S FSH does measurements on base stations with one antenna. For

base stations with two antennas, you have to specify the antenna to synchronize to.



► Select the "Antenna Settings" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens another submenu.

► In the submenu, select the "Antenna #1" menu item.

The R&S FSH synchronizes to the CPICH of antenna 1.

The procedure to select antenna 2 is the same.

You can also perform a measurement on base stations with multiple antennas, but

display the results of both antennas as a combined result.

► Instead of selecting one of the antennas, select the "Combined" menu item.

► To measure base stations with one antenna, select the menu item "Antenna

Diversity Off".

9.4.4.4 Selecting the Slot and Code Channel

The code domain power and code domain channel table result displays show the

power of each code channel contained in one slot. By default, the R&S FSH shows the

results for slot 0.



► Select the "Slot Number…" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to select the slot.

► Enter the number of the slot you want to analyze.

In the code domain power result display, the numerical results that the R&S FSH

displays belong to one code channel only. By default, the R&S FSH shows the results

for the first code channel (which is always the pilot channel).



► Select the "Code Channel…" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to select the code channel.

► Enter a number between 0 and 511 to select a particular code channel.

If you select a code that is part of a channel made up of more than one code, results

correspond to the channel, not the one code.




9.4.4.5 Changing the Code Power

By default, the application displays the absolute power of all code channels.

Alternatively, you can display the power relative to the P-CPICH.


► Press the "Power Settings" softkey.

► Select the "Relative to CPICH" menu item.

All power display now relate to the pilot channel.

9.4.4.6 Performing Fast Measurements

Faster measurements are possible if you skip the channel search during the

measurement.



► Select the Channel Search Off menu item.

The R&S FSH stops performing a channel search.

If the channel search is off, measurements are faster. However, some results, like the

Composite EVM, can not be calculated if the channels are not known. Thus, turning

the channel search off is useful if you are interested in signal powers only.

The channel search is always on for the Code Domain Power and Code Domain

Channel Table result displays. All other result displays work both ways.


Measurements on CDMA2000 Signals


9.5 Measurements on CDMA2000 Signals


on downlink CDMA2000 signals according to the 3GPP2 standard with your R&S FSH.

You can expand the functionality by adding the R&S FSH-K46E firmware application.

This application performs code domain power measurements on downlink CDMA2000

signals according to the standard.


► Press the "Dig Mod Analyzer" softkey

► Select the "CDMA2000 BTS" menu item.


When starting a measurement, the R&S FSH first records a section of the signal that

lasts approximately 27 ms (or about 1 Sync Frame Period).

If the instrument is in a triggered mode (external or GPS trigger), it searches for the

start of the PN code in the vicinity of the PN offset you have entered. If you are using

the automatic PN Offset, the R&S FSH performs a full search for the PN offset and

reports the PN found. In a "free run" situation, the R&S FSH searches for the start of

the PN sequence over the entire signal length.

The R&S FSH performs various general measurements over one PCG (power control

group) as well as measurements on specific channels. It then shows the results in one

of three formats:

● tabular form in the "Result Summary" display,

● scrollable table form in the "Code Domain Channel Table", or

● graphical form in the "Code Domain Power" result display.


frequency of the R&S FSH with the base station via the EXT REF IN input or with an

optional GPS receiver.












3 General settings




5 Global results

6 Channel results

7 CDMA2000 softkey menu






page 240.


PN Offset

Shows the current Pseudo Noise (PN) Offset of the base station.

For more information see "Changing the PN Offset" on page 283

The PN Offset only takes effect in combination with an external or GPS trigger.

Trigger



In addition to the trigger also available with the base unit, the application also feature a

GPS Sync trigger. It triggers measurements on synchronization with the base station.

Base SF

Shows the current Base Spreading factor (Base SF).

For more information see "Setting the Base Spreading Factor" on page 281



results evaluate the total signal over the period of one Power Control Group (PCG).

Channel Power

Total power of the signal in dBm in the 1.23 MHz bandwidth around the center

frequency.

Rho

According to the CDMA2000 standard, Rho is the normalized, correlated power

between the measured and the ideally generated reference signal. When you measure

Rho, the CDMA2000 standard requires that only the pilot channel be supplied.

Composite EVM

Shows the composite Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) in %. The EVM is the root of the

ratio of the mean error power (root mean square) to the power of an ideally generated

reference signal.

An EVM of 0 % means a perfect signal.







282.


data sheet.

Peak to Average

Shows the difference between the peak power and the average power of the signal

(crest factor).

PN Found

The PN offset found during auto PN offset operation.

Tau

According to the CDMA2000 standard, Tau shows the timing error of the signal. The

maximum offset is specified at 10 µs.

Active Channels

Number of currently active channels.


Channel results contain various results specific to one or more channels. The table

contains

● the absolute channel power in dBm

● the channel power in relation to the total signal power in dB

● the channel power in relation to the pilot channel in dB

for the pilot channel (PICH) and the synchronization channel (SYNC).

The pilot channel always occupies code 0 and the synchronization channel always

occupies code number 32.













3 Header table

4 Diagram header

5 Diagram area





9.5.2.1 Header Table and Diagram Header

The header table and the diagram header contain an assortment of settings already

discussed in the section about the result summary. For more information see "The

Result Summary" on page 272.

In addition, they contain the following information.

Code Order

Shows the currently selected code order. The code order is either Hadamard or

BitReverse.

For more information see "Changing the Code Order" on page 281.

Pilot Power

Shows the power of the pilot channel.

Sync Power Relative to <Reference>

Shows the power of the synchronization channel (SYNC) in relation to the pilot channel

or the RF channel power.

For more information see "Changing the Reference Power" on page 282.

C<x> (Ch.SF) Relative to <Reference>

Shows the power of the currently selected code channel in relation to the pilot channel

or the RF channel power. The numbers in the C<x> element and the walsh code

(Ch.SF) depend on the currently selected channel.

For more information see "Changing the Reference Power" on page 282.

9.5.2.2 Diagram Area

The Code Domain Power result display contains the measurement results in graphic

form. It shows the power of all codes in the signal. In the graph, each bar represents

one (Walsh) code.

The displayed codes have different colors. The color of the code depends on the state

of the channel it belongs to.

● Yellow: active code (channels)

● Turquoise: inactive (code channels)

The number of codes that are displayed depends on the base spreading factor. For

more information see "Setting the Base Spreading Factor" on page 281.

The order the R&S FSH displays the codes in depends on the code order. For more

information see "Changing the Code Order" on page 281.

The power of the codes is a relative value. The reference power is either the total

power of the signal or the power of the pilot channel. For more information see

"Changing the Reference Power" on page 282.












3 Header table




5 Channel table







For more information see "The Result Summary" on page 272.


The global results contain various settings already discussed in the sections above.


9.5.3.3 Channel Table

The channel table is made up out of seven columns and a number of rows that depend

on the number of channels.

The columns show the following information.

Channel Type

Type of channel. (---) indicates an inactive channel. The following channels can be

detected:

Channel Type Channel

F-PICH Pilot channel (displayed as PICH)

F-SYNC Synchronization channel (displayed as SYNC)

All other channel types are not automatically differentiated and named as “CHAN”.

Walsh Ch.SF

Channel number including the spreading factor (in the form <Channel>.<SF>).

Symb. Rate (ksps)

Symbol rate that the channel is transmitted with (9.6 ksps to 307.2 ksps).

RC

Radio configuration. The RC is a predefined physical layer configuration for the

transmit signal. It defines the physical channel configuration based upon a specific

channel data rate. In the current CDMA2000 Standard nine RCs are defined in the

forward link.




Status

Status display. Unassigned codes are identified as inactive channels.

Power Abs (dBm)

Absolute power of the channel in dBm.

Power Rel to PICH [Total] (dB)

Relative power of the channel in dB. The reference channel is the PICH or the total

signal, depending on the reference power you have selected.




9.5.4 The PN Scanner

If you equip the R&S FSH with option R&S FSH-K46E, the PN scanner becomes

available.

If you are measuring over-the-air (OTA) signals, you can use the PN scanner to

identify base stations in the area. Every base station is identified by its PN offset. The

PN Scanner shows the PN offset for every base station it has detected. For every base

station it also shows the its power graphically (each yellow bar represents an active

and detected base station) and numerically in a table above the diagram.

Note that a GPS trigger is necessary to detect the PN offset of the base stations you

are scanning. GPS trigger is available with the R&S FSH GPS receiver, for example.

Trace modes


If you are using a trace mode other than Clear / Write, the bars depicting the PN offset

may turn grey. A grey bar is shown in case of base stations that have been detected in

the past but are not currently detected.







9.5.5.1 Setting the Base Spreading Factor

The number of codes the R&S FSH displays in the diagram depends, in addition to the

signal constellation itself, on the base spreading factor you have set.



► Select either the "64" or "128" menu item.

The R&S FSH applies the corresponding spreading factor to the measurement. A

base spreading factor of 64 results in a display of 64 codes on the x-axis (0 to 63),

a base spreading factor of 128 in a display of 128 codes on the x-axis (0 to 127).

In the code domain analyzer result display, the number of displayed codes

changes accordingly.

Take care of setting the base spreading factor of the code domain to either 64 or 128.

If you set the base spreading factor to 64 for channels with a base spreading factor of

128 (code class 7), an alias power may be displayed in the Code Domain Power result

display, because of the ambiguity of the Hadamard Matrix. An alias power is a

displayed code power, where no power would be if the spreading factor was correct.

9.5.5.2 Changing the Code Order

The code order defines the order the codes are displayed.

Hadamard order means that there's no distinction between channels. The R&S FSH

shows codes in ascending order regardless of the channel that it belongs to.

BitReverse order means that the R&S FSH combines codes of a channel if a channel

consists of more than one code. When using BitReverse order, the codes of a channel

are next to one another. In this way you can see the total power of a concentrated

channel.






► Select either the "Hadamard" or the "BitReverse" menu item.

The R&S FSH adjusts the code display accordingly.

9.5.5.3 Changing the Reference Power

The y-axis represents the power of the signal. The power of the codes is relative either

to the total power of the signal or relative to the power of the pilot channel (PICH).



► Select either the "Code Power Relative To Pilot" or "Code Power Relative To Total"

menu item.

By default, the R&S FSH displays the power in the unit dBm.














9.5.5.5 Changing the PN Offset

The standard uses the PN Offset to distinguish between base stations. The PN offset

determines the offset in the circulating PN sequence in multiples of 64 chips with

reference to the event second clock trigger.

Each signal is spread with a Walsh code of a length of 64 or 128 and a pseudo-random

noise code (PN code) of a length of 215. Each BTS sector in the network is assigned a

PN offset in steps of 64 chips.

If you use an external or GPS sync trigger, you have to adjust the PN Offset according

to the base station / sector you are measuring.



► Select the PN OFFSET menu.

► Enter the PN Offset you need (between 0 and 511).

9.5.5.6 Synchronizing to a Base Station Using a GPS Receiver

If you use a GPS receiver while performing measurements on a base station, you can

synchronize the sweep via the GPS receiver.



► Select "GPS Sync" menu item.

