socialur-politikuri foni

1633 wlidan moyolebuli, mas Semdeg, rac Sogunma iemicu tokugavam saTave daudo qveynis izolacionizmisken mimarTul politikas, XIX saukunis Sua wlebamde iaponiis urTierToba ga-re samyarosTan maqsimalurad SezRuduli iyo. Tavad iaponelebi am periods aRniSnaven termi-niT `sakoku~ (daxuruli, Caketili qveyana). tokugavas klani imdenad ufrTxoda evropul sa-xelmwifoTa kolonialur gavlenas, rom mtrad acxadebda nebismier ideologiur Tu religi-ur elements, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo dasavlur samyarosTan. amgvarma politikam jer ki-dev XVII saukuneSi gamoiwvia iaponiis samxreTSi arsebuli qristianuli saTvistomoebis ganad-gureba. misioneruli saqmianoba srulad aRmoifxvra, xolo ucxoeli, romelic iaponiaSi SeaR-wevda, umal sikvdiliT unda dasjiliyo. igive ganaCeni eloda nebismier iaponels, romelic sazRvargareT gabedavda gasvlas.

iaponia izolacionizmis dasasruli da gza axali qveynis Camoyalibebisaken

32

regioni

iemicu tokugava

daviT goginaSvili

kans

ai

sikoku

hokaido

tohoku

kantoCubu

Cugoku

kiusiu

albaT mcdari iqneboda gveTqva, rom qve-yana gare samyaros bolomde iyo mowyveti-li. espanelTa da portugalielTa alagmvis Semdeg iaponiam dauyovnebliv daiwyo mola-parakebebi koreasa da holandiasTan, raTa qveynisTvis saWiro raodenobis tvirTbrun-va da informaciis Semodineba uzrunveleyo. Sogunati CrdiloeTiT, kunZul hokaidoze vaWrobda ainus tomis mosaxleobasTan, kun-Zul cuSimas gavliT – koreis samefosTan, sacumas safeodalos riukius samefosTan (dRevandeli okinava da mimdebare kunZule-bi) vaWroba ebara, xolo nagasakis porti Ci-neTTan da holandiasTan vaWrobis forpos-tad iqca. nagasakis portSi Seqmnili iyo xe-lovnuri kunZuli `dejima~ (gasasvleli kunZuli), sadac xdeboda aRebmicemoba da romelsac ver scdebodnen ucxoeli vaWrebi Tu mezRvaurebi. gansakuTrebuli nebarT-vis gareSe `dejimaze~ gadasvla rigiT iapo-nelebsac ekrZalebodaT. amrigad, Sogunis xelisuflebam sagareo vaWroba mTlianad dauqvemdebara kontrols da maqsimalurad Seamcira dasavluri kolonializmis saSiS-roeba.

XIX saukunis dasawyisisTvis tokugavas klani, romelic im droisTvis ukve TiTqmis ori saukune marTavda iaponias, Zalaufle-

33

Soguni – samxedro sardali, romelsac niSnavda imperatori. 1185 wlidan meijis restavraciamde,

TiTqmis 700 wlis ganmavlobaSi Sogunebs absoluturi samxedro-politikuri Zalaufleba hqon-

daT, imperatori ki mxolod formalur funqciebs inarCunebda.

iaponia

iaponiis regionebi

seqigaharas brZola gaimarTa1600 wels. es iyo gadamwyveti brZola tokugavas momxreTa da mowinaaRm-

degeTa Soris, romlis Sedegadac klanis fuZemdebelma, ieiasu tokugavam, xelT igdo qveynis marTvis

sadaveebi.

bis mwvervalze iyo. im feodalTa STamomavlebi, romlebic sawinaaRmdego banakSi iyvnen seqigaharas brZolisas, verasdros ikavebdnen wamyvan Tanamdebobebs da, Sesabamisad, sul ufro sustdebodnen. imperatori

mxolod simbolur xelisuflebas inarCunebda, xolo sagareo faqto-rebi, ̀ sakokus~ politikis wyalobiT, sakmaod Semcirebuli iyo.

