11

|Rri uWwH =@ p=DvtoU KrUt

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: |Rri uWwH =@ p=DvtoU KrUt

�1393

Q=y@�'h

}QWu=Qt

a|UOvyt

43�33

"X'1/

1|xQ=t

W'30

�2|xQ

wO

Ori

gina

lArt

iclel =N |=yQ=w}O |}xRQr Q=DiQ |y=oW}=tR; |UQQ@

|Rri uWwH =@ p=DvtoU KrUt�Q=}Wv=O� �|r}a=tU= |[DQt

u=Q}= CavYw sra x=oWv=O 'uy;x=Q |UOvyt |xOmWv=O�Q=}O=DU=� xO=RQOvrk T=@a

u=QyD x=oWv=O 'u=Qta |UOvyt |xOmWv=O�OWQ= T=vWQ� � O=Rwv u=}wDQB |Oyt

O=@=yt OL=w |tqU= O=R; x=oWv=O '|UOvyt w |vi |xOmWv=O

xm CU= u; |xOvyOu=Wv 'KrUt l =N |=yQ=w}O |xv}tR QO OwHwt |vi C=}@O= |UQQ@Q=Qk |UQQ@ OQwt |}=Q}t w |DNU Q_vt R= uwvm =D u=@yov |=yxR=U wv u}= |}xRQr Q=DiQ

w 10 x@ 1 T=}kt x@ 1g |y=oW}=tR; pOt 6 CN=U =@ VywSB u}= QO =Pr "CU= xDiQovQ}O=kt 'RDQy 8 w 5 |=yOt=U@ w 0 8g =D 0 1g |xvt=O =@ |Uwv}U |x}=B ?=DW p=ta=

=@ "OW V}=B pOt K]U CUWv u}vJty w l =N sUH ?=DW w |Rri |=yxtUD QO VvQmwv u}= |oDN}Uo hrDNt |=ysR}v=mt 'xOWO=} |=yV}=tR; QO xOt;CUOx@ G}=Dv p}rLD\@=wQ |UQQ@ =@ w G=QNDU= RDQy 5 Ot=U@ QO |}=Q}t w |WQ@ pwOt Q}O=kt x=Qtyx@ Q=w}O

?UL Q@ |}=Q}t w |WQ@ pwOt |=Q@ |}=tv |x]@=Q l} C}=yv QO hrDNt uw}UQoQu}ov=}t w xv}W}@ |xU}=kt '|v=}=B VN@ QO "CU= xOW x�=Q= =yxOvvmKrUt pw] u=tO}Ju}}aD =yxtUD u}= |ak=w u=v}t]= ?} Q[ '|L=Q] Q}O=kt =@ |Rri |=yxtUD QO wQ}v Q}O=kt

"CU= xOW s=Hv= |}xt=vu}�; Q}O=kt =@ w

m [email protected]@[email protected]

Ot '|}xRQr |Q=O}=B '|Rri |xOvvmKrUt 'KrUt l =N Q=w}O %|O}rm u=oS=w"|}=Q}t C@Uv '|WQ@ pwOt '|oDN}Uo

xtOkt "1R= R}v |}=yVQ=Ro um}rw &CU= xOw@ u=@yov |=yxR=U Q}=U x@ C@Uv =yQ=w}O wv|=Q@ [1]"CU= xOW x�=Q= p�=L sDU}U u}= QO xOWO=H}= |=y|@=QN `=wv= |NQ@=tv |=ypvB |x@r |oDUmW [2]�1994� =m} Qt; Northridge |xrRrR QO p=Ft[3]�1995� Kobe |xrRrR QO "CU= xOW xOy=Wt |�RH |=y|oO=OsmW ,=DQOv wQO |}=y|}=H@=H u}vJty w sy x@ C@Uv =yv; |}=H@=H w =ylwr@ |oOQwNlQD R}vNiigata-ken|xrRrR QO "CU= xOW VQ=Ro Q=w}O |=Q@ QDt|r}t 113 =D 4 OwOLCQwYx@ |}=ypmWQ}}eD wkw R= |m =L =yVQ=Ro R}v uB=S QwWm QO [4]�2004�

"Ow@ =yQ=w}O wv u}= R= |[a@ QO |vwoS=w w |oO=OsmWQ=DiQ |wQ Q@ R}v |}xOQDUo |y=oW}=tR; C=k}kLD '|v=O}t |=yxOy=Wt Q@xwqas=Hv= Q@ |vD@t C=k}kLD u}= R= |}xOta VN@ "CU= xDiQo CQwY =yQ=w}O u}=|=yC}r=ai u}rw= R= [5]"CU= xOw@ Sw}i} QDv=U w xRQr R}t |y=oW}=tR; |=yV}=tR;Q=w}O uOQmpOt Qw_vtx@ xm OQm xQ=W= |W}=tR; x@ u=wD|t xv}tR u}= QO |y=oW}=tR;Q=}at u}rw= u; QO xm 'CU= xOW s=Hv= |tw}v}twr; |xOvvmKrUt =@ KrUt l =N[6]"CU= xOW x�=Q=KrUtl =N|=yQ=w}O |x@U=Lt |=Q@ |OLpO=aDVwQ x@|L=Q]|m}D=DU= x@W \}=QW QO xOWxO=O s}taD |OL pO=aD |Qw�D 'QwmPt VwQ T=U=xDiQo Q=mx@ =y|v=wQ}W |}xRQr |Q=O}=B |UQQ@ |=Q@ VwQ u}= =OD@= QO xm 'CU=

|xOWs=tD |xv} Ry w =QH=CrwyU wCaQU p}rOx@ KrUt l =N |=yQ=w}O |Q}oQ=mx@xHwD OQwt Q}N= |=yp=U QO u=@yov |=yxR=U `=wv= Q}=U =@ xU}=kt QO QDu}}=B|=y\}Lt QO Q=w}O wv u}= |rY= |=yOQ@ Q=m xrtH R= "CU= xDiQo Q=Qk |QDW}@"OQm xQ=W= =ypB |xrwm u=wvax@ OQ@ Q=m u}vJty w =yxWv=QD Q=yt x@ u=wD|t |QyW=yx=QoQR@ x@ hQWt |=yxWv=QD O=OUv= w VR} QwQi u=mt= |U=U= |=yVr=J R= |m}TB \}=QW QO =Q |v=UQO=Ot= u=mt= O}=@ xm CU= |QyW |D=}L |=yu=} QW wx@ QDxv=i=mWwt w j}kO |y=ov swRr ' w[wt u}= x@ xHwD "OvR=U sy=Qi xrRrR R=|=yQ=w}O "OR=U|t XNWt V}B R= V}@ =Q KrUt l =N |=yQ=w}O |}xRQr Q=DiQu}= |Q}PBh=]av= xm OvwQ|t Q=tW x@ Q}PBh=]av= |=yQ=w}O xrtH R= KrUt l =NOQmrta w OwW|t |}xRQr |SQv= xHwDp@=k lqyDU= x@ QHvt xrRrR \}=QW QO =yQ=w}Ou=R}t x@ =yxR=U u}= |Q}PBh=]av= "CW=O Oy=wN p=@vOx@ =yxR=U u}= |=Q@ =Q |QDy@Q=w}O |vD@ |x} wQ w l =N =@ |Rri |=yuWwH VvmQOv= Q}F-=D CLD |yHwD p@=k