The R&S FSH now synchronizes the sweep to the signal using the GPS receiver.

For more information about the external trigger that is also available see "Working with

Trigger Functionality" on page .


Measurements on 1xEV-DO Signals


9.6 Measurements on 1xEV-DO Signals


on downlink 1xEV-DO signals in accordance to the 3GPP2 standard with your

R&S FSH.



► Select the "1xEVDO BTS" menu item.


After you have started the measurement, the R&S FSH first records a section of the

signal that lasts approximately 27 ms (or about 1 Sync Frame Period). If the instrument

is in a triggered mode (external or GPS trigger), it then searches for the start of the PN

code in the vicinity of the PN offset you have entered. If you are using the automatic

PN Offset, the R&S FSH performs a full search for the PN offset and reports the PN

found. For a "free run" situation, the R&S FSH searches for the start of the PN

sequence over the entire signal length.

The R&S FSH performs various general measurements over one slot as well as

measurements on specific channels. It then shows the results in tabular form in the

"Result Summary" display,


frequency of the R&S FSH with the base station via the EXT REF IN input or with an

optional GPS receiver.





The result summary shows various measurement results and hardware settings in

numerical form.






3 General settings




5 Global results

6 Channel results







page 240.


PN Offset

Shows the current Pseudo Noise (PN) Offset of the base station.

For more information see "Changing the PN Offset" on page 289.

The PN Offset only takes effect in combination with an external or GPS trigger.

Trigger







results evaluate the total signal over the period of one frame. Global results also

contain information about the queliaty of the composite signal.

Channel Power

Total power of the signal in dBm in the 1.23 MHz bandwidth around the center

frequency.




289.


data sheet.

Peak to Average

Shows the difference between the peak power and the average power of the signal

(crest factor).

PN Found

The PN offset found during auto PN offset operation.




Tau

Tau is specified in the CDMA2000 standard. It shows the timing error of the signal. The

maximum offset is specified at 10 µs.

Traffic Activity



Channel results contain various results specific to one or more channels. The table

contains



● the channel power in relation to the pilot channel in dB

for the pilot channel (PICH), the MAC channel and the data channel.

The absolute and relative channel power is an average over the time the channel is

active in the measured slot.

In addition to the powers of the channels, the channel results also show quality

parameters for the pilot channel (PICH):

EVM

Error vector magnitude (EVM) of the pilot channel in %.

The EVM is the root of the ratio of the mean error power (root mean square) to the

power of an ideal reference signal.


Rho

Quality parameter Rho of the pilot channel.

Rho is specified in the CDMA2000 standard. It is the normalized, correlated power

between the measured signal and an ideal reference signal. The standard requires that

only the pilot channel is measured to get the results for Rho.




9.6.2 The PN Scanner

If you equip the R&S FSH with option R&S FSH-K47E, the PN scanner becomes

available.

If you are measuring over-the-air (OTA) signals, you can use the PN scanner to

identify base stations in the area. Every base station is identified by its PN offset. The

PN Scanner shows the PN offset for every base station it has detected. For every base

station it also shows the its power graphically (each yellow bar represents an active

and detected base station) and numerically in a table above the diagram.

Note that a GPS trigger is necessary to detect the PN offset of the base stations you

are scanning. GPS trigger is available with the R&S FSH GPS receiver, for example.

Trace modes


If you are using a trace mode other than Clear / Write, the bars depicting the PN offset




9.6.3 The Burst Power Result Display

If you equip the R&S FSH with option R&S FSH-K47E, the Burst Power result display

becomes available.

The Burst Power result display shows the power of the signal over a single 1xEV-DO

frame (26.66 ms). This measurement is necessary to check if the power and timing of

the bursted signals meets the requirements of the standard.

In order to capture a complete frame, you can apply a trigger from a GPS device or

another external trigger.
















9.6.4.2 Changing the PN Offset

The standard uses the PN Offset to distinguish between base stations. The PN offset

determines the offset in the circulating PN sequence in multiples of 64 chips with

reference to the event second clock trigger.

Each signal is spread with a Walsh code of a length of 64 or 128 and a pseudo-random

noise code (PN code) of a length of 215. Each BTS sector in the network is assigned a

PN offset in steps of 64 chips.

If you use an external or GPS sync trigger, you have to adjust the PN Offset according

to the base station / sector you are measuring.



► Select the PN OFFSET menu.

► Enter the PN Offset you need (between 0 and 511).






► Select GPS Sync menu item.





Measurements on TD-SCDMA Signals


9.7 Measurements on TD-SCDMA Signals


on downlink TD-SCDMA signals in accordance to the 3GPP standard with your

R&S FSH.



► Select the "TD-SCDMA BTS" menu item.


After you have started the measurement, the R&S FSH first records a section of the

signal that lasts at least two frames. When it has found the beginning of a frame, the

R&S FSH includes one frame in the signal analysis.

The R&S FSH performs various general measurements based on the composite signal

of one slot as well as measurements based on the special parts of the slot. It then

shows the results in tabular form in the "Result Summary" display,


frequency of the R&S FSH with the base station via the EXT REF IN input.






numerical form.






3 General settings




5 Global results for a TD-SCDMA time slot

6 Power results for a TD-SCDMA time slot

7 TD-SCDMA softkey menu






page 240.


Scrambling Code

Shows the scrambling code of the base station. The scrambling code is a number

between 0 and 127.

If you have selected automatic detection of the code, the R&S FSH shows the label

"Auto". Automatic detection is the default method to find the scrambling code.

For more information see "Specifying the Scrambling Code" on page 302.

Switching Point

Shows the switching point in a subframe that separates uplink and downlink.

For more information see "Defining the Switching Point" on page 304.

Slot Number

Shows the time slot (0 to 6) of the TD-SCDMA subframe that is currently analyzed.

For more information see "Selecting a Time Slot" on page 304.

Max Users

Shows the maximum number of midamble shifts in a cell. Because each midamble is

user-specific, the midamble shifts also define the number of users that can be served

in one cell.

Channel Phases

Shows the phase characteristics of the code channels.

For more information see "Selecting the Phase Characteristics of the Code Channels"

on page 305.



results evaluate the total signal over the period of one slot. The global results also

contain information about the quality of the measured signal.

Note that some results are only evaluated if the channel search has been turned on.

For more information see "Using the Channel Search" on page 302.




RF Channel Power

Shows the total power of the currently measured TD-SCDMA signal.

Note that the RF Channel Power shown in the Result Summary is measured over one

time slot. The RF Channel Power shown in the Spectrum Overview is measured over

one complete subframe.

In case of over-the-air measurements, the total power includes all received signals in

the channel bandwidth.

Carrier Freq Error

Shows the frequency error in related to the current center frequency of the R&S FSH.


305.


data sheet.

I/Q Offset

Shows the DC offset of the signal in %.

Displayed only if the channel search has been turned on.

Gain Imbalance

Shows the gain Imbalance of the signal in %.


Composite EVM

Shows the composite Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) in %. The EVM is the root of the

ratio of the mean error power (root mean square) to the power of an ideally generated

reference signal.



Peak CDE

Shows the Peak Code Domain Error of the signal in dB.

The Peak Code Domain Error is defined as the maximum code domain error power

that was found in the measurement. The code domain error is the difference in power

of the test signal and an ideal reference signal.


Avg RCDE

Shows the Average Relative Code Domain Error of the signal.





PCCPCH Symbol EVM

Shows the EVM of the PCCPCH in %rms for the time slot 0.

Note that the R&S FSH only calculates the EVM if the PCCPCH is actually transmitted.

PCCPCH Ec/Io

Shows the ratio of the power of the pilot channel to the total power of the signal.


Scrambling Code Found

Shows the number of the scrambling code, if one has been found.

Active Channels

Shows the number of active channels currently received.


9.7.1.3 Power Results

Power results contain various results specific to one timeslot. The timeslot consist of

two data fields, a midamble and a guard period.

The table contains



of the data parts and midamble parts of a timeslot.

Data Power

Power of the data parts in the timeslot you have selected. The R&S FSH shows the

power of both data parts together and the power of each individual data part ("Data 1

Power" and "Data 2 Power").

Midamble Power

Power of the midamble part in the timeslot you have selected.













3 Header table

4 Diagram header

5 Diagram area


Spreading factor 0

Note that the Code Domain Analyzer result display does not display the code domain

power for code channels with a spreading factor of 0.




9.7.2.1 Header Table and Diagram Header

The header table and the diagram header contain an assortment of settings already

discussed in the section about the result summary. For more information see "The

Result Summary" on page 291.

In addition, they contain the following information.

Code / SF

Shows the currently selected code and its spreading factor.

The first value is the code number, the second value is the spreading factor.

The spreading factor for the codes is variable in the range between 0 and 16.

Mod(ulation) Type

Shows the modulation type of the currently selected code.

For more information see "Selecting a Code Channel" on page 305.

Symbol EVM

Shows the EVM of the currently selected code.


Code Power

Shows the power level of the currently selected code.


Slot Number

Shows the number of the time slot that the code domain is analyzed for.

For more information see "Selecting a Time Slot" on page 304.

RF Channel Power

Shows the total power of the signal.

For more information see "Global Results" on page 292.

Composite EVM

Shows the composite Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) in %.

For more information see "Global Results" on page 292.












3 Header table




5 Channel table









The global results contain various settings already discussed in the sections above.


9.7.3.3 The Code Domain Channel Table

The channel table is made up out of seven columns and a number of rows that depend

on the number of channels.

The columns show the following information.

Code#.SF

Number of the code channel and its spreading factor.

Status

Status of the code channel.

Modulation Type

Modulation type of the code channel.

Code Symbol EVM

EVM of the corresponding code channel.

Power Abs(olute) (dBm)

Absolute power of the corresponding code channel in dBm.

Power Rel(ative) to RF Channel Power (dB)

Relative power of the corresponding code channel in dB. The power value is relative to

the RF channel power.




9.7.4 The Sync ID Result Display

If you equip the R&S FSH with option R&S FSH-K48E, the Sync ID result display

becomes available.

If you are measuring over-the-air (OTA) signals, you can use the Sync ID result display

to identify base stations in the area. Every base station is identified by its

synchronization ID. The Sync ID result display shows the ID for every base station it

has detected. For every base station it shows its power graphically (each yellow bar

represents an active and detected base station) and numerically in a table above the

diagram. In addition, the R&S FSH evaluates the delay of the synchronization IDs

relative to the first one.

Trace modes

Note that the Sync ID result display supports several trace modes.

If you are using a trace mode other than Clear / Write, the bars showing the ID may

turn grey. A grey bar is shown in case of base stations that have been detected in the

past but are not currently detected.





9.7.5 The Time Domain Power Result Display

If you equip the R&S FSH with option R&S FSH-K48E, the Time Domain Power result

display becomes available.

The Time Domain Power result display shows the power of the signal over one TD-

SCDMA subframe (5.42 ms or 7 time slots, including the pilot time slots). This

measurement is useful to determine which time slots contain power.

Screen layout of the time domain power result display



3 Header table

4 Result table

5 Diagram


The result display consists of a result table in the upper part of the display and a

diagram in the lower half of the display.

