ÓÀ˜Ò¨ÀÛˇÒÉÓˇ ÓÀÌÀÒ¨À¸É (III)...blad. es terminebi da saSualebebi ZiriTadad danergili iyo kerZo sawarmoebisa da nacio-naluri savaWro asociaciebis mier, romlebic,

1

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14ÃÄÊÄÌÁÄÒÉ

2000

ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËÉ (III)

�ÀËÌÀÍÀáÉ� ÂÀÌÏÉÝÄÌÀ OSI�ÓÀ ÃÀ NOVIB-ÉÓ

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ÓÄÒÉÀÆÄ ÐÀÓÖáÉÓÌÂÄÁÄËÉ: ÆÖÒÀÁ ÁÖÒÃÖËÉ

© 2001, ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÀ

ISSN 1512-0759

© ÀËÌÀÍÀáÉ. ÀÉßÚÏ ÃÀ ÃÀÊÀÁÀÃÏÍÃÀ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÀÛÉ.

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ÒÄÃÀØÔÏÒÉÓ ÈÀÍÀÛÄÌßÄ:

ÔÄØ. ÒÄÃÀØÔÏÒÉ:

ÔÄØ. ÒÄÃÀØÔÏÒÉÓ ÈÀÍÀÛÄÌßÄ:

ÉÒÀÊËÉ ÓÄÓÉÀÛÅÉËÉÍÉÍÏ ÓÖØÍÉÞÄÅÀáÔÀÍÂ ÄËÉÏÆÉÛÅÉËÉÉÒÀÊËÉ ÓÅÀÍÉÞÄ

ÒÄÃÀØÝÉÀÛÉ ÛÄÌÏÓÖËÉ ÌÀÓÀËÄÁÉ ÀÒ ÒÄÝÄÍÆÉÒÃÄÁÀ ÃÀ ÂÀÌÏáÀÔÀÅÓ ÌáÏËÏÃ ÀÅÔÏÒÉÓ ÛÄáÄÃÖËÄÁÄÁÓ.ÀÊÒÞÀËÖËÉÀ ÀØ ÂÀÌÏØÅÄÚÍÄÁÖËÉ ÌÀÓÀËÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÃÀÁÄàÃÅÀ, ÂÀÌÒÀÅËÄÁÀ ÀÍ ÂÀÅÒÝÄËÄÁÀ ÊÏÌÄÒÝÉÖËÉÌÉÆÍÉÈ, ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÉÓ ßÄÒÉËÏÁÉÈÉ ÍÄÁÀÒÈÅÉÓÀ ÃÀ ßÚÀÒÏÓ ÌÉÈÉÈÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÒÄÛÄ.

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UNIDROIT - ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÊÏÌÄÒÝÉÖËáÄËÛÄÊÒÖËÄÁÀÈÀ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÄÁÉ

ÆÅÉÀÃ ÌÀÈÉÀÛÅÉËÉ

ÃÄËÉØÔÄÁÉ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÊÄÒÞÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËÛÉ

ÏÈÀÒ ÌÀàÀÒÀÛÅÉËÉ

ÊÏÓÏÅÏÓ ÏÌÉ ÃÀ ÀáÀËÉÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏÓÀÌÀÒÈËÄÁÒÉÅÉ ßÄÓÒÉÂÉ Ö×ÒÏÌÛÅÉÃÏÁÉÀÍÉ ÌÓÏ×ËÉÏÓÀÈÅÉÓ

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ÓÀÚÏÅÄËÈÀÏ ÃÀ ÓÒÖËÉ ÂÀÍÉÀÒÀÙÄÁÀ -ÌÛÅÉÃÏÁÉÓ ÂÀÍÌÔÊÉÝÄÁÉÓ ÀÖÝÉËÄÁÄËÉÄËÄÌÄÍÔÉ

ÈÀÌÀÆ ÁÄÒÀÉÀ

ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓ ÀÒÜÄÅÉÓ ÓÀÊÉÈáÉ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏÓÀÅÀàÒÏ ÖÒÈÉÄÒÈÏÁÄÁÛÉ

ÛÏÒÄÍÀ ÂÀÁÉÜÅÀÞÄ

ÖÌÝÉÒÄÓÏÁÄÁÉ ÒÄÂÉÏÍÀËÉÆÀÝÉÉÓ ÆÏÂÀÃàÒÉËÛÉ

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ÛÄÈÀÍáÌÄÁÀ ßÌÉÍÃÀ ÓÀÚÃÀÒÓÀ ÃÀ ÉÔÀËÉÉÓÒÄÓÐÖÁËÉÊÀÓ ÛÏÒÉÓ ËÀÔÄÒÀÍÉÓáÄËÛÄÊÒÖËÄÁÀÛÉ ÝÅËÉËÄÁÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÔÀÍÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ

ÜÉÏÒÀ ÈÀØÈÀØÉÛÅÉËÉ

ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ áÄËÛÄÊÒÖËÄÁÄÁÉÓ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓÀÃÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÐÀÓÖáÉÓÌÂÄÁËÏÁÉÓÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓ ÖÒÈÉÄÒÈÛÄáÄÁÉÓ ÆÏÂÉÄÒÈÉÓÀÊÉÈáÉ (ÌÀÔÄÒÉÀËÖÒÉ ÃÀ ÉÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÖÒÉ ÀÓÐÄØÔÄÁÉ)

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ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÀ ÀÂÒÞÄËÄÁÓ �ÀËÌÀÍÀáÉÓ� ÓÀÛÖÀËÄÁÉÈ

ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓ ÓÀÊÉÈáÄÁÉÈ ÃÀÉÍÔÄÒÄÓÄÁÖËÉ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ

ÍÀÛÒÏÌÄÁÉÓ ÌÉßÏÃÄÁÀÓ.

ßÉÍÀÌÃÄÁÀÒÄ ÍÏÌÄÒÉ ÈÀÅÉÓ ÌÊÉÈáÅÄËÄÁÓ ÒÀÌÃÄÍÉÌÄ ÀáÀË ÃÀ ÖÃÀÅÏÃ ÓÀÉÍÔÄÒÄÓÏ

ÓÔÀÔÉÀÓ ÓÈÀÅÀÆÏÁÓ. ÒÏÂÏÒÝ �ÀËÌÀÍÀáÉÓ� ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓ ÓÄÒÉÉÓ

ÓáÅÀ ÂÀÌÏÝÄÌÄÁÛÉÝ ÍÀáÀÅÃÉÈ, ÜÅÄÍ ÅÝÃÉËÏÁÈ ÐÖÁËÉÊÀÝÉÄÁÌÀ ÌÏÉÝÅÀÓ ÀÌ ÃÀÒÂÉÓ

ÒÀÝ ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ×ÀÒÈÏ ßÒÄ, ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÓÀãÀÒÏ, ÉÓÄ ÊÄÒÞÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓ ÀÓÐÄØÔÄÁÉ.

ÀÌãÄÒÀÃÀÝ ÊÏÌÁÉÍÉÒÄÁÖËÉÀ ÆÄÌÏáÓÄÍÄÁÖË ÈÄÌÀÔÉÊÀÆÄ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÌÊÅËÄÅÀÒÄÁÉÓ

ÌÉÄÒ ÌÏÌÆÀÃÄÁÖËÉ ÐÖÁËÉÊÀÝÉÄÁÉ. ßÀÌÚÅÀÍÉ ÒÏËÉ ÊÉ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÊÄÒÞÏ

ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÈ ÃÀÉÍÔÄÒÄÓÄÁÖËÉ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÄÁÉÓ ÌÏÓÀÆÒÄÁÄÁÓ ÄÈÌÏÁÀ. ÓÔÀÔÉÀÈÀ

ÖÌÒÀÅËÄÓÏÁÀ, ÈÄÏÒÉÖËÉ ÀÓÐÄØÔÄÁÉÓ ÌÉÌÏáÉËÅÉÓ ÂÅÄÒÃÉÈ, ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÅÀÍ ÀÃÂÉËÓ

ÖÈÌÏÁÓ ÌÀÈ ÐÒÀØÔÉÊÖË ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÁÀÓ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÉÍÀÌÃÅÉËÄÓÈÀÍ ÌÉÌÀÒÈÄÁÀÛÉ.

ÂÀÒÃÀ ÀÌÉÓÀ, ßÉÍÀÌÃÄÁÀÒÄ ÍÏÌÄÒÛÉ ÛÄáÅÃÄÁÉÈ ÀÅÔÏÒÄÁÓ, ÒÏÌËÄÁÉÝ ÓÀÉÍÔÄÒÄÓÏ

áÄÃÅÀÓ ÂÅÈÀÅÀÆÏÁÄÍ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÓÀãÀÒÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓ ÉÓÄÈÉ ÓÐÄÝÉ×ÉÖÒÉ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÉÓ

ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÉÓ ÈÀÏÁÀÆÄ, ÒÏÂÏÒÄÁÉÝÀÀ: ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×ÏÈÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏÓÀÌÀÒÈËÄÁÒÉÅÉ

ÐÀÓÖáÉÓÌÂÄÁËÏÁÀ, ÂÀÄÒÏ-Ó ÓÀÌÛÅÉÃÏÁÏ ÏÐÄÒÀÝÉÄÁÉÓ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÄÁÒÉÅÉ ÒÄÑÉÌÉ,

ÊÏÓÏÅÏÓ ÊÏÍ×ËÉØÔÉÓ ÛÄ×ÀÓÄÁÀ äÖÌÀÍÉÔÀÒÖËÉ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓ ÐÄÒÓÐÄØÔÉÅÉÈ ÃÀ

ÓáÅÀ. ÍÏÌÄÒÛÉ ÀÂÒÄÈÅÄ ßÀÒÌÏÃÂÄÍÉËÉÀ ÅÀÔÉÊÀÍÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÉÔÀËÉÉÓ ÌÈÀÅÒÏÁÀÓ

ÛÏÒÉÓ ÛÄÈÀÍáÌÄÁÉÓ ÈÀÒÂÌÀÍÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ, Å×ÉØÒÏÁÈ, ÓÀÉÍÔÄÒÄÓÏ ÃÀ ÀØÔÖÀËÏÁÉÓ

ÌÀÔÀÒÄÁÄËÉ ÖÍÃÀ ÉÚÏÓ ÌÊÉÈáÅÄËÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ.

�ÀËÌÀÍÀáÉ� ÌÏÌÀÅÀËÛÉÝ ÂÀÀÂÒÞÄËÄÁÓ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓ ÓÄÒÉÀÓ ÃÀ ÀÌ

ÃÀÒÂÉÓ ÌÊÅËÄÅÀÒÄÁÓ ÓÀÛÖÀËÄÁÀÓ ÌÉÓÝÄÌÓ ÂÀÀÝÍÏÍ ×ÀÒÈÏ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÀÓ ÖÀáËÄÓÉ

ÉÍ×ÏÒÌÀÝÉÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÊÖÈÀÒÉ ÌÏÓÀÆÒÄÁÄÁÉ.

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UNIDROIT � ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÊÏÌÄÒÝÉÖËáÄËÛÄÊÒÖËÄÁÀÈÀ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÄÁÉ

ÆÅÉÀÃ ÌÀÈÉÀÛÅÉËÉ

ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÀáÀËÂÀÆÒÃÀ ÉÖÒÉÓÔÈÀ ÀÓÏÝÉÀÝÉÉÓ ßÄÅÒÉ

aerTaSoriso komerciul xelSekruleba- Ta principebi (UNIDROIT) 1994 wlidanmoqmedebs da saerTaSoriso samarTalis, ker-Zod, saerTaSoriso savaWro samarTalissruliad axal saxes warmoadgens. aRniSnu-li Tanamedrove dokumenti sayovelTaod miC-neulia mniSvnelovan wingadadgmul nabijadsamarTlebrivi Segnebisa da azrovnebis glo-balizaciisa da konkretizaciis TvalsazrisiT,rac, Tavis mxriv, saerTaSoriso kerZo sa-marTlebrivi evoluciis Semdgom safexurzegadasvlis winapirobaa.

saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi princi pebi -UNIDROIT, ar esadageba arc erT dResdReo-biT cnobil da arc Cvens dromde arsebultradiciul samarTlebriv kategorias. Sei-Zleba iTqvas, rom isini Camoyalibebulia saer-TaSoriso konvenciis an unificirebuli sa-marTlis msgavsad.

samwuxarod, saqarTvelos jer ar mouxdeniaUNIDROIT-is ratificireba. miuxedavad amisa,am dokumentis debulebebidan gamomdinare,nebismieri saxis samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebisdros, Cvens qveyanaSic SesaZlebelia misiprinci pebis gaTvaliswineba, rogorc say-ovelTao, unificirebuli xasiaTis mqonedokumentisa.

sainteresoa is faqti, rom UNIDROIT-s argaaCnia raime saxis �SemzRudavi� meqanizmi,rogorc aseTi, da praqtikaSi mxolod misisaerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi �avtoritetis�,damajereblobis gamo, gamoiyeneba; anu amprincipebma sakmarisi ndoba da gavlena moi-

poves saerTaSoriso biznesisa da iuridiulwreebSi.

ismis kiTxva, Tu ratom aiRo sakuTar Tavzemsgavsi proeqtis ganxorcieleba - kerZo sa-marTlis saerTaSoriso unificirebis insti-tutma da ratom UNIDROIT principebi? amismizezad SegviZlia miviCnioT is, rom axlowarsulSi saerTaSoriso savaWro samarTal-Si Tavi iCina garkveulma xarvezebma Tu nak-lovanebebma �TeTri laqebis� saxiT. samarT-lis am dargSi warsulSi arsebuli debule-bebi naklebad akmayofilebda TanamedrovemoTxovnebs.

saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobebi moicavsiseT xSir SemTxvevebs, rodesac nacionalurisamarTali Tavisi debulebebiT yovelTvis verakmayofilebs da ver esadageba saerTaSorisosavaWro transaqciebis specifikur moTxovnebsan piriqiT uaryofiT zegavlenasac ki axdensmsgavs urTierTobaTa normalur ganviTarebaze.

saerTaSoriso kerZosamarTlebrivi xelSek-rulebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi iwveven kanonTakonfliqtis problemas (kolizias).

aSkaraa, rom axlo warsulSi, msoflio glo-balizaciisa da mzardi saerTaSorisoekonomikuri urTierTobebis fonze, iyo sak-maod SesamCnevi tendencia, roca saxelmwi-foebi uerTdebodnen saerTaSoriso xelSek-rulebaTa mzard raodenobas, maT Soris, ker-ZosamarTlebriv dokumentebs, im mizniT, romam gziT aRmoefxvraT Seusabamobani, romlebicTavs iCendnen xolme sxvadasxva samarTlebrivsistemaTa Tanaarsebobisas.

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saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi Tavisi xasi-aTiT ufro fragmentulia, gansxvavebiT Si-dasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlisagan, sadacsamarTlebrivi dokumentebi erT garkveulmTlianobaSi moqmedeben.

farTod gavrcelebuli (standartuli) ter-minebi da sxva instrumentebi, romlebsacbiznesmenebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSiiyeneben, wlebis ganmavlobaSi ganicdian cv-lilebas, gansxvavebiT im normebisa da de-bulebebisagan, romlebic tradiciulad iqm-neboda adgilobriv moTxovnaTa dasakmayofile-blad. es terminebi da saSualebebi ZiriTadaddanergili iyo kerZo sawarmoebisa da nacio-naluri savaWro asociaciebis mier, romlebic,rogorc wesi, moRvaweobdnen msoflio mniS-vnelobis finansur, komerciul Tu indus-triul centrebSi. Sedegad, umravles SemTx-vevaSi, maTi Sinaarsobrivi Semcveloba gardau-vlad calmxrivi aRmoCnda, razec mniSvnelo-vani zegavlena iqonia maTi warmoSobis qvey-nis samarTlebrivma koncefciebma.

msoflios Semdgomma ekonomikurma da, Sesa-bamisad, samarTlebrivma ganviTarebam Seqmnamravali neitraluri saSualeba, rogorcTavisi formiT, ise Tavisi SinaarsiT (magal-iTad, saerTaSoriso savaWro palatis miermiRebuli INCOTERMS), magram, rogorc ukveaRvniSne, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTafragmentulobis gamo, isini mxolod nawi-lobriv, limitirebul farglebSi, aregu-lireben saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs.

raRa Tqma unda, aris imis SesaZlebloba,rom saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis debule-bebi winaaRmdegobaSi modiodnen nacionalurikanonmdeblobis ara marto calkeul normebTan,aramed mis ZiriTad principebTan da faseu-lobebTan. es SeiZleba davuSvaT iseT re-gionebSic ki, sadac iTvleba, rom aRniSnuli

debulebebi sakmaod warmatebulad moqmedebs.

UNIDROIT-is principebi mraval sayovelTaod

aRiarebul saerTaSoriso kerZosamarTlebrivdebulebas moicavs Tumca, amavdroulad, maTiCamoyalibebis mxriv, garkveul siaxleebs maincgvTavazobs.

mxareebs yovelTvis SeuZliaT amomwuravadda detalurad Camoayalibon xelSekruleba-Si, rogorc TavianTi uflebebi, ise valde-

bulebebi, raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuliuzustoba Tu yovelgvari samomavlo SezRudva.mxareebi yovelTvis iRwvian imisaTvis, rommaTi uflebaunarianoba, moqmedebis arealimaqsimalurad farTo iyos. Sesabamisad, isi-ni, xSir SemTxvevaSi, nacionalur kanonmde-blobasTan SedarebiT, upiratesobas aniWebensayovelTao, saerTaSoriso normebsa da princ-ipebs. Tumca, amgvari mcdelobis miuxedavad,mxareebi arcTu iSviaTad dgebian gadaulaxavwinaaRmdegobaTa winaSe, romlebsac iwvevs,magaliTad, enobrivi barierebi an iseTi er-Tiani, internacionaluri, unificirebuli,iuridiuli terminologiis ararseboba,romelze dayrdnobasac isini SeZlebdnen sax-elSekrulebo Tu sxva saxis saerTaSorisourTierTobebSi.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi mxareTa mierTavianTi uflebebis gamoyeneba, maTTvis sa-surveli kanonmdeblobis arCevis mxriv, maincyovelTvis ver uzrunvelyofs mxareTa moTx-ovnebis srul dakmayofilebas. es gansakuTre-biT aSkarad vlindeba im dros, roca erT-erT mxares, prestiJis an politikuri imper-ativebis mizeziT, ar surs daeyrdnos rome-lime konkretuli saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobasda, amavdroulad, icis, rom misi naciona-luri samarTali aSkarad araadeqvaturia,arsebuli transaqciis dasaregulireblad; Tupolitikuri xasiaTis problemebi ar arse-bobs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, es mainc ar gamor-icxavs sxva saxis barierebis arsebobas.

nebis Tavisuflebas Sidasaxelmwifoebriv sa-marTalSi iseTi datvirTva gaaCnia, rogorsacuSveben konkretuli saxelmwifos organoebi,magaliTad, sasamarTloebi im faqtis gaTval-iswinebiT, rom erT-erT an orive mxares mou-wevs Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis gamoy-eneba, samarTlisa, romelsac isini kargadicnoben, magram romelic bolomde ar akmay-ofilebT.

aseve arsebobs rigi sxva sirTuleebisa, rom-lebic SesaZlebelia fsiqologiurad CaiTva-los yovelTvis, roca adgili aqvs ara mar-to sxvadasxva samarTlebriv, aramed radikalu-rad gansxvavebul kulturaTa urTierTobas.

gavrcelebulia azri, rom saerTaSoriso saar-bitraJo sasamarTloSi is mxare, romelicucxo qveynis samarTalze dayrdnobiT gamo-

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dis, realurad ganicdis garkveul uxerxu-lobas, romelic ubralo enobrivma barier-mac ki SeiZleba gamoewvios, gansakuTrebiT,Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, zogadad, samarTlisada iuristebis skurpulozur xasiaTs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflio sul ufroda ufro globalizirdeba da, amasTan er-Tad, mravalmxrivobisa da unificirebisakenmiemarTeba, saqmian urTierTobebSi xSiriauTanxmoeba araTu ganviTarebuli da mesamemsoflios qveynebis iuristebs (maT samarT-lebriv faseulobebsa da CveulebebSi mniS-vnelovan gansxvavebaTa gamo), aramed TviTganviTarebuli qveynebis saqmian wreebs Soris.

magaliTad, iaponuri kompaniebisaTvis sruliadmiuRebeli iqneboda iseT kanonze dayrdnoba,romelic mxareebs Soris davis SemTxvevaSimoiTxovs mis amerikaSi samarTalwarmoebas,vinaidan es, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs msa-julTa institutis arsebobas da procesisrealurad sajaroobas, maSin, roca iaponelebigasaidumloebas moiTxoven, gansakuTrebiT,roca dava exeba maTi saqonlis xarisxs. ms-gavs SemTxvevaSi, iaponuri kompaniebi upi-ratesobas aniWeben saarbitraJo sasamarTlos,romelic uzrunvelyofs specializirebulimosamarTleebis mier procesis daxurul karsmiRma Catarebas, xSir SemTxvevaSi - saboloogadawyvetilebis gamotaniT, rac gacilebiTfaseulia iaponelTaTvis.

UNIDROIT-is principebis ZiriTadi daniS-nulebaa saerTaSoriso komerciul urTier-TobaTa samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis gamartive-ba da saerTaSoriso savaWro samarTalSiarsebuli mravali uzustobis gamosworeba.

imisaTvis, rom ufro ukeTesad gagvego, Turogor SeuZliaT am principebs miaRwion mx-areTaTvis sasurvel Sedegs, saWiroa gavac-nobieroT maTi faqtobrivi arsi.

UUNIDROIT-is princi pebis Seqmnis ideapirvelad gaCnda romSi, 1968 wels, rocaaRiniSneboda saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlisunificirebis institutis 40 wlis iubile.

aRniSnuli institutis (romlis 57 wevr sax-elmwifos Soris saqarTvelo ar iricxeba)umaRlesma samecniero organom 1971 welsmiiRo gadawyvetileba institutis samuSaoprogramaSi CarTuliyo Semdegi franguli

saxelwodebis proeqti _ "mcdeloba unifikaci-isa, romelic Seexeba kontraqtebis zogadnawils" ("essai d'unification portant sur la partiegenerale des contrats").

proeqtis SemuSavebaSi monawileobas iRebdayvela samarTlebrivi sistemis warmomadgene-li, maT umravlesobas warmoadgendnen aka-demikosebi, aseve ramdenime maRali rangismosamarTle da saxelmwifo moxeleebi. mo-muSave jgufi sakuTar Tavs arasodes ganix-ilavda erTaderTad da xSirad rCevebs sxva-dasxva wyarodanac iRebda.

proeqti waredgina 56 wevr saxelmwifos.

jgufis ZiriTadi samuSao ena iyo inglisuri.

UNIDROIT-is principebis daniSnulebaa gad-mosces is wesebi, romlebic sayovelTaodmiRebuli an misaRebia samarTlebriv sistem-aTa umravlesobisaTvis da, amavdroulad,SeZlebs sakiTxis iseT mowesrigebas, romel-ic optimalurad miesadageba saerTaSorisosavaWro samarTalis specifikur moTxovnile-bebs, maSin, roca Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sa-marTali savaWro samarTlis daregulirebi-sas ZiriTadad eyrdnoba SidasaxelmwifoebrivurTierTobebs.

xelSekrulebis mxareebs, gasagebi mizezebisgamo, ar SeuZliaT mxedvelobaSi miiRon yve-la im saxelmwifos kanonmdebloba, romelicsaerTaSoriso komerciul urTierTobebSimonawileobs. amavdroulad, yovel samarT-lebriv sistemas ar SeuZlia erTnairi zegav-lena iqonios yovel wamoWril problemasaTu sakiTxze.