"CU=u}= ?U=vt OQmrta Qov=Wv 'nQR@ |=yxrRrR QO xDiQoCQwY |=yxOy=Wt

pw�Ut xOvU} wv �"1391 3 9 VQ}PB '1391 1 22 x}LqY= '1390 10 20 Ci=} QO %M} Q=D

Page 2: |Rri uWwH =@ p=DvtoU KrUt

"""l=N|

=yQ=w}O

|}xRQr

Q=DiQ|y=

oW}=tR;

|UQQ@

KrUt l =N Q=w}O |}xRQr Q=DiQ |y=oW}=tR; |UQQ@ "2R}t C=R}yHD R= Q_v OQwt |=yV}=tR; s=Hv= |=Q@ 'OW xQ=W= xtOkt QO xm xvwou=tyxO=iDU= u=QyD x=oWv=O |vi |xOmWv=O �pkF ?=DW g� 1g ?=DW T=}kt =@ xRQrQDt 1 82�0 8 |xWQa O=a@= =@ |O=R; xHQO l} |=Q=O QwmPt R}t "CU= xOW|xvO@ w |Rri ?wJQ=J =@ x@aH l} 'Q=w}O pOt CN=U Qw_vtx@ u; |wQ Q@ xm CU=QO "CU= xOW ?Yv �=ypmWQ}}eD w =y|}=H@=H QDy@ |xOy=Wt |=Q@� |m}DUqB|xt=vQ@ x=Qty x@ V}=tR; s=Hv= w u=RQr R}t |y=oW}=tR; pOt CN=U C=}�RH 'xt=O=

[21]"CU=xOW K} QWD =yV}=tR; s=Hv=

T=}kt ?=NDv= Q@ sm =L pwY= "3'CU= |ak=w |xvwtv Q=DiQ j}kO |xar=]t |=Q@ |WwQ |m} R}i |R=UpOt xm =Hv; R=Ot ,=k}kO |W}=tR; |xvwtv CN=U u}L QO |R=UpOt u}= Q@ sm =L pwY= CU= sRq|@U=vt |v=wNty |ak=w |xvwtv =@ V}=tR; R= xOt;CUOx@ G}=Dv =D 'OQ}o Q=Qk Q_vu}v=wk |xty xm OW Oy=wN pY=L |v=tR K}LY pOt l} "OyO u=Wv OwN R=OvtR=}v |m}vmDw�S |=y|R=UpOt ?re= p=L u}= =@ "OW=@ sm =L pOt Q@ x@=WDR}t |=ypOt QO xQ=wty xm |aw[wt "CU= ?U=vt pOt l} CN=U |=Q@ |Q}@ODumtt |DUQOx@ |Wv=Qo |wQ}v |R=UpOt |rmQw]x@ xm CU= u}= 'OQ=O OwHw xRQrxDiQQ=mx@ Kr=Yt w O=wt Q=DiQ Q}UiD |=Q@ =Q |}q=@ |oO}J}B w[wt u}= w CU}v|=Q@ T=}kt ?}=Q[ |=Q@ |D=}[Qi u=oOvU} wv R= |Q=}U@ "OQm Oy=wN O=H}= pOt QO[25�22]"Ov=xOQm KQ]t X=N CQwYx@ |m}vmDw�S |=ypOt w |rm CQwYx@ =ypOtx}YwD |R=UpOt |=Q@ |@U=vt |x}rw= pwY= R}v xDiQoCQwY |=y|Qw;`tH =@CU= xOW xO=O Q=Qk pta lqt pwY= u}ty R}v VywSB u}= QO xm 'CU= xOW

[27w26]"�1 pwOH�

|Ov@ Q=R@= w pOt |xUOvy "4QO OwHwt |=yC}OwOLt w pOt ?U=vt T=}kt ?=NDv= Q@ sm =L \@=wQ x@ xHwD =@|=[i u}vJty w |ak=w Q=w}O `=iDQ= x@ C@Uv xO=iDU= OQwt |=yxOvvmKrUt pw]Q_v QO 0 1 |ak=w |xR=Ov= x@ pOt |xUOvy C@Uv '|Ov@ Q=R@= CyH R=}v OQwt=Hv; R= "CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv hr=1 pmW QO Q_v OQwt pOt |xUOvy "OW xDiQou=mt u} QD?U=vt =Pr 'OQ}PB|t =yx@r |RQt \}=QW R= |QDtm Q}F-=D pOt \Uw xmOQwt |=yQoUL 'xOWxDN=U |=ypOt QO Qw_vt u}O@ "CU= Q=R@= uO=OQ=Qk |=Q@|=yQoUL R= =yV}=tR; u}= QO "Ov=xOW xO=O Q=Qk Q=w}O ZQa \Uw QO xO=iDU=|x} wQ |=ylwr@ |wQ Q@ w =yCUWv |Q}oxR=Ov= CyH R} Qm =N |wQ Q@ GvU|}=H@=HQO GvU?=DW |=yQoUL u}vJty w Q=w}O |ki= |=y|}=H@=H |Q}oxR=Ov= |=Q@ Q=w}OxOt;OwHwx@ |wQ}v |Q}oxR=Ov= CyH w xO=iDU= x} wQ |=ylwr@ |wQ w l =N pN=O"CU= xOW ?Yv =yv; |wQ Q@ |}=yGvUVvQm �=yxtUD� =yxOvvmKrUt <=RH= QO

"CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv ?1 pmW QO |Ov@ Q=R@= pLt w O=OaD

CN=U pL=Qt w pOt |=RH= "5X=N |oS} w w pOt QO xO=iDU= OQwt |=yu=tr= R= Q=_Dv= OQwt |=y|oS} w x@ xHwD =@

|=yxOvvmKrUt =@ Sw}i} QDv=U |=yV}=tR; |QU l} '1998 p=U QO [7]"CU= xOW|oO=OsmW CQwYx@ Q=w}O |=ypmWQ}}eD |xOvyOu=Wv u; G}=Dv xm OW s=Hv= |RriR= xO=iDU= w xRQr R}t |=yV}=tR; |QU l} s=Hv= =@ R}v '2003 p=U QO [8]"Ow@|=yQ=w}O hrDNt `=wv= Q=DiQ KrUt l =N |=yQ=w}O QO 'RvQ@ QiUi |=yxOvvmKrUt|=yQ=w}O ?U=vt OQmrta Qov=Wv =yV}=tR; G}=Dv xm 'CiQo Q=Qk |UQQ@ OQwt p�=L=yV}=tR; u}= QO pY=L |=ypmWQ}}eD?r=e sQi w Ow@|vwoS=w Q@=Q@ QO KrUt l =N

[9]"Ow@ |oO=OsmW pmW x@=@ =yQ=w}O u}= OQwt QO Sw}i} QDv=U V}=tR; VW '2004 p=U QO u}vJtypw] Q}F-=D =D OW s=Hv= xOWVwH |=y|QwD w xtUD pmW x@ |Rri |=yxOvvmKrUtG}=Dv [12�10]"OwW xOy=Wt =y|}=H@=H u=R}t Q@ |v=kwi |=yx}q QO =yxOvvmKrUt'pw= |x}q QO =yxOvvmKrUt pw] V}=Ri= =@ xm Ow@ u; R= |m =L =yV}=tR; u}=pmWQ}}eD |rm Cr=L QO u}vJty w OyO|t u=Wv OwN R= |QDy@ |Q=O}=B Q=w}Ol =N |=yQ=w}O '=yQ=w}O u}= Qo}O wv "OwW|t Qy=_ |oO=OsmW Cr=L x@ Q=w}OC=k}kLD R}v xv}tR u}= QO xm CU= |awvYt h=}r= |=yxOvvmKrUt =@ KrUtu=wD|t xv}tR u}= QO xDiQoCQwY |=yQ=m xrtH R= &CU= xOW s=Hv= |Dw=iDt|=y|R=UpOt u} QDnQR@ xrtH R= xm OQm xQ=W= 2005 p=U QO |WywSB x@|Qo}O |xOQDUo |=yV}=tR; u}vJty [13]"O};|t Q=tW x@ KrUt l =N |=yQ=w}O`=iDQ= '=yxOvvmKrUt pw] 'Ot=U@ uwJ |irDNt pt=wa Q}F-=D |xOy=Wt |=Q@ R}vxDiQo CQwY R}v =yQ=w}O wv u}= |}xRQr OQmrta QO x} wQ u=tr= wv w 'Q=w}O