informacia evropis kolonialuri eqspansiisa da teqnologi-uri winsvlis Sesaxeb mainc aRwevda iaponur sazogadoebaSi. inte-leqtualTa garkveul nawilSi Zlierdeboda azri, rom evropel-Tagan Tavis dasacavad aucilebeli iyo maTive miRwevebis Seswav-la da aTviseba, Tumca konservatiulad ganwyobili samxedro-

politikuri elita sastikad uswordeboda gansxvavebuli az-ris yovelgvar gamovlinebas. sazRvrebis gaxsnis momxre-

ebs atusaRebdnen, asaxlebdnen Soreul kunZulebze an aiZulebdnen `sepukus~ ritualiT daesrulebinaT

sicocxle.

`sepukus~ rituali – TviTmkvlelobis ri-

tuali, romelsac xSirad mimarTavdnen sa-

muraebi sakuTari Rirsebis dasacavad. xSi-

rad moixsenieba, rogorc ̀ harakiri~.

34

regioni

komandori peri da iaponiis izolacio-nizmis dasasruli

opiumis pirvelma omma, romelic Cine-TisTvis kabaluri xelSekrulebebiT das-rulda, iaponiaSi kidev ufro gaaZliera ev-ropuli kolonializmis SiSi. Sogunatma ga-malebiT daiwyo edos (tokios Zveli dasaxe-leba) yuris gamagreba, xelovnuri kunZule-bis Seneba da safortifikacio nagebobebis aRmarTva. 1825 wlidan moqmedebda kanoni, romelic iTvaliswinebda iaponiis wylebSi unebarTvod Semosuli nebismieri ucxo ge-mis dauyovnebliv gaZevebas an ganadgurebas. kanonis saxelwodeba – `ikokusen muninen uCiharai rei~ – pirdapir iTargmneba, ro-gorc `brZaneba orjer dafiqrebis gareSe ucxo gemebis gaZevebis Sesaxeb~. magram miu-xedavad Sogunatis mcdelobebisa, warsul-ze orientirebuli politika uZluri aR-moCnda drois spiraluri svlisa da gardau-vali samrewvelo ganviTarebis winaSe.

1853 wels iaponiis napirebs miadga ameri-kuli floti komodore meTiu peris xelmZ-RvanelobiT. misi gemebi orTqlis ZravebiTa da uaxlesi modifikaciis qvemexebiT iyo aR-Wurvili, xolo industriuli revoluciis armcnobi iaponelebi ki kvlav gviani Sua sau-kuneebis afrian gemebsa da primitiul zar-baznebs iyenebdnen. mxrColavi, moguguneZ-raviani, Savad SeRebili xomaldebis xilvam iaponelebs Tavzari dasca. peris brZanebiT, TiTqosda amerikis damoukideblobis dRis aRsaniSnavad, flotiliam yvela qvemexidan zalpiT gaisrola. Zalis amgvarma demonst-raciam naTlad aCvena amerikelTa samxedro upiratesoba. molaparakebebisas amerike-lebma mkafiod mosTxoves iaponelebs maTi gemebisTvis portebis gaxsna da CineTisken gaemgzavrnen, riTac garkveuli dro misces iaponelebs Semdegi qmedebebis dasagegmad. edos elita mixvda, rom gamouval mdgomare-obaSi aRmoCnda da CaTrevas Cayola amjobi-na. 1854 wels CineTidan mobrunebulma perim

opiumis omebi – ori omi did britaneTsa da CineTs Soris (opiumis pirveli omi –1839-1842 ww., opiumis meore

omi –1856-1860 ww.). britanelebis mizani iyo inglisis savaWro interesebis dacva CineTSi da vaWrobis ga-

farToeba, kerZod, opiumis didi raodenobiT gayidva, rac akrZaluli iyo CineTis imperiaSi. omebma da

omebs Soris periodis movlenebma daasusta cinis dinastia, Sedegad, CineTi iZulebuli gaxda gaexsna por-

tebi, qveyanaSi SeeSva ucxoeli vaWrebi da evaWra danarCen msofliosTan.

komodore meTiu peri(1794-1858)

35

iaponia

SogunatTan dado xelSekruleba, ris Sede-gadac amerikeli samxedroebisTvis iaponu-ri portebi gaxsnilad gamocxadda. xelSek-ruleba ar uzrunvelyofda sagareo vaWro-bas, magram misi arsebobis faqti safuZvlad daedo mTel rig kabalur xelSekrulebebs, romlebic iaponiam momdevno wlebSi dasav-lur saxelmwifoebTan gaaforma. amiT wer-tili daesva 250-wlian karCaketilobas da iaponia aRmoCnda axali, mZime gamowvevebis winaSe.