UNIDROIT-is principebis SemuSavebis dros,nacionalur kodifikaciebs Soris, didi yura-dReba eqceoda msoflioSi yvelaze Tanamed-rove unificirebuli ti pis dokumentebs,rogorebicaa, magaliTad: amerikis unificir-ebuli savaWro kodeqsi (The United States Uni-form Commercial Code), igive amerikis ganax-lebuli (meore) saxelSekrulebo samarTali(Restatement (Second) of the Law of Contracts),alJiris 1975 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, kve-bekis axali samoqalaqo kodeqsi, holandiisaxali samoqalaqo kodeqsis proeqtebi da sxva.

imdenad, ramdenadac saerTaSoriso kanonmde-bloba dainteresebulia da did mniSvnelobasaniWebs gaeros 1980 wlis konvencias saqon-

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lis saerTaSoriso yidva-gayidvis Sesaxeb(CISG), ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebeli iyo amkonvenciisaTvis gverdis avla, piriqiT auci-lebelic ki iyo misi debulebebis gaTval-iswineba.

specialuri yuradReba daeTmo aseve iuridi-uli TvalsazrisiT arc Tu yovelTvis (xSirSemTxvevaSi) savaldebulo normatiulwyaroebs, im tradiciebsa da Cveulebebs,romlebic specializirebulma organoebma TusavaWro asociaciebma SeimuSaves da romlebicfarTod gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso vaWroba-Si, magaliTad, ukve moxseniebuli INCOTE-RMS, an UNCITRAL - eleqtronuli satrans-fero fondebis samarTlebrivi saxelmZRvane-lo (Legal Guide on Electronic Funds Transfer),UNCITRAL - saerTaSoriso sakredito trans-ferebis modeluri samarTali (Model Law onInternational Credit Trensfers) da sxva.

amasTanave, momuSave jgufSi ikveTeboda orisapirispiro mxare, erTi mxriv, �tradiciona-listebi� da meore mxriv, �novatorebi�.�tradicionalistebi� mxars uWerdnen Sedar-ebiT Zvel, magram ukve sakmaod myarad dafuZneb-ul samarTlebriv principebs. �novatorebi�ki, piriqiT, upiratesobas aniWebdnen samarT-lis uaxles, ufro eqsperimentalur miRw-evebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom es ukanasknelniucxo qveynis samarTlebriv sistemas ekuTvn-odnen, ar iyvnen sakmarisad aprobirebuli ansayovelTaod miRebuli.

mTlianobaSi, am orma mxarem erTi-meore gaa-wonaswora imdenad, rom sabolood SeuZle-beli gaxda UNIDROIT-is principebi mxolodromelime maTganis Sexedulebebze yofiliyodamyarebuli.

konvenciaSi SeiZleba vipovoT orive mxari-saTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sexedulebebi,zogadad, dResdReobiT msoflioSi arsebulisaerTaSoriso savaWro samarTlisa da gansx-vavebuli politikur-ekonomikuri wyobilebe-bis gaTvaliswinebiT.

mTlianad UNIDROIT-is principebi isea Camoy-alibebuli, rom uproblemod SesaZlebeliamaTi saerTaSoriso savaWro samarTlisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli specifikuri da, amavdrou-lad, mravalmxrivi gadawyvetis gzebze morgeba,raTa daZleul iqnas enobrivi Seusabamobani

xelSekrulebebis sxvadasxva versiebis arse-bobisas, an Tanxis gadaxdis gansxvavebulsaSualebaTa gaTvaliswineba Tu sxva.

struqtura

UNIDROIT-is principebi Sedgeba preambulisada 119 muxlisagan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,7 TavSia Camoyalibebuli.

princi pebi gadmocemulia ufro evropulisakanonmdeblo stiliT, vidre anglo-amerikulisamarTlis msgavsad.

moipoveba debulebebi, romlebic adgenen xe-lSekrulebis Tavisuflebis princips da, aseve- normebi xelSekrulebaTa formis Sesaxeb.isini Zalze mokled da zogadi wesebiTaa Camoyal-ibebuli maSin, roca sxva normebi, rogorebi-caa, magaliTad, Sesabamisi valutiT gadax-dis wesebi, ufro detaluradaa dadgenili.

is faqti, rom UNIDROIT-is principebi, spe-cialur normebTan erTad, Seicavs "operaci-uli" xasiaTis normebs, principebis zogadinstruqciebsa da standartebs, amiT isiniufro emsgavsebian ganmartebiT debulebebs(magaliTad, rogorc keTilsindisierebisa anxelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlis principebi).

faqtiurad, wesebsa da saerTo principebsSoris urTierTkavSiri yoveli samarTlebrivisistemisaTvis aucilebeli damaxasiaTebeliniSania da igive meordeba UNIDRIOT-is princ-ipebis SemTxvevaSi.

UNIDROIT-is principebis yvela muxls Tanaxlavs Sesabamisi komentarebi, romlebic misiganuyofeli da Semadgeneli nawilia, isiniar marto ganmartaven, aramed avseben da erT-gvarad asruleben maT.

UNIDROIT, rogorc WeSmaritad unificire-buli saerTaSoriso dokumenti, ganzrax cdi-lobs Tavi aaridos iseTi terminologiisgamoyenebas, romelic momdinareobs mxolodromelime calkeuli samarTlebrivi sistemi-saTvis damaxasiaTebeli safuZvlebisagan.

dokumentis preambulaSi naTqvamia (da, faq-tiurad, es esec aris), rom es principebiadgenen zogad normebs (wesebs) saerTaSorisokomerciuli kontraqtebisaTvis, magram, sxvamxriv, arsebobs ori ZiriTadi mizezi UNID-

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RIOT-is, rogorc saerTaSoriso xasiaTisdebulebis, SesazRudavad:

pirvel rigSi, roca arsebobs transaqciaerTze met saxelmwifosTan, am dros didiaalbaToba mocemul saxelmwifoTa naciona-luri kanonmdeblobebis koliziisa.

meore mxriv, dResdReobiT kvlav arsebobsmniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi sxvadasxva qvey-nebs Soris. maTi ekonomikur-politikurisistemebi da maTi ganviTareba Sedegad gva-Zlevs imas, rom adgilobrivi saxelSekrule-bo samarTali jer kidev sakmaod gansxvavebu-li da cvalebadia erTi qveynidan meoremde.

rac Seexeba UNIDROIT-is principebis bunebas,rogorc "komerciul" xelSekrulebebs, amSemTxvevaSi, sityviT - "komerciuli" UN-IDROIT ar cdilobs gaakeTos raime gan-sazRvruli gamijvna, magaliTad, ubralosamoqalaqo da komerciul xelSekrulebebsan am xelSekrulebis mxareTa Soris, rogorces zogierT samarTlebriv sistemaSi xdeba.am mxriv, principebi aqcentirebas imaze ufroakeTeben gamodis Tu ara romelime mxare"movaWris" ("commercant", "keufleuete") saxiT anaris Tu ara xelSekruleba komerciuli ("actesde commerce", "Handelsgeschafte") sxva garkveu-li obieqturi niSniT. sxva kuTxiT Tu Sevxe-davT, es saWiroa imisaTvis, rom gamoiricx-os e.w. "samomxmareblo urTierTobebi", anuurTierTobebi, romlebSic mxareebi ar gamo-dian rogorc movaWreebi an raime msgavsi pro-fesiuli (magaliTad, komersantis) saxiT.

rac Seexeba "saerTaSorisobis" kriteriums,kargad aris cnobili, rom arsebobs xelSek-rulebisaTvis saerTaSoriso xasiaTis mice-mis mravali SesaZlebloba. "saerTaSoriso-bis" gansazRvreba SeiZleba miRebul iqnasramdenime qveynis mier erTi normatiulidokumentis miRebaze SeTanxmebiT, an xelSek-rulebis erT-erTi mxaris sazRvargareT mud-mivi cxovrebiT an sxvadasxva qveyanaSi rez-idenciebis flobiT, xelSekrulebaSi iseTiuflebis dafiqsirebiT, romelic, gansazRvrulSemTxvevaSi, SesaZleblobas iZleva mxareebmaairCion ucxo qveynis samarTali.

UNIDROIT-is principebi mxars uWers saer-TaSorisobis konkretuli kriteriumis amo-qmedebis SesaZleblobas, radgan es ukanaskne-

li iZleva principebis ufro farTo inter-pretaciis, urTierTobaTa maqsimalurad farToarealze maTi gavrcelebisa da xSiri gamoy-enebis saSualebas - anu yovel iseT xelSek-rulebasTan mimarTebaSi, romelSic saerTa-Sorisobis raime elementaruli niSani maincarsebobs da xelSekrulebis yvela aspeqtiar ukavSirdeba mxolod erT saxelmwifos.

"samomxmareblo" da "arasamomxmareblo" xe-lSekrulebebs (Cvens SemTxvevaSi - komerci-uli xelSekrulebebi) Soris arsebuli gan-sxvavebebis gamo, saerTaSorisobis kriteri-umi yovelTvis ar uzrunvelyofs maTzeUNIDROIT-is principebis gavrcelebas, ma-gram rogorc komentarebSia aRniSnuli, ko-merciulobis principi, Tavis mxriv, gagebulunda iqnas ara marto servisis, saqonlis,Tu barteruli gacvlebis savaWro transaqcie-bTan, aramed, aseve, tipiur ekonomiur tran-saqciebTan mimarTebaSic, magaliTad: investicie-bi, profesiuli momsaxurebis, uflebis daT-mobis xelSekrulebebi da sxva.

UNIDROIT-is principebis ZiriTadi mizani,romelic mis Sesaval nawilSia Camoyalibebu-li, aris mcdeloba daamyaros balansi saer-TaSoriso komerciul urTierTobebSi iseTiwesebis dadgeniT, romelTa gamoyeneba say-ovelTaod iqneba SesaZlebeli, samoqmedo sivr-cis, samarTlebrivi tradiciebis, ekonomikuriTu politikuri pirobebis miuxedavad.

UNIDROIT-is princi pebs sakmaod moqnilimeqanizmi gaaCnia iseTi mudmivad cvalebadigaremoebebis gasaTvaliswineblad, romlebicteqnologiuri Tu ekonomikuri miRwevebiT arisgamowveuli da zegavlenas axdens saerTa-Soriso vaWrobis ganviTarebaze. Tumca,amavdroulad, UNIDROIT cdilobs saerTa-Soriso komerciul urTierTobebSi uzrunve-lyos rigi Zireuli principebis garantireba.

xelSekrulebis dadebis Tavisufleba erT-erTi yvelaze fundamenturi ideaa, romel-sac UNIDROIT-is principebi efuZneba. aRniS-nuli principi pirdapir aris Camoyalibebu-li 1.1 muxlSi: "mxareebi Tavisufali ariandadon xelSekruleba da gansazRvron misiSinaarsi". rogorc komentarebSia aRniSnuli,biznesmenTa ufleba Tavisuflad gamoxatonTavianTi neba imis Sesaxeb, Tu vis SesTavaze-

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ben TavianT saqonelsa Tu momsaxureobas(oferta), an konkretulad visgan surT, rommiiRon oferta, aseve, aqceptirebis Tavisu-fleba konkretul transaqciebze - vaWroba-ze orientirebuli, Ria da konkurentunari-ani ekonomikuri wyobilebis safuZvels war-moadgens.

erTi mxriv, xelSekrulebis dadebis Tavisu-flebis principidan gamomdinare, mxareebs aqvTTavisufleba dadon xelSekruleba im pirTanvisTanac surT, Tumca, meore mxriv, gansx-vavebuli nacionalurobisa Tu samarTlebrivisistemis miuxedavad, UNIDROIT mainc ayal-ibebs mTel rigs wesebisa, romlebic msgavsurTierTobebs awesrigeben.

1.1 muxlis debulebas, romelSic saubariaxelSekrulebis dadebis Tavisuflebaze, agr-Zelebs 1.5 muxli, romlis mixedviT, mxa-reebs SeuZliaT gamoricxon UNIDROIT-isprincipebis gavrceleba maT xelSekrulebe-bze an Secvalon misi romelime debulebismoqmedeba Tu UNIDROIT-iT sxva ram ar arisdadgenili.

UNIDROIT-is princi pebidan gamomdinare,mxareTa avtonomia imdenad farToa, ramdena-dac ar aris limitirebuli, vinaidan, rogorcaRniSnulia 1.5 muxlSi UNIDROIT-is princ-ipebi TavisTavad Seicavs debulebebs, romelTamixedviTac mxareebs ar SeuZliaT gadauxvi-on maT. Tu mxareebi am debulebebs gamoiy-eneben xelSekrulebaSi, maT SeezRudebaTTavianTi xelSekrulebis xasiaTisa Tu saxisgansazRvris Tavisufleba.

UNIDROIT-is principebis kidev erTi arse-biTi elementia maTi gamoyenebis Ria xasiaTi.amis mizezi Zevs UNIDROIT-is principebissaerTo mizanSi - uzrunvelyos, rogorc ukveaRiniSna, saerTaSoriso komerciul urTier-TobaTa sakmaod moqnili regulireba imis-aTvis, raTa adaptacia moaxdinos mudmivadcvalebad sxvadasxva saxis teqnikur Tuekonomikur garemo pirobebSi, Sesabamisad -saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi.

UNIDROIT-is principebis praqtikaSi gamoy-enebis SesaZlebloba mis 1.8 muxlSia Camoy-alibebuli. am muxlis mixedviT, mxareebiTavianT qmedebebSi SezRuduli arian im valde-bulebebiT, romlebic maT ikisres konkret-

ul transaqciasTan mimarTebaSi, an Cveule-bad aris dadgenili maT urTierTobaSi. isiniunda daemorCilon, agreTve, saerTaSorisovaWrobaSi damkvidrebul, imperatiul valde-bulebebs, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesaczemoaRniSnul debulebaTa gamoyeneba ara-gonivruli iqneboda.

1.8 muxlis garda moqmedebs sxva debulebe-bic, romlebic Seexeba garkveuli saxis ms-gavs normaTa permanentul moqmedebas daUNIDROIT-is SesaZlebel alternativadganixileba.

dasasruls, amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom UNIDROIT-is principebis sistemisfarglebSi, mxareTa uflebebi da movaleobe-bi maT konkretul xelSekrulebaSi gan-sazRvrulia sxvadasxva CveulebiTi normissafuZvelze, maTi Sesabamisi gamoyenebiT.

saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis erT-erTifuZemdebluri ideaa - xelSekrulebis mxare-Ta keTilsindisierebis principi.

keTilsindisierebis principi CamoyalibebuliaUNIDROIT-is principebis 1.7 muxlSi, rom-lis Tanaxmad, saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi, yove-li mxare unda moqmedebdes keTilsindisiere-bisa da �keTilsindisieri garigebis� Sesabam-isad; mxareebs ufleba ara aqvT gamoricxones debuleba an SezRudon misi moqmedebisfarglebi.

keTilsindisierebaze saubaria ara mxolodTviT xelSekrulebasTan mimarTebiT, aramedmisi Seqmnisa da mis Sesaxeb molaparakebiswarmoebis etapebzec, rac unda gamoixatosmxareTa keTilsindisier miznebSi. msgavsiformulirebiT, UNIDROIT-is principebi samo-qalaqo samarTals ufro uaxlovdeba vidreanglo-amerikuli samarTlis sistemas, romelicmarTalia afiqsirebs keTilsindisierebas -rogorc erT-erT mniSvnelovan princips, ma-gram zRudavs misi moqmedebis areals TviTxelSekrulebis moqmedebis bazaze. amavdrou-lad, miuxedavad imisa, rom keTilsindisierebiscneba sakmaod zogadi xasiaTisaa da UN-IDROIT-is principebi ar iZleva keTilsindi-sierebis, rogorc aseTis ganmartebas - esmainc ar qmnis raime arsebiT gaurkvevlobas.is faqti, rom sityva "keTilsindisiereba"aRniSnulia garigebis (savaWro keTilsindi-

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siereba) gverdiT, migvaniSnebs imaze, rom igiunda gavigoT misi obieqturi, sinonimurimniSvnelobiT, rac TviT UNIDROIT-is princ-i pebSi moxseniebulia rogorc _ "gonierikomerciuli standartebi da savaWro patios-neba�, magram ara subieqturi gagebiT, rogorc,magaliTad, �keTilsindisieri ganwyoba� an�keTilsindisierad moqmedi�.

UNIDROIT-is konteqstSi keTilsindisiereb-is principis analizi aaSkaravebs im faqts,rom saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi es principi arunda iqnas gamoyenebuli im gziT, rogorc eszogadad miRebulia nacionalur kanonmdeblo-baSi, gansakuTrebiT maTi Camoyalibebis sawyisetapze.

rac Seexeba sxvadasxva SesaZlo enobriv mniS-vnelobas, romelic SeiZleba sityva "keTils-indisierebidan" gamomdinareobdes - yovelimaTgani gagebuli unda iqnas saerTaSorisovaWrobis specifikur moTxovnaTa konteqstSi.

sxva saerTaSoriso kerZo (�biznes�) samarT-lis dokumentebisagan gansxvavebiT, UNIDROITar iziarebs im Sexedulebas, rom saerTa-Soriso vaWrobis monawileebi yovelTvisgamocdili da profesionali saqmosnebi ari-an, romlebic TiTqmis arasodes ar uSvebenseriozul Secdomebs. praqtika am optimizmsyovelTvis ar adasturebs, amitomacUUNIDROIT-is principebma am mxriv Sedare-biT realuri gza airCia da Sedegad uzrun-velyo xelSekrulebisa da misi calkeulidebulebebis maqsimaluri dacva.

is sakanonmdeblo modeli, romelsac UN-IDROIT amkvidrebs, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnasnacionaluri da saerTaSoriso donis kanon-mdebelTa mier, rogorc saxelSekrulebosamarTlis farglebSi, ise specialuri tran-saqciebisaTvis momavali normatiuli aqtebismodelirebisas. ramdenime saxelmwifom, faq-tiurad, es ukve gaakeTa - ZiriTadad, Si-dasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobis re-formirebis saxiT. magaliTad, UNIDROIT-isdebulebebis gansazRvruli raodenoba daedosafuZvlad axali zelandiis saxelSekrule-bo samarTlis axal kanons.

UNIDROIT SeiZleba gaxdes aseve erTgvarigzis maCvenebeli saerTaSoriso komerciulikontraqtebis SemuSavebis procesSi. magali-

Tad, roca ori mxare sxvadasxva saxelmwi-fos warmoadgens da xelSekrulebis dadebasapirebs, maT SeiZleba gauWirdeT SeTanxmebagansxvavebuli Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarT-lebrivi terminologiis gamo. erTma mxaremSeiZleba sruli moculobiT ver Seafasosmeore mxarisaTvis am terminologiis mniS-vneloba, xolo UNIDROIT-is neitraluriterminebisa da gansazRvrebebis gamoyenebiTmxareebi gacilebiT advilad miaRweven kon-sensuss. am mxriv, UNIDROIT, Tavisi bunebiT,raRac saerTaSoriso enis msgavsi, yvelasaTvisTanabrad gansazRvruli saerTaSoriso doku-mentia.

UNIDROIT-s SeiZleba daekisros aseve "ped-agoguri" funqcia. 1996 wels Catarda glo-baluri gamokiTxva UNIDROIT-is principeb-is gamoyenebadobasTan dakavSirebiT. Sedegeb-ma cxadyo, rom respodentTa daaxloebiT 60%iyenebs am principebs saxelSekrulebo mola-parakebebis dros, rogorc enobrivi barierisgadalaxvis saSualebas da SesaTanxmebelisakiTxebis gadasamowmebel "ruqas". UNIDROITgamoiyeneba, agreTve, saxelSekrulebo debule-baTa modelirebisaTvis.

UNIDROIT-is principebis preambulis mixed-viT, maTi gamoyeneba moxdeba im SemTxvevaSi,Tu mxareebi SeTanxmdebian am principebiTTavianTi xelSekrulebis daregulirebis Sesax-eb. raRa Tqma unda, saerTaSoriso savaWroxelSekrulebis mxareebi, rogorc wesi, am-jobineben maTi samarTlebriv urTierTobebiromelime konkretuli SidasaxelmwifoebrivisamarTlis nacvlad UNIDROIT-is princi-pebiT daregulirdes. aRniSnul gadaw-yvetilebas gaaCnia mTeli rigi upirate-sobebisa: UNIDROIT-is princi pebs myaristruqtura axasiaTebT, Camoyalibebuliagasagebi da martivi eniT, ramdenadac esSesaZlebelia teqnikuri terminologiisgamoyenebis pirobebSi.

SesaZlebelia meore SemTxvevac, rodesacUNIDROIT-Tan erTad mxareebi SeTanxmdebi-an damatebiT romelime nacionaluri kanonm-deblobis gamoyenebaze, raTa moicvan is urT-ierTobebi, romlebic UNIDROIT-as princi-pebiT ar regulirdeba. zemoaRniSnuli gamo-kiTxvis Sedegad aseve gairkva, rom dResdRe-obiT, saerTaSoriso savaWro samarTlis urT-

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ierTobebSi monawile pirTa mxolod 27%sargeblobs TavianT xelSekrulebebSi msgav-si meqanizmiT.

sainteresoa aseve, Tu ra roli SeiZlebaiTamaSon UNIDROIT-is principebma samarTal-warmoebis dros, rogorc normatiulma ba-zam, romelsac sasamarTloebi daeyrdnobiangadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. pirveli praq-tikuli nabijebi am mimarTulebiT sakmaodimedismomcemad gamoiyurebian. UNIDROIT-isprincipebi ara marto ufro xSirad gamoiy-eneba individualur sarCelebSi, aramed, aseve,sasamarTloTa gadawyvetilebebSi. 1999 wlismaisisaTvis mxolod im saarbitraJo sasa-marTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa raodenoba,romelTa Sesaxebac ecnoba UNIDROIT-is

sabWos - 42-s Seadgenda. pirveli msgavsigadawyvetileba gamotanil iqna berlinis saar-bitraJo sasamarTlos mier 1990 wels, ma-Sin, rodesac UNIDROIT-is principebis das-rulebuli versia jer kidev ar iyo gamoqvey-nebuli.

UNIDROIT-is mmarTveli sabWo, axlo mo-mavalSi, apirebs Camoayalibos axali samuSaojgufi, romelic Seqmnis ganaxlebul da Se-darebiT farTo arealis momcvel dokuments.

imedia, saerTaSoriso komerciul xelSekrule-baTa UNIDROIT-is principebi saqarTvelosmcire, magram mainc saerTaSoriso savaWrosamarTlebriv urTierTobaTa praqtikaSicdaikavebs Tavis kuTvnil adgils.

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anamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTalSi,sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebTan erTad,didi yuradReba eqceva pirovnebis piradiaraqonebrivi uflebebis aRiarebasa da dac-vas. swored pirovnebis piradi araqonebriviuflebebis darRvevisaTvis samoqalaqo pasux-ismgeblobis dakisrebisa da miyenebuli pira-di qonebrivi da araqonebrivi zianis, fiz-ikuri travmis da ciliswamebisaTvis Sesabam-isi anazRaurebis aucileblobam warmoSvaTanamedrove saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTal-Si deliqturi valdebulebebi (ex delicto).

kerZo xasiaTis samoqalaqo samarTaldarRveve-bis - deliqtebis, ganviTareba saerTaSorisosamarTalsa da civilur samarTalSi gamoi-wvia pirovnebis samoqalaqo avtonomiurobis,samarTlebrivi Tavisuflebis sazRvrebis ga-farToebam, rac SeimCneva jer kidev Zveliromis samoqalaqo samarTalSi. TviT samo-qalaqo arasaxelSekrulebo deliqtur valde-bulebaTa kvlevas saerTaSoriso kerZo sa-marTalSi sakmaod didi istoria gaaCnia.

1. Ex Delict - deliqtis cneba

Tanamedrove iurisprudenciaSi sakmaod didazrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs deliqtis cneba.

saqarTvelos axali 1997 wlis 26 ivnisissamoqalaqo kodeqsis 992-e muxli deliqtsganmartavs rogorc im piris moqmedebas,''"romelic sxva pirs marTlsawinaaRmdego,ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT mi-ayenebs zians."

deliqtis zogad ganmartebad ki SeiZlebamiviCnioT '"samarTaldarRveva, mimarTulisazogadoebis winaaRmdeg, romelic isjebakanoniT" (3). Tumca, samoqalaqo samarTlebrivdeliqtad iTvleba darRveva, romelic dakav-Sirebulia ara xelSekrulebis darRvevasTan,aramed zianis miyenebasTan. zianis miyenebaSiki igulisxmeba qonebrivi an araqonebrivi ziani,fizikuri travma, ciliswameba, piradi Tavisu-flebis, sakuTrebis uflebisa da komerciu-li interesebis SezRudva.

mowinave germanuli civilistika deliqtad -Unerlaubte Handlungen, miiCnevs akrZalul mo-qmedebas, danaSaulebriv moTxovnas. saerTa-Soriso samarTlis TvalsazrisiT ki, masZwischenrecht-s (samarTalSoris normebs)uwodeben.

sruliad gansxvavebul ganmartebas gvaZlevssaerTo samarTlis qveynebis samarTali, sa-dac deliqtad (tort wrong, tortus wrong) miC-

ÃÄËÉØÔÄÁÉ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏÊÄÒÞÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËÛÉ

"ÜÅÄÍÉ ÌÏÅÀËÄÏÁÀ ÀÒÉÓ ÐÉÒÏÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÌÆÀÃÄÁÀ ÖÓÀÌÀÒÈËÏÁÀÓÈÀÍÁÒÞÏËÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ, Ä.É. ÁÒÞÏËÀ Ö×ËÄÁÉÓ ÉÌÂÅÀÒÉ ÛÄËÀáÅÉÓ ßÉÍÀÀÙÌÃÄÂ,

ÒÏÌÄËÓÀÝ ÐÉÒÏÅÍÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÖÒÀÝáÚÏ×ÉÓ áÀÓÉÀÈÉ ÀØÅÓ.

ÒÖÃÏË× ×ÏÍ ÉÄÒÉÍÂÉ,

"ÁÒÞÏËÀ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ", ÈÁÉËÉÓÉ, 1908 ß. ÂÅ. 24

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neulia moqmedeba, romelic zians ayenebsadamianis absolutur uflebebs da rocazianis mimyenebeli identificirebulia da igimoqmedebs pirdapiri ganzraxviT. amasTan, zi-anad miCneulia aralikvidirebuli ziani,romelic gamomdinareobs ndobis darRvevidan,an sxva Tanabar mniSvnelovani valdebulebe-bis darRvevidan (salmond).