[18�14]"CU=xDiQoCQwY C=k}kLD G}=Dv w |v=O}t |=yxOy=Wt R= pY=L G}=Dv |Ov@`tH =@|L=Q] |=Q@ |irDNt |=yVwQ 'KrUt l =N |=yQ=w}O |}xRQr Q=DiQ XwYN QO|OLpO=aD |=yVwQ x@ u=wD|t xrtHu; R= xm 'CU= xOW x�=Q= =yQ=w}O wvu}=|}xRQr|=yxt=vu}}; QO |OL pO=aD |x}=B Q@ xOWKqY= VwQ "OQm xQ=W= |DNU VwQ w|L=Q] |=v@t Q[=L p=L QO w xDiQo Q=Qk VQ}PB OQwt FHWA w AASHTO

[20w19]"CU=yQ=w}O wv u}==@ \@DQt wvDt p�=Ut u=}t QO xm Ci=} QO u=wD|t xOWO=} C=}@O= |UQQ@ =@u}vJty w|HQ=N w|rN=O |Q=O}=B=v w[wt 'KrUt l =N |=yQ=w}O|}xRQr |Q=O}=B|=yxtUD u}vJty w p=DvtoU VWwB |=ypv=B QO |oDN}Uo |=yOwt w p=mW=xDiQoCQwY C=ar=]t |UQQ@ p=L u}a QO "CU= xDiQo Q=Qk xHwD OQwt QDtm |Rri'|Rri |=yxtUD w l =N |xOwD VvmQOv= x@ |y=ov =@ xm CU= u; u}@t uwvm =DxDiQov Q=Qk xS} w |UQQ@ OQwt xawtHt u}= pO=at |}=Q}t w |DNU |xr�Ut uwvm =Dl =N Q=w}O 1g |y=oW}=tR; pOt 6 CN=U =@ VywSB u}= QO Qw_vt u}= |=Q@ "CU=QO TQ w xU=t ?}mQD w |}xU=t l =N wv wO R= pmWDt 10 x@ 1 T=}kt x@ KrUt|wQ Q@ p=DvtoU |vD@ |=yx} wQ w hrDNt |=ypw] =@ |Rri |=yuWwH =@ ?}mQDQ=Qk |UQQ@ OQwt =yQ=w}O u}= |}xRQr Q=DiQ 'u=QyD x=oWv=O |vi |xOmWv=O u=RQr R}t=D 0 1g |xvt=O =@ l}vwtQ=y |x}=B ?=DW |xrRrR CmQL |R=Ux}@W |=Q@ "CiQoVvQm Q}O=kt xH}Dv QO w p=ta= QwmPt |=ypOt Q@ RDQy 8 w 5 |=yOt=U@ w 0 8g

hrDNt |=yR=QD QO |vD@ |x} wQ ?=DW 'l =N sUH ?=DW w |Rri |=yxtUD QO|=ysR}v=mt 'xOWO=} |=yV}=tR; QO xOt;CUOx@ G}=Dv p}rLD =@ "CU= xOW V}=B|=yOt=U@ QO |}=Q}t w |WQ@ pwOt Q}O=kt x=Qtyx@ Q=w}O wv u}= |oDN}Uo hrDNt|xv}W}@ u}}aD =@ 'VywSB u}= R= |Qo}O VN@ QO "CU= xOW G=QNDU= hrDNtu=v}t]= ?} Q[ '|L=Q] Q}O=kt =@ =yv; |xU}=kt w |Rri |=yxtUD QO wQ}v Q}O=ktxOW xU}=kt FHWA |xt=vu}�; |O=yvW}B Q}O=kt =@ w u}}aD =yxtUD u}= |ak=w

"CU=

34

Page 3: |Rri uWwH =@ p=DvtoU KrUt

"""wxO=R

QOvrkT

=@a'|r}

a=tU=|[

DQt "|m} R}i |R=UpOt QO hrDNt |=yQDt=Q=B |=Q@ |O=yvW}B T=}kt ?}=Q[ "1 pwOH�|rY= |xvwtv/pOt� �pOt/|rY= |xvwtv� ?} Q[� QDt=Q=B KQWT=}kt ?} Q[ T=}kt ?} Q[ T=}kt \w@ Qt

1 00 1 00 1 a ?=DW1 00 1 00 1 � XwYNt sQH10 00 0 10 1=N L pw]10 00 0 10 1=N � VvD3 16 0 32 1=N1�� q VvQm3 16 0 32 1=N� G |DNU31 62 0 03 1=N2�� D |}=H@=H0 18 5 62 N1��=2 f Ot=U@

1000 00 0 001 1=N3 F wQ}v1 78 0 56 1=N�=2 VS |WQ@ Gwt CaQU5 62 0 18 1=N1��=2 t u=tR

� N = 10 w � = 0 5

"Q=w}O CN=U QO xO=iDU= OQwt |=ylwr@ O=a@= "2 pmW

OQwt OQ=O |]}Lt \}=QW Q}F-=D CLD |QDW}@ |Q=O}=B xm |vD@ |=tv 'OQ=wt QDW}@O}=@ =ylwr@ XwYNt uRw 'OwHwt x@=WD \@=wQ x@ xHwD =@ "OQ}o|t Q=Qk xO=iDU=R} Qm =N w |ak=w R} Qm =N XwYNt uRw Vy=m x@ xHwD =@ =t= &Ov=t@ |k=@ Q}}eD uwO@xO=O Vy=m C@Uv u=ty =@ R}v =ylwr@ XwYNt uRw '=yuwtR; QO xO=iDU= OQwtu}= QO =ylwr@ s=mLDU= CyH xDiQQ=mx@ |xOvvmKrUt |=Hx@ p=L u}a QO "OW12 pY=wi w QDt|r}t 0 8 pwDit Ct=N[ =@ xOWVwH |QwD l} R= =yuwtR;O=a@= x@ xHwD =@ x@=WD \@=wQ C}=aQ =@ R}v =ylwr@ O=a@= "CU= xOW xO=iDU= QDt|r}tp=YD= pLt R= |�=tW w =ylwr@ O=a@= '2 pmW "OW xDN=U OQ=Ov=DU= |=ylwr@

"OyO|t u=Wv =Q Q=w}O CWB x@ |Rri |=yuWwHu}= =@ u=RQr R}t |x_iLt K]U pm VWwB x@ R=}v w Q=w}O pmW x@ xHwD =@ =t=R}v Xk=v CQwYx@ w QDlJwm O=a@= =@ |=ylwr@ |QU l} R= =D OW sRq =ylwr@

|Ov@ Q=R@= w pOt xUOvy "1 pmW

T=}kt \@=wQ x@ xHwD =@ umtt |xw}W u} QDy@ x@ u=tr= Qy =D CU= sRq l} QyKrUt l =N Q=w}O |xOvyOp}mWD |=RH= CtUk u}= QO "OwW xDN=U u; Q@ sm =L

"CU= xDiQo Q=Qk |UQQ@ OQwt l} Qy |x}yD w CN=U pL=Qt w

Q=w}O |=tv |=ylwr@ "1"5Kr=Yt R= KrUt l =N |=yQ=w}O |x} wQ CN=U |=Q@ |y=oW}=tR; T=}kt QOQO |rw &OwW|t xO=iDU= |vD@ w '|awvYt h=}r= '|Rri '|@ wJ R= sa= |irDNt