SogunTa diqtaturis dasasruli

1850-iani wlebis bolos portebis gaxs-nam da ucxoelTa Semodinebam kidev ufro gaaRviva iaponur sazogadoebaSi arsebuli antidasavluri ganwyoba. xSiri iyo ucxoe-lebze Tavdasxma da oficialur pirTa mkvlelobebic ki. xalxi `samxreTeli barba-rosebis~ SemoyvanaSi iesada tokugavas ada-naSaulebda, romelic sinamdvileSi susti janmrTelobis gamo TiTqmis ar monawileob-da qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi. mis mmar-Tvelobas daemTxva gamanadgurebeli miwis-Zvrebisa da cunamebis seria, qoleris epide-miebi da a. S., ramac ufro metad gaamwvava

qveyanaSi mdgomareoba. xalxSi gavrcelda rwmena, rom es iyo RmerTebis risxva, movle-nili ucxoelebisaTvis karis gaRebis gamo. am warmodgenas amagrebda is faqti, rom impe-rators, romelic Tavad iTvleboda Rmer-Tad, ar hqonda micemuli dasturi dasavle-Tis qveynebTan xelSekrulebebis gaforme-baze.

1858 wels gardaicvala iesada. mas pir-dapiri memkvidre ar hyavda, amitom Zalauf-

`samxreTel barbarosebs~ (iaponurad gamoiTqmis, rogorc nanbanjin) uwodebdnen evropelebsa da

amerikelebs. Tavidan ase ixseniebdnen ZiriTadad espanelebsa da portugalielebs, romlebic samxreTidan

movidnen iaponiaSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi es termini iqca evropeiduli rasis warmomadgenelTa krebiT

saxelad.

lebis xelSi Casagdebad feodalebs Soris dapirispireba moxda. sabolood qveynis marTvis sadaveebi xelT igdo iemoCi toku-gavam, romelmac xelisuflebaSi mosvlis-Tanave daiwyo ucxoelebTan vaWrobis mowi-naaRmdegeTa devna, rac istoriaSi `anseis represiebis~ an `anseis wmendis~ saxeliT Se-vida. amgvarma sisxlianma angariSsworebam cota xniT gaaxangrZliva tokugavaTa kla-nis mmarTveloba, magram qveyana ukve idga didi samoqalaqo omis winaSe.

Sogunatis mowinaaRmdege samuraebma, sa-cumas, tosas, CoSus da dasavleT iaponiis sxva safeodaloTa xelmZRvanelobiT nel-

samuraebiedo (Zveli tokio)

regioni

36

nela daiwyes samxedro modernizacia da sabrZolo potencialis gazrda. ramdenime weliwadSi tokugavas klanis upiratesobas ukve wyali Seudga. dasavleT iaponiis safeodaloTa koalici-am Tavisi gavlenis qveS moaqcia da gadaibira axalgazrda imperatori mucuhito, ramac maT miz-nebs politikuri legitimacia SesZina. am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, koaliciis mier wamowye-buli samxedro kampania ajanyeba ki ara, iaponiis gadarCenisaTvis brZola gaxldaT, romelic RvTaebrivi warmoSobis mqone imperatoris mier iyo xeldasxmuli.

omma imperatorisa da Sogunis momxreebs Soris daaxloebiT erT weliwads gastana (e.w. boSi-nis omi, 1868-1869) da Sogunatis sruli marcxiT dasrulda. Sogunis momxreTa narCenebi Crdi-loeTiT, qalaq hakodateSi gamagrdnen da respublikac ki daaarses, magram imperatoris armiam es winaaRmdegobac CaaxSo da TiTqmis 700 wlis Semdeg isev aRadgina imperatoris mmarTveloba iaponiaSi.