2. deliqturi valdebulebebis

adgili saerTaSoriso kerZo

samarTalSi

sanam uSualod deliqtur valdebulebebzegadavidodeT, SevecdebiT erTmaneTisagan gan-vasxvavoT saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlisada saerTaSoriso sajaro samarTlis deli-qtebi.

saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis deliqtebisaerTaSoriso sajaro samarTlis deliqtebi-sagan gansxvavdebian imiT, rom isini war-moiSobian kerZo samoqalaqo samarTlebriviaraqonebrivi uflebebis darRvevisas da arasajaro ZiriTadi konstituciuri uflebebisxelyofisas.

garda zemoaRniSnulisa, saerTaSoriso ker-Zo samarTlis deliqtis Taviseburebaa isic,rom misi warmoSoba dakavSirebuli ara xe-lSekrulebis arsebobasTan, aramed zianismiyenebis faqtis dadgomasTan, imis miuxeda-vad, bralis romeli formiTaa igi Cadenilida ra ziania miyenebuli.

saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis deliqtidanwarmoSobili samarTlebrivi urTierTobissubieqtebidan aRsaniSnavia saxelmwifo dasaerTaSoriso organizaciebi, Tumca ZiriTadsubieqtebad miiCnevian fizikuri pirebi, e. w."ucxouri elementis" saxiT, aseve, ucxoeT-Si dafuZnebuli kerZo da sajaro samarTlisiuridiuli pirebi.

saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso kerZo samarT-lis deliqtidan warmoSobili samarTlebriviurTierTobis ZiriTad maregulirebel wyaroswarmoadgens saqarTvelos 1997 wlis 26 iv-nisis axali samoqalaqo kodeqsi da saerTa-Soriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb 1998 wlis29 aprilis saqarTvelos kanoni. swored samo-qalaqo kodeqsis 992-1016-e muxlebi da aRniS-

nuli kanonis 42-e muxli moicavs deliqturvaldebulebebs.

garda aRniSnuli normatiuli aqtebisa,saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso kerZo samarT-lis deliqtur valdebulebaTa wyaroebadmiiCneva is saerTaSoriso konvenciebi da SeT-anxmebebi, romlebsac Cveni qveyana ukve SeuerT-da, kerZod, niu-iorkis 1958 wlis konvencia"ucxoeTis saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebaTacnobisa da aRsrulebis Sesaxeb"; 1969 wlissaerTaSoriso konvencia "navTobiT gaWuWy-ianebisagan miyenebuli zaralisaTvis samo-qalaqo pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb"; 1996 wliskonvencia samoqalaqo, saojaxo da sisxlissamarTlis saqmeebze samarTlebrivi daxmare-bisa da samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa Sesaxebda sxva. saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Zir-iTad wyaroebad miCneulia: 1962 wlis bri-uselis konvencia "atomur gemTa operatore-bis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb"; haagis 1971wlis konvencia "satransporto SemTxvevaTaSesaxeb"; haagis 1973 wlis konvencia "dam-amzadeblebis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb"; pariz-is 1973 wlis konvencia "atomuri energiissferoSi mesame pirTa winaSe pasuxismgeblo-bis Sesaxeb"; 1990 wlis konvencia "samo-qalaqo pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb miyenebulizianisaTvis saSiSi tvirTebis saavtomobilo,sarkinigzo da Sida wylebis satransportosaSualebebiT gadatanisas"; gaeros 1991 wliskonvencia "saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi satrans-porto terminalebis operatorTa pasuxismge-blobis Sesaxeb". aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac,rom bolo periodSi SeimCneva saerTaSorisokerZo samarTlis normaTa mzardi unifikacia.amis dasturia Tundac 1952 wlis romiskonvencia "ucxoeTis sahaero xomaldebis miermesame pirTaTvis zedapirze miyenebuli zianisSesaxeb" da 1978 wlis "monrealis protoko-li".

xsenebuli konvenciebisagan gansxvavebiT, arisrigi saerTaSoriso normatiuli aqtebisa,romlebic Seicaven calkeul gamonaklisebsada gansxvavebul wesebs. ase magaliTad, dsT-s qveynebis 1992 wlis SeTanxmeba "davaTagadawyvetis wesis Sesaxeb, dakavSirebulisameurneo saqmianobis ganxorcielebasTan"Seicavs klasikur koliziur normas - kanonsmiyenebuli zianis adgili Sesaxeb da sxva

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calkeul, deliqturi valdebulebebidan ga-momdinare, normebs.

saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso kerZo samarT-lis deliqtur valdebulebaTa klasikurprincipebs Seicavs saerTaSoriso kerZo sa-marTlis Sesaxeb 1998 wlis 29 aprilissaqarTvelos kanonis 42-e muxli, romlismixedviTac, zianis anazRaurebis valdebule-ba eqvemdebareba:

a) dazaralebulisaTvis ufro xelsayreliqveynis samarTals;

b) im qveynis samarTals, sadac adgili hqondaim moqmedebas an garemoebas, romelicsafuZvlad udevs zianis anazRaurebismoTxovnas;

g) im qveynis samarTals, sadac samarTliTdacul interess ziani miadga.

saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis deliqturivaldebulebebis gadawyvetis mniSvnelovansafuZvlebs warmoadgens moqalaqeobis, sacx-ovrebeli adgilis, nebis avtonomiurobisa dasasamarTlo gansjadobis principebi.

saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis deliqturivaldebulebebi Tanamedrove saerTaSorisokerZo samarTalSi wydeba im Teoriebisa dadogmaturi princi pebis gaTvaliswinebiT,romlebic moqmedeben sxvadasxva qveynebissamarTlis sistemebSi. ase magaliTad, cno-bilia interesis Teoria, romelmac Tavisipraqtikuli gamoyeneba hpova lex licidelicti-is principSi, romelic mocemuliaSveicariis 1987 wlis kanonSi saerTaSorisokerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli kanonismixedviT, samarTlis normis arCevisas xdebaSemdegi momentebis gaTvaliswineba:

1. roca deliqventi (deliqtis Camdeni) dadazaralebuli erTi qveynis moqalaqeebiarian;

2. roca deliqventi da dazaralebuli sxva-dasxva qveynis moqalaqeebi arian.

sakmaod sruli koliziuri normebia avstri-is 1978 wlis kanonSi saerTaSoriso kerZosamarTlis Sesaxeb, romlis 48-e muxliT,zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis dadgomisasdeliqturi valdebulebis gadawyveta xdebaim qveynis samarTlis normebiT, sadac igiiqna Cadenili da romelsac mohyva zianisdadgoma.

nebis avtonomiurobis princips, anu samarT-lis arCevis kanonismier valdebulebas, iTval-iswinebs avstriis aRniSnuli kanonis 35-emuxli, romlis msgavsi normaa saerTaSorisokerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb 1998 wlis 29 apri-lis saqarTvelos kanonis 43-e muxlSi, rom-lis mixedviTac, deliqturi valdebulebiswarmoSobis Semdeg mxareebs SeuZliaT air-Cion samarTali, romelsac mocemuli urT-ierTobebi daeqvemdebareba. am SemTxvevaSi, mesamepirTa uflebebi xelSeuxebeli rCeba.

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi saerTaSorisokerZo samarTlis deliqtTa gadawyvetisas arismisi Cadenis adgilis kvalifikacia. sxvadasxvaqveynebis samarTlis normebi mas sxvadasxvaganmartebas aZlevs. qveyanaTa umravlesobissamarTlis sistemebSi zianis miyenebis adgi-lad miiCneva is qveyana, sadac moxda deliq-ti. xolo, Tu deliqti Cadenilia erT qvey-anaSi da zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna war-moiSva sxvagan, maSin misi gadawyveta xdebadazaralebulis mier arCeuli samarTlisnormebiT (lex fori).

saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis deliqtTagadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelovani wesia dadge-nili saqarTvelos aRniSnuli kanonis 42-emuxlis me-2 punqtSi, romlis mixedviTac,Tu deliqtisas ar aris gansazRvruli misigadawyvetisaTvis saWiro samarTalis norme-bi, mis nacvlad gamoiyeneba:

a) im qveynis samarTali, sadac zianis anazRau-rebaze valdebul pirsa da dazaralebulszianis miyenebisas hqondaT Cveulebriviadgilsamyofeli;

b) arakeTilsindisier konkurenciasTan dakav-Sirebuli moTxovnebisaTvis im qveynis sa-marTali, romlis bazarzec aseTi konkuren-cia gavlenas axdens, Tu es konkurenciaar Semoifargleba bazris calkeul monaw-ileTa interesebisaTvis sruli an nawi-lobrivi zianis miyenebiT.

mniSvnelovan, mzard normas warmoadgensdazRveuli valdebulebis deliqturi dar-Rvevisas dazaralebulis uflebamosilebamosTxovos zianis anazRaureba uSualod pa-suxismgeblobis damzRvevs, Tu amas iTval-iswinebs im qveynis samarTali, romelic gam-oiyeneba zianis anazRaurebaze pasuxismgeblo-bis mimarT, an im qveynis samarTali, romel-

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sac dazRvevis xelSekruleba eqvemdebareba.

saqarTvelos samarTlis sistemaSi sakmaoddidi mniSvneloba eniWeba samoqalaqo deli-qtTa ganmartebas, romelic TavisTavad saer-TaSoriso kerZo samarTlis mniSvnelovaniwyaroa.

4. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo

samarTalis deliqturi

valdebulebebi, rogorc

saerTaSoriso kerZo

samarTlis wyaro

pirovnebis kerZo samoqalaqo uflebebisa daRirebulebebis aRiarebis, institucionaluriganviTarebisa Tu gacnobierebis SedegiasaqarTvelos axal samoqalaqo kodeqsSi del-iqtur valdebulebaTa arseboba calke kar-ad, romelic Sedgeba 2 Tavisa da 25 mux-lisagan (992-1016).

deliqtur valdebulebaTa warmoSobis safuZ-veli gaxda piradi samoqalaqo uflebebisdacvis Taobaze arsebuli didZali samarT-lebrivi masala, saerTaSoriso konvenciebiTnakisri valdebulebebi da sasamarTlo praq-tikis ganviTarebis Sedegebi.

swored Tanamedrove samoqalaqo kerZo sa-marTlis miRwevebisa da dasavleTis qveynebissasamarTlo praqtikis, uaxles samecnieroliteraturiT aRiarebuli piradi araqone-brivi uflebebidan saqarTvelos samoqalaqokodeqsSi moxvda maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelo-vani normebi.

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsiT,deliqtur valdebulebaTa ganxorcielebisada sxva piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis dacvissamarTlebriv safuZvels warmoadgens saqarTve-los samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18-19 muxlebi.

sakiTxis ufro kargad warmosaCenad gan-sasazRvria, Tu ra igulisxmeba pirad samo-qalaqo uflebebSi da riT gansxvavdeba isinisxva samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi uflebebisagan.

piradi samoqalaqo uflebebis saxeebimocemulia kodeqsis me-18 muxlSi, romelicerTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs Semdeg piraduflebebs: saxelis tarebis, pativis, Rirseb-is, piradi cxovrebis saidumloebis, piradixelSeuxeblobis, an saqmiani reputaciis

dacvis uflebas. maTgan aRsaniSnavia saxelistarebis uflebis Selaxvis deliqti. igi Sei-Zleba warmoiSvas or SemTxvevaSi: 1. rocafizikur pirs saxels ecilebian da 2. rocafizikuri piris saxeliT sxva sargeblobs daamiT misi interesi ilaxeba. fizikuri pirissaxelis tarebis uflebis darRvevisas, auci-lebelia ori garemoebis arseboba: 1. sadaosaxeli unda ekuTvnodes mosarCeles da 2.mopasuxe unda uaryofdes mosarCelisaTvissadao saxlis kuTvnilebas. fizikuri pirissaxeliT sargeblobisas mas ufleba aqvs del-iqturi sarCeliT moiTxovos qonebrivi damoraluri zianis anazRaureba.

samoqalaqo deliqtis zogad cnebas ar Sei-cavs xsenebuli me-18 muxli, aramed igimocemulia 992-e muxlSi, romelic mas gan-martavs rogorc sxva pirisaTvis marTlsaw-inaaRmdego, ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebelimoqmedebiT miyenebul zians.

zianSi ki igulisxmeba subieqturi samoqalaqouflebis (mocemul SemTxvevaSi me-18 muxliTdaculi uflebebis) an araqonebrivi keTil-dReobis damcireba, ganadgureba.

aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom miyenebuliziani unda iyos bralis ganzraxi (pirdapiriganzraxva) an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT.masTan, igi SeiZleba Cadenil iqnas alterna-tiuli ganzraxvis, TviTimedovnebis an daude-vrobis, anu Seugnebeli gaufrTxileblobisformiTac.

rac Seexeba TviT zianis miyenebis faqts,swored igi (kanonSi miTiTebuli erToblio-biT), samarTlis specialuri (ssk. 993-1016mm.) normebis safuZvelze warmoSobs mxareebsSoris (dazaralebuli da damzaralebeli)samarTlebriv urTierTobas. saqarTvelos samo-qalaqo samarTlis kodeqsis 992-e muxliT,deliqventi valdebulia ganzraxi an gaufrTx-ilebeli braliT miyenebuli ziani, anu me-18muxliT daculi uflebebis darRvevisas, war-moSobili ziani aanazRauros srulad.

pirovnebis pativsa da RirsebaSi igulisxmebamisi pirovnebis obieqturi sazogadoebriviSefaseba, sakuTari moraluri Tu sxva Tvise-bebis, unaris, sazogadoebis winaSe sakuTarivalis moxdis, sakuTari sazogadoebrivi ro-lis mixedviT.

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saqmian reputaciaSi ki gulisxmoben sazogadoe-bis mier piris profesiuli Tu sxva saqmianiTvisebebis Sefasebas, rasac. Tavis mxriv, emyare-ba sazogadoebis damokidebuleba mocemuli fiz-ikuri Tu iuridiuli piris mimarT. pativi daRirseba daculia konstituciiTac (m. 17).

992-e da me-18 muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebulSemTxvevebSi deliqturi valdebuleba war-moiSoba maSinac, roca gavrceldeba fizikuriTu iuridiuli piris pativis, Rirsebis ansaqmiani reputaciis Selaxvis Sesaxeb Sesa-bamisi cnobebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, si-namdviles ar Seesabameba. aseT cnobaTa gavr-celebaSi igulisxmeba maTi gamoqveyneba pre-saSi, televiziis, radiosa da sxva masobriviinformaciis saSualebebiT.

aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom kodeqsis 993-e muxlis me-2 punqtiTa da me-18 muxliTgaTvaliswinebuli ar aris xsenebuli cnobe-bis dacva, Tu isini warmoadgenen sasamarT-lo gadawyvetilebebs, sagamoZiebo dadgenile-bebs, an am cnobaTa ganxilva eqvemdebarebasajaro sakanonmdeblo ganxilvas.

zianis momtani cnobebis deliqtis Tavisebu-rebaa is, rom, Tu cnobebi masobrivi infor-maciis saSualebebiT gavrcelda, am drosdeliqvents unda warmoadgendnen publikaci-is avtori da redaqtori (gazeTis), xolo,Tu redaqcia iuridiuli piri araa, deli-qventad gvevlineba masobrivi informaciissaSualebebis damfuZnebeli.

deliqturi valdebuleba warmoiSoba me-18muxlis me-2 da me-3 nawiliT daculi arama-terialuri sikeTis, piradi cxovrebis said-umlosa da piradi xelSeuxeblobis darRvevi-Tac. piradi cxovrebis saidumlos qveS kiigulisxmeba informacia, romelic ar Seexe-ba pirovnebis sazogadoebriv cxovrebas dagamiznulia piris mkacrad gansazRvruliwrisaTvis, anu misi farTo sazogadoebisaTvisgacnoba saerTod ar Seadgens piris inter-ess. pirad cxovrebaSi ki igulisxmeba piradisaqmianoba, piradi Canaweri, piradi mimowera,satelefono saubari da sxva saxis teqni-kuri saSualebebiT miRebuli Setyobinebebi,agreTve, kerZo dokumentacia.

pativisa da Rirsebis Selaxvas uTanabrdebapiris gamosaxulebis gamoqveyneba, misi Tanx-

mobis gareSe. gamosaxulebis qveS ki gulisx-moben mxatvrul portrets, individis gamo-saxulebas kinofilmSi, telegadacemaSi, sa-dac misi garegnuli ieris mixedviT SesaZle-beli iqneba misi Secnoba. amdenad, sakuTarigamosaxulebis uflebis obieqtia individispirovnuli Tavisufleba da ara is sagani,razec isaa gamosaxuli. xsenebul muxlSive:sakuTari gamosaxulebis dabeWdva-gamoqveyne-ba, piris Tanxmobis gareSe, ar iwvevs deli-qtur valdebulebas, Tu es dakavSirebuliamis sazogadoebriv saqmianobasTan, dakavebulTanamdebobasTan, marTlmsajulebis an polici-is moTxovnebTan, samedicino, saswavlo ankulturul miznebTan, anda foto-video ga-daReba moxda sazogado viTarebaSi, anda pirmapozirebisaTvis miiRo sazRauri (fotomodeli).

aRsaniSnavia individis sazogadoebrivi aRi-arebis Sedegad misi gamosaxulebis gamoqvey-nebis marTlzomierebis sakiTxi, romelic in-dividualur da sazogadoebriv interesTarTul kolizias warmoadgens. ase magaliTad,roca pirs irCeven prezidentad an niSnavenministrad, cxadia, misi suraTis gamoqveyneb-isas mas aravin ekiTxeba amis Sesaxeb, radganes misi sazogadoebrivi aRiarebiTaa gamowveuli.993-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul deliqturvaldebulebaTa warmoSobis safuZvlad Cai-Tvleba Semdegi garemoebebi:

1. Tu gavrcelebuli an gaxmaurebuli cnobebiaSkarad ar Seesabameba sinamdviles;

2. Tu qonebrivi zianis miyeneba gamowveuliaim cnobebis gavrcelebiT an gaxmaurebiT,romlebsac sazogadoebrivi mniSvneloba arhqondaT;

3. Tu arsebobs mizezobrivi kavSiri deli-qventis marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebasa dadamdgar Sedegs Soris. xolo qonebriviziani unda iyos Sedegi piradi araqone-brivi uflebis darRvevisa;

4. deliqventi unda moqmedebdes bralis pirda-piri an arapirdapiri formiT. igi miznadunda isaxavdes uflebis matarebeli piriskomprometacias an misi piradi araqone-brivi uflebebis Selaxvas.

mniSvnelovan siaxles warmoadgens moralurizianis Sedegad warmoSobili deliqturivaldebuleba, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia me-18 muxlis me-6 nawiliT. moraluri zianis

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cnebaSi igulisxmeba samarTlebrivad dacu-li im araqonebrivi interesis xelyofa, romel-sac qonebrivi eqvivalenti ar gaaCnia.

cnobilia moraluri zianis sxvadasxva sax-eebi, kerZod: sircxvilis grZnobis Selaxva,sulieri tkivili, romelic piris fsiqikurida fizikuri dauZlurebis safuZveli Sei-Zleba gaxdes, da a.S. moraluri zianisanazRaurebidan gamomdinare, deliqturi valde-bulebis warmoSobis safuZvelia Semdegipirobebis arseboba:

1. faqtiurad arsebuli aramaterialurizianis gansazRvruli odenoba;

2. marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis an umoqme-dobis Cadena;

3. mizezobrivi kavSiris arseboba moralurziansa da marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmede-bas Soris;

4. bralis formis arseboba.

moraluri zianis anazRaureba xdeba gonivru-lobisa da samarTlianobis socialuriamocanebis ganxorcielebiT, rasac miznadisaxavs aRniSnuli deliqturi valdebuleba.TviT moraluri zianis anazRaureba ki as-rulebs sam ZiriTad funqcias:

a) akmayofilebs dazaralebuls;

b) zemoqmedebas axdens deliqventze;

g) Tavidan icilebs pirovnuli uflebebisxelyofas sxva pirebis mier. swored aRniS-nuli sami - satisfaqciuri, represiulida prevenciuli, funqciebis erTobliobaaris moraluri zianis anazRaurebis er-Tiani mizani, rac asaxvas hpovebs mor-aluri zianis fulad anazRaurebaSi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom moraluri zianis anazRau-rebisas, sasamarTlo praqtika did yuradRebasuTmobs zianis mimyeneblis gadaxdisunarianobisdadgenas, zianis miyenebis formas, adgils,garemoebebs, qmedebis ganmeorebis saSiSroe-basa da deliqventis mier mogebis miRebis,qonebrivi xeiris, danaklisis, anu im zara-lis arafulad Sefasebas, romelic man miay-ena dazaralebuls.

qarTuli samoqalaqo samarTlis siaxles war-moadgens me-18 muxliT aRniSnuli uflebebisdacva piris gardacvalebis Semdeg.

deliqturi valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZ-

velia gardacvlili piris saxelis, pativis,piradi cxovrebis saidumlos, sakuTari ga-mosaxulebis uflebebis darRveva. xsenebuluflebaTa darRvevisas, zianis anazRaurebismoTxovnis ufleba gaaCniaT rogorc gardacv-lil memkvidreebs, ise sxva daaxloebulpirebs, visTvisac gardacvlilis pirovnebamniSvnelovani iyo. Tumca moraluri zianisanazRaureba SeiZleba moxdes im piris moTx-ovniT, romelmac sarCeliT mimarTa sasamarT-los, magram gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde igigardaicvala. moraluri zianis fuladisazRauri mocemul SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleba ukvesamkvidro masis Semadgenel nawilad.

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 994-e muxli awesrigebszogadi qmedunarianobis sakiTxs deliqturivaldebulebebis warmoSobisas. aRniSnulimuxlis pirveli nawili deliqtuunarod acx-adebs aT wlamde pirs, rac, Tavis mxriv,axali araa qarTuli samarTlisaTvis, vinaid-an igive piri, vaxtang meeqvsis samarTliswignis 187-e muxlis Tanaxmad, deliqtuun-arod iTvleboda Zvel qarTul samarTalSic.

994-e muxlis mixedviT, aTi wlis asakismiuRweveli piri, rogorc arasrulwlovani,SezRuduli qmedunarianobis mqone, pasuxs aragebs im zianisaTvis, romelic man sxvas miay-ena. Tumca, mis nacvlad, misi mSoblebi anmeTvalyureobaze valdebuli pirebi movale-ni arian aanazRauron am piris mier miyenebu-li ziani.

aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom ukve 10 wlisasakidan piri deliqtunariania da pasuxs agebsim zianisaTvis, romelic man sxvas miayena,garda im SemTxvevisa, roca mas amis gacno-biereba ar SeeZlo. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tumisi qoneba an Semosavali miyenebuli zianisasanazRaureblad sakmarisi araa, dgeba sub-sidiuri pasuxismgebloba da igi ekisrebaTmis kanonier warmomadgenlebs (994-e muxlisme-2 nawili).

deliqtur samarTaldarRvevad gvevlinebakodeqsis 995-e muxli, romelic suliT avad-myofis mier miyenebuli zianisagan warmoiSo-ba. araqmedunarianad aRiarebuli moqalaqis(suliT avadmyofis) mier miyenebuli zianisanazRaurebas exeboda sabWoTa samoqalaqokodeqsis 466-e muxlic. mis instituciona-

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lur da arsobrivi mxaris ganviTarebad gvev-lineba swored Wkuasusti an suliT avadmy-ofi piris (araqmedunarianis) mier marTl-sawinaaRmdego moqmedebiT miyenebuli zianisanazRaurebis deliqturi valdebuleba.

friad sayuradReboa, Tu ra igulisxmeba TviTWkuasustobaSi, romelic aris "fsiqikis Rrma,Znelad Seqcevadi an Seuqcevadi defeqti, racvlindeba inteleqtis sisusteSi, adre SeZe-nili codnis dakargvasa da axali codnisgaZnelebul aRqmaSi, qcevis cvlilebebSi.

saerTod ki, icnoben Tandayolil Wkuasus-tobas (oligofenia) da SeZenil Wkuasusto-bas (demenicia), tvinis ujredebis cvlile-bas zogierTi mZime daavadebis dros (tvinissisxlZarRvTa aTerosklerozi, epilefsia dasxva). xolo Wkuasustobis yvelaze msubuqformas warmoadgens debilizmi. aseTi pirebipasuxs ageben sxva pirTa mimarT marTlsawi-naaRmdego moqmedebiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis(m. 995.1). Tumca isini umetes SemTxvevebSiimyofebian meurveTa (m. 1276) meTvalyureo-bis qveS, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, ukve deli-qtunarianni arian. Tu meurves kanoniT dak-isrebuli aqvs meTvalyureoba zianis mimyene-belze, maSin igi ukve valdebulia dazarale-buls aunazRauros ziani, garda im SemTxve-visa, roca SeuZlebeli iyo am zianis saer-Tod Tavidan acileba (m. 995.2).

mudmivi sulieri daavadebis garda, arsebobsdroebiTi sulieri moSlilobis SemTxveve-bic, romlis drosac irRveva normalurifsiqikuri procesebi, rac gamoixateba pirisdroebiT daqveiTebul unarSi aRiqvas garemoda gaakontrolos Tavisi qceva. esaa pirovnebisaRqmis, azrovnebis, mexsierebis, emociebisada yuradRebis, nebisa da qcevis droebiTidaqveiTebisa da darRvevis mdgomareoba. aseTSemTxvevaSi piri droebiT araqmedunarianadiTvleba da pasuxs ar agebs miyenebuli zian-isaTvis (m. 996). Tumca Tu piri TviToniyenebs Tavs (Segnebulad) aseT mdgomareoba-Si alkoholuri sasmelisa da toqsikuri Tusxva msgavsi saSualebis gamoyenebiT, igiukve Tavisufldeba deliqturi valdebuleb-isagan aanazRauros miyenebuli ziani. aRniS-nuli valdebuleba gamoricxulia mxolodpiris arabraleuli mdgomareobis SemTxveva-Si (m. 996).

sakmaod saintereso deliqturi valdebule-baa samsaxureobrivi movaleobis Sesrulebi-sas miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba (m. 997).marTalia, 997-e muxlSi dakonkretebuli araafizikuri Tu iuridiuli piria valdebuliaanazRauros ziani, romelic misive muSakisbraleuli moqmedebiT miadga mesame pirsSromiTi (samsaxureobrivi) movaleobis Ses-rulebisas.