35

Page 4: |Rri uWwH =@ p=DvtoU KrUt

"""l=N|

=yQ=w}O

|}xRQr

Q=DiQ|y=

oW}=tR;

|UQQ@"xO=iDU= OQwt |=yxOvvmKrUt |m} R}i C=YNWt "2 pwOH

|}=yv VvD s}rUD VvD xOvvmKrUt ZQa xOvvmKrUt Ct=N[(MPa) (MPa) (mm) (mm)

271 171 50 8

"xwmRwQ}i 161 |xU=t |m}v=mt w |m} R}i C=YNWt "3 pwOHemin emax �0 Cc Cu xU=t wv0 548 0 874 40 0 88 1 87 xwmRwQ}i 161

"TQ �15 =@ xwmRwQ}i 161 |xU=t |m}v=mt C=YNWt "4 pwOH|oOv@UJ |rN=O l =m]Y= |x} w=R l =N wv�KPa� �0

30 45 TQ �15 =@ xwmRwQ}i 161 |xU=t

xOW xO=iDU= QDt|Dv=U 30 VQ=@ `=iDQ= =@ VQ=@ sDU}U R= xU=t sm =QD |=Q@QDt QO sQowr}m 1570 XwYNt uRw w �70 Q@=Q@ Dr sm =QD OYQO u; |] w CU=xO=O u=Wv 5 pmW QO xO=iDU= OQwt |xU=t |Ov@xv=O |vLvt "OW pY=L ?amt

"CU= xOWsm =QD |=Q@ xm Ow@ TQ �15 =@ xU=t u}ty \wrNt xO=iDU= OQwt l =N u}twOOW xO=iDU= �8 C@ w]Q xv}y@ C@ w]Q OYQO =@ w sQowr}m 20 uRw =@ |mDre R= u;QDt Q@ sQowr}m 1580 Q@=Q@ |Q=Okt x@ Kr=Yt u}= sm =QDt XwYNt uRw C}=yv QO w

"�4 pwOH� Ot; CUOx@ ?amt

=yV}=tR; s=Hv= |xt=vQ@ "4"5QO KrUt l =N Q=w}O |}xRQr Q=DiQ QO QF-wt |=yQDt=Q=B Q}F-=D |UQQ@ swRr x@ xHwD =@'l}vwtQ=y |x}=B ?=DW Ot=U@ w xvt=O uwJty |irDNt pt=wa Q}F-=D 'j}kLD u}=|xO=iDU= OQwt |m =N Kr=Yt wv u}vJty w 'Q=w}O `=iDQ= QO =yuWwH pw]?=DW w pOt C=}�RH '5 pwOH "CU= xOW xO=O Q=Qk xHwD OQwt R} QCWBCU= sRq QmPD u}= "OyO|t u=Wv xOWxDN=U pOt 6 |=Q@ =Q |r=ta= |x}=BCOt w xOW p=ta= pOt Q@ xDUw}B CQwYx@ |r=ta= |x}=B ?=DW |xvt=O Q}}eD xmOQ=w |Uwv}U pmWx@ =y?=DW |t=tD w CU= x}v=F 4 ?=DW Qy p=ta= u=tR

"Ov=xOW

"xwmRwQ}i 161 |xU=t |Ov@xv=O Q=Owtv "5 pmW

Q=w}O |x} wQ |}=yv sQi 'Qo}Om} QO =ylwr@ CU@ w pik =@ C}=yv QO "OwW xO=iDU="CU= xOt; QO 3 pmW QO xOWxO=O u=Wv CQwYx@

|Rri |=yuWwH "2"5'KrUt l =N |=yQ=w}O p}mWD <RH u} QD|rY= u=wvax@ =yxOvvmKrUt xm |}=Hv; R=O}=@ 'OvQ=O xOya Q@ =Q Q=w}O sw=kt |x}L=v x@ lQLt |x}L=v R= wQ}v p=kDv= |xi}_w"OvW=@ xDW=O R} Qm =N |=Q@ xO=iDU= OQwt Kr=Yt =@ |@U=vt l =m]Y= w |oDUw}BQ@ XNWt pY=wi QO s_vt |=y|oDUHQ@ O=H}= swRr w X=N pmW x@ xHwD =@w CiQo Q=Qk xO=iDU= OQwt =yxOvvmKrUt CN=U |=Q@ |irDNt |=yVwQ 'jQw |wQ|=Q@ VWm V}=tR; w ?=NDv= QDt|r}t 0 8 Ct=N[ =@ |vy; jQw l} C}=yv QOpY=wi QO |}=ys}U ?Yv =@ p=L u}a QO "CiQo CQwY u; C=YNWt u}}aDO=H}= jQw K]U QO sRq |�=QH= O�=wR ,=D}=yv uw}U=R}v=wr=o pta s=Hv= w XNWtO=H}= Q=w}O CWB QO ?Yv w V}=tR; s=Hv= |=Q@ sRq |=yxtUD u; uO=OVQ@ =@ w

"�4 pmW� OWQ}O=kt j@=]t '=yV}=tR; QO xO=iDU= OQwt |=yxOvvmKrUt |m}v=mt C=YNWtu}}=B R= x}q 10 QO =yxOvvmKrUt u}= xm CU= QmP x@ sRq "CU= 2 pwOH QO GQOvt"Ov=xOW |Q=Po =H l =N uwQO u=RQr R}t |x_iLt QO pOt CN=U OvwQ QO q=@ x@

R} Q CWB l =N C=YNWt "3"5"CU= xOW xO=iDU= |UQ w |}xU=t |m =N Kr=Yt wv wO R= =yV}=tR; |xt=vQ@ QO\wrNt R= =yV}=tR; Qo}O |QU QO w Xr=N |xU=t R= =yV}=tR; R= |QUl} QOC=YNWt =@ xwmRwQ}i 161 |xU=t Kr=Yt "CU= xOW xO=iDU= TQ �15 =@ xU=t

[21]"CU= 3 pwOH QO GQOvt

"|y=oW}=tR; T=}kt =@ Q=w}O |x} wQ |}=yv sQi "3 pmW

"xO=iDU= OQwt |=yxtUD |}=yv sQi "4 pmW

36

Page 5: |Rri uWwH =@ p=DvtoU KrUt

"""wxO=R

QOvrkT

=@a'|r}

a=tU=|[

DQt "=yCUD QO xO=iDU= OQwt l =N wv w xtUD pw] "5 pwOH

(g) |r=ta= x}=B |=y?=DW Ot=U@ QO Q=w}O `=iDQ= Q@ =yxOvvm KrUt pw] C@Uv OYQO l =N wv CUD(Hz)

hrDNt |=yR=QD C@w]Qu}}=B |x}q 3 \Uw |x}q 3 q=@ |x}q 30 8'0 5'0 35'0 25'0 2'0 15'0 1 5 1 4 1 4 1 4 0 |}xU=t 1

0 8'0 5'0 35'0 3'0 25'0 2'0 15'0 1 5 1 4 1 4 1 4 8 TQ �15 =@ xU=t 20 8 '0 6'0 5'0 45'0 4'0 35'0 3'0 25'0 2'0 15'0 1 5 0 7 1 1 2 8 TQ �15 =@ xU=t 3

0 8'0 7'0 6'0 5'0 4'0 3'0 2'0 1 8 0 7 1 1 2 8 TQ �15 =@ xU=t 40 8'0 6'0 5'0 4'0 3'0 25'0 2'0 1 5 0 7 0 85 1 8 TQ �15 =@ xU=t 5