The diagram contains a trace that shows the power of the signal over one TD-SCDMA

subframe. The time slots in the frame are represented by blue vertical lines. Each time

slot is also labeled with a number. A subframe consists of 7 normal time slots,

therefore the range of numbers is 0 through 6. The trace always begins with time slot

0.

Note that the diagram also shows three time slots which are not numbered and have a

shorter duration than the normal time slots. These are the special time slots that

belong to each subframe: two time slots that conatin the pilot information and one time

slot that serves as a guard period.




The switching point is represented by a red vertical line. All time slots after the

switching point are considered as downlink slots. Because the R&S FSH-K48 only

allows measurements on the downlink, it evaluates the results (EVM or C/I) only for the

time slots that carry downlink information. So, if a time slot contains power, but does

not show EVM or C/I results, the switching point is probably set in a way that this time

slot is considered as an uplink slot.

For each time slot (0 to 6) and the two pilot time slots (DwPTS and UpPTS), the result

display shows the following results.

Slot number

Shows the time slot type.

The normal time slots are numbered from 0 to 6. Time slot 0 is always reserved for the

downlink and time slot 1 always reserved for the uplink. The remaining time slots can

either carry uplink or downlink information, depending on the switching point you have

set.

The special time slots are labeled DwPTS and UpPTS. They are shorter than normal

time slots and carry the pilot information for uplink (UpPTS) and downlink (DwPTS).

Note that the UpPTS is not analyzed by the R&S FSH-K48. Thus, the software does

not display results for this time slot.

Power

Shows the absolute power level of each time slot.

C/I

Shows the carrier-to-interference ratio.

The C/I is the usable signal power in relation to the error power (difference between

the measured signal and the reference signal).

Composite EVM

Shows the composite EVM of each time slot in %.






9.7.6.1 Using the Channel Search

The R&S FSH-K48E supports the analysis of the code domain power of all channels.

Thus, it needs to detect active and inactive channels in the code domain automatically.

For a quick and basic analysis of the signal, you can turn off the channel search. The

R&S FSH in that case evaluates several basic parameters in the Result Summary.

If you turn the channel search on, the I/Q data is also analyzed in the code domain.

Thus, the measurement consumes slightly more time, but yields more results.



► Select the "Channel Search On - Normal" menu item.

The R&S FSH turns the channel search on.

Note that the R&S FSH automatically turns on the channel search when you are using

the Code Domain Power result display or the Code Domain Channel Table.

Measurements without channel search

Measurements without channel search are only possible for result displays that do not

analyze the code domain.

In the Result Summary only results that do not require analysis in the code domain are

displayed.

9.7.6.2 Specifying the Scrambling Code

To demodulate a 3GPP signal, you have to know the scrambling code of the base

station you are testing.

You can enter the scrambling code manually or let the R&S FSH automatically find the

right scrambling code(s).

Defining the scrambling code manually



► Select the "Set Code Manually…" menu item.

► Enter the scrambling code of the base station you are testing.




Performing a search for the scrambling code

If you don't know the scrambling code, the R&S FSH is able to determine the

scrambling code of one or more 3GPP base stations by itself.



► Select the "[ ] Auto" menu item in the "Scrambling Code" category.

With each sweep, the R&S FSH starts a search for the scrambling code. If it finds

the code, the synchronization will be successful. If not, the synchronization fails.

9.7.6.3 Selecting the Maximum Number of Users

The TD-SCDMA standard allows the assignment of resources to a variable number of

users (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 or 16). The maximum number of users is determined by the

number of midamble shifts K in a particular time slot.

You can enter the number of midamble shifts manually or let the R&S FSH

automatically determine the number of midamble shifts.

Defining the number of users manually



► Select the "Set K Manually…" menu item.

► Enter the maximum number of allowed users.

Performing a search for the current number of users

If you don't know the number of users currently served, the R&S FSH is able to

determine the supported number of users by itself.



► Select the "[ ] Auto" menu item in the "Maximum Users (K)" category.

With each sweep, the R&S FSH starts a search for the supported maximum

number of users.




9.7.6.4 Defining the Switching Point

A TD-SCDMA subframe contains two switching points where the signal switches from

downlink to uplink or vice versa. The first switching point is fix after the guard period of

the special time slot, the second switching point is arbitrary and is between one of the

last six time slots. The switch point is thus a number between 0 and 6.



► Select the "Set Switch Point Manually" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to enter the switching point.

► Enter the number of the time slot after which the switching point occurs.

9.7.6.5 Selecting a Time Slot

In the several result result displays, the R&S FSH shows the power of a particular time

slot. By default, the R&S FSH shows the results for slot 0.



► Select the "Slot Number" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to select the slot.

► Enter the number of the timeslot you want to analyze.


Note that you can select only slots that are assigned to the downlink. The location of

downlink slots is defined by the switching point.

9.7.6.6 Changing the Code Power

By default, the application displays the absolute power of the code channels in the

Code Domain Power result display. Alternatively, you can display the power relative to

the RF channel power.



► Select the "Relative to RF Channel Power" menu item.

The code domain power values are now relative to the RF channel power.




9.7.6.7 Selecting a Code Channel

The "Code Domain Analyzer" contains results for a particular code channel. By default,

the R&S FSH shows the results for the first active code channel in the analyzed time

slot.



► Select the "Code Channel" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to select a code channel.

► Enter the number of the code channel you want to analyze.


The bar of the currently selected code channel is highlighted in red.

9.7.6.8 Selecting the Phase Characteristics of the Code Channels

The phase of the code channels is either fixed or arbitrary.



► Select the "Fixed" or the "Arbitrary" menu item.

In "Fixed" mode, the phase of all code channels has to be the same.

In "Arbitrary" mode, the phase of the code channels is allowed to rotate.


If possible, you should synchronize the receiver and the transmitter.






9.7.6.10 Selecting the Unit for EVM Results

EVM results are usually calculated either in % or in dB.



► Select either the "%" or "dB" menu item.

The R&S FSH shows the EVM in the unit you have selected.


Measurements on LTE Signals


9.8 Measurements on LTE Signals

Equipped with the software application R&S FSH-K50 and R&S FSH-K51, you can

perform measurements on downlink LTE FDD (R&S FSH-K50) and TDD (R&S FSH-

K51) signals in accordance to the 3GPP standard with your R&S FSH.

Bandwidth of LTE signals

Because of the bandwidth of LTE signals, measurements are possible only with

instruments that support a bandwidth of 20 MHz (serial numbers 105000 and higher).



► Select the "LTE-FDD BTS" menu item for FDD measurements.

► Select the "TD-LTE BTS" menu item for TDD measurements.









numerical form.



3 General settings




5 Global results

6 Allocation summary or reference signal overview

7 LTE softkey menu

Contents of the Result Summary

Note that the contents of the last block of results in the Result Summary depend on the

"Antenna Settings".

● Over-the-air (MIMO):

Reference Signal Overview.

● Over-the-air (SISO) and measurements on a single antenna (MIMO)

Allocation Summary.






page 240.


Ch BW

Shows the current base channel bandwidth and number of resource blocks (RB).

For more information see "Selecting the Channel Bandwidth" on page 319.

UL / DL

Shows the configuration of the subframes in a radio frame for TDD systems.

For more information see "Selecting the Subframe Configuration for TDD Signals" on

page 320.

Cell [Grp/ID]

Shows the identity of the radio cell that is tested. If you enter a specific cell identity, the

numbers in brackets show the group the cell identity belongs to and the ID in that

group.

For more information see "Selecting the Cell Identity" on page 319.

Cyclic Prefix

Shows the type of cyclic prefix in use.

For more information see "Selecting the Cyclic Prefix" on page 319.

Antenna

Shows the current antenna configuration.

For more information see "Selecting the MIMO Configuration" on page 321.

Subframes

Shows the number of subframes the R&S FSH records and analyzes during a single

sweep.

Trigger










results evaluate the total signal over the period of one frame. The global results also

contain information about the quality of the measured signal of up to one frame. The

exact amount of data that is analyzed depends on the number of selected subframes.

RF Channel Power

Shows the total power of the currently measured LTE signal.

The channel power includes all subcarriers covered by the channel bandwidth. Signal

power outside the channel bandwidth is not included in the total power, even if it is

visible in the spectrum overview.



Overall EVM

Shows the overall EVM of the signal.

The overall EVM includes all signal components, regardless of the modulation or

channel type.

Carrier Freq Error



322.


data sheet.

Sync Signal Power

Shows the power of the synchronization signal.

For more information see "Selecting the Synchronization Signal" on page 321.

OSTP

Shows the OSTP of the signal.

RSRP (3GPP TS 36.214)

Shows the Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP).

The RSRP is the average power of the cell-specific reference signals. It is calculated

over all subcarriers and the complete channel bandwidth.

Note that the R&S FSH bases its calculation of the RSRP on the channel bandwidth

you have selected for measurement, not the channel bandwidth it actually receives.




Frame Offset

Shows the time difference between the (sub)frame start and capture buffer start.

Occupied Bandwidth

Shows the occupied bandwidth of the signal in Hz.

You can control if the occupied bandwidth is measured or not. By default, it is not.



► Select the "[ ] Occupied Bandwidth" menu item.

The R&S FSH determines the occupied bandwidth in addition to the other global

results. When the measurement has been turned on, the menu item is marked by

an [X].

Cell Identity [Grp/ID]

Shows the cell identity, cell group and cell ID the current results correspond to.


Cyclic Prefix

Shows the cyclic prefix the current results correspond to.

For more information see "Selecting the Cyclic Prefix" on page 319.

Traffic Activity


SINR

Shows the Signal to Interference and Noise ratio.

The SINR is the ratio of the signal power and the sum of interference and noise power.

RSSI (3GPP TS 36.214)

Shows the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI).

The RSSI is the complete signal power of the channel that has been measured,

regardless of the origin of the signal.




RSRQ (3GPP TS 36.214)

Shows the Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ).

The RSRQ is the ratio of the RSRP and the RSSI.

I/Q Offset

Shows the power at spectral line 0 normalized to the total transmitted power.

The I/Q offset may be an indicator for a baseband DC offset or for carrier leakage.

9.8.1.3 Allocation Summary

The allocation summary becomes active when you have set the MIMO settings to a

specific antenna connected by cable. The allocation summary contains the results for

specific aspects of the signal like channels and modulation.

For each value, the R&S FSH shows the power in dBm and the average error vector

magnitude (EVM). For more information see "Configuring EVM Results" on page 322.

All results in the allocation summary are normalized to one resource element or one

subcarrier, respectively.

Ref Signal

Power and EVM of the reference signal.

The R&S FSH evaluates the results over all resource blocks and subframes.

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM

Power and EVM of the data channels (PDSCH) that you are measuring.

The R&S FSH evaluates the results over all resource blocks and subframes of the

respective modulation.

P-SYNC, S-SYNC, PBCH, PCFICH

Power and EVM of the corresponding channel.




9.8.1.4 Reference Signal Overview

The reference signal overview becomes active when you perform over-the-air MIMO

measurements. The reference signal overview contains the power and EVM for each

antenna. The number of results depends on the number of antennas you are

measuring (1, 2 or 4).