997-e muxlSi kanonmdebeli muSakis moqmede-baSi gulisxmobs damqiraveblis (iuridiulian fizikuri piris) marTlsawinaaRmdego mo-qmedebas. deliqtis warmoSobis aucilebelipirobaa, rom muSaki SromiTi xelSekrulebis(kontraqtiT) an koleqtiuri xelSekrulebiT(Sromis kanonTa kodeqsis Tavi 2, 3) iyosdakavSirebuli damqiravebel pirTan.

997-e muxlis darRvevisas warmoiSoba dam-qiravebeli iuridiuli Tu fizikuri pirisregresuli sarCelis uflebac, romliTac igimimarTavs daqiravebul muSaks mesame pirismimarT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis moTx-ovniT. aRniSnuli urTierToba ki wesrigdebaara samoqalaqo, aramed ukve Sromis kanonTakodeqsiT.

mesame piris mimarT muSakis braliT miyenebu-li zianis anazRaurebis deliqturi valde-bulebebis warmoSobis aucilebel pirobadunda CaiTvalos is, rom muSaks unda emoqme-da damqiraveblis davalebiT da yofiliyomisi zedamxedvelobis qveS. Tumca aRniSnulivaldebuleba ar dgeba, Tu muSaki moqmedebdabralis gareSe.

mniSvnelovan siaxles warmoadgens miyenebu-li zianisaTvis solidaruli pasuxismgeblo-bis sakiTxi. ori an meti deliqturi valde-bulebis arsebobisas, samoqalaqo araqonebriviuflebebis darRvevisaTvis warmoiSoba pasux-ismgeblobis iseTi nairsaxeoba, rogoricaa,solidaruli pasuxismgebloba. 998-e muxlisTanaxmad, mas adgili aqvs movaleTa simrav-lisas, roca ramdenime deliqventi erTmaneT-Tan dakavSirebulia saerTo samoqalaqo pa-suxismgeblobiT anu solidaruli pasuxismge-blobiT, romelsac adgili aqvs maSin, rocaramdenime pirs evaleba valdebulebis Ses-ruleba ise, rom TiToeulma unda miiRosmonawileoba mTliani valdebulebis Sesrule-

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baSi, xolo dazaralebuls - kreditors, aqvsSesrulebis mxolod erTjeradi moTxovnisufleba.

TviT solidaruli valdebuleba - deliqti,warmoiSoba xelSekrulebiT, kanoniT an valde-bulebis sagnis ganuyoflobiT.

solidaruli valdebulebis dros, anu araqone-brivi samoqalaqo uflebebis ramdenime del-iqventis mier darRvevisas, dazaralebulsSeuZlia miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba mosTx-ovos TiToeul deliqvents rogorc mTli-anad, ise wilobrivad.

kodeqsis 998-e muxliT gansazRvruli del-iqturi solidaruli valdebulebis warmoSobi-sas, deliqventsa da dazaralebuls SorissamarTlebrivi urTierToba wesrigdeba sol-idaruli movaleebis Sesaxeb kodeqsis 463-474-e specialuri muxlebiT.

solidaruli samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobisdakisrebisas, 998-e muxlis me-2 nawiliTmiyenebuli (moraluri, araqonebrivi an ara-materialuri saxis) zianisTvis pasuxs age-ben ara marto uSualod deliqventebi, aramedis pirebic, romlebmac isini daiyolies, anxeli Seuwyves maT qmedebis ganxorcieleba-Si, aseve, vinc Segnebulad isargebla (naxaqonebrivi an sxva saxis mogeba, an xeiri).amdenad, solidaruli pasuxismgebloba vr-celdeba ara marto uSualod moqmed deli-qventebze, aramed maT Tanamonawile pirebzec.

aRniSnuli punqti iseve, rogorc misi memkvid-ris uflebebi solidaruli movalis gar-dacvalebisas (m. 461) aZlierebs piris araqone-brivi samoqalaqo uflebebis darRvevisas war-moSobil deliqtTa anazRaurebis garantiebs.

mniSvnelovan deliqtur valdebulebas war-moadgens satransporto saSualebis eqsplu-ataciis Sedegad damdgari zianis anazRaure-ba (m. 999). saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivixasiaTis deliqtur valdebulebis SemTxvevaSi,satransporto saSualebis eqspluataciisas,gamoiyeneba saqarTvelos mier ratificirebu-li saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da SeT-anxmebebis moTxovnebic.

aRniSnuli deliqtis warmoSobisaTvis auci-lebelia ramdenime pirobis arseboba, kerZod,mgzavrebis gadayvanisa da tvirTis gadazid-

visaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebis,satransporto saSualebis eqspluataciiswesebis darRveva da adamianis sikvdilis,dasaxiCrebis an janmrTelobis moSlis, andamgzavris nivTis dazianebis faqtebi (m. 999.1).

TviT satransporto saSualebebiT tvirTisada mgzavrTa gadayvana-gadazidvis samoqalaqovaldebulebebs iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelossamoqalaqo kodeqsis kerZo nawilis me-12 Tavi(668-708 mm). saerTod ki gadazidvis sfero-Si moqmedi kanonmdebloba icnobs mgzavrebisgadayvanisa da tvirTis gadazidvis Semdegsaxeebs (transportis saxeTa mixedviT): sar-kinigzo, sazRvao, Sida wylis, sahaero dasaavtomobilo saxeebs. TiToeul maTgans gaaCniaTavisi specifika da gansakuTrebuli wesebi(usafrTxoebis), romlebic regulirdeba Se-sabamisi normatiuli aqtebiT, saqarTvelossahaero, sazRvao kodeqsebiTa da saavtomobi-lo transportis wesdebiT. garda aRniSnuliaqtebisa, Tu deliqti saerTaSoriso kerZoxasiaTs atarebs, misi gadawyvetisas iTval-iswineben 1993 wels saqarTvelos mier rat-ificirebul konvenciis "saerTaSoriso samo-qalaqo aviaciis Sesaxeb", aseve, rigi saerTa-Soriso saxelmwifoTaSoriso sahaero mimos-vlebze sxva SeTanxmebaTa moTxovnebsac.

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 999-e muxlis deliqturivaldebuleba vrceldeba yvela maTganze.

satransporto saSualebis mflobeli valde-bulia SeTanxmebuli sazRauris gadaxdiTgadaitanos tvirTi an gadaiyvanos mgzavridaniSnulebis adgilze (m. 668). xolo mgza-vris sikvdilis, dasaxiCrebis an janmrTelo-bis moSlis anda misi bargis dazianebis SemTx-vevaSi, rac aucileblad gamowveuli undaiyos deliqventis (satransporto saSualeb-is mflobelis) satransporto saSualebis(avtomanqana, sarkinigzo, sazRvao da sxvasatransporto saSualeba) eqspluataciisa dasargeblobis wesebis darRveviT, igi valde-bulia dazaralebuls aunazRauros aqedanwarmoSobili ziani. Tumca aRniSnuli zianiar anazRaurdeba, Tu:

a. ziandeba gadasazidi tvirTi, romelic mg-zavrs mgzavrobis an gadayvanisas Tan armiaqvs;

b. ziandeba satransporto saSualebis mflo-belis mier Sesanaxad miRebuli nivTi;

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g. ziani gamowveulia fors-maJorul gare-moebaTa (dauZleveli Zalis, stiqiuriubedurebebis da sxva) gamo.

deliqventis ormag valdebulebas iTval-iswinebs 999-e muxlis me-4 nawili, romlismixedviTac, igi arasakuTari satransportosaSualebis gamoyenebisas (misi mflobelisnebarTvis gareSe) valdebulia aanazRaurosmisi mflobelis nacvlad miyenebuli ziani,xolo, Tu es ziani uSualod mflobelisbraliTaa gamowveuli (mosargeble mis mieriyo daniSnuli satransporto saSualebissamarTavad an, Tu es satransporto saSu-aleba mas qonda gadacemuli ijariT an sarge-blobis sxva uflebiT), maSin deliqventiTavisufldeba zianis anazRaurebis valde-bulebisagan da es movaleoba ekisreba sa-transporto saSualebis uSualo mflobels.amdenad, zemoaRniSnuli erTgvarad icavs TviTsatransporto saSualebis mosargebles mflo-belis braleuli moqmedebisagan. ase magali-Tad, Tu Svili mamis daukiTxavad wayvaniliavtomanqaniT daazianebs mgzavris janmrTe-lobas, swored mas ekisreba zaralis anazRau-reba anazRaurebis gadaxdis SesaZleblobisgaTvaliswinebiT da ara avtomanqanis uSua-lo mflobels.

mniSvnelovan siaxled unda CaiTvalos del-iqturi valdebulebebisas institucionalurida normatiuli Semadgenloba, rac mocemulianagebobidan gamomdinare mometebuli safrTx-isa da xanZris Caqrobis dros warmoSobilizianis anazRaurebaSi, gaTvaliswinebuli kod-eqsis 1000-e da 1001-e muxlebiT. aRniSnulideliqturi valdebuleba sxvaTagan gansxvavde-ba warmoSobis pirobebiTa da specialurixasiaTiT.

aSkara aucileblobas warmoadgens ganimar-tos, Tu ra igulisxmeba mometebul safrTx-eSi da ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos misi war-moSobis safuZvlad. saerTo gagebiT, momete-bul safrTxeSi igulisxmeba nebismieri saqmi-anoba, romlis ganxorcieleba Seicavs zianismiyenebis aSkara SesaZleblobas da romliskontrolirebac aRemateba adamianis SesaZle-blobebs. mometebul safrTxed miiCneva asevespecialur Senoba-nagebobebSi warmoebuli,moTavsebuli an miwodebuli eleqtroenergi-is anda xanZarsaSiSi, feTqebadsaSiSi, Sxami-ani anda momwamvleli nivTierebebis warmoe-

ba, Senaxva, transportireba, rasac mohyvaadamianis sikvdili, sxeulis an janmrTelo-bis dazianeba anda nivTis dazianeba (me-1000muxlis pirveli nawili).

me-1000 muxli gamoyofs mometebuli safrTxismqone obieqtebisa da uSualod sagnebis mflo-belebs. mometebuli safrTxis mqone nagebo-bis mflobelebad SeiZleba miviCnioT rogorciuridiuli, ise fizikuri pirebi, romlebiciuridiul uflebamosilebaTa da materialurniSanTa mixedviT SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT. pirv-elSi igulisxmeba kanoniT miniWebuli ufle-bamosileba mometebuli safrTxis SemcvelinivTierebebis an energiis warmoeba, Senaxvaan gamoyeneba (magaliTad, qimiuri sawarmo,saqenergos obieqtebi da sxva). materialurniSanSi ki igulisxmeba mometebuli safrTx-is Semcveli nagebobis mflobeli an mesakuTre,droebiT mosargeble Tu saxelmwifo organo.amave muxlis me-2 nawili iTvaliswinebs mo-metebuli safrTxis Semcveli nagebobis annivTis mflobelis valdebulebas aanazRau-ros safrTxis ganxorcielebis Sedegad war-moSobili ziani, Tu igi dazaralebuls miad-ga sxva garemoebis gamo, vidre amas am mux-lis pirveli nawili iTvaliswinebs. anu Tudazaralebuls mometebuli safrTxis ganx-orcielebiT miadga moraluri, aramaterialuriziani, deliqventi valdebulia igi masaunazRauros. Tumca aRniSnuli safuZvliTdeliqventis valdebuleba ar arsebobs, rocanagebobidan gamomdinare mometebuli safrTxegamowveulia dauZleveli ZaliT (fors-maJoru-li garemoebebi), an eleqtrogadamcemi xazeb-is avariiT, an navTobis, gazis, wylis TunavTobproduqtebis mimwodebeli mowyobilobebisdazianebiT (m. 1000.3), xolo, Tu saxezearadiaciuli nivTierebiT miyenebuli ziani, misianazRaurebis valdebuleba ekisreba uSualodmis gamomyenebels (magaliTad, atomuri eleqt-rosadguris administracias, m. 1000.4).

sruliad gansxvavebuli mometebuli safrTx-isagan warmoSobil deliqtur valdebulebasiTvaliswinebs samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1001-emuxli, romelic xanZris Caqrobis dros war-moSobil zians exeba. deliqventad mocemulSemTxvevaSi iTvleba ara xanZris Caqrobisasmezobel binebsa da nagebobebze gavrcelebisTavidan acilebis mizniT moqmedi piri, arameduSualod am xanZris gaCenaSi braleuli piri.

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kodeqsis 1002-e muxli gamoricxavs 999-eda me-1000 muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebul zianisanazRaurebas - deliqtebis winaswar gamor-icxvasa da raime saxis SezRudvas. ase ma-galiTad, Tu pirovneba winaswar gaformebu-li kontraqtiT muSaobs atomuri energiis anatomuri iaraRis Semqmnel sawarmoSi (saja-ro samarTlebrivi formis) da misTvis winaswariyo cnobili mometebuli safrTxisa da mos-alodneli fizikuri zianis Sesaxeb, misidadgomisas aRniSnuli subieqti, 1002-e mux-lis safuZvelze, Tavisufldeba 999-e da me-1000 muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli deliqturivaldebulebisagan.

metad saintereso deliqtur valdebulebebsSeicavs samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1003-1004-emuxlebi, romlebic iTvaliswineben cxovelismier miyenebuli da Senobis CamoqceviTgamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis SemTxvevebs.

kodeqsis 1003-e muxlis deliqturi valde-buleba warmoiSoba, Tu cxovelis mflobe-lis mier ar moxda saWiro zomebis gatareba,raTa cxovelisagan daculi yofiliyo mesamepiri (dazaralebuli), ris gamoc mas miadgafizikuri Tu moraluri ziani. cxovelSiSeiZleba vigulisxmoT Sinauri, egzotikuri,wvrilfexa, msxvilfexa da sxva saxis cx-ovelebi, romlebic imyofebian mflobelismeTvalyureobis qveS an gaqceuli arian. del-iqturi valdebuleba cxovelis mflobels ardaekisreba, Tu man yvela zoma ixmara (ma-galiTad, daaba, moaTavsa izolirebul adgi-las da a.S.) raTa Tavidan aecilebina cxove-lis mier mesame pirisaTvis zianis miyeneba.aRniSnuli deliqtisaTvis mniSvnelovaniacxovelis mier, uSualod mflobelis bra-lis gamo, mesame piris fizikuri an qonebrivizianis faqti. xolo iyo Tu ara cxovelimflobelis zedamxedvelobis qveS an gaqceu-li, arsebiTi mniSvneloba ar eniWeba.

1004-e muxli uzrunvelyofs Senobis Camo-qceviT dazaralebul pirTa uflebebis dacvasada miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis valde-bulebas. deliqturi valdebuleba warmoiSo-ba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moxdeba Senobis Camo-qceva an misi calkeuli nawilis Camongreva,romelic gamowveuli iyo Senobis arasaTana-do movliT an misi nakliT. am dros SenobismesakuTre valdebulia aunazRauros dazarale-buls miyenebuli fizikuri Tu qonebrivi ziani.

Tumca, igi am valdebulebisagan Tavisufldeba,Tu Senobis Camoqceva an misi calkeuli naw-ilis Camongreva moxdeba misgan damoukidebe-li arabraleuli moqmedebis gamo. 1004-emuxlis me-2 nawili icavs TviT Senobis mflo-belis uflebebs uSualod mis mflobeloba-Si arsebuli Senobis Camoqcevisas warmoSobilvaldebulebaTagan. kerZod, Tu ziani miyeneb-ulia Senobidan sagnis gadagdebiT, gadavard-niT an gadayriT, pasuxs agebs uSualod ispiri, romelsac es sadgomi (Senobis nawili)aqvs dakavebuli da ara am Senobis uSualomesakuTre. Tumca isic ki Tavisufldeba amvaldebulebisagan, roca sagnis gadagdebagadavardna an gadayra moxda dauZleveliZalis moqmedebiT an TviT dazaralebulisbraliT.

samoqalaqo deliqtis gansxvavebul saxeswarmoadgens kodeqsis 1005-e muxliT gaTval-iswinebuli saxelmwifos pasuxismgebloba misimosamsaxuris mier miyenebuli zianisaTvis,romelic konstituciur (konstitucia m. 18)uflebaTa - adamianis Tavisuflebisa da pi-radi xelSeuxeblobis, dacvis damatebiT samo-qalaqo samarTlebriv garants iZleva. sworedsaqarTvelos konstituciiT, adamianis Tavisu-fleba xelSeuvalia da Tavisuflebis aRkve-Ta an piradi Tavisuflebis sxvagvari SezRudvadauSvebelia sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebisgareSe.

aRniSnuli deliqtis saerTaSoriso xasiaTisSemTxvevaSi misi gadawyvetis wyarod undamiviCniod rigi saerTaSoriso konvenciebisa,romlebsac saqarTvelo adre Tu gvian SeuerT-deba. kerZod, gaeros 1988 wlis 9 dekembrisprincipTa erToblioba nebismieri formiTdakavebul an dapatimrebul pirTa dasacavad;gaeros 1990 wlis 14 dekembris ZiriTadiprincipebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb; 1984wlis 10 dekembris konvencia wamebisa da sxvasastiki araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavimopyrobis an sasjelis winaaRmdeg da gaerossxva konvenciebi adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb.sayuradReboa TviT saxelmwifo mosamsaxuriscneba, romelSic igulisxmeba sajaro mox-ele. misi statusi da ZiriTadi ufleba-mov-aleobebi gansazRvrulia kanoniT "sajarosamsaxuris Sesaxeb". 1005-e muxli iTval-iswinebs me-18 muxliT dacul aramaterialursamoqalaqo uflebaTa xelyofidan warmoSobil

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deliqtur valdebulebebsac. aRniSnuli del-iqtis Taviseburebaa braleuli qmedebisaTvissaxelmwifo mosamsaxuris anu sajaro sa-marTlis iuridiuli piris pasuxismgebloba.saxelmwifo mosamsaxureebi 1005-e muxlSigvevlinebian saxelmwifo interesebis matare-blebad da deliqtur samarTlebriv urTier-TobebSi umravles SemTxvevaSi gamodianrogorc iuridiuli pirebi. xolo mocemulviTarebaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs es iuridiu-li pirebi sameurneo organizaciebi arian Tusabiujeto sajaro samarTlis iuridiulipirebi.

deliqturi valdebulebis dadgomisaTvis auci-lebelia:

a) saxelmwifo mosamsaxure an iuridiuli piriganzrax an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT ar-Rvevdes Tavis samsaxureobriv movaleobassxva pirTa (moqalaqeTa) mimarT;

b) mosamsaxuris, saxelmwifo moxelis mo-qmedeba unda iyos pirdapiri ganzraxviTCadenili. Tumca mosamsaxure deliqventadar CaiTvleba, Tu TviT dazaralebuli arSeecdeba ganzraxi an uxeSi gaufrTxile-blobiT arsebuli samarTlebrivi gzebiTTavidan aicilos damdgari ziani.

sakmaod saintereso deliqtur valdebule-bas exeba 1005-e muxlis me-3 punqtiT gaTval-iswinebuli reabilitirebuli piris ukanonomsjavrdebis, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisge-baSi ukanonod micemis, aRkveTis RonisZiebeb-is saxiT patimrobis an gausvlelobis xelw-erilis ukanono gamoyenebis, patimrobis angamasworebeli samuSaoebis saxiT adminis-traciuli saxdelis arasworad dakisrebisSedegad miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba Sesa-bamisad uflebamosili saxelmwifo organoe-bis mier.

deliqventebad 1005-e muxliT gvevlinebianmokvlevis, winaswari gamoZiebis, prokuratur-isa da sasamarTlo organoebis warmomadgen-lebi, an maTSi momuSave Tanamdebobis pirebi,romlebic, saxelmwifosTan erTad, solidaru-lad ageben pasuxs.

rac Seexeba uSualod reabilitirebul pirs,aseTad miiCneva ganaCenis gamotaniT, sisxlissamarTlis saqmis SewyvetiT, danaSaulis Se-madgenlobis ararsebobis gamo an danaSaul-Si monawileobis mtkicebulebebis ararsebo-

bis gamo sakuTar uflebebSi aRdgenili piri.reabilitirebul pirs, aRniSnuli deliqturivaldebulebidan gamomdinare, aqvs kompensaciismiRebis ufleba rogorc materialuri, asevemoraluri zianis miyenebisaTvis.

Sesabamisi saxelmwifo organoebis (policia,prokuratura, sasamarTlo) pasuxismgeblo-bas ukanono moqmedebebiT miyenebuli ziani-saTvis iTvaliswinebs aseve specialuri or-ganuli kanoni saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb(Tavi 8, mm. 53-58), prokuraturis Sesaxeb(Tavi 6, muxli 38), da kanoni policiisSesaxeb (mm. 27-30). aRniSnuli pirebis sisx-lissamarTlebriv deliqtur valdebulebebsxsenebul sakiTxebze exeba sisxlis samarT-lis kodeqsis 39-e Tavi (mm. 332-342).

sruliad sxvagvari kompensaciis uflebasaniWebs reabilitirebul moqalaqeebs kanonipolitikuri represiebis msxverplTa reabil-itaciis Sesaxeb.

samoqalaqo deliqtur valdebulebaTa saer-To wesidan gamomdinare, samoqalaqo kodeq-sis 1006-e muxlis Tanaxmad, zianis anazRau-reba grZeldeba dazaralebulis sikvdilisSemdegac. nebismieri zianis miyenebisas, daz-aralebulis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi del-iqventi, romelic pasuxismgebelia zianisanazRaurebaze valdebulia aanazRauros igidazaralebulis rCenaze damokidebuli pire-bis sasargeblod manam, sanam dazaralebulivaldebuli iqneboda exada sarCo (m. 106).

marCenalis sasargeblod miyenebuli ziani-saTvis anazRaurebis miRebis ufleba gaaCniaTsamoqalaqo kodeqsis, saojaxo samarTlis Sesa-bamisi muxlebiT uflebamosil pirebs, kerZod:

a) araSromisunarian pirebs, romlebic imyo-febodnen dazaralebulis rCenaze;

b) pirebi, marTalia, ar iyvnen damokidebulidazaralebulis rCenaze, Tumca mis sikvdi-lamde hqondaT misgan sarCos miRebis ufleba;

g) dazaralebulis bavSvi, romelic daibadamisi sikvdilis Semdeg;

d) dazaralebulis ojaxis wevrebi, romlebicmis kmayofaze imyofebodnen (mSoblebi,meuRle da sxva).

dazaralebulis mniSvnelovan uflebas war-moadgens deliqventisagan dawesebuli sar-Cos sanacvlod misi erTjeradi anazRaurebis

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ufleba, Tuki, cxadia, amis mniSvnelovanisafuZveli arsebobs. YYY

mniSvnelovan deliqtur valdebulebasa danormatiul siaxles warmoadgens samoqalaqokodeqsis 1007-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebulisamedicino dawesebulebis mier miyenebulizianis anazRaureba.

sayuradReboa, Tu ras miiCneven samedicinodawesebulebad. 1997 wlis "janmrTelobisdacvis Sesaxeb" saqarTvelos kanonis 53-emuxlis mixedviT, "samedicino dawesebulebaaris saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT daSvebu-li organizaciul samarTlebrivi formisiuridiuli piri, romelic dadgenili wesiTaxorcielebs samedicino saqmianobas".

swored samedicino dawesebulebaSi mkurnalo-bisas, anu pacientis janmrTelobis mdgomar-eobis gansazRvrisa da daavadebaTa profilaq-tikis an pacientTa reabilitaciisas (xseneb-uli kanonis m. 53.2), qirurgiuli operacii-sas an araswori diagnoziT damdgari Sede-gisa da sxva mizezTa gamo, piris janmrTe-lobisaTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebaxdeba zianis anazRaurebis saerTo safuZv-lebis Sesabamisad. TviT samedicino person-alisa da dawesebulebis profesiuli pasux-ismgebloba gaTvaliswinebulia janmrTelo-bis dacvis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-18 TaviT, romlis 104-e muxlis mixedviT,dazaralebuls, an mis naTesavs, an sxva kanon-ier warmomadgenels ufleba aqvs eqims aneqTans an uSualod am samedicino dawese-bulebas uCivlos sasamarTloSi an davisganmxilvel sxva organoebSi. janmrTelobisdacvis ufleba, amasTanave, garantirebuliakonstituciis 37-e muxliT. aRsaniSnavia TviTpacientTa - moqalaqeTa, samoqalaqo uflebe-bis zrdac, rac Cans pacientTa uflebebisSesaxeb saqarTvelos 2000 wlis 5 maisiskanonis me-10 muxlidanac. mis safuZvelze,dazaralebuli pacienti mimarTavs sasamarT-los da SeuZlia moiTxovos:

a) kompensacia qonebrivi an araqonebrivi zianisa,romlebic gamowveulia:

a.a. pacientis uflebebis darRveviT;a.b. mcdari samedicino moqmedebiT;a.g. samedicino dawesebulebis funqcion-irebis sxva xarvezebiT;a.d. saxelmwifos mier arasworad ganx-

orcielebuli zedamxedvelobasTan regu-lirebiT;

b) samedicino personalis licenziis SeCereba;

g) saxelmwifo samedicino sanitaruli stan-dartebis Secvla (kanoni pacientTa ufle-bebis Sesaxeb, m. 10).

zemoxsenebuli yvela deliqturi valdebule-bebiT (mm. 992-1007) gamowveuli zianisanazRaurebis moTxovnis xandazmulobis vada,saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1008-emuxlis mixedviT, aris sami weli im dRidanda saaTidan, roca dazaralebuli Seityobsmiyenebul zianze an mis anazRaurebaze valde-buli piris Sesaxeb. samoqalaqo araqonebrivuflebaTa dacvis mniSvnelovan garantiaswarmoadgens deliqtur valdebulebaTa me-2Tavi (1009-1016-e muxlebi) - uxarisxo produ-qtiT gamowveuli zianisaTvis pasuxismgebloba.CvenTvis sayuradReboa gavarkvioT, Tu raswarmoadgens Tavad uxarisxo produqti. 1010-e muxliT, uxarisxod miCneulia produqti,Tu igi ar uzrunvelyofs im saimedoobas,romelic yvela garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiTmosalodneli iyo am produqtisagan, Tumcaproduqti uxarisxod ar miiCneva mxolodimis gamo, rom mogvianebiT ufro ukeTesiproduqti iqna brunvaSi Setanili.

ra Sedegi SeiZleba gamoiwvios, anu ra gare-moebebia aucilebeli aRniSnuli deliqturivaldebulebis dadgomisaTvis?

aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxs iZleva kodeqsis1014-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad, romliTac1009-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uxarisxoproduqtis moxmarebis gamo miyenebuli zianidgeba, Tu moxda dazaralebulis sikvdilian misi sxeulis anda janmrTelobis daziane-ba. friad sayuradReboa uxarisxo produq-tis gamowveuli deliqturi valdebulebissamoqalaqo samarTlebrivi institucionalurida normatiuli ganviTarebis zogadi istori-ac. swored produqtiT sargeblobiT xdebanebismieri piri momxmarebeli. amdenad, spe-cialur normaTa sistema, romelic aRniS-nul deliqtur valdebulebas awesrigebs, esaamomxmarebelTa uflebebis Sesaxeb 1996 wlis20 martis saqarTvelos kanoni.

uxarisxo produqtiT gamowveuli deliqturivaldebulebis saerTaSoriso kerZo xasiaTis

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SemTxvevaSi misi gadawyvetis wyarod, qarTulkanonmdeblobasTan erTad, gvevlineba gaeros1985 wlis 9 aprilis "saxelmwifoTa princ-ipebi momxmarebelTa interesebis dacvisaTvis".momxmareblad moiazreba piradi saWiroebi-saTvis saqonlis (samuSaos, momsaxurebis)gamomyenebeli, SemZeni, SemkveTi an aseTi gan-zraxvis mqone moqalaqe. uxarisxo produ-qtiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis saer-TaSoriso kerZo samarTlebriv aspeqtebs iTval-iswinebs dsT-s qveynebis sanimuSo samoqalaqosamarTlis kodeqsis proeqtic.