imperator meijis mmarTveloba

axalgazrda imperatorma saocari goniereba gamoiCina da ar ahyva ucxoelTa gandevnis moT-xovnebs. mas kargad hqonda gaazrebuli is SesaZlo safrTxeebi, rac emuqreboda iaponias amgvari moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi. istorikosTa umetesoba Tanxmdeba, rom pirvel etap-ze imperatoris roli qveynis mmarTvelobaSi sakmaod SezRuduli iyo da konkretul gadawyve-tilebebs ZiriTadad sacumasa da CoSus safeodalodan gamosuli oligarqebi iRebdnen, mag.: ito hirobumi (SemdgomSi premier-ministri da koreis okupaciis erT-erTi mTavari Semoqmedi), iamagata aritomo (samxedro reformis erT-erTi mTavari sulisCamdgmeli) da sxvebi. oligarqi-uli elita miznad isaxavda qveynis uTanasworo, kabaluri mdgomareobidan gamoyvanas. amisaT-vis aucilebeli iyo ekonomikis dauyovnebeli industrializacia, teqnologiuri da sistemuri modernizeba, raTa iaponia dasweoda dasavlur saxelmwifoTa ganviTarebis dones.

37

iesada tokugava iemoCi tokugava

iaponia

buSido – sityvasityviT niSnavs mebrZolis gzas. es iyo saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli kodeq-

si, romelic gansazRvravda samuraebis cxovrebis wess. buSidos principebi dafuZnebuli iyo Rirsebis, erT-

gulebis da sxva moralur faseulobebze da sabrZolo xelovnebasTan erTad iswavleboda samuraebis

skolebSi.

lozungi `sanno joi~ (Tayvani eci impe-rators, gaaZeve barbarosebi) Secvala lo-zungma `fukoku kiohei~ (gaamdidre qveyana, gaaZliere jari).

iaponiis saxelmwifom SeZlo finansuri da inteleqtualuri resursebis maqsimaluri mobilizeba, raTa adgili daemkvidrebina msoflios lider qveynebs Soris. mowinave saxelmwifoTa gamocdilebis Sesaswavlad daigzavna delegaciebi evropasa da amerika-Si. iaponeli mecnierebi Tu studentebi sa-xelmwifos xarjiT swavlobdnen dasavle-Tis wamyvan universitetebSi. mowveuli uc-xoeli specialistebi aqtiurad muSaobdnen adgilze reformebis dagegmvasa da ganxor-cielebaze. ramdenimewliani muSaobis Sede-gad iaponelebma ukve kargad icodnen, Tu ganviTarebis modelad romeli qveynidan ra sistema unda aeRoT.

samxedro reforma

dasavleTis imperialisturi eqspansiis fonze udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda samxedro sferos ganviTarebas. saxmeleTo jarebis sistema daefuZna prusiul models, xolo sazRvao ZalebisaTvis SearCies britanuli modeli. samuraebis gansakuTrebuli statusi da privilegiebi gauqmda da ne-bismier moqalaqes mieca jarSi samsaxuris ufleba. aman samuraebis garkveuli jgufebis ajanyebac ki gamoiwvia, magram SedarebiT maRali ganaTlebisa da samxedro motivaciis mqone samuraebis ume-tesobam moaxerxa epova adgili axal sajariso sistemaSi. Sesabamisad, e.w. samurais suli da Semar-Teba, romelic efuZneboda saukuneebis manZilze gamowrTobil buSidos moZRvrebis principebs, iaponuri jaridan ar gamqrala. metic, SemdgomSi samuraebis Zvelma istoriebma garkveuli roman-tikuli elferi SeiZina, xolo samxedroTa Soris legendarul samuraebze sworeba erT-erT umTavres sabrZolo motivaciad iqca.