0 8'0 5'0 35'0 3'0 25'0 2'0 15'0 1 5 0 7 0 7 0 7 8 TQ �15 =@ xU=t 6

?=DW V}=Ri= =@ xm CU=yQoUL Qo}O R= QDW}@ 4 w 3 |=yQoUL |=y|}=H@=H|oOWGm x@ w xDi=} V}=Ri= COW x@ 5 QoUL |}=H@=H '0 5g |q=@ ?=DW |=Q@R= QDW}@ 3 w 2 QoUL |}=H@=H ?8 pmW QO =t= "CU= xOW QHvt Q=w}O |q=@|UQQ@ u}vJty "O@=}|t xt=O= OvwQ u}ty R}v ?=DW V}=Ri= =@ w CU=yQoUL Qo}OCU= u; |xOvyOu=Wv 'x} wQ R= 0 3H |xrY=i QO w Q=w}O G=D QO s�=k |=yCUWvCQwY u}O@ &Ovm|t Q}}eD =yCUWv pmW Q=w}O `=iDQ= QO =yxtUD pw] Q}}eD =@ xm'CU= u=Um} Q_vOQwt |x]kv wO QO CUWv =yxOvvmKrUt u=Um} pw] |=Q@ xmOyO|t |wQ CN=wvm} Q}e |=yCUWv =yxOvvmKrUt Q}eDt pw] |=Q@ xm |r=L QO

"�9 pmW�|=y|}=H@=H w Q=w}O K]U |=yCUWv R= pY=L C=Oy=Wt x@ xHwD =@ p=Lwv u}= |=ypmWQ}}eD |=Q@ =Q |OvwQ u=wD|t xOWxDN=U |=yxvwtv QO Q=w}O |=tv

10 pmW p=Ft |=Q@ "O=O x�=Q= OwHwt |=yQ}eDt x@ xHwD =@ KrUt l =N |=yQ=w}Oxvwtv wO QO =Q V}=tR; R= TB |oDN}Uo |xwo p}mWD |xwLv w xDi=} pmWQ}}eD sQi

"OyO|t u=Wv `=iDQ= QO =yxOvvmKrUtQ}eDt w u=Um} pw] =@ Q=w}O R=O=H}= |xwLv |v}@V}B |=Q@ |tD} Qwor= '=yV}=tR; R= pY=L G}=Dv x@ xHwD =@j@=]t =Q Q=w}O `=iDQ= Qw_vt u}= |=Q@ "Ow@ Oy=wN x�=Q= p@=k Q=w}O QO =ypmW Q}}eDx@ xHwD =@ CtUk Qy R= pY=L C=Q}}eD w s}UkD CtUk wO x@ hr=11 pmWxm CU= u; R= |m =L C=Oy=Wt "CU= xDiQo Q=Qk |@=} RQ= OQwt =yV}=tR; |=y|oS} wOwHwx@ |}=H@=H '=yxOvvmKrUt u=Um} pw] =@ |=yQ=w}O |=Q@ |m}t=v}O \}=QW QO|}=H@=H \}=QW u}= QO "OwW|t Qy=_ |vwoS=w pmW x@ ?11 pmW j@=]t xOt;=yxOvvmKrUt pw]V}=Ri=u}vJty w ?=DWV}=Ri= =@ "CU= QDW}@ Q=w}O|}q=@ |xt}vV}B Q=w}O lwv |oOWGm CQwYx@ w CU= xDi=} V}=Ri= R}v Q=w}O G=D pmWQ}}eD|}=H@=H pmW '=yxOvvmKrUt |w=Ut=v pw] =@|}=yQ=w}O |=Q@ "�G11 pmW� OwQ|tG=D u}@ |vwoty=v CUWv u}vJty 'CU= xOW Qy=_ |oO=OsmW CQwYx@ |ki=wtHt QO xm &�O11 pmW� OwW|t xOy=Wt xrk R= |QDt|Dv=U 22 |xrY=i w Q=w}O|}=H@=H w xOQm =O}B |WJ}B Cr=L Q=w}O |q=@ CtUk CmQL xm OwW|t u; Ea=@

"O@=} Vy=m Q=w}O G=D CUWv w |ki=

xOWKrUt l =N pO=at |WQ@ pwOt u}}aD "2"6|=yQoUL R= pY=L G}=Dv R= xO=iDU= =@ xm CU= u; hOy VN@ u}= QO|=Q@ '12 pmW C=}[Qi R= xO=iDU= w Q=w}O |=tv |}=H@=H |=yQoUL w ?=DW

u=RQr R}t |=yV}=tR; R= xOt;CUOx@ G}=Dv Q}UiD "6Q_vOQwt G}=Dv |xOta "OW Oy=wN |UQQ@ u=RQr R}t |=yV}=tR; G}=Dv VN@ u}= QOQO xS} wx@ Q=w}O QO xOWO=H}= |=ypmWQ}}eD %R= Ov=CQ=@a =yV}=tR; u}= s=Hv= R=l =N |=Q@ pO=at |WQ@ pwOt u}}aD 'Q=w}O |oDN}Uo pmW u}}@D w G=D |x]kv

"pO=at |}=Q}t u}}aD w Q=w}O CWB KrUt

Q=w}O QO xOt;OwHwx@ |=ypmWQ}}eD "1"6xm CU= u; |xOvyOu=Wv xOW|R=UpOt |=yQ=w}O Q=DiQ R= |v}a C=Oy=Wt=yQ=w}O Cw=iDt |=y|oS} w x@ xHwD =@ l}vwtQ=y CmQL QF= Q@ pY=L |=ypmWQ}}eD|ki= |=DU=Q QO w uQ=kDt=v w uQ=kDt |=yCUWv pmW wO QO s�=k |=DU=Q QOTB Q=oOv=t |ki= |}=H@=H '6 pmW "Ov=xOW Qy=_ |vwoS=w w |oO=OsmW CQwYx@

"OyO|t u=Wv hrDNt |=ypOt QO =Q =yV}=tR; u=}=B R=uwtR; Qy QO xO=iDU= OQwt |=yxOvvmKrUt pw] x@ xHwD =@ |ki= |=y|}=H@=Hpw] xm|v=tR QO xm CQwY u}O@ &OvwW|t Qy=_ |vwoS=w w |oO=OsmW ?r=k wO QO|v=tR w �hr=7 pmW� |vwoS=w CQwYx@ pmWQ}}eD 'CU= u=Um} =yxOvvmKrUtpmWQ}}eD 'O@=}|t Vy=m u}}=B x@ q=@ R= |}xrB CQwYx@ =yxOvvmKrUt pw] xm|=Q@ =y|}=H@=H |Q}opmW OvwQ "�?7 pmW� OwW|t Qy=_ |oO=OsmW CQwYx@hr=8 pmW QO xm CQwY u}O@ 'CU= 8 pmW j@=]t QwmPt Cq=L R= l} Qy

"=yV}=tR; u=}=B R= TB Q=w}O QO Q=oOv=t |=ypmWQ}}eD "6 pmW

37

Page 6: |Rri uWwH =@ p=DvtoU KrUt

"""l=N|

=yQ=w}O

|}xRQr

Q=DiQ|y=

oW}=tR;

|UQQ@

"hrDNt |=y?=DW QO =yV}=tR; u=}=B R= TB 4 w 6 |=yxQ=tW pOt QO Q=w}O pmWQ}}eD "7 pmW