In addition, the R&S FSH shows the Time Alignment Error vor each antenna. The Time

Alignment Error is the deviation of an antenna from the reference antenna. The

reference antenna is antenna 1.

The power values are normalized to one resource element or one subcarrier

respectively. The R&S FSH evaluates the results over all resource blocks and

subframes.

If you know the cell ID, you can synchronize the R&S FSH with the reference signal.

Synchronizing with the reference signal



► Select the "Reference Signal" menu item.

The R&S FSH synchronizes itself with the reference signal.




9.8.2 The Result Summary for Carrier Aggregation

The R&S FSH supports measurements on LTE signals with carrier aggregation. In that

case, you can define and analyze the characteristics of up to five component carriers.

The results are displayed in a separate result summary for carrier aggregation.


► Select the "Carrier Aggregation" menu item.

The R&S FSH starts the result summary.

When you start the measurement, the R&S FSH performs a measurement on each

carrier and displays the results.

For each component carrier, the R&S FSH displays several results that are similar to

those displayed in the regular result summary. The size of the table depends on the

number of selected carriers. For more information about the results see "The Result

Summary" on page 307.

For more information about configuring component carriers see "Configuring

Component Carriers" on page 323.




9.8.3 The Constellation Diagram

If you equip the R&S FSH with option R&S FSH-K50E or -K51E, the constellation

diagram becomes available to visualize the results in a diagram.


► Select the "Constellation Diagram" menu item.

The R&S FSH starts the constellation diagram.

Screen layout of the constellation diagram



3 Color map

4 Diagram area

5 Currently selected allocation

6 LTE softkey menu

The constellation diagram shows the location of the transmitted symbols in the

complex plane. It is therefore an indicator of the quality of the modulation of the signal.

By default, the result display shows the symbol locations over all allocations. In that

case, the R&S FSH distinguishes modulation schemes used in the transmission of

data channels by using different colors.

● QPSK modulation

● 16QAM modulation



For easy identification of the pilot, synchronization and control channels in the diagram,

the R&S FSH also uses different colors.

● PSYNC

● SSYNC

● Control channels with QPSK modulation




In addition to an overview of all allocations, you can also view the constellations of

particular channels or modulation schemes.


► Select the "Show Allocations…" menu item.

(The "Show Ideal Points" menu item shows the ideal symbol locations as a

guideline.)

► Select the allocation type you want to see the results for.

The R&S FSH adjusts the contents of the diagram and shows the channel you

have selected to the right of the diagram.




9.8.4 The BTS Scanner

If you equip the R&S FSH with option R&S FSH-K50E or -K51E, the BTS scanner

becomes available.

If you are measuring over-the-air (OTA) signals, you can use the BTS scanner to

identify base stations in the area. Every base station is identified by its Cell ID. The

BTS Scanner shows the Cell ID for every base station it has detected. For every base

station it also shows the power graphically (each yellow bar represents an active and

detected base station) and numerically in a table above the diagram. The table also

shows the power of the S-SYNC or P-SYNC of the basestation.

Trace modes

Note that the BTS Scanner supports several trace modes.

If you are using a trace mode other than Clear / Write, the bars depicting the Cell ID







9.8.5 The Resource Allocations Result Display

If you equip the R&S FSH with option R&S FSH-K50E or -K51E, the resource

allocations result display becomes available to visualize the results in a diagram.


► Select the "Resource Allocations" menu item.

The R&S FSH shows the resource allocation.

Screen layout of the resource allocations result display



3 Color map

4 Diagram area

5 General signal information

6 LTE softkey menu

The resource allocations result display shows the power of each resource element in

the signal. Each row of the diagram corresponds to a resource block. The columns

represent a subframe each.

The resource allocation is thus a good way to measure the amount of traffic currently

on the carrier based on the power levels of each resource block.

The power of the resource elements is represented by colors, with a map showing the

corresponding power levels next to the diagram. By default, the R&S FSH

automatically scales the color map according the signal powers it receives.




Customizing the color map

Alternatively, you can customize the color map and customize it for over-the-air

measurements and cable connected measurements separately.


► Select the "Over-The-Air Maximum…" or the "Over-The-Air-Minimum…" menu item

to define a color map for over-the-air measurements.

► Select the "Cable Connected Maximum…" or the "Cable Connected Minimum…"

menu item to define a color map for cable connected measurements.

In both cases, the "Minimum…" menu item defines the lower threshold of the color

map while the "Maximum…" menu item defines the upper threshold of the color

map. The threshold is the minimum or maximum signal level that is included in the

color map.

The application also allows you to select the color scheme.


► Select the "Color Table" menu item.


► Select the color scheme you want.






9.8.6.1 Selecting the Channel Bandwidth

The LTE standard specifies the following bandwidths with the appropriate number of

resource blocks.

Channel bandwidth (MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20

Number of resource blocks 6 15 25 50 75 100



► Select the "Channel Bandwidth" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a submenu to select the bandwidth.

► Select one of the bandwidths available in the menu.

The R&S FSH sets the bandwidth you have entered and calculates the

corresponding number of resource blocks according to the standard.

9.8.6.2 Selecting the Cyclic Prefix

The cyclic prefix serves as a guard interval between OFDM symbols to avoid

interferences. The cyclic prefix is either "Normal" (slot contains 7 OFDM symbols),

"Extended" (slot contains 6 OFDM symbols) or "Auto" (the application automatically

detects the type of cyclic prefix).



► Select either the "Normal", "Extended" or "Auto" menu item.

9.8.6.3 Selecting the Cell Identity

The cell ID, cell identity group and physical layer identity are interdependent

parameters. In combination they are responsible for synchronization between network

and user equipment.

The LTE standard defines 504 unique physical-layer cell identities. These are split in

168 cell identity groups with 3 unique identities per group.

In the default state, the R&S FSH automatically detects the cell identity, its group and

ID. If you need results for a specific identity, you can also select it manually.




Setting the cell ID



► Select the "Cell Identity" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the cell identity.

► Enter a number between 0 and 503 to set the cell identity.

Setting the cell group and the cell ID



► First, select the "Group" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to select a cell group.

► Enter a number between 0 and 167 to select a cell identity group.


► Select the "ID…" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to select an ID.

► Enter a number between 0 and 2 to select an ID.

The R&S FSH now shows the results to that cell identity.

Selecting automatic detection of the cell ID



► Select the "Auto" menu item in the "Physical Layer Cell Identity" category.

9.8.6.4 Selecting the Subframe Configuration for TDD Signals

According to the standard, the R&S FSH provides 7 configurations that each covers a

complete LTE frame and consists of 10 subframes.



► Select the "UL/DL Configuration" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a submenu that contains the configurations.

► Select the TDD configuration you need.




Each configuration is made up out of 10 of the following abbreviations:

● "D" stands for a downlink subframe

● "U" stands for a uplink subframe

● "S" stands for a special subframe

A configuration for a frame therefore would be, e.g. "DSUUU DSUUU".

Note that this is available with option R&S FSH-K51 (TDD measurements) only.

9.8.6.5 Selecting the Synchronization Signal

The synchronization signal selects the way the R&S FSH synchronizes to the LTE

signal. By default, the R&S FSH automatically determines the type of synchronization

signal to use.

Alternatively, you can select the synchroniztaion signal manually. You can either

synchronize to the PSYNC or SSYNC signals or synchronize to the reference signal.


► Select the PSYNC/SSYNC menu item.

The R&S FSH synchronizes to the PSYNC or SSYNC.

► Select the "Reference Signal" menu item.

The R&S FSH synchronizes to the reference signal. For more information see

"Reference Signal Overview" on page 312.

9.8.6.6 Selecting the MIMO Configuration

You can perform measurements on equipment with 1, 2 or 4 transmission antennas.

For measurements on base stations with one or two transmit antennas it is possible to

perform detailed measurements on single antennas via cable connection.

Because the reference signals of the different antennas are orthogonal, it is possible to

determine and display their power and EVM during over-the-air measurements.


► Press the "Antenna Settings" softkey.

► Select the menu item that corresponds to the setup of the equipment you are

measuring.

If you want to measure a specific antenna, select the antenna number. Note that

selecting a specific antenna in multiple antenna systems is available only for 2-antenna

systems.

If you want to measure all antennas of the system, select the "Over-the-air" menu item.














9.8.6.8 Configuring EVM Results

In case of the EVM, you can define the unit of the EVM and EVM calculation method.

To obtain EVM values according to standard, the channel estimation and EVM

windowing methods defined in 3GPP TS 36.141 are used. Prerequisites for a standard

compliant measurement are signals according to the enhanced test models defined in

36.141 and an external frequency reference delivered via the Ref In connector or via

GPS. The EVM according to standard measurement is mainly useful for high accuracy

signal quality measurements with cable-connected eNodeB antenna ports. The

measurement takes longer but the EVM value incorporates more signal errors like

inter-symbol-interference.

If the EVM is not measured with the “EVM According to Standard” option enabled,

optimum channel estimation and EVM calculation methods are used. Especially for

over-the-air measurements this setting is useful since influences of the air interface like

inter-symbol-interference are compensated. Additionally this mode is faster.

Selecting the unit of the EVM





Displaying the EVM according to standard



► Select the "EVM According to Standard" menu item.

If the R&S FSH displays the EVM according to standard, the menu item is marked

by an [X].




9.8.6.9 Configuring Component Carriers

When you are performing measurements on systems with carrier aggregation, the

R&S FSH allows you to define several characteristics for each component carrier.

Selecting the number of component carriers

The R&S FSH supports measurements on up to five component carriers.



► Select the "Number of Carriers" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to select the number of component carriers.

► Enter the number of component carriers in your system.

The R&S FSH adjusts the size of the result summary accordingly: each carrier is

represented by one column in the result summary table.

► Alternatively, press the FREQ key, and select the number of carriers via the

"Number of Carriers" softkey.

Defining the frequency of the component carrier

Each component carrier in the system is transmitted on a different frequency. Thus,

you have to provide their frequencies for valid measurement results.


► Press the "Select Carrier" softkey.

► Select the carrier you want to define the frequency for ("Carrier <x>" menu item).


The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the frequency.

► Enter the frequency of the component carrier.

Defining the bandwidth of the carriers

You can select a different bandwidth for each component carrier in the system.



► Select the "Channel BW Carrier <x>" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens a submenu to select the channel bandwidth.

► Select the required bandwidth.

The available bandwidth for component carriers are the same as those for

measurements on regular systems.




Selecting the MIMO configuration of the component carriers

You can select a different MIMO configuration (number of antennas) for each

component carrier.


► Press the "Select Carrier" softkey.

► Select the carrier you want to define the frequency for ("Carrier <x>" menu item).



► Select the MIMO configuration for the selected carrier.

You can see the MIMO configuration of each carrier in the result summary for

carrier aggregation ("Antenna" row).











Measurements on NB-IoT Signals


9.9 Measurements on NB-IoT Signals


on downlink LTE NB-IoT signals in accordance to the 3GPP standard with your

R&S FSH.