TavisTavad produqtis mwarmoeblis - dam-amzadeblis (Semsrulebeli, gamyidveli) uSu-alo movaleobas warmoadgens ara martouxarisxo produqtiT miyenebuli zianisanazRaureba, aramed misi valdebulebaa drou-lad miawodos momxmarebels aucilebeli dautyuari informacia produqtis Sesaxeb, racuzrunvelyofs moqalaqis ZiriTadi samomx-mareblo uflebebis dacvas, kerZod, moiTxo-vos: saqonlis, samuSaos, savaWro da sxvasaxis momsaxurebis saTanado xarisxi, produ-qciis usafrTxoeba, saTanado informaciaproduqtis raodenobaze, xarisxsa da asor-timentze.

Tumca, uxarisxo produqtis mwarmoeblisdeliqturi valdebuleba SeiZleba arc war-moiSvas, Tu:

a) mas ar gautania es produqti sarealizaciod;b) saqmis garemoebidan gamomdinare, produ-

qts ar gaaCnda zianis gamomwvevi nakli;g) mwarmoebels (damamzadebels) produqti

ar uwarmoebia arc gasayidad da arc Tavisiprofesiuli saqmianobis farglebSi;

d) produqts hqonda nakli, romelic nor-maluri iyo dadgenili standartebiT daSeuZlebelic iyo arsebuli teqnikiT misigaumjobeseba;

e) adgili hqonda dazaralebulis braleulmoqmedebas;

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom kanoni momxmarebelTauflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb icnobs garemoe-bebs, romlebic gamoricxaven deliqtur valde-bulebebs, kerZod im SemTxvevaSi, roca moTx-ovna uxarisxo produqtiT miyenebuli zianisanazRaurebaze wardgenilia dadgenili sasar-Celo xandazmulobis vadis gasvliT, momx-mareblisTvis gadacemuli produqti dazian-da mesame piris an dauZleveli Zalis mier.

zemoaRniSnuli deliqturi valdebulebisarsis gagebisaTvis, misi faqtobrivi ganxor-cielebisaTvis mniSvnelovania TviT produq-tis cnebis garkveva, romelsac eZRvneba kod-eqsis 1011-e muxli. aRniSnuli muxlis Tanax-mad, produqtad miiCneva yvela moZravi niv-Ti, maSinac, roca igi sxva moZravi an uZravinivTis nawils Seadgens, aseve - eleqtrode-ni. xolo igive muxli produqtad ar miiC-nevs jer kidev daumuSavebel, mecxoveleo-bis, mefutkreobisa da meTevzeobis, miwaTmo-qmedebiT miRebul sasoflo-sameurneo produ-qtebs, aseve, nadirobis produqtebs. Tumca,saerTo gagebiT, produqtad miiCnevaekonomikuri saqmianobis nivTobrivi Sedegi,xolo produqtisa da naxevarfabrikatis(resursebis) urTierTgamijvna ki damokide-bulia ekonomikur faqtorze.

Tanamedrove iurisprudenciaSi produqtadmiCneulia aramaterialuri sikeTec, rogori-caa, inteleqtualuri produqti kompiuter-uli programis saxiT. aRniSnuli muxliarafers ambobs produqtis warmoebis saxeze,aseTad ki iTvleba qarxnuli, xelovnuri wesiTwarmoeba, an (xelovnebis nimuSi) nawarmoebirogorc erTaderTi produqti. uxarisxoproduqtis deliqturi valdebulebebisas dgebaormagi pasuxismgeblobis problemac, kerZod,roca saxezea ori an meti deliqventi daisini ukve pasuxs ageben rogorc solidaru-li movaleebi (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1013-emuxlisa da solidaruli movaleebis Sesaxebsxva muxlebis gaTvaliswinebiT). xsenebuli1011-e muxli, produqtis cnebasTan erTad,sabolood ganmartavs mwarmoeblis cnebas,rogorc produqtis Semoqmeds da safuZvels.

mwarmoeblad miiCneva mxolod is, vinc awar-moa saboloo produqti, ZiriTadi elementian produqtis nawili, vinc sakuTari sax-eliT an sxvagvari ganmasxvavebeli niSniT(aseTad iTvleba savaWro an sasaqonlo niS-nebi) gamodis rogorc mwarmoebeli. aseTadveiTvleba piri, vinc yidis, aqiravebs, lizing-is an sxva formiT sameurneo mizniT gamodismesame piris winaSe. im SemTxvevaSi ki, Tusaxeze araa mwarmoebeli, aseTad miiCneva mim-wodebeli, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca del-iqtidan erTi Tvis vadaSi igi dazaralebulswarudgens uSualo produqtis mwarmoebels.

uxarisxo produqtiT miyenebuli zianisas,

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dazaralebulma TviTonve unda daamtkicossasamarTlos an sxva organoebis winaSe (ar-sebul mtkicebulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT) damd-gari deliqturi valdebulebidan zianisanazRaurebis aucilebloba. man unda asevewarmoadginos mtkicebuleba, rom mas namd-vilad miadga ziani da swored uxarisxoproduqtisagan, aseve, daadginos damamzadeb-lis, mwarmoeblis vinaobac. amdenad, 1012-emuxlis Tanaxmad, mTliani mtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba mxolod dazaralebuls daara mwarmoebels.

uxarisxo produqtiT gamowveuli deliqtidangamomdinare, moTxovnis xandazmulobis va-das adgens samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1015-e mux-li, romliTac dazaralebuls deliqtisdadgomidan sami wlis ganmavlobaSi uflebaaqvs moiTxovos deliqventisagan miyenebulizianis anazRaureba, xolo aRniSnuli moTx-ovna uqmdeba deliqtis dadgomidan aTi wlisSemdeg, uSualod im dRidan, roca mwarmoe-belma zianis gamomwvevi produqti gasayidad,sarealizaciod gaitana. samoqalaqo araqone-brivi uflebis damatebiT garantiad unda

miviCniod miyenebuli zianis samoqalaqo pa-suxismgeblobis winaswar gamoricxvis anSezRudvis dauSvebloba, romelic 1016-emuxliTaa gansazRvruli.

albaT sakmaod rTulia srulyofilad moic-va saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis deliqtTada samoqalaqo araqonebriv uflebaTagan ga-momdinare deliqtur valdebulebaTa rTulida mzardi buneba. Cven SevexeT sqematuradmxolod maT calkeul mniSvnelovan mxareebs.rogorc gamoCenili rusi mecnieri, s. aleq-seevi werda, deliqtur valdebulebaTa gan-viTarebidan kargad Cans is, rom civilis-tikaSi gaerTianda samarTlebrivi ganviTareb-is ori fundamenturi xazi, romlebic, erTimxriv, gamoxatavs kerZo samarTlis Rire-bulebebs, xolo, meore mxriv - bunebiTi sa-marTlis sawyisebs maTi Tanamedrove mniS-vnelobiT (adamianis uflebebis saxiT). esyvelaferi ki metyvelebs saerTaSoriso ker-Zo da samoqalaqo samarTlis, misi ganviTare-bis axal etapze - 21-e saukunis samoqalaqosamarTlis sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi sulufro mzard da safuZvlian damkvidrebaze.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. Ä. Â. Äîæäåâ, Ðèìñêîå ÷àñòíîå ïðàâî, Ì., 1997ã.2. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, Tbilisi, 1997 w.3. Jurnali "advokati meoxi", samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ucxo sityvaTa ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, 1999 w.4. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, Tbilisi, 1999 w.5. Rechtswörterbuch, verlag Beck, München, 2000.6. Osborn's Concise Law Dictionar, Eighth Edition, London, 1993.7. Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ÷àñòíîå ïðàâî, Ì., 1998ã.8. Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ÷àñòíîå ïðàâî, Ì., 1999ã.9. lado Wanturia, Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, Tbilisi, 1997 w.10. Salva CikvaSvili, moraluri ziani samoqalaqo samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 1998 w.11. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, Tbilisi, 1997 w.12. merab turava, sisxlis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2000 w.13. saqarTvelos Sromis kanonTa kodeqsi, Tbilisi, 1999 w.14. samarTali vaxtang meeqvsisa, Tbilisi, 1981 w.15. zurab axvlediani, valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tbilisi, 1998 w.16. Jurnali "sabWoTa samarTali", 1989 w. # 5, r. Sengelia, saxelmwifo da misi organoebi, rogorcsamoqalaqo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtebi.17. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi, 1999 w.18. saqarTvelos kanonTa krebuli, Tbilisi, 1990 w.19. momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb kanonis komentarebi, qvemo qarTlis momxmarebelTa uflebebisdacvis sazogadoeba, rusTavi, 1999 w.20. Jurnali "samarTali", saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 1999 w. # 5, b. SakiaSvili produqtis cneba samoqalaqokodeqsSi.21. rudolf fon ieringi, "brZola samarTlisaTvis", Tbilisi, 1908 w.22. Ä. Â. Äîæäåâ, Ðèìñêîå ÷àñòíîå ïðàâî, Ì., 1997ã.23. Ýíöèêëîïåäè÷åñêèé þðèäè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü, Ì., 1998ã.24. Uhf;lfycrjt ghfdj, Ext,ybr, njv 3, ·gjl htl. F. G. Cthuttdf, R. Njkcnjuj, V., 2000u.

25. F.G. West, haten, das neue Produkthaftungsgesetz in NJW, Heft 2, S-87.

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soflio civilizaciis ganviTarebis gzaze me-20 saukune umniSvnelovanesiaekonomikuri da politikuri procesebismravalgvarobis mixedviT. swored am sauku-neSi momxdarma globalurma procesebma - te-qnikurma da industriulma progresma, birT-vuli iaraRis Seqmnam da mniSvnelovanma poli-tikurma bataliebma (ori msoflio omi, "civiomi"), gansazRvres samyaros Semdgomi ganvi-Tarebis, misi arsebobis pirobebi. sabWoTakavSirSi dawyebuli demokratizaciis proce-si, germaniis gaerTianeba, varSavis paqtis,misi ekonomikuri zednaSenis aRsasruli dacentraluri evropidan rusuli jaris gamoy-vana msoflios politikur cxovrebaSi axa-li eras moaswavebda. komunizmis sayovelTaobatonobis dasasrulma xmelTaSua zRvi-spireTidan wynar okeanemde da CineTis sazRvre-bamde mcxovreb xalxebs saSualeba miscadaemkvidrebinaT demokratiuli, suverenulisaxelmwifoebi da ganeviTarebinaT sabazroekonomika. msoflio sazogadoebrioba isto-riuli procesis axal etapze avida. dResmsoflioSi Zveli samyaros rRvevisa da ax-lis Senebis procesi mimdinareobs. XX sauku-nis bolos msoflioSi momxdarma umniSvnelo-vanesma politikurma cvlilebebma arsebiTadSecvala ZalTa balansi rogorc mTel msof-lioSi, aseve calkeul regionebSi. am upre-

cedento cvlilebaTa Sedegad, Zveli bipo-laruli sistema faqtiurad aRar arsebobs,xolo ZalTa axali Tanafardoba Camoyali-bebis procesSia, maSasadame, mimdinareobsaxali msoflio wesrigis Camoyalibeba, racuSualodaa dakavSirebuli axali saerTaSori-sosamarTlebrivi normebisa da principebisSeqmnis aucileblobasTan.

saxelmwifoTa warmoSobis droidan saerTa-Soriso samarTlis ganviTareba obieqturadkanonzomieri procesia, ganpirobebulicalkeul saxelmwifoebSi sawarmoo ZalTazrda-ganviTarebiTa da amis Sedegad, - sax-elmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobebis ganviTare-biTa da intensifikaciiT. swored amgvaricvladi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mowes-rigebis aucilebloba iwvevs saxelmwifoTaqcevis axali wesebis warmoSobasa da damkvi-drebas, e.i. axali saerTaSorisosamarTlebriviprincipebisa da normebis Seqmnas TviT sax-elmwifoebis mier, romlebic, amave dros, xelsiReben moZvelebul, Tanamedrove saerTaSorisourTierTobaTa mosawesrigeblad uvargis princ-ipebsa da normebze. msoflio sazogadoebri-obis ganviTareba Seuqcevadi istoriuli pro-cesia. ganviTarebis yovel axal etapze mis-Tvis damaxasiaTebelia axali qcevis wesebisdamkvidreba, romlebic TandaTanobiT iurid-iulad savaldebulo normebad iqcevian da

ÚÏÅÄËÉÅÄ ßÚÏÁÉËÄÁÀ, ÒÏÌËÉÓ ÞÀËÉÈÀÝ ÌÏØÌÄÃÄÁÓ ÌÈÄËÉ ÊÀÝÏÁÒÉÏÁÀ, ÉÌÉÔÏÌ ÀÒÉÓÛÄÌÏÙÄÁÖËÉ, ÒÏÌ ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉ, ÒÀÌÃÄÍÀÃÀÝ ÛÄÓÀÞËÏÀ, ÁÄÃÍÉÄÒÉ ÉÚÏÓ

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gansazRvraven maTi Semdgomi ganviTarebispirobebs. msoflio sazogadoebriobis ganvi-Tarebis Tanamedrove etapze Camoyalibda pro-gresuli kacobriobis erTiani marTlSegneba,romelmac SeimuSava normaTa kompleqsisavaldebulo saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivurTierTobebSi monawile yvela saxelmwifo-saTvis. dReisaTvis sayovelTao saerTaSorisosamarTalSi ganmtkicebulia yvelaferi saukeTe-so, rac mogvca kacobriobis istoriulmaganviTarebam. igi gvevlineba im principebisada normaTa sistemad, romlebic ganamtkice-ben Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sazogadoebri-obis moralur faseulobebs. am faseulobebszogaddemokratiuli xasiaTi aqvT da emsax-urebian sazogadoebis normalur funqcion-irebas, yvela saxelmwifos keTilmezoblurida mSvidobiani TanamSromlobis uzrunvely-ofas, miuxedavad maTi socialur-politikuriwyobisa.

Tanamedrove etapze zogadsakacobrio faseu-lobad aRiarebuli adamianis uflebebi safuZ-vlad daedo saerTaSoriso samarTals. ger-maniis gaerTianebis, aRmosavleT evropis qvey-nebis realuri ganTavisuflebisa da ganiar-aRebis sferoSi radikaluri SeTanxmebebismiRwevis Semdeg "civi omis" xana istoriasCabarda; Seiqmna sruliad gansxvavebuli kli-mati, formalurad arsebuli principebi "re-alur samarTlad" iqcnen.1 saerTaSoriso sa-zogadoebriobis udides miRwevad unda Cai-Tvalos swored im saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivnormaTa sistemis Camoyalibeba, romlebicsakacobrio faseulobebad iqcnen da gan-sazRvraven kacobriobis arsebobis pirobebs,magram kidev ufro meti da sasicocxlo mniS-vnelobisaa msoflio sazogadoebriobisaTvisam normaTa damcavi meqanizmebis Camoyalibebada maTi realurad cxovrebaSi gatareba. IImsoflio omis Semdeg Camoyalibebulma saer-TaSorisosamarTlebrivma normebma da princ-ipebma, romelTac gansakuTrebuli roli Sea-srules bipolarul msoflioSi mSvidobisada usafrTxoebis SenarCunebaSi, bolo peri-odSi momxdari globaluri cvlilebebisfonze axali mniSvneloba SeiZines saxelmwi-foTaSoris urTierTobebSi da, amasTanave,aRniSnuli procesebis Sedegad, sazogadoeb-

is marTlSegnebis ganviTarebasTan erTad,Seiqmna axali saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivinormebis Camoyalibebis aucilebloba, rom-lebic ganamtkicebdnen im meqanizmebsa da sa-Sualebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZlebe-li iqneboda aRniSnuli normebisa da princ-ipebis dacva da cxovrebaSi maTi realurigatareba.

XX saukunis bolos momxdari saerTaSorisomniSvnelobis politikuri cvlilebebis Sed-egad daingra berlinis kedeli, sabWoTa impe-ria istorias Cabarda, mis adgilze warmoiqmnenaxali Tavisufali da demokratiuli qveyne-bi, zogadsakacobrio faseulobebma sayovelTaoaRiareba da damkvidreba hpoves sazogadoeba-Si. marTlac rom SesaniSnavi dasasruliafilmisaTvis XX saukunis Sesaxeb, magram,ra vuyoT Semzarav Sav-TeTr kadrebs _ eTni-kur wmendas, milionobiT ltolvils, ter-orizmisa da eqstremizmis axal da Zvel nair-saxeobebs, msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSiarsebul mougvarebel eTnikur Tu sxvagvarkonfliqtebs, romlebic dResac umZimes tvir-Tad awevs mSvidobian mosaxleobas da mkveTradaferxebs kacobriobis Semdgom ganviTarebas.

kosovoSi gasul wels momxdarma movlenebmakidev erTxel da gansakuTrebuli dramatizmiTdaadastura is, razec karga xania migviTiTebssxva mougvarebeli Tu "gayinuli" konfliqtebi,maT Soris afxazeTSic. saWiroa dRes arse-buli usafrTxoebis meqanizmebis seriozulisrulyofa, romlebic sul sxva epoqaSi dasul sxva miznebis aRsasruleblad Camoyal-ibda; saWiroa ara Tanamedrove msofliosmorgeba sakuTar wesdebaze, warmodgenebsa datradiciebze, aramed dRevandel realobebTanadaptacia, axali safrTxeebis winaaRmdegadeqvaturi moqmedebis unaris gamomuSaveba,rac, upirvelesad, unda gamoixatos axalisaerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi normebisa dameqanizmebis CamoyalibebaSi, romelTa meSveo-biTac realurad gaxdeba SesaZlebeli axalimsoflios mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrun-velyofa. usafrTxoebis mtkice garantiebis,ZaliT zurggamagrebuli diplomatiis, maTSoris mSvidobis ZaldatanebiT damyarebis,principis realuri amoqmedebis gareSe msof-lio ver ganikurneba konfliqtebis epidemi-

1 l. aleqsiZe, "Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali", gv. 11, Tbilisi, 1994 w.

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isagan, axali gabeduli midgoma unda daupir-ispirdes kacobriobis winaaRmdeg CadenilidanaSaulisaTvis sakmaod farTod gavrcele-bul dausjelobis sindroms.2

marTalia, bipolaruli dapirispirebis gaqro-bis Sedegad msoflio ufro Tavisufali gax-da, magram, samwuxarod, amiT misi stabil-urobis xarisxi ar gazrdila. piriqiT, jerkidev ar gamqrala Zveli konfliqtebi, Cnde-ba konfliqtTa axali kerebi, romlebic to-talitaruli sistemis msxvreviTaa gamowveu-li. msoflioSi dRes Seqmnili umZimesi mdgo-mareoba, rac, umTavresad, arsebuli moug-varebeli konfliqtebiT, aseve, terorizmis,uSualo agresiisa da sxva mravali saerTa-Soriso danaSaulebaTa arsebobaSi gamoixateba,naTlad metyvelebs imaze, rom dRes arsebu-li usafrTxoebis sistema ver uzrunvely-ofs Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesrulebas dasaWiro xdeba maTi axali realobis gaTval-iswinebiT reformireba an kidev axali usa-frTxoebis meqanizmis Camoyalibeba, romelicsrulyofilad daicavda saerTaSoriso samarT-lis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa danormebs, zogadsakacobrio faseulobebs dakacobriobis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis Se-qmnida sakmaod mtkice baziss.

erTi SexedviT, TiTqosda msoflioSi dResarsebuli usafrTxoebis saerTaSorisomeqanizmi, kerZod, gaero-s uSiSroebis sab-Wo, Tavisi struqturiTa da sawesdebo de-bulebebiT erTob STambeWdav, sakmaod mZlavrda imedismomcem meqanizmad SeiZleba warmogve-saxos, magram faqtia, rom igi aucilebelreformirebas moiTxovs.

vidre gaeros usafrTxoebis sistemasa da misnaklovanebebze visaubrebT, minda mokled gan-vixiloT, Tu ra miznebisaTvis Seiqmna esorganizacia, rogoria misi usafrTxoebismeqanizmi da ra roli Seasrula man msofli-oSi mSvidobisa da uSiSroebis gansamtkice-blad?

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia marTlacunikaluri saerTaSoriso organizaciaa, romel-ic meore msoflio omis Semdeg Camoyalibda,

raTa SeenarCunebina msoflioSi mSvidoba dausafrTxoeba, daemyarebina megobruli urT-ierTobebi saxelmwifoTa Soris da daemkvi-drebina socialuri progresi, cxovrebisukeTesi standartebi da daecva adamianisuflebebi, rogorc msoflio TanamegobrobisganviTarebis miznebi.3 Tavisi naxevarsaukuno-vani arsebobis manZilze,gaerom marTlac un-ikaluri roli Seasrula msoflio sazoga-doebriobis gajansaRebisa da ganviTarebissaqmeSi. "civi omis", bipolaruli dapirispire-bis pirobebSi gaerom udidesi roli iTamaSamSvidobis SenarCunebisa da birTvuli omissaSiSroebaTa Tavidan acilebaSi; ukanaskneliwlebis ganmavlobaSi, gaeros meSveobiT saer-TaSoriso samarTali ganviTarda imaze metad,vidre mTeli ganvlili istoriis manZilze:gaeros mier Camoyalibebuli saerTaSorisosamarTlis ZiriTadi principebi safuZvladdaedo kacobriobis Semdgom ganviTarebas; manmniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli da ganaviTarademokratiuli institutebi, daamkvidra ad-amianis sayovelTao uflebebis pativiscema;mis mier SemuSavebulma ganviTarebis pro-gramebma mniSvnelovnad aamaRla Rarib daganviTarebad qveynebSi cxovrebis done; mangansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitana iseT glo-balur problemebTan brZolaSi, rogorebi-caa; siRaribe, umuSevroba, garemos dacva,saerTaSoriso danaSaulobebi, narkotikebi daa.S. erTi sityviT, marTlac rom udidesiagaeros Rvawli, damsaxureba msoflio Tan-amegobrobis winaSe da misi am mimarTulebiTsaqmianobis gagrZeleba kvlavac did rolsSeasrulebs momavalSi kacobriobis ganviTare-bis saqmeSi. magram aqve unda aRiniSnos isgaremoebac, rom gaero sul sxva epoqaSi dasul sxva miznebis aRsasruleblad Camoyal-ibda. igi erTgvar forums warmoadgenda orisruliad gansxvavebuli faseulobebis mqonesamyarosaTvis. gaero da misi usafrTxoebissistema im periodSi da im principebze dayrd-nobiT Seiqmna, romlebic II msoflio omisSemdeg msoflios bipolaruli mowyobiT gan-isazRvra. Tumca, naTelia, rom gaeros Tavi-si usafrTxoebis meqanizmisa da principebisadaptireba da Sexameba rom ar moexdina bi-

2 saqarTvelos prezidentis, eduard SevardnaZis, gamosvla evro-atlantikuri TanamSromlobis sabWossaxelmwifoTa umaRlesi donis Sexvedraze, vaSingtoni, 25 aprili, 1999 w.3 "imiji da realoba", gaero, saqarTvelos asociacia, Tbilisi, 1997 w., gv 30.