"|oO=OsmW w |vwoS=w |=yCr=L QO =ypmWQ}}eD |Q}opmW OvwQ "8 pmW

p[=iD R= xO=iDU= =@ Qw_vt u}= |=Q@ "OwW|t x@U=Lt |WQ@ pwOt 'Q=w}O |xvO@Qy Ov=tUB |=yQ=Owtv 'x}q Qy QO ?=DW QoUL G}=Dv w |}=H@=H |=yQoUL G}=Dv

"CU= xOW s}UQD 13 pmW j@=]t Q_vOQwt `]kt 3 QO =yQ=w}O R= l}\N ?}W R= l =N |WQ@ pwOt xm |}=Hv; R= w xOWsUQ |=yQ=Owtv x@ xHwD =@'O};|t CUOx@ xv}W}@ |WQ@ VvQm w xv}W}@ VvD |x]kv x@ C=YDNt RmQt pY=w?}mQD =@ p=L "OwW|t x@U=Lt s=9 pm}U =D |WQ@ pwOt =yQ=Owtv R= l} Qy |=Q@xHwD =@ "Ow@ Ovy=wN x�=Q= p@=k 14 pmW 'hrDNt |=yR=QD |=Q@ pY=L |=yQ=Owtv?=DW p=ta= R= TB Q=w}O xm OwW|t x_Lqt 14 pmW QO xOWx�=Q= |=yQ=Owtv x@C=Q}}eD OvwQ 'OQm} wQ u}= =@ "OyO|t RwQ@ OwN R= =Q |voty w s_vt Q=DiQ 'x}rw=xJv; j@=]t OwHwt C=aq]= |@=}uwQO T=U=Q@ Q=w}O CWB l =N |=Q@ |WQ@ pwOtQ=w}O |oDN}Uo hrDNt |=ypmW |=Q@ 'CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv 15 pmW QO xmx�=Q= p@=k |oO=OsmW Cr=L |=Q@ 2 |x]@=Q w |vwoS=w Cr=L |=Q@ 1 |=yx]@=Q =@

"Ow@ Oy=wN

G = 319 4 �0 43 (1)

G = 144 7 �0 65 (2)

16 pmW j@=]t |WQ@ pwOt Q=Okt |@=}uwQO w =ypOt |xty C=aq]= ?}mQD R=

"=yV}=tR; QO ?=DW Qy R= TB �s�=k CUWv� Q=w}O K]U |=yCUWv "9 pmW

l =N pO=at |WQ@ pwOt '=yQ=w}O QO xOWxOy=Wt |rmWQ}}eD |=yQ=DiQ R= l} Qyx@ 3 |xQ=tW uwtR; '=yuwtR; u=}t R= Qw_vt u}= |=Q@ "OwW x@U=Lt KrUt?=NDv= |vwoS=w Cr=L R= |oOv}=tv x@ 6 |xQ=tW w |oO=OsmW Cr=L R= |oOv}=tv

[29w28]"OWpN=O QO OwHwt 5 w 4 '2 ?=DW QoUL 3 R= l} Qy |=Q@ VN@ u}= QO

38

Page 7: |Rri uWwH =@ p=DvtoU KrUt

"""wxO=R

QOvrkT

=@a'|r}

a=tU=|[

DQt

"u=RQr R}t |=yV}=tR; 6 w 3 |=yuwtR; QO Q=w}O |=ypmWQ}}eD OvwQ "10 pmW

|O=yvW}B Q}O=kt V}=tR; R= pY=L |ak=w |=ywQ}v G}=Dv |xU}=kt "6 pwOH"FHWA

sWW swU uwtR;6 3 1 6 3 1 QoUL |xQ=tW

0 139 0 158 0 309 0 512 0 211 0 09 FRMS (Kg)

0 29 0 396 0 404 0 934 0 488 0 179 FMAX (Kg)

0 3 0 32 0 5 0 44 0 35 0 3 FFHWA (Kg)

2 16 2 03 1 62 0 86 1 66 3 33 FOS = FFHWAFRMS

1 03 0 81 1 24 0 47 0 72 1 68 FOS = FFHWAFMAX

|=Q@ =Q =ywQ}v u}= Q}O=kt 'xv}W}@ |=ywQ}v pLt uOWXNWt x@ xHwD =@ p=L"CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv 19 pmW QO w x@U=Lt 6 w 3 |=yuwtR; Q=w}O xvwtv wO

QO %CU= xDiQo Q=Qk xO=iDU= OQwt VwQ wO =yxtUD |wQ}v uOQw;CUOx@ |=Q@VvQm |v=tR |xJN} Q=D |vLvt T=U=Q@ MAX wQ}v |xv}W}@ Q=Okt pw= VwQQO =ywQ}v \UwDt |x@U=Lt |=Q@ 'Qo}O VwQ QO w CU= xOW x@U=Lt |QwLtxOW xO=iDU= 4 |x]@=Q j@=]t RMS =} C=a@ Qt QPH u}ov=}t R= u=tR |xRwL

%CU=

FRMS =

vuuut 1T2 � T1

T2ZT1

f 2i dt (4)

=@ u}ov=}t w xv}W}@ |ak=w |=ywQ}v Q}O=kt u=}t xDiQoCQwY |xU}=kt '6 pwOH"OyO|t u=Wv =Q FHWA |O=yvW}B VwQ R= xOt;CUOx@ Q}O=kt

QO xOWO=H}= |=ywQ}v |xU}=kt |=Q@VN@ u}= QO 'OwW|t x_Lqt xm xvwou=tyFHWA |O=yvW}B VwQ R= xOt;CUOx@ Q}O=kt =@ =yV}=tR; u}L |Rri |=yuWwHQ=Okt s}UkD =@ 'xt=O= QO "CU= xOW xO=iDU= wQ}v |xv}W}@ w |Q}ou}ov=}t VwQ wO R=xO=iDU= u=v}t]= ?} Q[ |awv x@ Q=Okt wO u}= =@ FHWA VwQ R= xrY=L |wQ}vw RMS VwQ R= pY=L G}=Dv |xU}=kt "CU= xOW x@U=Lt |}xt=vu}�; VwQ R=QO |}xRQr |wQ}v s}UkD |xwLv xm CU= u; |xOvyOu=Wv FHWA G}=Dv =@ MAX

swU CUD QO xm CQwY u}O@ "OvDUy sy x@=Wt |}xt=vu}�; w |y=oW}=tR; VwQ wOxOt;CUOx@ |wQ}v Q=Okt w QDW}@ xty R= sWW QoUL R= xOt;CUOx@ |wQ}v Q}O=ktQ=Okt 'sWW uwtR; QO Twmat Qw]x@ "CU= QDtm =ywQ}v |x}k@ R= pw= QoUL R=|xty R= pw= QoUL R= xrY=L |wQ}v w QDtm x}k@ R= sWW QoUL QO xrY=L |wQ}vRMS VwQ R= xOt;CUOx@ |wQ}v Q}O=kt hqDN= p=L u}a QO "CU= QDW}@ =ywQ}v|}=[a= |vt}= ?} Q[ xm CU= u; |xOvyOu=Wv u; Q@ sm =L |vt}= ?} Q[ w|}=[a= R= QDW}@ 'OvwW|t pt=W =Q FHWA |L=Q] QO wQ}v R= |QDtm syU xm

"u; |=ypmWQ}}eD w Q=w}O l}D=tW pmW "11 pmW

%Ow@ Oy=wN G=QNDU= p@=k 3 |x]@=Q

G = 197 2 �0 56 (3)

xOWKrUt l =N pO=at |}=Q}t u}}aD "3"6QwYLt |=yCL=Ut R= xO=iDU= =@ '12 pmW Q=Owtv x@ xHwD =@ CtUk u}= QOp@=k =yQ=w}O |}=H@=H Cq=L u}= R= l} Qy QO OwHwt |}=Q}t 'Ov=tUB Q=Owtv Q} ROv=CQ=@a ?}DQDx@ W w �W QDt=Q=B wO '12 pmW Q=Owtv QO "Ow@ Oy=wN x@U=Ltu}= ?}mQD =@ xm pm}U Qy QO xOWxQ}NP |SQv= |xv}W}@ w xOWlryDUt |SQv= %R=Cq=L R= l} Qy QO Q=w}O |}=Q}t '(D = 1