Bandwidth of LTE signals

Because of the bandwidth of LTE signals, measurements are possible only with

instruments that support a bandwidth of 20 MHz (serial numbers 105000 and higher).



► Select the "LTE-FDD NB-IoT" menu item.




Spectrum overview

For in band and guard band deployment, the spectrum overview result display shows

the spectrum of the complete LTE carrier rather than the NB-IoT carrier only. The

location of the NB-IoT carrier is indicated by a two vertical blue lines.

For more information about the spectrum overview see "The Spectrum Overview" on

page 245.






numerical form.



3 General settings




5 Global results

6 Allocation summary

7 NB-IoT softkey menu



page 240.


Center

Shows the current center frequency of the R&S FSH.

For inband and guardband deployment, the displayed frequency is the center

frequency of the LTE carrier.

For standalone deployment, the displayed frequency is the center frequency of the NB-

IoT carrier.




IoT BW / LTE BW

Shows the bandwidth of the NB-IoT carrier (standalone deployment) or the LTE carrier

that contains the NB-IoT carrier (inband and guardband deployment).

Note that the NB-IoT channel always has a bandwidth of 180 kHz (1RB), regardless of

the deployment.

For more information see "Defining the LTE Channel Bandwidth" on page 333.

Antenna

Shows the current antenna configuration.

For more information see "Selecting the Antenna Configuration" on page 335.

Deployment

Shows the currently selected deployment.

For more information see "Selecting the Deployment" on page 332.

Trigger





SEQ / PRB

Inband and guardband deployment only.

Shows the current E-UTRA CRS sequence info and E-UTRA PRB index.

For more information see "Selecting the CRS Sequence and PRB Index" on page 333.

IoT Freq Offset

Inband and guardband deployment only.

Shows the frequency offset of the NB-IoT channel relative to the center frequency of

the E-UTRA channel. The frequency offset of the NB-IoT channel is defined by the

CRS sequence info and the PRB index.

Subframes

Shows the number of subframes currently analyzed.

For more information see "Defining the Number of Subframes to Analyze" on page

335.






results evaluate the total signal over the period of one frame. The global results also

contain information about the quality of the measured signal of up to one frame. The

exact amount of data that is analyzed depends on the number of selected subframes.

IoT Channel Power

Shows the total power of the currently measured NB-IoT channel.

The channel power includes all NB-IoT subcarriers covered by the channel bandwidth.

Signal power outside the NB-IoT channel bandwidth is not included in the total power,

even if it is visible in the spectrum overview.



Overall EVM

Shows the overall EVM of the signal.

The overall EVM includes all signal components, regardless of the modulation or

channel type.

Carrier Freq Error



335.


data sheet.

Sync Signal Power

Shows the power of the synchronization signal (NPSS and NSSS).

OSTP

Shows the OSTP of the signal.

Frame Offset

Shows the time difference between the (sub)frame start and capture buffer start.

NCell ID [Grp/ID]

Shows the cell identity, cell group and cell ID the current results correspond to.


Traffic Activity





SINR

Shows the Signal to Interference and Noise ratio.

The SINR is the ratio of the signal power and the sum of interference and noise power.

RSSI (3GPP TS 36.214)

Shows the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI).

The RSSI is the complete signal power of the channel that has been measured,

regardless of the origin of the signal.

9.9.1.3 Allocation Summary

The allocation summary becomes active when you have set the MIMO settings to a

specific antenna connected by cable. The allocation summary contains the results for

specific aspects of the signal like channels and modulation.

For each value, the R&S FSH shows the power in dBm and the average error vector

magnitude (EVM). For more information see "Configuring EVM Results" on page 336.

All results in the allocation summary are normalized to one resource element or one

subcarrier, respectively.

NRS

Power and EVM of the reference signal.

The R&S FSH evaluates the results over all resource blocks and subframes.

QPSK

Power and EVM of the data channels (NPDSCH) that you are measuring.

The R&S FSH evaluates the results over all resource blocks and subframes of the

respective modulation.

NPSS, NSSS, NPBCH

Power and EVM of the corresponding channel.




9.9.2 The Constellation Diagram

The constellation diagram shows the location of the transmitted symbols in the

complex plane. It is therefore an indicator of the quality of the modulation of the signal.


► Select the "Constellation Diagram" menu item.

The R&S FSH starts the constellation diagram.

Screen layout of the constellation diagram



3 Color map

4 Diagram area

5 Carrier information

6 NB-IoT softkey menu

By default, the result display shows the symbol locations over all allocations. In that

case, the R&S FSH distinguishes modulation schemes used in the transmission of

data channels by using different colors.

● QPSK modulation

For easy identification of the pilot, synchronization and control channels in the diagram,

the R&S FSH also uses different colors.

● PSSS

● NSSS

● Control channels with QPSK modulation




In addition to an overview of all allocations, you can also view the constellations of

particular channels or modulation schemes.


► Press the "Constell Settings" softkey.

► Select the "Show Allocations…" menu item.

(The "Show Ideal Points" menu item shows the ideal symbol locations as a

guideline.)

► Select the allocation type you want to see the results for.

The R&S FSH adjusts the contents of the diagram and shows the channel you

have selected to the right of the diagram.






9.9.3.1 Selecting the Deployment

The 3GPP standard specifies several operating modes, or deployment. The

deployment specifies where the NB-IoT signal is located in the frequency spectrum.

● "In Band"

The NB-IoT signal uses resource blocks within an LTE carrier.

● "Guard Band"

The NB-IoT signal uses the resource blocks of the guard band of an LTE carrier.

● "Standalone" / "Standalone (Adjacent)"

The NB-IoT signal uses its own band outside of an LTE band, for example a

frequency band currently used by GSM. With a carrier bandwidth of 200 kHz in

GSM, there is enough room for an NB-IoT carrier (180 kHz), including a guard

interval of 10 kHz on both sides of the carrier.

Note: Select "Standalone (Adjacent)" if the standalone NB-IoT carrier is adjacent

to another channel, for example a GSM or WCDMA carrier. The application

automatically turns on a multicarrier filter to filter out interferences of the adjacent

channel during signal analysis.



► Select the "Deployment" menu item.

► Select the deployment of your system.

Turning the multicarrier filter on and off

You can also use the NB-IoT multicarrier filter for the other deployments if there are

interfering signals close to the NB-IoT channel.



► Select the "NB-IoT Filter" menu item.

The R&S FSH applies the filter to attenuate signals outside the NB-IoT bandwidth

and remove them from the results.




9.9.3.2 Defining the LTE Channel Bandwidth

For inband and guardband deployment, you have to define the bandwidth of the LTE

carrier that includes the NB-IoT channel.



► Select the "LTE Channel bandwidth" menu item.

► Select the LTE channel bandwidth (3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz or 20 MHz).

Note that the 1.4 MHz bandwidth is not supported for transmission of a NB-IoT

channel.

9.9.3.3 Selecting the CRS Sequence and PRB Index

The CRS sequence defines the assignment of resources between LTE and NB-IoT.

These sequences are defined in 3GPP 36.213, chapter 16.8.

For inband deployment, the physical resource block (PRB) index is derived from the

E-UTRA CRS sequence info. It defines the location of the NB-IoT carriers in the

E-UTRA signal.

For guardband deployment, you have to select PRB indices that lie outside the

E-UTRA carrier.

Selecting the CRS sequence

(Only for in band deployment.)



► Select the "CRS Sequence Info" menu item.

► Select the sequence info of your system.

Defining the PRB index

(Only for in band and guard band deployment.)



► Select the "PRB Index" menu item.

► Define the PRB index you need.

Note that the values you can select are predefined.

In case of in band deployment, changing the PRB index also changes the CRS

sequence, and vice versa.




9.9.3.4 Defining a PRB Symbol Offset

(Only for in band and guard band deployment.)

The PRB Symbol Offset specifies the symbol offset of the NPDSCH allocations relative

to the subframe start. This setting applies to all subframes in a frame.



► Select the "PRB Symbol Offset" menu item.

► Define the PRB symbol offset you need.

9.9.3.5 Selecting the Cell Identity

The NCell ID, NCell identity group and physical layer identity are interdependent

parameters. In combination they are responsible for synchronization between network

and user equipment.

The NB-IoT standard defines 504 unique physical-layer cell identities. These are split

in 168 cell identity groups with 3 unique identities per group.

In the default state, the R&S FSH automatically detects the cell identity, its group and

ID. If you need results for a specific identity, you can also select it manually.

Setting the cell ID



► Select the "Cell Identity" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to define the cell identity.

► Enter a number between 0 and 503 to set the cell identity.

Setting the cell group and the cell ID



► First, select the "Group" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to select a cell group.

► Enter a number between 0 and 167 to select a cell identity group.


► Select the "ID…" menu item.

The R&S FSH opens an input field to select an ID.

► Enter a number between 0 and 2 to select an ID.

The R&S FSH now shows the results to that cell identity.




Selecting automatic detection of the cell ID



► Select the "Auto" menu item in the "Physical Layer Cell Identity" category.

9.9.3.6 Defining the Number of Subframes to Analyze

The NB-IoT frame consists of 10 subframes with a length of 1 ms each. By default, the

R&S FSH captures and analyzes all 10 subframes. However, you can select to capture

less subframes.



► Select the "Subframes To Analyze" menu item.

► Define the number of subframes you want to analyze (1 to 10).


9.9.3.7 Selecting the Antenna Configuration

The antenna configuration selects the type of measurement, You can either measure

the signal quality in a conducted setup by connecting the R&S FSH to the base station

with a cable or over-the-air.



► Select the menu item that corresponds to the setup of the equipment you are

measuring.

● "Over-The-Air": Capture and analyze the data with an antenna connected to the

RF input.

● "Connected to Tx1": Capture and analyze the data from the DUT connected with a

cable to the RF input.














9.9.3.9 Configuring EVM Results

In case of the EVM, you can define the unit of the EVM and EVM calculation method.

To obtain EVM values according to standard, the channel estimation and EVM

windowing methods defined in 3GPP TS 36.141 are used. Prerequisites for a standard

compliant measurement are signals according to the enhanced test models defined in

36.141 and an external frequency reference delivered via the Ref In connector or via

GPS. The EVM according to standard measurement is mainly useful for high accuracy

signal quality measurements with cable-connected eNodeB antenna ports. The

measurement takes longer but the EVM value incorporates more signal errors like

inter-symbol-interference.

If the EVM is not measured with the “EVM According to Standard” option enabled,

optimum channel estimation and EVM calculation methods are used. Especially for

over-the-air measurements this setting is useful since influences of the air interface like

inter-symbol-interference are compensated. Additionally this mode is faster.

Selecting the unit of the EVM





Displaying the EVM according to standard



► Select the "EVM According to Standard" menu item.

If the R&S FSH displays the EVM according to standard, the menu item is marked

by an [X].










R&S FSH Menu and Softkey Overview

General Functions


10 Menu and Softkey Overview

This chapter shows an overview of all instrument functions in the form of softkey and

menu overviews.

10.1 General Functions

General functions are those that are available for all operating modes.