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polaruli sistemis pirobebSi arsebuli msof-lio wesrigis realobebTan, dRemde arsebobasacki ver SesZlebda. amgvarad, mis mier Seqmni-li usafrTxoebis meqanizmi srulad Sexame-buli, SeTavsebuli iyo im pirobebsa da re-alobebTan, rasac mas civi omis periodismsoflio wesrigi sTavazobda, miuxedavad imisa,rom misi qartia da sayovelTaod aRiarebu-li saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi normebi daprincipebi sruliad sxva msoflios gvisax-avda. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ki blokuridapirispirebis gaqrobisa da sxva mniSvnelo-vani politikuri cvlilebebis Sedegad, gaer-Tianebuli erebis organizacia mravali gada-uWreli problemis winaSe aRmoCnda. miuxeda-vad imisa, rom civi omis dasruleba da so-cialisturi banakis daSla SedarebiT "usisx-lod" moxda, am "teqtonikuri Zvris" Sede-gad msoflio sazogadoebriobas postbi po-larul msoflioSi arsebuli daZabuli daanarqiuli mdgomareobiT mainc udidesi zianimiadga. es mdgomareoba, upirvelesad, aisaxe-ba msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mravalimougvarebeli Tu "gayinuli" konfliqtebiT,kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli umZimesidanaSaulobebis, kerZod: genocidis, eTnikuriwmendisa da sxvaTa farTod gavrcelebiTada, rac yvelaze samwuxaroa, maTi dausjelo-biT, sxva iseTi umZimesi saerTaSoriso dana-Saulobis gavrcelebiT, rogoricaa teror-izmi. am umZimesi problemebis mosagvarebladki, romlebic axal safrTxeTa rigsganekuTvnebian, gaero da mis mier SeqmniliusafrTxoebis meqanizmi moumzadebeli aRmoCnda."bolo wlebis movlenebma mTeli sicxadiTgviCvena, rom planetaze gaeros mier Seqmni-li uSiSroebisaTvis koleqtiuri pasuxismge-blobis sistemas jer kidev bevri aklia sru-lyofamde. da Tumca bi polarulobis dar-Rvevam mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesa saerTa-Soriso organizaciebis, gansakuTrebiT gaeros,saqmianobis perspeqtivebi, maT mainc yovelTvisar ZaluZT Tavi gaarTvan axal safrTxesa dasaSiSroebas. wesrigi ver iqneba uzrunvely-ofili, Tu ar iqneba gamoyenebuli negatiurisanqciebi, es ki swored is gaxlavT, rasacgaero yovelnairad Tavs aridebs an ubral-od ar ZaluZs maTi gamoyeneba. aTasgvari se-

riozuli danaSaulis Camdeni agresorebi kv-lavac dausjelni arian da erTgvar respeqta-belobasac iZenen, monawileoben ra gaerosmier gamarTul molaparakebebSi, kanonierimTavrobebis Tanabrad. arada gaeros wesdebaTiTqos iTvaliswinebs qveynad uSiSroebisuzrunvelyofis sakmaod mZlavr meqanizms.iseTi mrisxane sityvaTSeTanxmebebi, rogori-caa qartiis meSvide Tavi, an igive samxedro-saStabo komiteti, xSirad mxolod faratinaqaRaldze rCeba".4

gaeros qartiis Tanaxmad, uSiSroebis sabWowarmoadgens gaeros im ZiriTad birTvs, or-ganos, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, pasux-ismgebelia saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usa-frTxoebis uzrunvelyofaze. uSiSroebis sa-bWo TiTqmis mudmivad muSaobs im krizisulsituaciebze, romlebic msoflioSi iqmneba.sabWom marlac didi roli Seasrula mrava-li regionaluri konfliqtis mogvarebaSi.Tavisi movaleobis Sesasruleblad igi mravalsaSualebas iyenebs, romelTa Soris yvelazemniSvnelovani da gavrcelebulia samSvidobooperaciebis Catareba. ukanasknel wlebSi war-matebiT ganxorcielebuli samSvidobo misie-bis magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT iran-erayis omis dasruleba 1988 w., avRaneTidansabWoTa jarebis gamoyvana 1989 w., samo-qalaqo omis dasruleba el-salvadorSi (1992w.), kambojis (1993 w.), mozambikisa (1994w.) da angolis (1995 w.) samSvidobo misiebi.arsebobs samSvidobo operaciaTa ori saxeo-ba: damkvirvebelTa misia da samSvidobo Zalebi.damkvirvebelTa misias SeiaraReba ar gaaCnia,xolo samSvidobo Zalebi aRWurvili arianyvela saxis sabrZolo iaraRiT da maTi gamoy-enebac ukidures SemTxvevaSi nebadarTulia,magram mxolod Tavdacvis mizniT. saxelmwi-foebi nebayoflobiT gamoyofen SeiaraRebulZalebs samSvidobo operaciebisaTvis. aRniS-nuli operaciebi saerTaSoriso mSvidobisada usafrTxoebisaTvis potenciurad saSiSikonfliqtebis mxolod gakontrolebis erT-erTi saSualebaa, vidre konfliqtis poli-tikuri daregulirebis saboloo konturebiar gamoikveTeba. aqedan gamomdinare, maT arZaluZT konfliqtis sabolood mogvareba damosalodneli safrTxis aRkveTa. aqve unda

4 saqarTvelos prezidentis, eduard SevardnaZis, gamosvla gaeros generaluri asambleis 56-e sesiaze, 20seqtemberi, 1999 w.

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iTqvas, rom aRniSnulma operaciebma uamravadamians SeunarCuna sicocxle, swored maTimeSveobiT cdilobda gaero konfliqtebisSewyvetas, mSvidobisa da stabilurobis dam-yarebas kambojaSi, el-salvadorsa da mozam-bikSi. miuxedavad maTi Zalisxmevisa, kon-fliqtebi kvlav grZeldeboda somaliSi, ru-andasa da bosnia-hercogovinaSi, da maTi Zal-isxmevis miRweva mxolod humanitaruli dax-marebis ganawilebiTa da samoqalaqo mosax-leobis dacviT Semoifargla. amrigad, cxadixdeba, rom dResdReobiT msoflioSi arsebu-li gansakuTrebiT daZabuli cxeli wertilebismogvareba, vfiqrob, amgvari "susti" meqanizmebismeSveobiT SeuZlebelia. gaeros samSvidoboZalebs ki yvelaze metad uWirdaT maSin,rodesac maT konfliqtSi CarTva uxdebodaTsaomari moqmedebebis mimdinareobisas, sadacmSvidobis dacvaze laparakic ki zedmeti iyo,samSvidobo Zalebis mandati ki _ gaurkveve-li. Zalebi iZulebuli xdebodnen gascile-bodnen mSvidobis dacviTi operaciebis far-glebs, risTvisac maT arc sakmarisi poli-tikuri mxardaWera gaaCndaT, arc Sesabamisipersonali, aRWurviloba da dafinanseba. bos-nia-hercogovinisa da somalis gamocdilebacxadyofs, rom mSvidobis dacviTi operacie-bis efeqturoba mkveTrad mcirdeba, rodesacmebrZoli mxareebi pativs ar scemen cecxlisSewyvetis SeTanxmebebs, TanamSromlobis sur-vili ki ar arsebobs an minimaluria. aRsani-Snavia, rom garda mSvidobis dacviTi opera-ciebisa, gaero eweva "prevenciul diploma-tias" konfliqtebis dawyebis aRsakveTad.rogorc neitralur Zalas, mas nayofieradSeuZlia imuSaos problemaTa mogvarebisaTvisda xeli Seuwyos mxareTa Soris mSvidobiandialogs. am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia generalurimdivnis instituti. Tanamedrove etapze, rode-sac konfliqtebis mougvarebloba epidemiadiqca, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZinakonfliqtebis gamouval mdgomareobaSi mSvi-dobis ZaldatanebiTi damyarebis principisgamoyenebam. amasTan dakavSirebiT, SeiZlebadagvebados kiTxva - ratom ar SeuZlia gaerosmSvidobis damyareba Zalismieri meTodebiT?unda iTqvas, rom gaero araa msoflios mTavro-ba, mas ar gaaCnia mudmivi armia, is arcsaerTaSoriso policiaa da, Sesabamisad, ar

gaaCnia mSvidobis Zalismieri meTodebiT dam-yarebis saSualeba. gaeros samSvidobo moR-vaweoba emyareba misi qartiis principebsa daargumentebis Zalas. uSiSroebis sabWos Seu-Zlia politikuri zewola moaxdinos kon-fliqtSi monawile mxareebze, gamoiyenossxvadasxva saxis sanqciebi (embargo da sxva),an miiRos am konfliqtis mogvarebisaTvisaucilebeli zomebi faqtebis damdgeni an me-diatorTa misiebis saxiT. yovelive es meqanizme-bi ki, Cemi azriT, dRes arsebuli potenci-urad saSiSi konfliqtebis mosagvarebladaramyari garantiaa. Tumca, qartiidan gamom-dinare, wevr saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT, aseve,mimarTon ufro mkacr RonisZiebebs. iyo SemTx-vevebi, rodesac uSiSroebis sabWo uflebasaZlevda wevr saxelmwifoebs "mieRoT yvelaaucilebeli zoma" (Zalis gamoyenebis CaTv-liT) SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis SesaCereblad.amgvari mandatiT wevri saxelmwifoebis mierSeiqmna koaliciuri Zalebi quveiTis suve-renitetis aRsadgenad (1991 w.), humanitaru-li operaciebis Casatareblad somalisa (1992w.) da ruandaSi (1994 w.), legitimurimTavrobis aRsadgenad haitiSi (1994 w.). aRniS-nuli RonisZiebebi uSiSroebis sabWos nebar-TviT tardeboda da mTlianad koaliciismonawile qveynebis mier kontroldeboda.5

aRsaniSnavia aseve gaeros mier mSvidobis Zal-datanebiTi damyareba yofil iugoslaviaSi,kerZod, bosnia-hercogovinaSi, romelic 1992-1995 wlebSi uSiSroebis sabWos 781-e re-zoluciis safuZvelze Crdilo-atlantikurialiansis sruli mxardaWeriTa da uSualomonawileobiT mimdinareobda. amgvarma opera-ciebma mTel rig SemTxvevebSi Sewyvites kon-fliqtebi da xeli Seuwyves stabilurobas.magram faqtia, rom konfliqtis srulmas-Stabiani mowesrigebisaTvis aucilebelia sax-elmwifoTa erTiani politikuri neba. amgvarineba ki msoflios udidesi saxelmwifoebisa,romelTac uSiSroebis sabWo upirvelesadakisrebs koleqtiuri uSiSroebis pasuxismge-blobas, Zalze iSviaTad emTxveva erTmaneTs.aseT SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivia ismis kiTxva _ra SeiZleba moimoqmedos saerTaSoriso sa-zogadoebriobam, rodesac ar arsebobs amsaxelmwifoTa erTiani politikuri neba, racfuZemdeblurad gansazRvravs uSiSroebis

5 "imiji da realoba", gaero, saqarTvelos asociacia, Tbilisi, 1997 w., gv. 30.

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sabWos Zalismieri meqanizmebis amoqmedebisSesaZleblobebs da, amave dros. vdgevarTumZimesi saerTaSoriso danaSaulebrivi faqte-bis winaSe, romelTa gamoc uamravi udana-Saulo adamianis sicocxles safrTxe emu-qreba? swored amaSi gamoixateba dRevandelimsoflio usafrTxoebis sistemis naklovane-ba, vinaidan igi dafuZnebulia saxelmwifoTaerTian politikur nebaze da ara moralurprincipebsa da zogadsakacobrio faseulobe-bze, romelTa dacvisaTvis gamarTlebuliiqneboda Zalismieri meTodebis gamoyenebacki. swored amgvari erTiani politikuri neb-is ararseboba SesaZleblobas ar aZlevs uSiS-roebis sabWos mSvidobis dasamyareblad gam-oiyenos Zalismieri meTodebi yovelTvis,rodesac es aucilebeli iqneba gamouvalmdgomareobaSi. "civi omis" dasrulebis Sem-deg, mSvidobisaTvis iZulebis mizniT koleq-tiuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZleblo-ba kvlav gaCnda. kuveitis winaaRmdeg agresi-asTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebam bevrsCausaxa imedi, rom amieridan uSiSroebis sa-bWos qveynebi daicaven erTian principebs daeTikuri midgoma gaimarjvebs. magram kosovosmovlenebma kvlav cxadyves uSiSroebis sab-Wos uZlureba mSvidobis Zalismieri meTodebiTdamyarebaSi. gaeroSi Seqmnil usafrTxoebisorganoSi Tavidanve swored aseTi meqanizmiCaido, romelic uSiSroebis sabWos mier gada-wyvetilebis miRebis dros xmis micemisasdamatebiT privilegiebs aniWebs 5 mudmiv wevrs:aSS-s, did britaneTs, safrangeTs, ruseTisfederaciasa da CineTs, romelTagan TiToeulsSeuZlia winadadebis blokireba, Tu winaaRm-deg miscems xmas, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rocayvela danarCeni wevri Tanaxmaa. es uflebacnobilia "vetos uflebis" saxeliT, romel-mac TiTqmis avtomaturi absoluturi vetossaxe miiRo. faqtia, rom bipolarul msof-lioSi es praqtika arsebiTad gamoricxavdamSvidobisaTvis iZulebis operaciebis gamoy-enebis SesaZleblobas, radgan imxanad kon-fliqtSi monawile nebismieri Zala, garkveul-wilad, erT an meore poluss warmoadgenda.miuxedavad imisa, rom bipolaruli msoflioaRar arsebobs, dResdReobiT mainc igive sce-nari meordeba, vinaidan, marTalia, gaqra orarsebul sistemas Soris ideologiuri Tusxvagvari dapirispireba da msoflio Sedar-

ebiT ufro erTiani gaxda, magram dasavleTi-sa da aRmosavleTis faseulobebs, msoflmxed-velobebs Soris jer kidev mkveTri gansxvave-ba da dapirispireba arsebobs, rac erTgvarieWvis qveS ayenebs msoflios usafrTxoebi-saTvis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebis gada-saWrelad uSiSroebis sabWoSi erTiani poli-tikuri nebis Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobas.amrigad, yovelive zemoTqmulidan yvelasaTvisnaTeli xdeba, rom gaeroSi Camoyalibebulimsoflio usafrTxoebis meqanizmi, kerZod,uSiSroebis sabWos instituti, veRar pasux-obs Tanamedrove moTxovnebs, axal realobasda saWiroebs seriozul srulyofas, rac misireformirebis meSveobiT unda moxdes. aRsani-Snavia, rom uSiSroebis sabWos reformazemuSaobs specialuri jgufi, romelSic yve-la wevri saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli Se-dis. aRiarebulia, rom sabWos SemadgenlobaveRar asaxavs msoflioSi Seqmnil politikurda ekonomikur realobas. amitom wevrma sax-elmwifoebma moiTxoves sabWos Semadgenlo-bis imgvarad Secvla, rom man realurad Sea-srulos masze dakisrebuli movaleobebi. sa-muSao jgufma daamuSava iseTi sakiTxebi,rogorebicaa mudmivi da droebiTi wevrebisgazrda, sabWoSi adgilebis rotacia an gay-ofa, vetos uflebis erTgvari SezRudva,urTierTdamokidebuleba sabWos, generalurasambleasa da sxva organoebs Soris. aRniS-nul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, damuSavdamravali proeqti. erT-erTis Tanaxmad, mud-miv wevrebs unda daematos ori industriu-lad ganviTarebuli da sami ganviTarebadiqveyana _ afrikidan, aziidan da laTinuriamerikidan. meore proeqti iTvaliswinebs mud-mivi adgilebis ganawilebas regionaluriprincipiT da am adgilebis rotacias regio-nis qveynebze. arsebobs winadadeba gaizardosmxolod droebiTi wevrebis raodenoba da maTiarCeva moxdes gaeros samSvidobo da sxvaRonisZiebebSi Setanili wvlilis safuZvelze.vinaidan verc erTma proeqtma ver moipovaxmebis saWiro raodenoba (2/3), samuSao jgufiagrZelebs muSaobas kompromisis misaRwevad.Cemi azriT, gaeros reformirebis procesSiyvelaze mniSvnelovani mainc vetos uflebisSezRudvaa, raSic yvelaze mizanSewoniladkonsensuss minus erTi (consensus-1) princi-pis amoqmedeba mimaCnia. magram imis ganWvre-

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ta, Tu uSiSroebis sabWos reformireba ram-denad swrafad da efeqturad ganxorcield-eba da moxdeba Tu ara momavalSi saerTa-Soriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis, saer-TaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebu-li principebisa da normebis dacvis sruly-ofili meqanizmis Camoyalibeba, Zalze Zne-lia. is ki naTelia, rom saerTaSoriso sa-zogadoebrioba gadaudebeli amocanis winaSedgas _ gamoZebnos da Camoayalibos is stru-qturebi da meqanizmebi, romlebic realuraduzrunvelyofdnen sayovelTao mSvidobasa dausafrTxoebas, anu Seiqmnas msoflio usa-frTxoebis axali sistema, romelic daefuZnebamoralur, zneobriv princi pebsa da say-ovelTaod aRiarebul zogadsakacobrio Rire-bulebebs, sadac ixelmZRvaneleben ra kon-fliqturi situaciebis mogvarebis civilize-buli principebiT (davebis mSvidobiani gziT,molaparakebaTa safuZvelze mogvareba da a.S.),ukidures SemTxvevebSi SesaZlebeli iqnebamSvidobis damyareba Zalis gamoyenebis meSve-obiTac. amgvari usafrTxoebis sistemis auci-lebloba kidev erTxel TvalnaTliv daadas-tura kosovoSi momxdarma bolodroindelmamovlenebma. kosovos movlenebma, Cemi azriT,msoflio sazogadoebriobisaTvis gansakuTre-buli precedentuli mniSvneloba SeiZina,romelic SesaZlebelia uaxloes momavalSiaxali saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi wesrigis,anu msoflio usafrTxoebis axali sistemisCamoyalibebas daedos safuZvlad. sworedamitom kosovos movlenebs gansakuTrebuliadgili daeTmoba.

TiTqmis erTi weli gavida mas Semdeg, rackosovoSi momxdarma movlenebma saerTaSorisosazogadoebis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mi-ipyro da mainc ra moxda kosovoSi da ra-tom? swored am problemis gaanalizebisa damisi dakavSirebis safuZvelze Sevecdebi msof-lio usafrTxoebis axali meqanizmebis Camoy-alibebis procesis ganxilvas. dRevandelikonfliqtebisaTvis Tvalis erTi gadavlebi-Tac ki savsebiT cxadi xdeba, rom am kon-fliqtebs, praqtikulad, safuZvlad udevsan agresiuli separatizmi, anda erovnulumciresobaTa uflebebis aranakleb agresiu-li Selaxva, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki, - er-Tic da meorec. aseTi dapirispirebisas mo-

saxleobis raRac nawili arasasurveli xde-ba, anu xels uSlis avantiuris wamomwyebvaipolitikosTa jgufs. aseT arasasurvelTsastikad uswordebian, maT winaaRmdeg eTni-kur wmendasa da genocidsac ki mimarTaven.swored amgvari politikis msxverpli aRmoCndakosovos mSvidobiani mosaxleobis umravle-soba _ albanelebi, romlebic mosaxleobis80%-s Seadgenen. miloSeviCis xelisuflebismier kosovos albaneli mosaxleobis mimarTganxorcielebuli eTnikuri wmendiT msofliosazogadoebrioba kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mi-marTuli umZimesi saerTaSoriso danaSaulismomswre gaxda. "is, rac kosovoSi moxda,warmoadgenda kulminacias mCagvrelobiTipolitikisas, eTnikuri wmendisa da Zaladobi-sas, romelsac iugoslaviis xelisuflebakosovos albaneli mosaxleobis mimarT ax-orcielebda".6

yvelasaTvis kargad cnobilia, rom balkaneTzeeTnikuri dapirispirebebi yovelTvis arsebob-da da am regionSi ukve didi xania mosalod-neli iyo konfliqtebis dawyeba. es viTarebaki miloSeviCma Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyena:jer iyo, xorvatiis teritoriaze mcxovrebi300000 serbi waaqeza da maTac, serbebTangaerTianebis mizniT, ajanyeba moawyves. amiTigi Seecada daeCrdila qveyanaSi arsebulipolitikuri arastabiluroba, radganac rocaomi mimdinareobs, yovelgvar uTanxmoebazesaubaric ki zedmetia. Tavidan serbebi war-matebebs ganicdidnen da xorvatebi mniSvnelo-van daTmobebzec midiodnen, magram saboloodxorvatebma imarjves da serbebma Sedegad300000 devnili da serbebisagan sruliadgawmendili xorvatia miiRes. mcire xnis Sem-deg ki, Sidapolitikuri situaciis daZabvi-sas, miloSeviCma kvlav nacad xerxs mimarTada amjerad omi bosniaSi daiwyo, romlissaboloo Sedegic serb ltolvilTa raode-nobis kidev ramdenime aseulaTasobiT gazrdaiyo. Semdegi Sidapolitikuri situaciis daZab-vis dros, aSkara gaxda, rom jeri kosovoelalbanelebze midga. albanelebi, miuxedavadimisa, rom kosovos mosaxleobis umravleso-bas Seadgenda, did siviwroveSi imyofebodnenda maTi, rogorc erovnuli umciresobis,yovelgvari uflebebi Selaxuli da darRveuliiyo. kosovoSi serbebi xom araviTar Sevi-

6 "Statement on Kosovo", NATO, review - Documentation, summer, 1999.