jaris samxedro-teqnologiurma modernizaciam, armiis mtkice sabrZolo disciplinis Camoya-libebasTan erTad, maleve gamoiRo Sedegebi. ukve 1894-1895 ww.-Si iaponiam koreis naxevarkunZul-ze gavlenisaTvis CineTis imperiasTan omSi upirobo samxedro upiratesobas miaRwia. magram, miuxe-davad warmatebuli samxedro kampaniisa, evropuli saxelmwifoebis Carevam samSvidobo molapara-kebebSi tokio aiZula garkveul daTmobebze wasuliyo (mag., iaponuri armia iZulebuli gaxda dae-tovebina metad mniSvnelovani port arturi da mTeli mimdebare naxevarkunZuli). iaponiaSi es aR-iqves, rogorc diplomatiuri marcxi, gamowveuli qveynis arasakmarisi samxedro ZlierebiT, ramac damatebiTi biZgi misca iaponiis militaristul ganviTarebas. am movlenebidan 10 weliwadSi iapo-niam SeZlo daemarcxebina iseTi wamyvani samxedro Zala, rogoric iyo ruseTis imperia. aRsaniSna-via, rom am droisTvis iaponelTa sadazvervo-diversiuli saqmianoba scdeboda Soreuli aRmosav-leTis geografiul sazRvrebs da ufro globalur masStabebs iZenda. iaponelTa jaSuSuri qseli aqtiurad saqmianobda aRmosavleT evropasa da kavkasiaSic ki. amis erT-erT magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT TanamSromloba baron motojiro akaSisa da giorgi dekanoziSvils Soris, romelic antirusuli moZraobis dafinanseba-SeiaraRebaze iyo orientirebuli.

38

ito hirobumi(1841-1909)

regioni

sursi, amitom saxelmwifom Tavad itvirTa qveyanaSi dasavluri teqnologiebis Semo-tana-danergvis finansuri uzrunvelyofa da specialistebis momzadeba. saxelmwifosa da kerZo kompaniebis TanamSromlobiT gan-viTarda mZime industriis iseTi dargebi, rogoricaa gemTmSenebloba, metalurgia, manqanaTmSenebloba da a.S. Seiqmna saxelmwi-fosa da kerZo kompaniebis urTierTobis unikaluri modeli, romelmac, erTi mxriv, xeli Seuwyo mTliani Sida produqtis zrdas da daaCqara ekonomikuri aRmavloba, meore mxriv ki, safuZveli Cauyara oligarqiuli konglomeratebis (e.w. Zaibacu) Camoyalibe-bas. Zaibacuebis umetesobam gaagrZela fi-nansuri aRmasvla mTeli meoce saukunis gan-mavlobaSic da dRemde finansur-sawarmoo kompaniebis saxiT moaRwia. uZveles Zaiba-cuebs ganekuTvnebian msoflioSi cnobili iseTi iaponuri kompaniebi, rogorebicaa, ma-galiTad, ̀ micubiSi~, ̀ micui~, ̀ sumitomo~ da sxva.

mZime mrewvelobisa da sabanko sistemis ganviTarebis paralelurad didi mniSvne-loba eniWeboda tradiciuli agraruli me-urneobis axal etapze gadayvanasac. refor-mebis sawyis etapze swored am seqtoris xarjze xdeboda mZime mrewvelobis Camoya-

ekonomikuri reforma

iaponiis globalur samxedro moTamaSed Camoyalibebas win uZRoda industrializa-ciis uaRresad Sromatevadi procesi. re-formebis pirvel etapze saxelmwifos fi-nansuri resursi mimarTuli iyo indust-riuli, sakomunikacio, savaWro infrast-ruqturis Seqmnisken. Sendeboda portebi, gzebi, satelegrafo qselebi, rkinigza da a.S. kerZo seqtors ar hqonda sakmarisi re-

giorgi dekanoziSvili (1868-1910) iyo saqarTveloSi rusuli koloniuri poli-tikis, qveynis rusifikaciis erT-erTi aqtiuri mowinaaRmdege, socialist-fe-deralist arCil jorjaZis marjvena xeli, saqarTvelosTvis Tavgadadebuli patrioti. samTamadno saqmis specialisti studentobidanve (q. peterburgSi) CaerTo revoluciur saqmianobaSi. muSaobda WiaTuris marganecis mrewvelTan besarion RoRoberiZesTan. 1902 wels `Savi qvis mrewvelTa sabWos~ davalebiT imogzaura kubasa da braziliaSi konkurenti qveynebis marganecis maragebsa da Rirseba-naklovanebebze informaciis mosapoveblad. igi aqtiurad iyo CarTu-