10.1.1 General R&S FSH Setup

The SETUP key opens the setup menu that contains functionality to set up the

R&S FSH in general and functionality to set up the measurement.


General Functions


10.1.2 File Management

The SAVE/RECALL key opens the file manager that contains functionality to manage

datasets and other files.

10.1.3 Operating Mode Selection

The MODE key opens the mode menu that contains functionality to select the

operating mode of the R&S FSH.


Functions of the Spectrum Analyzer


10.2 Functions of the Spectrum Analyzer

This section contains all softkeys and menus that are available in spectrum analyzer

mode.

10.2.1 Measurement Selection

The MEAS key opens the measurement menu that contains functionality to select and

configure the measurement.

The spectrogram is available only if you have installed option R&S FSH-K14.

Channel Power




Occupied Bandwith

TDMA Power

Spectrum Emission Mask

Spurious Emission

Harmonic Distortion

AM Modulation Depth




Spectrogram

Spectrogram Playback




10.2.2 Frequency Parameters

The FREQ key opens the frequency menu that contains functionality to set up the

horizontal axis of the measurement diagram.

10.2.3 Span Selection

The SPAN key opens the span menu that contains functionality to set the span.

10.2.4 Amplitude Parameters

The AMPT key opens the amplitude menu that contains functionality to set up the

vertical axis of the measurement diagram.




10.2.5 Sweep Configuration

The SWEEP key opens a menu that contains all functionality to configure the sweep.

10.2.6 Bandwidth Selection

The BW key opens a menu that contains all functionality to set the bandwidths.

10.2.7 Trace Functionality

The TRACE key opens the trace menu that contains functionality to set up the traces.

10.2.8 Display and Limit Lines

The LINES key opens a menu that contains the functionality to control display and limit

lines.




10.2.9 Markers

The MARKER and MKR keys open a menus to control markers and use marker

functions.

Softkey in the Marker Menu

Softkeys in the Marker To Menu


Functions of the Network Analyzer


10.3 Functions of the Network Analyzer

This section contains all softkeys and menus that are available in network analyzer

mode.

Vector network analyzer functionality is available only with option R&S FSH-K42.

10.3.1 Measurement Configuration























10.3.8 Limit Lines

The LINES key opens a menu that contains the functionality to control limit lines.

10.3.9 Markers


functions.







Functions of the Power Meter


10.4 Functions of the Power Meter

This section contains all softkeys and menus that are available in power meter mode.

10.4.1 Power Meter Measurements

The MEAS key opens a menu that contains the functionality to configure

measurements with the power meter.

Power Meter

Directional Power Meter


The FREQ key opens a menu that contains the functionality to set the frequency.





The AMPT key contains functionality to configure level parameters.


The SWEEP key opens a menu that contains functionality to configure the sweep.

Power Meter and Directional Power Meter

Pulse Power Measurements




10.4.5 Bandwidth Configuration

The BW key opens a menu that contains functionality to configure the bandwidth. This

is only available with Pulse Power Measurements.

10.4.6 Trace Configuration

The TRACE key opens a menu that contains functionality to configure the trace. This is

only available with Pulse Power Measurements.


Functions of the Distance-to-Fault Mode


10.5 Functions of the Distance-to-Fault Mode

This section contains all softkeys and menus that are available in distance-to-fault

mode.

Distance-to-fault functionality is available with option R&S FSH-K41.


The MEAS key opens the measurement menu that contains functionality to select and configure the measurement.






DTF measurements




Reflection and spectrum measurements













10.5.8 Markers


functions.




Functions of the Receiver Mode


10.6 Functions of the Receiver Mode

This section contains all softkeys and menus that are available in receiver mode.

Receiver functionality is available with option R&S FSH-K43.




Single frequency measurements

Channel scans





















10.6.8 Markers


functions.

Softkeys in the Marker Menu



Functions of the Interference Analyzer (Map Mode)


10.7 Functions of the Interference Analyzer (Map Mode)

This section contains all softkeys and menus that are available in the Maps mode of

the interference analyzer.

Map mode functionality is available only with options R&S FSH-K15 and / or -K16..








Functions of the Interference Analyzer (Map Mode)












Functions of the Digital Modulation Analyzer


10.8 Functions of the Digital Modulation Analyzer

This section contains all softkeys and menus that are available in digital modulation

mode.

Digital modulation functionality is available only with one of the corresponding options.


The MEAS key opens the measurement menu that contains functionality to select and configure the measurement.

GSM

3GPP WCDMA




CDMA2000

1xEV-DO

TD-SCDMA




LTE FDD and TDD

LTE NB-IoT










3GPP WCDMA, TD-SCDMA and LTE FDD / TDD

GSM, CDMA2000 and 1xEV-DO






3GPP WCDMA and TD-SCDMA

GSM, CDMA2000, 1xEV-DO, LTE FDD/TDD and NB-IoT



3GPP WCDMA and LTE (Spectrum Overview and Isotropic Antenna only)

GSM, CDMA2000 and 1xEV-DO (Spectrum Overview only)

TD-SCDMA (Spectrum Overview only)




3GPP WCDMA (BTS Scanner only)

TD-SCDMA (Sync ID only)

R&S FSH How a Spectrum Analyzer Works



11 How a Spectrum Analyzer Works

Basically, it is possible to measure and analyze RF signals either in the time domain or

the frequency domain.

Measurements in the time domain show signal variations over time. You can perform

these with an oscilloscope, for example. Measurements in the frequency domain show

the frequency components of a signal. To perform measurements in the frequency

domain, you can use a spectrum analyzer.

Both modes are essentially equivalent because applying the Fourier transform to any

signal converts it into its spectral components. Depending on the signal characteristic

to be measured, one method is usually more appropriate than the other. With an

oscilloscope, it is possible to tell whether a signal is a sine wave, a square wave with a

certain on/off ratio or a sawtooth wave. However, detecting superimposed low-level

signals or monitoring the harmonic content of the signal is easier with a spectrum or

signal analyzer.

Figure 11-1 shows the theoretical basis of the two measurement methods. In the time

domain, an oscilloscope would, for example, show a section of the signal that is a

square wave. The same signal, when viewed with a spectrum analyzer, would show a

line spectrum (the fundamental and its harmonics).

Figure 11-1: Visualization of time domain and frequency domain

Applying the Fourier transform to the periodic square wave transforms it into the

frequency domain. The spectrum analyzer would show the fundamental (or frequency

of the square wave) and its harmonics.

The spectrum analyzer uses a narrow bandpass filter for measurements in the

frequency domain. Only at frequencies containing a signal there is a reading that gives

the amplitude of the frequency component.

Figure 11-2 shows the basic principle of how a spectrum analyzer works.




Figure 11-2: Block diagram showing the basic functionality of a spectrum analyzer

The precision attenuator at the R&S FSH input attenuates the signal to a level that the

mixer can handle without overdriving the mixer. The attenuator is directly coupled to

the reference level. You can attenuate the signal in the range from 0 dB to 40 dB in

steps of 5 dB.

The mixer converts the RF signal to a fixed intermediate frequency (IF). This process

usually involves several stages. It lasts until you get an IF for which good narrowband

filters are available. The R&S FSH needs three mixing stages to get an IF that the filter

can handle. Figure 11-3 graphically shows the mixing process.

For models with a frequency limit of 3.6 GHz, the IFs are 4892.8 MHz, 860.8 MHz and

54.4 MHz. The conversion from a specific input frequency to the first IF is done by a

local oscillator (LO). This LO can be tuned from 4.8 GHz to 8.4 GHz. All other

conversions are handled by single-frequency oscillators.

In case of models with a frequency limit of 8 GHz, the IFs are 8924.8 MHz, 860.8 MHz

and 54.4 MHz. The conversion from the first to the second IF for these models is done

by a second local oscillator.

The frequency of the local oscillator determines the input frequency at which the

spectrum analyzer performs measurements:

fin = fLO – fIF.

The first mixer produces the sum frequency fLO + fin (= image frequency fimage) as well

as the difference frequency fLO – fin.

The image frequency is rejected by the bandpass at the IF so that it does not interfere

with the subsequent frequency conversions.

Figure 11-3: Mixing process




The first local oscillator is tuned with a sawtooth which simultaneously acts as the x

deflection voltage for the display. In practice, synthesizer technology is used to

generate the frequency of the first local oscillator and for a digital display.

The instantaneous sawtooth voltage therefore determines the input frequency of the

spectrum analyzer.

The bandwidth of the IF filter at the IF determines the bandwidth that is used for

measurements. Pure sine signals are passed by the IF filter characteristics. This

means that signals closer together than the bandwidth of the IF filter cannot be

resolved. This is why the bandwidth of the IF filter in a spectrum analyzer is referred to

as the resolution bandwidth. The R&S FSH has resolution bandwidths from 1 Hz to

3 MHz.

The bandlimited IF is passed to the envelope detector. The envelope detector removes

the IF from the signal and outputs its envelope. The output signal from the envelope

detector is referred to as the video signal. As it has been demodulated, it only contains

amplitude information. The phase information is lost.

With RF sine signals, the video signal is a DC voltage. With AM signals the video

signal contains a DC component whose amplitude corresponds to the carrier power

and an AC component whose frequency is equal to the modulation frequency, provided

the modulation frequency is inside the resolution bandwidth.

The video filter comes after the envelope detector. The filter is a lowpass with an

adjustable cutoff frequency which limits the bandwidth of the video signal. It is

particularly useful when sine signals are to be measured in the vicinity of the spectrum

analyzer’s intrinsic noise. The sine signal produces a video signal that is a DC voltage.

At the IF, however, the noise is distributed over the whole bandwidth or, in the case of

the video signal, over half the bandwidth of the resolution filter. By selecting a narrow

video bandwidth relative to the resolution bandwidth, the noise can be suppressed,

while the sine signal to be measured (= DC) is not affected.

The figures below show a weak sine signal. In the first picture, it is measured with a

large video bandwidth and in the second with a narrow video bandwidth.




Limiting the video bandwidth smoothes the trace considerably. This makes it much

easier to determine the level of the measured signal.

The detector comes after the video filter. The detector combines the measured

spectrum so that it can be represented as one pixel in the trace. The R&S FSH uses

631 pixels to form the trace, i.e. the whole measured spectrum has to be represented

using just 631 pixels. Common types of spectrum analyzer detectors are the peak

detector (PEAK), the sample detector (SAMPLE) and the RMS detector (RMS). An

Auto Peak detector which simultaneously displays the maximum peak and the

minimum peak is usually also provided. The Fig. below explains how these detectors

work.

The figure above shows 30 measured values which are represented by a single pixel.

The peak detector determines and displays the maximum measured value. The Auto

Peak detector takes the maximum and minimum and displays them together. The two

values are joined by a vertical line segment. This gives a good indication of the level

variation over the measured values represented by a single pixel. The RMS detector is

used by the spectrum analyzer to determine the RMS value of the measured values. It

is therefore a measure of the spectral power represented by a pixel. The sample

detector takes an arbitrary measurement value and displays it (in the Fig. above, the

first). The other measured values are ignored.