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wroebas ar ganicdidnen, piriqiT: regions arhqonda avtonomia; absoluturad yvela Tan-amdeboba serbebs ekavaT; Zalovani struqturebiserbuli iyo; saRamos saaTebSi qalaqis qu-CebSi mxolod serbebi dadiodnen; policiisada kga-s (kosovos ganmaTavisuflebeli armia)mebrZolebis SetakebaSi 1 daRupul serbze15-20 albaneli modioda. miloSeviCs, sulcota, kulturuli avtonomiac rom mieca,dasavleTis winaSe argumenti eqneboda, ma-gram mas omi undoda, raTa kvlav gaemyarebi-na Tavisi, rogorc eris lideris, pozicia.mas ar egona, Tu iugoslavias dabombavdnen,igi fiqrobda, rom ukidures SemTxvevaSi, natokosovoSi jars Seiyvanda da gaWianurebulipartizanuli omidan TviTon gamovidoda gam-arjvebuli (CeCnuri varianti), ris Semdega-dac gmiris SaravandediT Semosili gaagr-Zelebda qveynis marTvas. unda aRiniSnos agreTveisic, rom miloSeviCs ruseTis samxedroebisada dumis reaqciuli Zalebis (da ara diplo-matebis) sruli mxardaWeris imedi hqonda.Tumca, ver gaTvala da Sedegad serbi eriaRmoCnda dazaralebuli. iugoslaviis aRd-genas SeiZleba wlebi dasWirdes, kosovoSiserbebis dabruneba ki jerjerobiT ZalzesaeWvoa. miuxedavad imisa, rom haagis saer-TaSoriso samxedro tribunalma miloSeviCisaerTaSoriso damnaSaved gamoacxada, kvlavsaeWvoa tribunalisaTvis misi eqstradicia,raTa man pasuxi agos kacobriobis winaaRm-deg Cadenili umZimesi danaSaulisaTvis. Tum-ca, am procesis dasawyisis erTgvar gamoxat-ulebad SeiZleba miviCnioT 2000 wlis 24seqtembers, iugoslaviaSi gamarTuli saprez-idento arCevnebi, sadac serbma xalxmamiloSeviCs undobloba gamoucxada da qvey-nis axal prezidentad opoziciis lideri -vioslav koStunica, airCia.

rodesac miloSeviCma kosovoSi albanelimosaxleobis eTnikuri wmenda daiwyo, man, raTqma unda, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis rea-gireba gamoiwvia. mas Semdeg, rac rambueismolaparakebebze miloSeviCma konfliqtismSvidobian mogvarebaze aSkara uari ganacxa-da, cxadi gaxda, rom aucilebeli iyo miswinaaRmdeg iseTi adekvaturi Zalismieri zome-bis gamoyeneba, romelic aiZulebda miloSeviCsxeli aeRo eTnikur niadagze adamianTa umow-yalo Jletaze da aRkveTiliyo misi mCagvre-

lobiTi politika. aseT umZimes viTarebaSi kigaeros uSiSroebis sabWodan isev omisSemdgomikonfrontaciis civma niavma dabera. uSiSroe-bis sabWo ver aRmoCnda mzad konfliqtisswrafad mogvarebisaTvis, Tundac SeiaraRebuliZalebis gamoyenebiT. misgan kvlav gaismodamxolod konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvarebisfrazebi, rodesac, paralelurad, asiaTaso-biT albanels TavianTi saxlebidan yridnenda sastikad uswordebodnen. bunebrivia, amg-vari sisastikis SeCereba droSi gawelilimSvidobiani molaparakebebiT, romlis aranairsurvilsac miloSeviCis xelisufleba argamoTqvamda, SeuZlebeli iqneboda. saWiro iyokonfliqtis swrafi, Zalismieri meTodebiTmogvareba. am SemTxvevaSi naTeli iyo, romraRac etapze dadgeboda SeiaraRebuli Zalebisgamoyenebis sakiTxi. magram amis gakeTeba saer-TaSoriso samarTlis normebis dacviT, al-baT, SeuZlebeli iqneboda, radgan ruseTi,serbebis mimarT Tavisi cnobili simpatiebisgamo, uTuod gamoiyenebda vetos uflebasuSiSroebis sabWoSi. am SemTxvevaSi, natosaerTaSoriso samarTlis �mZevali� gaxdebo-da da iZulebuli iqneboda ecqira, Tu rogorigdebda abuCad iugoslaviis retrogradulixelisufleba imave samarTlis elementarulnormebs, romlis amosavali wertili dRevan-del msoflioSi adamianis uflebebis dacvaa.konfliqtis swrafi mogvarebis funqcia Crdi-lo-atlantikurma aliansma ikisra, rasac,SeiZleba ukve Tamamad iTqvas, brwyinvaledgaarTva Tavi: swored misi udidesi ZalisxmeviTaRdga mSvidoba kosovos regionSi, aTasobiTltolvili daubrunda sakuTar sacxovrebelsaxls da tardeba mTeli rigi RonisZiebebisamaTi usafrTxoebisa da stabiluri situaci-is SesanarCuneblad.

rogorc omis periodSi, aseve dResac, koso-vos omTan dakavSirebiT, natos bevri ganix-ilavs rogorc agresors, saerTaSoriso sa-marTlis damrRvev subieqtsa da serbi xalx-is winaaRmdeg mebrZols, magram aravin aqcev-da yuradRebas imas, Tu ra samsaxuri gauwiaamiT natom msoflio sazogadoebriobas. sak-iTxisadmi amgvari midgoma, samwuxarod,saqarTveloSic bevrs gaaCnia, miuxedavad Cveniswrafvisa evro-atlantikur struqturebSiintegraciisaken. me ki piriqiT, natos amgvaraqcias "humanitaruls" vuwodebdi, radganac

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am operaciiT nato, daupirispirda ra kaco-briobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulebisaTvissakmaod farTod gavrcelebul dausjelobissindroms, uzrunvelyo daecva is zogadsaka-cobrio faseulobebi, romlebic sayovelTaodaRiarebulia msoflio sazogadoebriobis mierda romlebic safuZvlad udevs saerTaSorisosamarTals da sazogadoebis ganviTarebas. esfaseulobebia: demokratia, adamianTa ZiriTa-di uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, samarTlisuzenaesoba da saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. miloSeviCismoqmedeba ki yvela am faseulobis ugulebe-lyofas warmoadgenda. da mainc ismis kiTxva_ ratom Caeba nato omSi? hqonda Tu ara masamis ufleba, anu samarTlebrivi safuZveli?alianss samarTlebrivi safuZveli, anu raimesaerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi norma (wesdeba,uSiSroebis sabWos rezolucia an sxva),romelsac daefuZneboda misi operaciebi, nam-dvilad ar hqonda. am operaciis yvelazesagulisxmo momenti, samarTlebrivi Tval-sazrisiT, iyo is, rom igi ganxorcieldagaeros uSiSroebis sabWos sanqciis gareSe,riTac igi gansxvavdeba bosnia-hercogovinissamxedro aqciisagan, sadac mokavSireTa Sei-araRebuli Zalebi gaeros Sesabamisi re-zoluciis safuZvelze moqmedebdnen. magramarsebobs mTeli rigi faqtorebisa, romlebzedayrdnobiTac misi moqmedeba sruliad gama-rTlebulia: pirvel rigSi, unda gamovyoT isgaremoeba, rom alianss konfliqtSi Casab-melad hqonda sruli moraluri, zneobriviufleba, rac, upirvelesad, mis mier zogad-sakacobrio faseulobaTa dacvaSi gamoixate-ba. igive saerTaSoriso samarTlis safuZ-velzec, romlis damrRvevadac bevri natosganixilavs da ara ifr-is (iugoslaviis fed-eraciuli respublika) xelisuflebas, aliansssruli ufleba hqonda Cabmuliyo konfliq-tis mosagvareblad, vinaidan saerTaSorisosamarTalis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli Cveule-biTi normaa, rom adamianis uflebebis dacvawarmoadgens saerTaSoriso samarTlis safuZ-velTa safuZvels, mis fundamentur principsda, rom yvela saxelmwifos aqvs moraluriufleba "Caerios" im saxelmwifos saSinaosaqmeebSi, sadac adgili aqvs adamianis ufle-baTa masobriv da uxeS darRvevebs. aqedan

gamomdinare, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis prin-cipi saerTaSoriso samarTlis sxva princi-pebsa da normebze maRla dgas da saerTa-Soriso sazogadoebisaTvis igi ufro didfaseulobas warmoadgens, vidre, vTqvaT, sax-elmwifos suverenitetis, teritoriuli uze-naesobis, saSinao saqmeebSi Caurevlobisa dasxva ZiriTadi principebi.

yoveli saxelmwifos saSinao mdgomareoba misi"saSinao saqmea", sanam is TviTon ar aqcevsmas saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi normebisobieqtad. magram arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rode-sac saxelmwifos "saSinao saqme" saerTaSorisosamarTlis normas arRvevs da iwvevs saerTa-Soriso konfliqts. es xdeba maSin, rodesacigi safrTxes uqmnis mSvidobasa da xalxisuSiSroebas, arRvevs sayovelTaod aRiarebulsaerTaSorisosamarTlebriv normebs adamianis,erovnuli umciresobebisa da erebis (xalxe-bis) uflebaTa Sesaxeb.7 aRsaniSnavia, romTanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebsa dasamarTalSi TandaTan mkvidrdeba termini "hu-manitaruli intervencia". es termini sruli-ad axalia da pirvelad igi euTo-s stambu-lis 2000 wlis samitze gamoiyenes. igigulisxmobs saxelmwifoTa uflebas daicvanadamianTa sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebe-bi, Tundac im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac irRvevasxva saxelmwifos suvereniteti, teritori-uli mTlianoba da saSinao saqmeebSi Caurev-lobis principi. aliansis oponentebi missawinaaRmdego argumentad ZiriTadad iyenebensabrZolo operaciebis dros saerTaSorisohumanitaruli samarTlis arcTu xSiri darRve-vis faqtebs, romelTa Sedegadac serb mSvi-dobian mosaxleobas marTlac garkveuli zianimiadga. magram faqtia, rom amgvari rTulimisiis Sesrulebas, romelic aliansma ikisra,SeuZlebeli iyo ar mohyoloda uaryofiTiSedegebic. samwuxarod, mecnierebas jer kidevar miuRwevia ganviTarebis im donisaTvis,rodesac iarsebebda e.w. "Wkviani bombebi",romlebic erTmaneTisagan gaarCevdnen samo-qalaqo pirebsa da kombatantebs. aq mTavariyuradReba, Cemi azriT, unda mieqces imas,rom msgavs operaciaTa Sedegad daculi undaiyos saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis ufro ma-Rali faseulobebi, vidre amas humanitaruli

7 levan aleqsiZe, "Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali", Tbilisi, 1994 w., gv. 42.

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samarTlis normebi gvTavazoben. da saerTod,roca adamians mxolod misi eTnikuri kuTv-nilebis gamo klaven, aranair samarTalzelaparaki aRar aris da arc SeiZleba iyos.is, vinc amas sCadis, tyuis, eTnikuri anreligiuri kuTvnilebis gamo Tundac erTikacis mkvleloba (anu mxolod imitom, romes kaci gansxvavebul, sxva eTnikur jgufsekuTvnis) aranairad SeiZleba iqnas gamarTle-buli. "warmoidgineT, ra qaosuri gaxdeba Cvenisamyaro da ra eniT auwereli tanjva-wamebadaatydeba Tavs milionobiT udanaSaulo ad-amians mxolod imis gamo, rom eTnikurobisan Tundac sarwmunoebis TvalsazrisiT Seufer-ebelni aRmoCndnen...Cemi azriT, aravis ara aqvsmoraluri ufleba dagmos nato ganxorciele-buli operaciisaTvis, da miT umetes imaT,vinc TavianTi umoqmedobiT wesrigis damr-RvevTa wisqvilze asxamen wyals. da mainc esar aris namdvili koleqtiuri pasuxismge-blobis gamovlena, gamodis, rom demokrati-uli, ganviTarebuli da Sesabamisad, Zlierisaxelmwifoebis nawili garkveulwilad kisru-lobs danarCeni msoflios meurveobas. da amisgamo madloba gveTqmis..8

natom kosovoSi sabrZolo moqmedebebi ganax-orciela da igi, humanuri motivebis miuxe-davad, Seicavda pragmatul motivebsac. natokosovoSi Seqmnil situaciaSi rom arCareuliyo, ltolvilTa nakadi uTuod daar-Rvevda sust wonasworobas evropis am uaR-resad mniSvnelovan regionSi. SesaZlebeliaam konfliqtSi CarTuliyvnen mTeli rigisaxelmwifoebisa da Sedegad didi balkanuriomis momswrenic vyofiliyaviT. ar unda dagvavi-wydes, rom evropaSi erTaderTi mahmadianieris _ albanelebis, daCagvras uTuod mo-hyveboda mTeli muslimanuri samyaros Sesa-bamisi reaqcia, Tu ar moxdeboda misi aRkve-Ta. amrigad, kosovoSi Seqmnili mZime situa-cia udides safrTxes uqmnida ara martokosovoeli mosaxleobis arsebobas, aramedzogadad, saerTaSoriso mSvidobasa da sta-bilurobas. iugoslavia da mTlianad bal-kaneTis regioni yovelTvis ganixileboda evro-puli usafrTxoebis Semadgenel nawilad. am-itomac natosaTvis, romlis ZiriTadi miza-

nia evro-atlantikur sivrceSi mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebis ganmtkiceba, sasicocxlo mniS-vnelobis iyo usafrTxoebisa da stabiluro-bis uzrunvelyofa samxreT-aRmosavleT evropisregionSi da arsebuli safrTxis aRmofxvra.

kosovoeli albanelebisa da sxva erovnuliumciresobebis mimarT ganxorcielebulirepresiebi, eTnikuri wmenda kidev ufro metadamwvavebda da zrdida humanitaruli katas-trofis saSiSroebas. yovelive es ki serio-zul safrTxes uqmnida mTlianad regionisstabilurobas, kerZod, SesaZlebeli iyo sa-frTxe damuqreboda uSualod aliansis wevrsaxelmwifoebs, romlebic iugoslavias es-azRvrebian. aqedan gamomdinare, nato samxedromoqmedebebSi CabmiT iZens koleqtiuri Tav-dacvis funqciasac, rasac SesaZlebelia sa-marTlebriv safuZvlad daedos gaeros qartiis51-e muxli, romelic aRiarebs saxelmwifo-Ta koleqtiuri an individualuri Tavdacvisuflebis realizaciis SesaZleblobas Seiar-aRebuli Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi, uSiSroebissabWos mier saTanado RonisZiebaTa gamoy-enebamde, Tuki, ra Tqma unda, SeiaraRebulTavdasxmas ganvixilavT rogorc mSvidobisdacvis safrTxes da ara rogorc uSualoagresias. magram alianss amisaTvis gaeroswesdebis Sesabamisad uSiSroebis sabWos Tanx-moba ar gaaCnda. "balkaneTis regionis usa-frTxoebas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs mTli-anad evro-atlantikur sivrceSi mudmivi sta-bilurobis miRwevisaTvis, aqedan gamomdinare,Cveni mizania moxdes regionis saxelmwifoTaintegrireba evro-atlantikur sazogadoeba-Si. Cveni survilia samxreT-aRmosavleT evropissaxelmwifoebi cxovrobdnen mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebis pirobebSi da daamyaron sxvasaxelmwifoebTan normaluri urTierTobebi,dafuZnebuli adamianis uflebebis, demokrati-is, individualuri Tavisuflebis da samarT-lis uzenaesobis pativiscemaze".9 amrigad,aliansis CarTva konfliqtis mosagvareblad,erTi mxriv, TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis mniS-vnelobasac iZenda da, meore mxriv, adamianTawinaaRmdeg mimarTuli umZimesi danaSaulobe-bis aRkveTis, rogorc saerTaSoriso sazoga-doebis saerTo nebis, gamoxatulebas war-

8 saqarTvelos prezidentis, eduard SevardnaZis, gamosvla gaeros generaluri asambleis 56-e sesiaze, 20seqtemberi, 1999 w.9 "The Washington declaration", NATO, review - Documentation, summer, 1999.

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moadgenda. amdenad, natos sabrZolo moqmede-bebi, romlebic mimarTuli iyo mxolod damxolod ifr-is xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg,saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis politikur mx-ardaWeras imsaxurebda. miuxedavad imisa, romaRniSnuli sabrZolo moqmedebebi ar efuZne-boda uSiSroebis sabWos rezolucias, misimizani sruliad Seesabameboda saerTaSorisosazogadoebis sayovelTao nebas, mis faseu-lobaTa moTxovnebs, romlebsac aRiarebs dapativs scems gaero (Tumca unda aRiniSnos,rom mas konfliqtis mosagvareblad realurinabiji ar gadaudgams da ufro metic, dRem-de ar mouxdenia kosovos movlenebis Sefase-ba), evrokavSiri da sxva saerTaSoriso or-ganizaciebi.10

magram yvelaze sasikeTo Sedegi mTlianadsaerTaSoriso sazogadoebisaTvis aris is, romsaerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTarebis gzazeSeiqmna Zalze mniSvnelovani saerTaSorisoprecedenti, rac, upirvelesad, gamoixatebakonfliqtebis mogvarebisadmi axal midgoma-Si. kosovoSi nato-s moqmedebam udidesi roliSeasrula Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sa-marTlisa da praqtikis axleburad gaazrebissaqmeSi, rac, upirveles yovlisa, gamoixataimiT, rom Seiqmna precedenti alianss Tavisfarglebs gareT ganexorcielebina masStaburisamxedro operacia samarTlianobis aRdgenisada zneobrivi principebis dacvis mizniT. amnabijiT natos Tvisobrivi cvlileba Sehqon-da ara marto aliansis filosofiaSi, aramedsaerTaSoriso samarTalSic. nato da misiwevri saxelmwifoebi praqtikul ganacxadsakeTebdnen imis Taobaze, rom saxelmwifosuvereniteti ar unda iyos imuniteti kaco-briobis winaaRmdeg danaSaulis Casadenad.

swored es axali midgoma saerTaSoriso prob-lemebisa da safrTxisadmi daupirispirda Zvelqartiiseul wesrigs, sadac mTavari ganm-sazRvreli saxelmwifos suvereniteti daabsoluturi xelSeuxeblobaa. am preceden-tiT ki gza gaexsna axal azrovnebas, romel-ic safuZvlad unda daedos axali saerTa-SorisosamarTlebrivi wesrigis, anu axalisaerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi normebis Camoy-alibebas. axali azrovneba, romelic jer kidev

"perestroikis" periodSi Caisaxa, aris erTg-vari koncefcia, romelic gamiznulia poli-tikuri da sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis yve-la sferos humanizaciisaTvis. igi mravalelements Seicavs da, upirveles yovlisa,niSnavs klasobrivi ideologizirebuli princ-ipebis, qartiiseuli wesrigis Secvlas zogad-sakacobrio RirebulebaTa sistemaze dafuZneb-uli eTikuri midgomiT. igi gulisxmobs usa-frTxoebis mtkice garantiebis, ufro mkacrida samarTliani wesrigis Seqmnas, msoflioxalxebis erTian integrirebul sazogadoe-bad Camoyalibebasa da zogadsakacobrio fa-seulobaTa uzenaesobas. axali azrovnebismniSvnelobas xazi gausva prezidentma Se-vardnaZem gaerosa da natoSi gamosvlisas:"saWiroa ara Tanamedrove msoflios morgebasakuTar wesdebaze, warmodgenebsa da tradi-ciebze, aramed dRevandel realobebTan adap-tacia, axali safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg adekva-turi moqmedebis unaris gamomuSaveba.... sworedmoraluri principebiT unda vimoqmedoT, Tugvinda sikeTe movutanoT kacobriobas. undavirwmunoT mxolod im politikisa, romelicmoralisa da zneobis safuZvels eyrdnoba. esunda gaxdes momaval XXI saukuneSi axaliazrovnebis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli".11 msofli-oSi didi masStabis cvlilebebs yovelTviswin uZRoda paradigmatuli Zvrebi adamianTaSegnebaSi, anu yalibdeba azrovneba, romel-sac ganapirobebs saxelmwifoTaSorisi urT-ierTobebis ganviTareba da intensifikacia.axali azrovnebis safuZvelze CamoyalibebulsaerTaSorisosamarTlebriv wesrigSi mTavariyuradReba eTmoba saerTaSoriso usafrTxoe-bis meqanizmebis Seqmnas. am urTules pro-cesSi ki dResdReobiT yvelaze did da gan-sakuTrebul rols Crdilo-atlantikurialiansi TamaSobs. kosovos movlenebi Tun-dac imitomaa mniSvnelovania Tundac imitom,rom man saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisaTviscxadyo sami ZiriTadi movlena, problema: 1.miuxedavad imisa, rom Camoyalibebulia mravaliSemzRudavi Tu amkrZalavi saerTaSorisosa-marTlebrivi norma, jer kidev ar gamqralauSualo safrTxe iseTi umZimesi saerTaSorisodanaSaulobebis warmoSobisa, rogorebicaa:agresia, genocidi, eTnikuri wmenda, teror-

10 "Statement on Kosovo", NATO, review - Documentation, summer, 1999.11 prezidentis sityva gaeros generaluri asambleis 56-e sesiaze, 1999 w.

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izmi, adamianis uflebaTa sxva masobrivi dauxeSi darRvevebi da a.S.; 2. kosovoSi Seqm-nilma umZimesma situaciam cxadyo, rom ze-moT CamoTvlili danaSaulobebis aRsakveTadda arsebuli konfliqtebis swrafad da efeq-turad mosagvareblad da, saerTod, msofli-oSi mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvel-sayofad arsebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlisdamcavi meqanizmebi arasrulyofilia dasaWiroa axali meqanizmebisa da saSualebebisZieba; 3. faqtia, rom am konfliqtis swrafadda efeqturad mogvarebiT aliansma daadas-tura Tavisi udidesi SesaZleblobebi da rolisaerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da uSiSroebis gan-mtkicebis saqmeSi. misi Semdgomi gafarToebada samomavlod misi saerTaSoriso usafrTx-oebis realur damcav meqanizmad Camoyali-beba msoflio mSvidobisa da stabilurobismTavar garantiad iqca.

XXI saukunis dasawyisSi Crdilo-atlantikur-ma aliansma sruliad axali funqcia SeiZinada, gaakeTa ra seriozuli ganacxadi saerTa-Soriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis ganmt-kicebis saqmeSi Tavisi mniSvnelovani rolisSesaxeb, msoflio sazogadoebriobis winaSeudidesi movaleoba itvirTa stabilurobisada mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad. msoflio sa-zogadoebis axali azrovnebis umTavres amoca-nad ki, Cemi azriT, unda iqces aliansisaTvisim saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi bazisis Se-qmna, romelze dayrdnobiTac igi SeZlebsmaszed dakisrebuli movaleobis realuradSesrulebas. nato civi omis pirmSoa da misiSeqmna evropaSi sabWoTa kavSiris mzardi im-periuli eqspansiis SeCerebis mizanma gana-piroba. aRniSnul xifaTs qmnida II msoflioomis Semdeg aRmosavleT evropaSi ssrk-sa damis satelit qveynebSi Camoyalibebuli mZlavrisamxedro politikuri potenciali, romelicvarSavis paqtis saxeliT iyo cnobili. civiomis Semdeg natom mniSvnelovani transfor-macia ganicada, evropaSi, axali politikuriviTarebis SeqmnasTan erTad, safuZvlianadSeicvala usafrTxoebis sferoSi natosadmiwayenebuli moTxovnebi. Tuki uwin ZiriTadmisias mxolod koleqtiuri Tavdacva war-moadgenda, amJamad igi ganixileba rogorcmsoflio uSiSroebis dargSi TanamSromlo-bis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zala da poli-tikuri cvlilebebis katalizatori. is sa-

frTxe, romelic mas varSavis paqtis saxiTemuqreboda, aRar arsebobs, amitom nato Seud-ga axali safrTxis wyaroebis gamokvlevasda maT winaaRmdeg adekvaturi moqmedebisunaris gamomuSavebas. SeuZlebelia ar vaRi-aroT, rom msoflios mowesrigebis mcdelo-bis miuxedavad, planetis didi nawili isevanarqiis mdgomareobaSi cxovrobs. amasTanave,aSkaraa, ufro mkacri da samarTliani wes-rigis aucilebloba. erovnuli saxelmwifoe-bi veRar iteven dRevandel safrTxeTa um-ravlesobas _ isini planeturi arian da kv-lavac seriozul safrTxes uqmnian saerTa-Soriso mSvidobasa da uSiSroebas. maT SorisTvalsaCinoa safrTxis ori ZiriTadi wyaro.dRes arsebul potenciurad saSiS konfliqtebssafuZvlad udevs agresiuli separatizmi, andaerovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis aSkaraSelaxva. aRniSnul konfliqtTa lokalize-basa da maT sabolood mogvarebas gansakuTre-buli mniSvneloba eniWeba natos mSvidobismy-ofel saqmianobaSi. meore mniSvnelovani sa-frTxe ki, romelic SeiZleba mSvidobasa dauSiSroebas daemuqros, CrdiloeTsa dasamxreTs Soris faseulobaTa dapirispireba-Si gamoixateba. bolo periodSi, ganviTare-buli movlenebis Sedegad "aRmosavleTi" Tan-daTan qreba msoflio arenidan, rac niSnavs,rom saxezea aRmosavluri da dasavlurifaseulobebis unificirebis procesi. Tumca,winaaRmdegoba kvlav rCeba "CrdiloeTsa dasamxreTs" Soris da albaT momavalSic gagr-Zeldeba. CrdiloeTSi dRes mimdinareobs in-tegraciisa da unifikaciis mZlavri procesi,romelic, saboloo jamSi, zogadsakacobrioda erovnuli faseulobebis maqsimalur daax-loebas gamoiwvevs. am procesSi gansakuTre-bul rols asrulebs Crdilo-atlantikurialiansi. samxreTi ki yovelive dasavlurismoZule mahmadianur samyaros gulisxmobs damoicavs islamis dogmatikis safuZvelze Camoy-alibebul msoflmxedvelobasa da moralur-eTikur normebze dafuZnebul sazogadoebrivsistemebs. fundamentalizmi gaxda am sazoga-doebis sapasuxo reaqcia dasavluri civili-zaciis SemoWraze. maT mier gamocxadebulidoqtriniT "islamuri revoluciis eqspor-tis" Sesaxeb, fundamentalizmis gavrcelebadaemuqra centraluri aziis respublikebs,azerbaijansa da sxva saxelmwifoebs. cxadia,

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rom Tu fundamentalistebma imZlavres, esregioni saerTo destabilizaciis wyarodiqceva. aseT rTul da daZabul viTarebaSinato kvlav rCeba evropaSi usafrTxoebisada stabilurobis garanti.