39

iapiniakorea

CineTi

ruseTi

manjuria

port arturi

li socialist-federalisturi partiis saqmianobaSi. g. dekanoziSvilis aqtiurobiT parizSi gamoicemoda Tavisufali gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, franguli damatebiT `la JeorJi~. giorgi zrunavda gazeTisaTvis Tan-xis moZiebaze, saqarTveloSi mis aralegalurad gavrcelebaze, iaraRisa da sabrZolo aRWurvilobis da-samzadeblad saWiro masalis saqarTveloSi gagzavnaze, TanamebrZolTa janmrTelobazec ki. 1904 wels misi organizebiT JenevaSi qarTvelTa pirveli konferencia gaimarTa, sadac oficialurad gaformda socia-list-federalistTa sarevolucio partia, romelSic federalistTa garda Sevidnen anarqistebi da erov-nul-demokratiuli mimarTulebis jgufi.

1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis dros, roca yvela politikuri partia aqtiurad ibrZoda rusuli reJimis wi-naaRmdeg, giorgi dekanoziSvili daukavSirda iaponiis armiis polkovniks – akaSis da misgan gemisa da ia-raRis SesaZenad 200 aTasi franki miiRo – ruseT-iaponiis samxedro dapirispirebis gamo iaponelebi dain-teresebuli iyvnen ruseTis imperiaSi antirusuli Zalebis gaZlierebiT. giorgi akaSis rusuli specsamsa-xurebis agentebisagan malulad Sexvda, organizeba gaukeTa iaraRisa da gemis Sesyidvas, dagegma SeiaraRe-bis saqarTveloSi Semotanis marSruti da ganxorcieleba. samwuxarod, 1905 wlis noembris bolos foTamde Camosulma iaraRma daniSnulebis adgilamde ver miaRwia – gadmotvirTvisas gamJRavnda saidumlo da ge-mis kapitani iZulebuli gaxda iaraRis nawili zRvaSi gadaeyara. SeiaraRebis nawili mainc moxvda federa-listTa xelSi. am warumateblobis Semdeg giorgi dekanoziSvili aqtiur politikur saqmianobas Camoscil-da, janmrTelobamac Seawuxa – Zvelma senma, tuberkulozma, Seaxsena Tavi. igi 1910 wels 42 wlis asakSi q. kanSi gardaicvala. giorgi dekanoziSvils surda, rom saqarTveloSi dasaflavebuliyo. ojaxma misi uka-naskneli neba aRasrula. is 1910 welsve uxmaurod Camoasvenes TbilisSi da dakrZales wm. ninos (kukia) sa-saflaoze.

iaponia

koreus naxevarkunZuli da iaponia

40

libeba, radgan bunebrivi wiaRiseuliT Rarib iaponias im droisTvis sxva Semosavlis wyaro TiTqmis ar gaaCnda. 1873 wlis miwis reformis aqtis mixedviT, miwa, romelsac glexebi feodalebisTvis amu-Savebdnen, maTve gadaecaT sakuTrebaSi. saxelmwifom Seiswavla moTxovna saerTaSoriso bazrebze da Zalisxmeva swored am moTxovnis Sesabamis industriaze mimarTa. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia abreSumisa da bambis warmoebis ganviTareba. axali teqnologiebis danergviT iaponia swrafad iqca msoflioSi teqstilis erT-erT udides eqsportior qveynad. mniSvnelovani dargi iyo Cais warmoebac, rome-lic aseve eqsportze gadioda. am dargebidan miRebuli SemosavliT saxelmwifo mZime industrias aviTarebda, rac, Tavis mxriv, sasicocxlod aucilebeli iyo qveynis ekonomikuri da samxedro gaZ-lierebisaTvis.