On the basis of the operating principles of detectors, a few recommendations can be

made as to their use.

● It is best to use the Auto Peak detector or the peak detector for spectrum analysis

over large frequency ranges. This ensures that all signals are displayed.

● The RMS detector is recommended for power measurements on modulated

signals. However, the display range should be chosen so as not to exceed 100

times the bandwidth of the signal or the resolution bandwidth, whichever is larger.

● The sample detector or the RMS detector (preferred) should be used for noise

measurements. Only these two detectors are capable of measuring noise power

correctly.

● When measurements are made on sine signals, the level display does not depend

on the detector. However, if you use the RMS detector or the sample detector,

ensure that the span is not too great. Otherwise, the displayed levels of sine

signals may be lower than their true value.

R&S FSH Index


Index 1xEV-DO ......................................................................... 284

carrier frequency error .................................................. 289

EVM ............................................................................. 287

PN offset ....................................................................... 289

power ........................................................................... 286

result summary ............................................................. 285

rho ................................................................................ 287

Tau ............................................................................... 287

6 dB bandwidth ................................................................ 237

ACLR

absolute results .............................................................. 70

adjacent channel............................................................. 67

channel bandwidth .......................................................... 68

channel spacing .............................................................. 68

limit check ....................................................................... 71

measurement configuration............................................. 67

measurement settings..................................................... 65

normalization .................................................................. 70

reference channel ........................................................... 70

relative results ................................................................ 70

standard ......................................................................... 67

transmission channel ...................................................... 67

Adjacent channel ............................................................... 67

Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR) .......................... 64

Adjust level

channel power ................................................................ 54

occupied bandwidth ........................................................ 58

TDMA power ................................................................... 62

Adjust settings

AM modulation depth ...................................................... 79

carrier-to-interference ................................................... 157

carrier-to-noise ............................................................. 156

harmonic distortion ......................................................... 77

AM demodulator .............................................................. 125

AM modulation depth ......................................................... 78

adjust settings ................................................................. 79

threshold ......................................................................... 79

Amplitude ................................................................. 100, 204

Antenna diversity ............................................................. 269

Attenuation ............................................... 102, 145, 225, 242

Audio demodulation

time .............................................................................. 126

volume .......................................................................... 126

Audio demodulator ........................................................... 125

Auto low noise/distortion .................................................. 102

Auto peak ........................................................................ 114

Auto span ........................................................................ 222

Automatic scaling ............................................................. 225

Average (detector) ........................................................... 235

Average trace .................................................................. 113

Averaging time ................................................................. 139

Band class ....................................................................... 240

Bandwidth ........................................................................ 104

resolution ...................................................................... 104

video ............................................................................. 105

Base station test ............... 248, 256, 271, 284, 290, 306, 325

Beeper ............................................................................. 129

BitReverse ....................................................................... 281

BSIC ................................................................................ 251

BTS scanner .................................................................... 316

Burst length ....................................................................... 62

Burst power ..................................................................... 253

Cable length .................................................................... 223

Cable loss ........................................................................ 216

Cable measurement

test setup ...................................................................... 212

Cable model .................................................................... 219

Cable tests....................................................................... 212

Calibration ........................................................ 182, 209, 218

state ............................................................................. 182

Calibration kit .................................................... 182, 186, 218

Calibration method ........................................................... 184

Calibration procedure ....................................................... 185

Carrier frequency error

1xEV-DO ...................................................................... 289

CDMA2000 ................................................................... 282

GSM ............................................................................. 255

LTE ............................................................................... 322

NB-IoT .......................................................................... 335

TD-SCDMA .................................................................. 305

W-CDMA ...................................................................... 258

Carrier-to-Interference ..................................................... 157

Carrier-to-Noise ............................................................... 156

CDMA2000 ...................................................................... 271


code order .................................................................... 281

EVM ..................................................................... 273, 293

PN offset ....................................................................... 283

power ........................................................................... 273

result summary ............................................................. 272

Rho ............................................................................... 273

synchronization ............................................................. 273

Tau ............................................................................... 274

Cell ID ...................................................................... 319, 334

Center frequency ........................ 96, 138, 143, 222, 240, 326

CF step size ....................................................................... 96

Channel bandwidth

ACLR .............................................................................. 68

channel power ................................................................ 55

LTE ............................................................................... 319


Channel number .............................................................. 240

Channel power................................................................... 53

adjust level ..................................................................... 54


display mode .................................................................. 56

reference level ................................................................ 54

span ............................................................................... 55

standard ......................................................................... 54

unit ................................................................................. 56

Channel scan ................................................................... 228

Channel spacing ................................................................ 68

R&S FSH Index


Channel table........................................................... 131, 206

Channels

1xEV-DO ...................................................................... 287

CDMA2000 ........................................................... 274, 278

LTE ............................................................................... 311

NB-IoT .......................................................................... 329

TD-SCDMA................................................................... 298

WCDMA ....................................................................... 265

W-CDMA ...................................................................... 260

CISPR bandwidth ............................................................ 237

Clear / write ............................................................. 113, 243

Clear spectrogram ............................................................. 84

Code domain channel table ..............................264, 277, 297

Code domain power

CDMA2000 ................................................................... 275

TD-SCDMA................................................................... 295

WCDMA ....................................................................... 261

Code order ....................................................................... 281

Color map

constellation diagram ............................................ 314, 330

resource allocations ...................................................... 318

Color schemes

LTE ............................................................................... 318

spectrogram.................................................................... 85

Constellation Diagram .......................................314, 317, 330

Continuous sweep ........................................................... 108

Conventions ....................................................................... 11

Correction data ................................................................ 182

CPICH ............................................................................. 260

Cursor keys ....................................................................... 16

Cyclic prefix ..................................................................... 319

Data management ............................................................. 30

Data parts ........................................................................ 294

Delay time ........................................................................ 110

Deltamarker ..................................................................... 118

Detector ........................................................................... 114

Digital modulation ............................................................ 239

1xEV-DO ...................................................................... 284

CDMA2000 ................................................................... 271

GSM ............................................................................. 248

LTE ....................................................................... 306, 325

settings ......................................................................... 240


TD-SCDMA................................................................... 290

W-CDMA ...................................................................... 256

Directional power sensor.................................................. 141

Display configuration (spectrogram) ................................... 85

Display elements ............................................................... 12

Display line ...................................................................... 127

Display mode ..................................................................... 56

Display range ....................................................101, 205, 224

spectrogram.................................................................... 87

Distance parameters ........................................................ 222

Distance-to-fault ............................................................... 215

Dual trace ........................................................................ 202

Error vector magnitude

1xEV-DO ...................................................................... 287

CDMA2000 ........................................................... 273, 293

LTE ....................................................................... 322, 336

Events ............................................................................... 22

EVM

LTE (overall) ................................................................. 309

NB-IoT (overall) ............................................................ 328

External trigger ................................................................ 108

Factory calibration ........................................................... 182

File management ............................................................... 30

Firmware ........................................................................... 40

FM demodulator ............................................................... 125

Forward power display ..................................................... 144

Frame ................................................................................ 89

spectrogram ................................................................... 89

Free run ........................................................................... 108

Frequency

counter ......................................................................... 123

mode ............................................................................ 131

offset .............................................................................. 97

range ...................................................................... 98, 222

settings .................................................... 96, 138, 143, 222

start/stop ................................................................. 98, 222

Full span ............................................................................ 99

Gate settings ................................................................... 111

Gated sweep ........................................................... 108, 110

GPS position .................................................................... 242

GPS synchronization ................................ 283, 289, 324, 336

GSM ................................................................................ 248

burst power ................................................................... 253


EVM ............................................................................. 252

I/Q offset ....................................................................... 252

power ........................................................................... 250

result summary ............................................................. 249

Hadamard ........................................................................ 281

Harmonic distortion ............................................................ 76

adjust settings ................................................................. 77

harmonics ....................................................................... 77

harmonics list.................................................................. 77

THD ................................................................................ 77

History ............................................................................... 84

Hold spectrogram .............................................................. 84

Horizontal axis ........................................................... 96, 222

Impedance ....................................................................... 103

Smith chart ................................................................... 202

Input

cancellation .................................................................... 15

characters ....................................................................... 14

confirmation .................................................................... 15

numbers ......................................................................... 14

Instrument setup ................................................................ 18

Isotropic antenna ............................................................... 94

digital modulation .......................................................... 246

Key

Ampt (CAT) .................................................................. 224

Ampt (NA) ..................................................................... 204

Ampt (SA) ..................................................................... 100

BW ............................................................................... 104

Cal ........................................................................ 182, 218

Freq (CAT) ................................................................... 222

Freq (SA) ........................................................................ 96

Marker .......................................................................... 118

Meas (DTF) .................................................................. 214

R&S FSH Index


Meas (NA) ............................................. 182, 188, 192, 197

Meas (PM) ............................................................ 138, 143

Meas (SA) ...................................................................... 52

MKR -> ......................................................................... 118

Sweep .......................................................................... 107

Trace ............................................................................ 113

Last span ........................................................................... 99

Limit check ....................................................................... 129

ACLR .............................................................................. 71

Limit lines ................................................................. 128, 207

LTE .......................................................................... 306, 325


cell ID ........................................................................... 319

channel bandwidth ........................................................ 319

cylic prefix ..................................................................... 319

EVM ..................................................................... 322, 336

MIMO............................................................................ 321

power ........................................................................... 309

reference signal ............................................................ 312

subframe configuration ................................................. 320


MAC ................................................................................ 287

Manual span .................................................................... 222

Marker ..................................................................... 118, 206

automatic positioning .................................................... 120

delta marker.................................................................. 119

distance ........................................................................ 124

format ........................................................................... 201

functions ....................................................................... 123

list ................................................................................. 119

mode ............................................................................ 201

position ................................................................. 119, 124

removal ......................................................................... 121

search limit ................................................................... 122

selection ....................................................................... 120

Smith chart ................................................................... 201

spectrogram.................................................................... 89

type .............................................................................. 120

Marker list



spectrogram.................................................................... 89

Mathematics .................................................................... 117

Max hold .................................................................. 113, 243

Max peak ................................................................. 114, 235

Measurement ................................................................... 107

ACLR .............................................................................. 64


audio demodulation ...................................................... 125

cable loss (NA) ............................................................. 198

carrier-to-interference ................................................... 157

carrier-to-noise ............................................................. 156

channel power ................................................................ 53

directional power sensor ............................................... 143

distance-to-fault ............................................................ 215

electrical length ............................................................. 199

frequency counter ......................................................... 123

group delay ................................................................... 198


isotropic antenna ............................................................ 94

magnitude ..................................................................... 197

n dB down .................................................................... 124

noise power density ...................................................... 123


phase ........................................................................... 197

power sensor ................................................................ 138

reflection ....................................................................... 214

reflection (VV) ............................................................... 210

reflection coefficient ...................................................... 198

reflection scalar ............................................................ 190

reflection vector ............................................................ 195

scalar ............................................................................ 188