4��WW ) |x]@=Q R= xO=iDU= =@ w wO

"�17 pmW� CU= xOt; CUOx@ |vwoS=w w |oO=OsmW

|Rri |=yuWwH QO pY=L |=ywQ}v |UQQ@ "7Q=Qk |UQQ@ OQwt =yxtUD QO OwHwt |=ywQ}v R= pY=L |=y|HwQN VN@ u}= QOC=}[Qi x@ xHwD =@ xm CU= u; R= |m =L =yuwtR; R= pY=L C=Oy=Wt "CU= xDiQopY=L |wQ}v x@ jraDt xtUD Qy pw] QO xv}W}@ |wQ}v pLt '=yQ=w}O u}= |x}rw=

"�18 pmW� CU= |oDN}Uo RwQ@ |[Qi pLt QO

39

Page 8: |Rri uWwH =@ p=DvtoU KrUt

"""l=N|

=yQ=w}O

|}xRQr

Q=DiQ|y=

oW}=tR;

|UQQ@

"|}=Q}t w |WQ@ |DNU uOQw;CUOx@ |=Q@ xOWC@F Q}O=kt R= xO=iDU= w Q=w}O Ov=tUB Q=Owtv l}D=tW pmW "12 pmW

"|oO=OsmW Cr=L QO =} QDU}y w |vwoS=w Cr=L QO |QDU}y |=yQ=Owtv "13 pmW

"|oO=OsmW w |vwoS=w |=yCr=L QO |WQ@ pwOt |=yQ=Owtv "14 pmW

"|oO=OsmW w |vwoS=w |=yCr=L QO |WQ@ pwOt |=yQ=Owtv "15 pmW

40

Page 9: |Rri uWwH =@ p=DvtoU KrUt

"""wxO=R

QOvrkT

=@a'|r}

a=tU=|[

DQt

|xQ=tW T=U= Q@ sWWw swU |=yuwtR; |xv}W}@ |=ywQ}v Q=Owtv "19 pmW"=yGvUVvQm

'MAX VwQ QO "OvyO|t X=YDN= OwN x@ =Q wQ}v R= |QDW}@ syU xm CU=Q}eDt pw] =@ |=yQ=w}O QO xm CU= u; |xOvyOu=Wv xOt;CUOx@ u=v}t]= ?} Q[wQ}v R= |QDtm syU xm |}=[a= |vt}= ?} Q[ RMS VwQ Ovv=ty =yxOvvmKrUtR= |QDW}@ syU xm CU= |}=[a= R= QDW}@ 'OvwW|t pt=W =Q FHWA |L=Q] QOu=Um} |=ypw] |=Q@ VwQ wO Qy QO u}vJty "OvyO|t X=YDN= OwN x@ =Q wQ}vG}=Dv T=U=Q@ wtHt QO "CU= QDl}ORv sy x@ |vt}= ?}=Q[ Q}O=kt '=yxOvvmKrUtxOvvmKrUt Q}eDt pw] =@ |=yQ=w}O QO OwW|t O=yvW}B VN@ u}= QO xOt;CUOx@?Hwt w[wt u}= xm 'OwW xO=iDU= hrDNt |=yx}q |=Q@ Q}eDt |vt}= ?}=Q[ R=

"OW Oy=wN |L=Q] |R=Uxv}y@ w |vt}= V}=Ri=

|Q}oxH}Dv "8|vi |xOmWv=O u=RQr R}t R= xO=iDU= =@ w |y=oW}=tR; |OQm} wQ =@ 'Q=DWwv u}= QOx@ 1 T=}kt =@ |Rri |=yuWwH =@ KrUt l =N Q=w}O R= |}=yxvwtv u=QyD x=oWv=O'Q=w}O CWB Kr=Yt wv %R= sa= |irDNt |=yQDt=Q=B Q}F-=D w CU= xOW xDN=U 10|UQQ@ OQwt Q=w}O Q=DiQ QO x}=B l}vwtQ=y ?=DW Ot=U@ w '|Rri |=yuWwH pw]|DNU 'Q=w}O |oDN}Uo sR}v=mt uwJty |OQ=wt '=DU=Q u}= QO "CU= xDiQo Q=Qku}vJty w |Rri |=yuWwH w l =N pO=at |}=Q}t '|Rri |=yuWwH w l =N pO=atxDiQo Q=Qk xar=]t OQwt |Rri |=yuWwH |L=Q] |wQ}v QO OwHwt u=v}t]= ?} Q[%OQm xYqN OQ=wt u}= QO u=wD|t =Q VywSB u}= |=yxDi=} xOta ' wtHt QO "CU='xOWs=Hv= |=yV}=tR; xawtHt QO |r=ta= |=y?=DW Ot=U@ w xvt=O x@ xHwD =@ "1

"Q=w}O |rm Cr=L QO |WQ@ pwOt Q=Owtv "16 pmW

"|oO=OsmW w |vwoS=w |=yCr=L QO |}=Q}t "17 pmW

"GvUVvQm Qy QO pY=L |=ywQ}v Q=Owtv "18 pmW

41

Page 10: |Rri uWwH =@ p=DvtoU KrUt

"""l=N|

=yQ=w}O

|}xRQr

Q=DiQ|y=

oW}=tR;

|UQQ@pwOt |=Q@ |}=tv C=Q}}eD OwHwt C=aq]= |t=tD ?}mQD =@ "CU= |}=tv |OvwQ

"OwW|t x_Lqt |WQ@ VvQm ?UL Q@ |WQ@QO u}}=B |=yx}q x@ C@Uv q=@ |=yx}q QO =yxOvvm KrUt pw] �20 V}=Ri= "5u}}=B |=yx}q |}=H@=H Vy=m Ea=@ w xDW=Po Q}F=D R}v u}}=B |=yx}q |}=H@=H|=yx}q QO |WQ@ pwOt |}=H@=H Vy=m `@D x@ xm OwW|t |r@k Q=Okt hYv x@

"O@=}|t V}=Ri= u}}=Bu=wD|t =Q �0 01 =D �0 1 |=yVvQm |=Q@ Q=w}O `=iDQ= pm QO pO=at |}=Q}t "6

"OQm ZQi �30VwQ R= pY=L Q}O=kt hYv RMS VwQ R= pY=L |vt}= ?}=Q[ Q}O=kt "7u=Um} pw] =@ |=yQ=w}O QO hrDNt |=yx}q ?}=Q[ C@Uv "CU= MAX

q=@ |x}q R= =yxOvvmKrUt Q}eDt pw] |=Q@ w CU= u=Um} ,=@} QkD =yxOvvmKrUt"Ovm|t =O}B V}=Ri= Q@=Q@ 4 'u}}=B |x}q =D

Cw=iDt |=RH= |oOW=OH =} w Q=w}O pt=m |vwoS=w x@ QHvt |rm ?} QND xvwoI}y"OWv xOy=Wt Q=w}O

u}O@ 'Ow@ `=iDQ= QO =yxOvvmKrUt pw] s}UkD \}=QW R= QF-=Dt =ypmWQ}}eD sQi "2Q}eDt pw] |=Q@ w |vwoS=w CQwYx@ =yxOvvmKrUt u=Um} pw] |=Q@ xm CQwY