ganaTlebis reforma

qveynis swraf modernizacias sWirdeboda Sesabamisi inteleqtualuri resursi, rac axali sa-ganmanaTleblo sistemis Camoyalibebas moiTxovda. 1871 wels iaponiaSi pirvelad miiRes kanoni sa-yovelTao-savaldebulo ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. ganaTleba aRar iyo maRali fenebis privilegia da meijis epoqis dasasrulisTvis wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa raodenobam mosaxleobis 80%-s gadaaWarba. skolebis aSeneba, maswavleblebis momzadeba da sxva Tanamdevi xarjebi did tvirTad daawva saxel-

mwifos biujets, magram es iyo investicia, romelic SemdgomSi pirda-pir aisaxa ekonomikur zrdaze da amave dros xeli Seuwyo qvey-

nis ideologiur centralizacias.

pirvelad iaponiis istoriaSi gaCnda sa-literaturo enis cneba. iaponu-

ris dialeqtebi imdenad gansxvavebuli iyo,

regioni

41

rom sxvadasxva regionis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTs xSirad verc ki ugebdnen. amgvari lingvis-turi daqsaqsuloba, romelic xSirad qmnida TviTidentifikaciis problemas, aRmoifxvra, ro-ca mTeli qveynis masStabiT saerTo, centralizebul saliteraturo enad tokios dialeqti Se-moiRes.

reformaTa Sedegebi da Sefaseba

meijis reformebi ar Semofarglula samxedro, ekonomikuri da saganmanaTleblo sisteme-bis danergviT. prusiul modelze dayrdnobiT Seiqmna konstitucia. germanul models daefuZ-na iaponiis samedicino sistemac. gardaiqmna da ganaxlda TiTqmis yvela socialur-politikuri instituti.

am reformebis Sedegad ramdenime aTwleulSi iaponiam agraruli ekonomikis mqone feoda-luri qveynebis rigidan msoflios lider saxelmwifoTa Soris gadainacvla da daimkvidra ad-gili. ekonomikuri maCveneblebi swrafad izrdeboda, Tavbrudamxvevma samxedro warmatebebma iaponelebs ganumtkica rwmena imperatoris RvTaebrivi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, imperia teri-toriulad gaizarda da manamde uprecedento centralizacias miaRwia. isic ar unda dagvaviwy-des, rom es yvelaferi xdeboda mosaxleobis nawilis ukiduresad mZime yofis, bavSvebisa da qa-lebis Sromis eqspluataciis, maRali gadasaxadebis, mezobeli erebis dapyrobis da sxva sastiki zomebis xarjze. Tumca msgavsi arahumanuri, imperialisturi politika axasiaTebda im epoqis TiTqmis yvela wamyvan saxelmwifos da arc iaponia yofila am mxriv gamonaklisi.

araerTmniSvnelovani Sefasebebis miuxedavad, meijis epoqa udavod iyo erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani xana qveynis Camoyalibebis gzaze. meijis reformebis Sedegad iaponia iqca pirvel aradasavlur saxelmwifod, romelic Tanaswor moTamaSed moevlina msoflios lider imperi-ebs.

dResdReobiT meijis epoqas aswavlian, rogorc erT-erT warmatebul magaliTs ganviTare-badi qveynebisaTvis. gardamaval safexurze myof araerT saxelmwifos (omis, revoluciis, da-moukideblobis miRebis Semdgomi periodebi da a.S.) ucdia qveynis reorganizeba meijis re-formebis modelis mixedviT. gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs iaponuri gamocdileba iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa saxelmwifosa da kerZo seqtoris urTierToba, mcire da saSua-lo mewarmeobis ganviTareba, industriuli politika da a.S. ra Tqma unda, meijis re-formaTa warmatebaze saubrisas gasaTvaliswinebelia iaponiis geopolitikuri mdebareoba, qveynis Sida mowyoba, socialuri foni, imperatoris fenomeni, iapo-nelTa erovnuli xasiaTi da sxva uamravi faqtori, ramac xeli Seuwyo reformaTa ganxorcielebas, magram miuxedavad am faqtorebisa, iaponiis istoriis es monak-veTi nebismieri qveynisaTvis warmoadgens unikalur precedents da siRrmise-ul Seswavlasa da gaanalizebas saWiroebs.

iaponia