Smith chart ................................................................... 198

spectrogram ................................................................... 83

spectrum analyzer .......................................................... 52

spectrum emission mask ................................................ 73

spurious emissions ......................................................... 80

TDMA power................................................................... 61

transmission (VV) ......................................................... 210

transmission scalar ....................................................... 188

transmission vector ....................................................... 192

vector ........................................................................... 192

vector voltmeter .................................................... 208, 211

VSWR .......................................................................... 198

Measurement format ......................................... 197, 211, 216

Measurement setup ........................................................... 17

Measurement wizard.......................................................... 41

dataset ........................................................................... 42

evaluation ....................................................................... 51

measurement set ............................................................ 42

measurements ................................................................ 48

Memory trace ........................................................... 117, 204

Menus .............................................................................. 337

DTF ...................................................................... 352, 360

general ......................................................................... 337

maps ............................................................................ 358

network analyzer .......................................................... 345

power meter ................................................................. 349

receiver......................................................................... 355

spectrum analysis ......................................................... 339

Midamble ......................................................................... 294

MIMO ............................................................................... 321

Min hold ................................................................... 113, 243

Min peak .......................................................................... 114

Multiple traces ................................................................. 116

n dB down........................................................................ 124

NB-IoT


cell ID ........................................................................... 334

power ........................................................................... 328

Network analysis .............................................................. 178

Noise power ..................................................................... 123

Normalization (NA) .......................................................... 182

Normalization (SA) ............................................................. 70

NPBCH ............................................................................ 329

NPSS............................................................................... 329

NSSS............................................................................... 329

Number of harmonics ......................................................... 77

Occupied bandwidth .......................................................... 57

adjust level ..................................................................... 58

R&S FSH Index



power percentage ........................................................... 59

reference level ................................................................ 58

span ............................................................................... 60

standard ......................................................................... 58

Offset

frequency ........................................................................ 97

reference level .............................................................. 101

Operating mode


distance-to-fault ............................................................ 212

network analyzer........................................................... 178

receiver ......................................................................... 228

spectrum analyzer .......................................................... 52

Options .............................................................................. 40

PBCH .............................................................................. 311

P-CCPCH ........................................................................ 260

PCFICH ........................................................................... 311

PICH ........................................................................ 274, 287

Playback ............................................................................ 89

PN offset

1xEV-DO ...................................................................... 289

CDMA2000 ................................................................... 283

PN scanner

1xEV-DO ...................................................................... 288

CDMA2000 ................................................................... 280

Power meter .................................................................... 135

Power percentage .............................................................. 59

Power sensor ................................................................... 137

attenuation .................................................................... 145

averaging time .............................................................. 139

directional ..................................................................... 141

errors ............................................................................ 137

reference level .............................................................. 139

standard ....................................................................... 144

unit ....................................................................... 139, 144

weighting mode ............................................................ 144

zeroing.......................................................................... 138

Preamplifier ............................................................. 103, 242

Preset ................................................................................ 17

Preview dataset ................................................................. 37

Primary transducer........................................................... 132

P-SCH ............................................................................. 260

P-SYNC ........................................................................... 311

Quasi peak ...................................................................... 235

R&S InstrumentView

ACLR .............................................................................. 65

calibration kit ................................................................. 186

creating standards ................................... 54, 58, 62, 67, 74

isotropic antenna ............................................................ 95


Radio configuration .......................................................... 278

RBW ................................................................................ 104

Receiver .......................................................................... 228

Record spectrogram .......................................................... 88

Reference channel ............................................................. 70

Reference frequency ........................................................ 124

Reference impedance ...................................................... 202

Reference level ................................................................ 100

channel power ................................................................ 54




offset .................................................................... 101, 242

power sensor ................................................................ 139

spectrogram ................................................................... 86

TDMA power................................................................... 62

transducer .................................................................... 133

Reference position ............................................ 100, 205, 225

Reference power ............................................................. 282

Reference signal .............................................................. 312

Reference value....................................................... 204, 224

Reflection......................................................................... 214

Resolution bandwidth............................................... 104, 107

Result summary

1xEV-DO ...................................................................... 285

CDMA2000 ................................................................... 272

GSM ............................................................................. 249

TD-SCDMA .................................................................. 291

W-CDMA ...................................................................... 257

Result table


spurious emission ........................................................... 81

RF attenuation ................................................................. 102

Rho

1xEV-DO ...................................................................... 287

CDMA2000 ................................................................... 273

RMS ................................................................................ 115

RMS (detector) ................................................................ 235

Rotary knob ....................................................................... 15

Sample ............................................................................ 115

Save on event .................................................................... 22

Scalar measurement ........................................................ 178

Scaling .............................................................. 101, 205, 224

horizontal axis ................................................................. 96

Scrambling code ...................................................... 267, 302

graphic display .............................................................. 268

Screen layout ..................................................................... 12

1xEV-DO ...................................................................... 285

ACLR .............................................................................. 64


CDMA2000 ................................................................... 272

channel power ................................................................ 53

code domain channel table ............................ 264, 277, 297

code domain power ....................................... 261, 275, 295

constellation diagram ............................................ 314, 330

DTF mode .................................................................... 213

file manager .................................................................... 32

geotagging .................................................................... 161

GSM ............................................................................. 249


LTE ............................................................................... 307

measurement wizard ...................................................... 45

NB-IoT .......................................................................... 326


power meter ................................................................. 135

power meter (directional) .............................................. 141

power meter (pulse) ...................................................... 148

report generator .............................................................. 51

resource allocations ...................................................... 317

R&S FSH Index


spectrogram.................................................................... 83


spurious emission ........................................................... 80

TDMA power ................................................................... 61

TD-SCDMA................................................................... 291

time domain power ....................................................... 300

triangulation .................................................................. 161

w/ active markers .......................................................... 118

W-CDMA .............................................................. 229, 257

wizard set editor.............................................................. 42

Screenshot ........................................................................ 21

Search limits .................................................................... 122

Secondary transducer ...................................................... 132

Signal power

1xEV-DO ...................................................................... 286

CDMA2000 ................................................................... 273

GSM ............................................................................. 250

LTE ............................................................................... 309

NB-IoT .......................................................................... 328

TD-SCDMA................................................................... 293

W-CDMA ...................................................................... 258

Single sweep ................................................................... 108

Smith chart ...................................................................... 199

Softkey

new marker ................................................................... 119

Softkeys ........................................................................... 337

DTF ...................................................................... 352, 360

general ......................................................................... 337

maps ............................................................................ 358

network analyzer........................................................... 345

power meter.................................................................. 349

receiver ......................................................................... 355

spectrum analysis ......................................................... 339

Span .......................................................................... 98, 222

channel power ................................................................ 55


Spectrogram ...................................................................... 83

clear ............................................................................... 84

display configuration ....................................................... 85

display range .................................................................. 87

hold ................................................................................ 84

marker ............................................................................ 89

playback ......................................................................... 89

record ............................................................................. 88

reference level ................................................................ 86

time line .......................................................................... 89

Spectrogram colors ............................................................ 85

Spectrogram history ........................................................... 84

Spectrum analyzer ............................................................. 52

Spectrum emission mask ................................................... 73

adjust settings ................................................................. 74

result table ...................................................................... 75

standard ......................................................................... 74

Spectrum overview .......................................................... 245

Split screen ...................................................................... 202

Spreading factor .............................................................. 281

Spurious emission

result table ...................................................................... 81

Spurious emissions ............................................................ 80

S-SCH ............................................................................. 260

S-SYNC ........................................................................... 311

Standard

ACLR .............................................................................. 67

channel power ................................................................ 54



power sensor ................................................................ 144


TDMA power................................................................... 62

Start/stop frequency ................................................... 98, 222

Step size ............................................................................ 96

Subframe configuration .................................................... 320

Sweep ..................................................................... 107, 114

Sweep mode ............................................................ 108, 242

Sweep number......................................................... 108, 113

Sweep time ...................................................................... 107

SYNC .............................................................................. 274

Sync ID

TD-SCDMA .................................................................. 299

Synchronization ...........31, 242, 273, 283, 289, 312, 324, 336

Synchronization signal ............................................. 309, 328

Tau

1xEV-DO ...................................................................... 287

CDMA2000 ................................................................... 274

TDMA power ...................................................................... 61

adjust level ..................................................................... 62

burst length ..................................................................... 62

reference level ................................................................ 62

standard ......................................................................... 62

TD-SCDMA ...................................................................... 290


code domain error......................................................... 293

Gain imbalance ............................................................. 293

I/Q offset ....................................................................... 293

power ........................................................................... 293

result summary ............................................................. 291

scrambling code ........................................................... 294

Scrambling code ........................................................... 302

TD-SCDMA power ........................................................... 294

THD ................................................................................... 77

Threshold


Time domain ........................................................ 61, 99, 109

Time line ............................................................................ 89

Total harmonic distortion .................................................... 77

Total power

1xEV-DO ...................................................................... 286

CDMA2000 ................................................................... 273

GSM ............................................................................. 250

LTE ............................................................................... 309

NB-IoT .......................................................................... 328

TD-SCDMA .................................................................. 293

W-CDMA ...................................................................... 258

Trace ............................................................................... 113

Trace (second)................................................................. 116

Trace average ......................................................... 113, 243

Trace mathematics .......................................................... 117

Trace memory ................................................................. 117

Trace mode ...................................................... 113, 243, 245

Trace selection ................................................................ 116

R&S FSH Index


Tracking generator ........................................................... 180

Tracking generator power ................................................ 225

Traffic activity ............................................ 251, 287, 310, 328

Training sequence ........................................................... 250

Transducer .............................................................. 103, 132

unit ............................................................................... 133

Transmission channel ........................................................ 67

Trigger .............................................. 108, 283, 289, 324, 336

Trigger delay .................................................................... 110

Trigger level ..................................................................... 110

Unit .................................................................................. 101

channel power ................................................................ 56


power sensor ................................................................ 139

transducer .................................................................... 133

User interface .................................................................... 12

User number .................................................................... 303

VBW ................................................................................ 105

Vector measurement ........................................................ 178

Vertical axis ............................................................. 100, 204

Video bandwidth .............................................................. 105

Video trigger .................................................................... 108

View trace ........................................................................ 113

Volume ............................................................................ 126

W-CDMA ......................................................................... 256

Antenna diversity .......................................................... 269


channels ....................................................................... 260

code domain error......................................................... 259

EVM ............................................................................. 259

I/Q imbalance ............................................................... 259

I/Q offset ....................................................................... 258

power ........................................................................... 258

result summary ............................................................. 257

scrambling code ........................................................... 259

Scrambling code ........................................................... 267

spreading factor ............................................................ 281

Weighting mode ............................................................... 144

X axis......................................................................... 96, 222

Y axis....................................................................... 100, 204

Zero span .......................................................................... 99

Zeroing ............................................................................ 138

Zoom ............................................................................... 200

ZVHView

cable model .................................................................. 219

channel table ........................................................ 131, 206

limit lines ............................................................... 128, 207

measurement wizard ...................................................... 42

Documents

R&S FSH Spectrum Analyzer - Rohde & Schwarz · R&S FSH Safety Instructions 1175.6590.12 - 03 Page i Safety Instructions Risk of injury and instrument damage The instrument must be