"OW Qy=_ |oO=OsmW CQwYx@ =yxOvvmKrUt=t= 'Ow@ Cw=iDt =yxOvvmKrUt u=Um} w Q}eDt pw] x@ xHwD =@ =ypmWQ}}eD OvwQ "3"O=O u=Wv =Q |}=H@=H Q_v R= |@ wr]t \}=QW Q=w}O |xvW=B Cr=L wO Qy QOxv}W}@ |}=H@=H x@ C@Uv |}=H@=H u=R}t '?=DW V}=Ri= =@ xm CQwY u}O@x@ xDiQ xDiQ 0 1g ?=DW QO xv}W}@ |}=H@=H �50 Q=Okt R= w Ci=} Vy=m

"O}UQ 0 8g ?=DW QO xv}W}@ |}=H@=H �20 Q=OktxOWxDN=U |=ypOt |t=tD |=Q@ |WQ@ VvQm =@ pO=at |WQ@ pwOt Q}}eD OvwQ "4

�References� `@=vt1. Nova-Roessig, L. and Sitar, N. \Centrifuge model stud-

ies of the seismic response of reinforced soil slopes", In:Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Earthquake Geotechnical Eng., pp.679-684 (1999).

2. Wartman, J., Hondlnel-Oviedo, E. and Rodriguez-Marek, A. \Performance and analyses of mechanicallystabilized earth walls in the tecornan, Mexico earth-quake", Journal of Performance of Constructed Facili-ties, 20(3), pp. 287-299 (1 August 2006).

3. Sankey, J.E. and Segrestin, P. \Evaluation of seismic per-formance in mechanically stabilized earth structures",Proceedings of the International Symposium on EarthReinforcement, Kyushu, Japan, 1, pp. 449-452 (2001).

4. Koseki, J., Tsutsumi, Y., Kiyota, T., Nakajima, S. andMaqbool, S. \Damage to earth structures caused by the2004 NIIGATA-KEN CHUETSU earthquake", Bulletinof Earthquake Resistant Structure, 37, pp. 41-50 (March2005).

5. Koseki, J., Munaf, Y., Tatsuoka, F., Tateyama, M., Ko-jima, K. and Sato, T. \Shaking and tilt table testsof geosynthetic-reinforced soil and conventional-type re-taining walls", Geosynthetics International, 5(1-2), pp.73-96 (1998).

6. Richardson, G.N. and Lee, K.L. \Seismic design of re-inforced earth walls", Journal of the Geotechnical Engi-neering Division, ASCE, 101(2), pp. 167-188 (1975).

7. Newmark, N.M. \E�ects of earthquakes on dams andembankments", Geotechnique, 15(2), pp. 139-159 (1965).

8. Howard, R.W.A., Kutter, B.L. and Siddharthan, R.\Seismic deformation of reinforced soil centrifuge mod-els", In: Proc. 3rd Geotechnical Earthquake Eng. SoilDynamics Conf., Special Pub., 1(75), pp. 446-457(1998).

9. Watanabe, K., Munaf, Y., Koseki, J., Tateyama, M. andKojima, K. \Behavior of several types of model retainingwalls subjected to irregular excitation", Soils and Foun-dations, 43(5), pp.13-27 (2003).

10. Siddharthan, R.V., Ganeshwara, V., Kutter, B.L., El-Desouky, M. and Whitman, R.V. \Seismic deformationof bar mat mechanically stabilized earth walls, I: Cen-trifuge tests", Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviron-mental Engineering, 130(1), pp. 14-25 (2004a).

11. Siddharthan, R.V., Ganeshwara, V., Kutter, B.L., El-Desouky, M. and Whitman, R.V. \Seismic deformationof bar mat mechanically stabilized earth walls, II: Amulti block model", Journal of Geotechnical and Geoen-vironmental Engineering, 130(1), pp. 26-35 (2004b).

12. Siddharthan, R.V., Vishnan, G. and Bukhary, S. \Ap-plication of displacement-based seismic design approachfor MSE walls with uneven reinforcement", Proceedings,9th US National Earthquake Engineering Conference,Toronto, Canada, Paper No. 1033 (July 2010).

13. Ling, H.I., Mohri, Y., Leshchinsky, D., Burke, C., Mat-sushima, K. and Liu, H. \Large scale shaking table testson modular-block reinforced soil retaining walls", Jour-nal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,131(4), pp. 465-476 (2005b).

14. Bathurst, R.J. and Hatami, K. \Physical to computa-tional modeling of reinforced soil walls under static load-ing", International Conference on Physical Modeling inGeotechnics (ICPMG), Hong Kong, China (2006).

15. Bathurst, R.J., Walters, D.L., Vlachopoulos, N.,Burgess, P. and Allen, T.M. \Full scale testing of geosyn-thetic reinforced walls", In: Proceedings of GeoDenver,ASCE, Special Publication, 17 p. (2000).

16. Cai, Z. and Bathurst, R.J. \Seismic-induced permanentdisplacement of geosynthetic reinforced segmental re-taining walls", Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 33, pp.937-955 (1996).

42

Page 11: |Rri uWwH =@ p=DvtoU KrUt

"""wxO=R

QOvrkT

=@a'|r}

a=tU=|[

DQt 17. El-Emam, M.M. and Bathurst, R.J. \Experimental de-sign, instrumentation and interpretation of reinforcedsoil wall response using a shaking table", InternationalJournal of Physical Modeling in Geotechnics, 4, pp. 13-32 (2004).

18. Hatami, K. and Bathurst, R.J. \E�ect of structural de-sign on fundamental frequency of reinforced-soil retain-ing walls", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,19, pp. 137-157 (2000).

19. American Association of State Highway and Trans-portation O�cials (AASHTO), Standard Speci�cationfor Highway Bridges, Washington, D.C. (1996).

20. Elias, V., Christopher, B.R. and Berg, R.R. \Mechan-ically stabilized earth walls and reinforced soil slopes:design and construction guidelines", Rep. No. FHWA-NHI-00-043, Federal Highway Administration, Washing-ton (2001).

21. Saber mahani, M., Ghalandarzadeh, A. and Fakher, A.\Experimental study on seismic deformation modes ofreinforced-soil walls", Geotextiles and Geomembranes,27, pp. 121-136 (2009).

22. Sabnis, G.M., Harris, H.G., White, R.N. and Mirza,M.S., Structural Modeling and Experimental. Tech-niques, Englewood Cli�s: Prentice-Hall (1983).

23. Scho�eld, A.N. and Steedman, R.S. \State-of-the-art re-port: Recent developments on dynamic model testingin geotechnical engineering", Proc. 9th World Conf. onEarthquake Engineering, Tokyo/Kyoto, 8, pp. 813-824(1988).

24. Iai, S. \Similitude for shaking table tests on soil-structure uid model in Ig gravitational �eld", Soils andFoundations, 29(I), pp. 105-118 (1989).

25. Krawinkler, H. \Possibilities and limitations of scale-model testing in earthquake engineering", Proc. 2ndUS National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, StanfordUniversity, pp. 283-292 (1979).

26. Wood, D.M., Geotechnical Modelling, Version 2.2, 247p. (2004).

27. Wood, D.M., Crewe, A. and Taylor, C. \Shaking tabletesting of geotechnical models", International Journal ofPhysical Modelling in Geotechnics, 1, pp. 01-13 (2002).

28. Ishihara, K., Soil Behaviour in Earthquake Geotechnics,Oxford Science Publications (1996).

29. Kramer, S.I. and Paulsen, S.B. \Seismic performanceevaluation of reinforced slopes", Geosynthetics Interna-tional, 11(6), pp. 429-438 (2004).

43