vaSingtonis deklaraciaSi, romelic xelmow-eril da miRebul iqna 1999 w. 23-24 aprilsCrdilo-atlantikuri sabWos saxelmwifoTada mTavrobaTa meTaurebis mier, aliansma mkaf-iod Camoayaliba Tavisi axali strategia,romlis mixedviTac, natos umTavres mizanswarmoadgens gaaZlieros TavdacviTi SesaZle-blobebi da gansakuTrebiT gaafarTovos dagaaZlieros partnioroba da TanamSromlobatransatlantikur sivrceSi mSvidobisa dausafrTxoebis kidev ufro myari garantiebisSesaqmnelad.12 natos ZiriTadi mizania, rasaciTvaliswinebs vaSingtonis xelSekruleba,daicvas Tavisi wevrebis mSvidoba da usa-frTxoeba orive _ politikuri da samxedro,saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. aliansi, efuZnebara demokratiis zogad Rirebulebebs Tavidanvecdilobs uzrunvelyos samarTliani, xangr-Zlivi mSvidobiani wesrigi evropaSi. aRniS-nuli miznis miRwevas SeiZleba safrTxe Seu-qmnas regionSi arsebulma krizisebma da kon-fliqtebma, romlebic udides gavlenas axdenenevro-atlantikuri sivrcis usafrTxoebaze.amitom aliansi uzrunvelyofs ara martoTavisi wevrebis usafrTxoebas, aramed aqti-urad monawileobs regionSi mSvidobisa dastabilurobis dasamyareblad.13 natos mzar-di politikuri roli saerTaSoriso uSiS-roebis uzrunvelyofaSi, misi ganmtkicebulipolitikuri da samxedro TanamSromloba,partnioroba da dialogi sxva qveynebTan, maTSoris ruseTTan, ukrainasa da xmelTaSuazRvis saxelmwifoebTan, misi Riaobis princi-pi wevrebis miRebisas, TanamSromloba sxvasaerTaSoriso organizaciebTan, misi axalimidgoma konfliqtebis swrafi da efeqturimogvarebisadmi, maT Soris mSvidobis mxar-dasaWeri operaciebi, asaxavs natos axalistrategiis mimarTulebas uzrunvelyos mS-vidoba da uSiSroeba mTlianad transevroat-lantikur sivrceSi.14 saerTaSoriso mSvido-

ba da uSiSroeba yovelTvis unda ganixile-bodes kompleqsurad, erTian sistemad, sadacTiToeuli saxelmwifos Tu regionis usa-frTxoeba mWidrod iqneba dakavSirebuli erT-maneTTan. swored amgvar konteqstSi ganix-ileba aliansis axali usafrTxoebis koncef-cia, romlis mTavari mizani gamoixateba mTelsmsoflioSi mSvidobisa da uSiSroebis dam-yarebaSi. saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis erTianisistemis CamoyalibebaSi ki natos marTlacuzado roli SeuZlia Seasrulos, vinaidanswored evropis usafrTxoeba warmoadgensmTavar garants imisa, rom daculi iyos mS-vidoba da usafrTxoeba danarCen msoflioSi.istoriuli praqtika amis naTeli dasturiada albaT, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos is, romXXI saukunis msoflio usafrTxoebis er-Tiani sistemis Seqmnis procesi evropis in-tegrirebiT daiwyo, sadac albaT, yvelazeukeT "ician", Tu ra mZime Sedegebi mohyvebaomsa da destabilizacias da ra mniSvnelobaaqvs mSvidobasa da stabilurobas. saerTa-Soriso usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi evro-pis wamyvan rolTan dakavSirebiT, makinderisTeoriis _ "harTlendis", Sesabamisad, oRondusafrTxoebis konteqstSi, minda sakuTariTeoriuli xedva Camovayalibo, romlis Si-naarsic daaxloebiT Semdegnairia: is, vincicavs mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas evropaSi,ZaluZs uzrunvelyos stabiluroba msofliokunZulze, anu evraziis kontinentze, xolois, vinc icavs stabilurobasa da usafrTx-oebas msoflio kunZulze, ZaluZs daicvasmTlianad saerTaSoriso mSvidoba da usa-frTxoeba. swored am Teoriaze dayrdnobiT,SemiZlia gamovTqva Cemi Sexeduleba imis Sesax-eb, rom axlo momavalSi Crdilo-atlantikurialiansi SesaZloa Camoyalibdes rogorc aramxolod evropuli usafrTxoebis garanti,aramed msoflio usafrTxoebis uzrunvely-ofis mtkice meqanizmi. aliansi, msoflioSidRes arsebul usafrTxoebis meqanizmTa Soris,mesaxeba swored im realur Zalad da stru-qturul organizaciad, romelic realuradda efeqturad daicavs msoflio usafrTxoe-basa da stabilurobas, romelic mniSvnelovnadSeuwyobs xels saerTaSoriso samarTlis gan-

12 "The Washington Declaration", NATO, Washington, 23-24 April, 1999.13 "The ALLIANCE'S STRATEGIC CONCEPT", NATO, Washington, 23-24 April, 1999.14 iqve. gv. 7.

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viTarebasa da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, mis"realur samarTlad" Camoyalibebas. am mima-rTulebiT gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo debule-baa Camoyalibebuli aliansis axali strate-giuli koncefciis 48-e punqtSi, romlisTanaxmad, aliansis mizania krizisuli situ-aciebis mogvareba adreul stadiaze, raTamaT safrTxe ar Seuqmnan wevr saxelmwifoTasasicocxlo interesebs, xolo �Tuki kriz-isuli viTareba saSiSroebas Seuqmnis evroat-lantikur stabilurobasa da aliansis usa-frTxoebas, aliansis SeiaraRebuli ZalebiSeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas krizisis marTvisoperaciebSi".15 aRniSnul debulebaSi, upirve-les yovlisa, sainteresoa is, rom saerTa-Soriso samSvidobo operaciebis ganxorcieleb-is aucilebel pirobad aRar aris dasaxele-buli gaeros an euTos Sesabamisi mandati. eski saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi iseTi daskvnisgakeTebis saSualebas iZleva, rom natosdamoukideblad SeuZlia miiRos gadawyvetile-ba evroatlantikur sivrceSi samSvidobooperaciebis warmoebasTan dakavSirebiT. alian-sis mier amgvari saerTaSoriso normis Camoy-alibeba ki, vfiqrob, misi saerTaSoriso sa-marTlis axleburad gaazrebis erTgvarigamoxatulebaa, romelic mniSvnelovnad Seu-wyobs xels samomavlod, krizisul situa-ciebSi konfliqtebis efeqtur mogvarebas.amrigad, nato SeiZleba warmovidginoT imorganizaciad, romelic SesaZloa gaxdessaerTaSoriso samarTlis srulyofili dam-cavi meqanizmi, kerZod misi uaRresad mniS-vnelovani sferos _ saerTaSoriso mSvidobisada usafrTxoebis myari garanti, iseTi,rogoric, magaliTad, adamianis uflebaTadargSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropulisasamarTloa. amis unari da SesaZlebloba kialianss namdvilad gaaCnia. yovelive zemox-senebulis safuZvels iZleva bolo drosmomxdari movlenebi (gansakuTrebiT kosovosomi), integrirebis procesebi da aliansisaxali strategiuli koncefcia, romelic 1999wlis vaSingtonis samitze iqna miRebuli daromlis mTavari mimarTulebaa natos gafar-Toeba, aseve, partnioroba da TanamSromlobasxva saxelmwifoebsa da saerTaSoriso orga-

nizaciebTan. es procesi aliansisaTvis, mar-Talia, Zalze rTuli, magram, amave dros,Zalze mniSvnelovani da aucilebelia. natosgafarToebis mniSvneloba imdenad didia, rommisma warumateblobam SeiZleba gamoiwviosdiskreditacia erTiani integrirebuli evro-pis koncefciisa, romelic moaxdenda demor-alizebas centraluri evropelebisa da aR-mosavleT evropaSi Seqmnili vakuumis isevruseTis geopolitikuri mowyobiT Sevsebas,rac, upirvelesad, udides zians miayenebsnebismieri SesaZlo erTiani evraziuli usa-frTxoebis sistemis Seqmnas.16 aliansis ga-farToeba da misi gaZliereba Seesabameba damniSvnelovnad aris dakavSirebuli erTianievropuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebasa daevropaSi mimdinare integraciul procesebTan.

vinaidan natos usafrTxoeba ganuyofladaadakavSirebuli sxva saxelmwifoTa da re-gionTa usafrTxoebasTan, igi Tavis axalstrategiaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uT-mobs maTTan da sxva saerTaSoriso organiza-ciebTan TanamSromlobasa da partniorobasmSvidobisaTvis, kerZod, iseT saerTaSorisoorganizaciebTan, rogorebicaa gaero, euTo,evropis kavSiri da sxva. es partniorobadaarsda rogorc gamoxatuleba erTiani rw-menisa, rom evro-atlantikur arealSi sta-bilurobisa da usafrTxoebis miRweva Sei-Zleba mxolod erToblivi urTierTqmedebebi-Ta da TanamSromlobiT, romlebic efuZnebaadamianis uflebebis, Tavisuflebebis, samarT-lis uzenaesobisa da mSvidobis dacvis fa-seulobebs demokratiis pirobebSi.17 es Tan-amSromloba natosaTvis usafrTxo da mego-bruli garemocvis garantiaa, partniorobisganviTareba ki natos Semdgomi gafarToebiserTgvari winapirobaa. misi gafarToebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizani aris is, rom arc erTievropis saxelmwifo ar SeiZleba mowyvetiliqnas transatlantikuri usafrTxoebis siste-mas da maT SesaZleblobebs gaxdnen momaval-Si natosa da evropis kavSiris sruluflebi-ani wevrebi.18 natosaTvis gansakuTrebulisasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa ruseTTan SeT-anxmebuli partnioruli kavSirebis SenarCuneba

15 ‘The ALLIANCE'S STRATEGIC CONCEPT”, 48, Washington , 23-24 April, 2000.16 P,buytd <;tpbycrbq, @Dtkbrfz If[vfnyfz Ljcrf@, cn. 101, Vjcrdf, 1999u.17 "partnioroba da TanamSromloba", nato, Tbilisi, 1996 w., gv. 75.18 P,buytd <;tpbycrbq, cv. dsit.

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da gaRrmaveba, radganac, ruseTis aqtiurimonawileobis gareSe, warmoudgenelia erTianida usafrTxo evro-atlantikuri saxlis Sene-ba. unda aRiniSnos, rom momavalSi bevri ramdamokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor ganviTarde-ba ruseTSi Sidapolitikuri viTareba da gan-sakuTrebiT imaze, gaxdeba ruseTi evropulidemokratia, Tu isev - evropuli imperia.ruseTis Sida gajansaReba aucilebelia misidemokratizaciisa da sabolood, misievropizaciisaTvis.19 erTi mxriv, Tuki evro-pa SeZlebs integraciisa da natos gafarToe-bis procesis warmatebiT ganxorcielebas daTu ruseTi, imavdroulad, gardaiqmnebademokratiul saxelmwifod da moxdeba misimodernizacia, maSin ruseTi SesaZlebeliagaxdes natoSi gawevrianebis realuri kandi-dati, rac saboloo gaerTianeba iqnebodatransatlantikuri usafrTxoebis sistemisatranskontinentaluri usafrTxoebis siste-masTan. meore mxriv ki, ruseTis oficialuriwevrobis sakiTxi, praqtikuli realobidangamomdinare, ver dadgeba dRis wesrigSi, vi-naidan igi kvlav rCeba natosa da misi gafar-Toebis mowinaaRmdeged. Tumca, unda aRiniS-nos, rom ruseTSi dRes mimdinare demokra-tizaciis procesebi, demokratiuli ZalebismomZlavreba (rac axlaxan CatarebuliarCevnebiT dadasturda) imis imedis momce-mia, rom ruseTi sabolood uars ityvis Tavisimperiul ambiciebze da Camoyalibdeba civi-lizebul evropul saxelmwifod. amis Sesa-Zleblobis istoriuli dadasturebaa pos-tosmaluri TurqeTis magaliTi, romelmacuaryo Tavisi imperiuli ambiciebi da daadgamodernizaciis, evropizaciisa da demokrati-zaciis gzas.

ruseTisaTvis erTaderTi geostrategiuliarCevani, romlis Sedegadac igi SeZlebdasaerTaSoriso arenaze daekavebina mowinavepozicia da mieRo transformirebisa da mod-ernizaciis maqsimaluri SesaZlebloba _ esevropaa; da ara ubralod nebismieri saxisevropa, aramed transevroatlantikuri evro-pa, gafarToebul evrokavSirsa da natosTanerTad. swored aseT evropasTan mouwevsurTierToba ruseTs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas

surs Tavidan aicilos saSiSi geopolitikuriizolacia.20 unda iTqvas, rom dResdReobiTruseTisaTvis ar arsebobs iseTi upiratesadmomgebiani arCevani, rogoricaa Tanamedrove,mdidari da demokratiuli evropa, amerikasTanerTad. amerika da evropa ar warmoadgenenruseTisaTvis raime safrTxes. maT ar gaaCni-aT ruseTisadmi teritoriuli pretenziebi,rogoric SeiZleba hqondes CineTs an iaponias.isini aseve ar warmoadgenen misTvis imgvararasaimedo da potenciurad feTqebadsaSiSmosazRvreebs, rogoric ruseTisaTvis misisamxreTiT mosazRvre muslimanuri saxelm-wifoebia. piriqiT, rogorc evropisaTvis, aseveamerikisaTvis demokratiuli ruseTi warmoad-gens geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT sasurv-el partniors cvalebadi evraziuli kompleqsisstabilizaciisaTvis. amitom natos saxelmwi-foebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovaniaruseTTan kompromisi da TanamSromloba, ami-saTvis saWiroa ruseTma dados natosTan aramarto specialuri SeTanxmeba an qartia,aramed amerikam da evropam, ruseTTan erTad,daiwyos momavali SesaZlo transkontinenta-luri usafrTxoebis sistemis Seqmna da Tan-amSromlobis gaRrmaveba.21

maSasadame, saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da us-afrTxoebisaTvis aucilebelia Seiqmnas tran-skontinenturi usafrTxoebis erTiani siste-ma, sadac miRweul iqneba SeTanxmeba uSiS-roebisa da TanamSromlobis sferoSi, risTvisacmTavari mniSvneloba eniWeba gafarToebulinatos TanamSromlobas ruseTTan, CineTsa daiaponiasTan. amisaTvis, erTi mxriv, miRweulunda iqnas natos gafarToeba da, amave dros,moxdes ruseTis ufro aqtiurad CarTva re-gionaluri usafrTxoebis sistemaSi Tanam-SromlobisaTvis. amgvari usafrTxoebis siste-mis SeqmnisaTvis, romelic mTel kontinentsmoicavs, aucilebelia misi struqturuliCamoyalibeba, misi arsis da samarTlebrivistatusis gansazRvra. mas SesaZlebeliahqondes, aseve, uSiSroebis mudmivi komite-ti, romelSic Sevidoda ZiriTadi evraziulisubieqtebi, raTa aemaRlebinaT transevrazi-uli sistemis usafrTxoebis xarisxi, mSvi-dobisa da stabilurobisaTvis mniSvnelovani

19 igive, "Xthyfz lshf@, gv. 68.20 igive, gv. 143.21 P,buytd <;tpbycbq, @Dtkbrfz If[vfnyfz Ljcrf@, cn. 106, Vjcrdf, 1999u.

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sakiTxebis irgvliv efeqturi TanamSromlo-bis safuZvelze.

uaxloesi aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi SesaZle-belia Seiqmnas globaluri TanamSromlobisiseTi realurad funqcionirebadi usafrTx-oebis sistema, romelic TandaTanobiT TavisTavze aiRebs saerTaSoriso "regentis" rols,romelic pasuxismgebeli iqneba msoflioSimSvidobisa da stabilurobis uzrunvelyofaze.22

"dRes arsebul seriozul safrTxeTa miuxe-davad, gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba Tu vityvi,rom kacobriobas istoriis manZilze ar hqo-nia esoden unikaluri Sansi Seqmnas sa-marTliani msoflio wyoba, xalxTa erTgvari,SeZlebisdagvarad harmoniuli Tanamegobroba.marTalia zogjer isev gaismis konfrontaci-uli ritorika, magram merwmuneT dRevandeliwinaaRmdegobebi dasavleTisa da aRmosavle-Tis Zveli dapirispirebidan xelovnuradaagadmotanili da yavlgasulia�... Taobebi rom-lebmac kacobriobis istoriaSi yvelaze sa-SiSi "civi omi" usisxlod daamTavres, Ses-Zleben kontinentebs, saxelmwifoebs da ad-amianebs Soris gamoZebnon saerTo ena dacivilizebuli dialogebis meSveobiT Seamok-lon dRevandeli da xvalindeli zogadsaka-cobrio problemebis gadasawyvetad gasavle-li gza�... kacobrioba iZens gamocdilebas,swavlobs da SeuZlia gardaiqmnas. amis ma-galiTad gamodgeba marSalis gegmac da omis

Semdgomi evropac, romelmac ukuagdo Zveliantagonizmebis qimera da iswavla axleburadintegrireba".23 zemoTaRniSnuli rwmenis safuZ-velze, minda aRvniSno "mondealizmis" kon-cefciis mzardi mniSvneloba, romlis Ziri-Tadi postulati aris is, rom gardauvaliprocesia planeturi, globaluri integra-cia, rom mravali saxelmwifos, xalxis, erisada kulturis samyaro gardaiqmneba erTiansamyarod (One World), rom aucileblad da-Zleuli iqneba religiuri, ideologiuri dasxva saxis diferenciaciis formebi da dadgebasaerTo adamianuri civilizaciis era, romelicdafuZnebuli iqneba liberaluri demokrati-is principebze.

amitom, am sanukvari miznis misaRwevad, CemiazriT, XXI saukunis saerTaSoriso sazoga-doebisaTvis umTavres amocanas warmoadgenskidev ufro ganaviTaros saerTaSoriso sa-marTali da Camoayalibos iseTi saerTaSori-sosamarTlebrivi normaTa sistema da meqanizme-bi, romlebic realurad uzrunvelyofen msof-lio mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas da xalxTasaerTo keTildReobas.

dabolos, minda gamovTqva Cemi Rrma rwmena,rom swored amgvar, axleburad azrovnebasdafuZnebuli kacobrioba momaval saukunesyvelasaTvis WeSmariti Tavisuflebis, mSvi-dobis, samarTlianobisa da sayovelTao har-moniis epoqad aqcevs.

22 igive, gv. 254.23 saqarTvelos prezidentis gamosvla gaeros generaluri asambleis 56-e sesiaze, 20 seqtemberi, 1999 w.


1. l. aleqsiZe, "Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali", Tbilisi, 1994 w.

2. rondeli, "saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi", Tbilisi, 1996 w.

3. "imiji da realoba", gaero, saqarTvelos asociacia, Tbilisi, 1998 w.

4. "partnioroba da TanamSromloba", nato, Tbilisi, 1996 w.

5. saqarTvelos prezidentis, eduard SevardnaZis, sityva Crdilo-atlantikuri TanamSromlobis sabWos

saxelmwifoTa umaRlesi donis Sexvedraze, vaSingtoni, 25 aprili, 1999 w.

6. saqarTvelos prezidentis sityva gaeros generaluri asambleis 56-e sesiaze, 20 seqtemberi, 1999 w.

7. P,buytd <;tpbycrbq, @Dtkbrfz If[vfnyfz Ljcrf@, Vjcrdf, 1999u.

8. NATO, review - Documentation, summer, 1999.

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ÓÀÚÏÅÄËÈÀÏ ÃÀ ÓÒÖËÉ ÂÀÍÉÀÒÀÙÄÁÀ -ÌÛÅÉÃÏÁÉÓ ÂÀÍÌÔÊÉÝÄÁÉÓÀÖÝÉËÄÁÄËÉ ÄËÄÌÄÍÔÉ

ÈÀÌÀÆ ÁÄÒÀÉÀ


anamedrove etapze da momavalSic, msof-lio xalxTa, saxelmwifoTa saerTaSorisoTanamegobrobis umTavresi amocanaa saerTa-Soriso mSvidobisa da uSiSroebis, rogorcxalxTa saerTo keTildReobis ganmsazRvre-li da aucilebeli faqtoris, dacva da gan-mtkiceba. mSvidobis SenarCunebisaken swraf-va, atomuri iaraRisa da masobrivi ganad-gurebis sxva saSualebebis gamoyenebis sa-SiSroebaTa Tavidan acileba sxvadasxva poli-tikuri Tvalsazrisisa da mrwamsis mqonexalxebs aerTianebs.

progresuli sazogadoebrivi Zalebis saqmi-anoba warmoadgens im mniSvnelovan faqtors,romelic gavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso urT-ierTobebze da mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xelsmsoflioSi istoriuli procesis pozitiurganviTarebas. istoriuli movlenebi gviCvenebs,rom Tanamedrove samyaroSi sazogadoebrivZalTa mniSvneloba, maTi zemoqmedeba saerTa-Soriso politikaze ganuxrelad izrdeba.saerTaSoriso organizaciebi amJamad gan-sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan rols asrulebensaerTaSoriso mSvidobis, usafrTxoebisa daurTierTgagebis uzrunvelsayofad da xalx-Ta Soris megobrobisa da TanamSromlobisganmtkicebis xelsayreli pirobebis Sesaqm-nelad. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnaviagaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis roli.bolo periodSi, msoflioSi mSvidobisa dauSiSroebis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi mniSvnelovnadgaizarda aseve Crdiloatlantikuri alian-sis roli.

msoflioSi mSvidobis damyareba aucilebelipirobaa yvela xalxis ekonomikuri da so-cialuri progresis uzrunvelsayofad. aqedangamomdinare, dedamiwaze mSvidobis damyarebayoveli adamianis xelSeuvali uflebaa. esaris umaRlesi mizani, rasac msoflios yve-la xalxi eswrafvis. mSvidobis gareSe Seu-Zlebelia mivaRwioT keTildReobas da uzrun-velvyoT yvela xalxis, TiToeuli adamianisganviTareba. msoflio sazogadoebriobis brZo-la mSvidobis dacvisaTvis mWidrod aris dakav-Sirebuli ganiaraRebisa da nebismieri Seiar-aRebis SezRudvis da, saerTod, maTi akrZa-lvis problemasTan. mecnierul-teqnikurmarevoluciam xeli Seuwyo axali, ufro Zlierimasobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRebis Seqmnas. isfaqti, rom dReisaTvis saxelmwifos arse-nalSi dagrovilia iaraRis didi maragi, racpotenciurad safrTxes uqmnis kacobriobisarsebobas, gadaudebel amocanad aqcevs arse-buli maragis likvidaciasa da amgvari iar-aRebis warmoebis Sewyvetas. ganiaraRebis ideafiqsirebulia gaeros wesdebaSi, romlis mixed-viT, ganiaraRebis principis iuridiuli Si-naarsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saxelmwifoe-bi da TviT es organizacia valdebuli arianSeimuSavon ganiaraRebis praqtikuli ganxor-cielebis RonisZiebani. Tanamedrove pirobeb-Si ZiriTadi moTxovnaa saxelmwifoebma da-don specialuri SeTanxmeba ganiaraRebis Sesax-eb, rogorc mSvidobis ganmtkicebisaTvis auci-lebeli piroba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, Tu raigulisxmeba sayovelTao da srul ganiar-aRebaSi:

È

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a) SeiaraRebuli Zalebis daTxovna, samxedrodawesebulebaTa likvidacia, SeiaraRebiswarmoebis Sewyveta, agreTve maTi likvi-dacia an mSvidobiani miznebisaTvis gamoy-eneba;

b) birTvuli, qimiuri, baqteriologiuri ansxva tipis masobrivi ganadgurebis iar-aRis maragis likvidacia, aseTi iaraRiswarmoebis Sewyveta;

c) masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis miwodebisyvela saSualebis likvidacia;

d) samxedro miznebisaTvis saxsrebis xarjvisSewyveta.

Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aucilebe-lia saxelmwifos Sinagani uSiSroebisaTvishyavdes SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, aseve, gareSemtrisagan saxelmwifos dacvaze zrunva yovelimTavrobis movaleobaa, amitom, bunebrivia,yovel qveyanas teritoriisa da mosaxleobisraodenobis gaTvaliswinebiT unda flobdesiseT arabirTvul iaraRs, SeiaraRebul Zalebs,saSualebebsa da dawesebulebebs, romlebicsaWiro iqneba momxduri mtrisagan dasaca-vad, Sinagani wesrigisa da moqalaqeTa usa-frTxoebis ganmtkicebisaTvis. aqedan gamom-dinare, sayovelTao da sruli ganiaraRebaar gulisxmobs im saxis SeiaraRebisa da Se-iaraRebuli Zalebis likvidirebas, rac auci-lebelia qveyanaSi mSvidobisa da usafrTxoe-bis uzrunvelsayofad.

miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT Seqmnil-ia uamravi momakvdinebeli iaraRi, rac sakma-risia qveynebisa Tu didi qalaqebis gasanad-gureblad, aseuli milionobiT adamianebisdasaRupavad, misi warmoeba ar Cerdeba, iqmne-ba kidev ufro didi damangreveli Zalis,masobrivi mospobis axal-axali iaraRebi.mrewvelobis swrafi ganviTareba, axal-axaliaRmoCenebi mecnierebisa da teqnikis dargSixels uwyobs gaumjobesebuli saomari iar-aRebis Seqmnas, izrdeba armiebis ricxvi,samxedro sazRvao flotis Semadgenloba, racmZime mdgomareobaSi ayenebs mSvidobian mo-saxleobas ara mxolod maTi saSiSroebis gamo,aramed imitomac, rom yovelive es iwvevs maTSemdgom gaRatakebasa da gaCanagebas, vinaidangamalebuli SeiaraReba, omisaTvis gaxelebu-li mzadeba dakavSirebulia did finansurxarjebTan. unda aRiniSnos, rom im dros,

rodesac aTeuli da aseuli miliardebi ix-arjeba gamalebul SeiaraRebaze, atomur daraketuli omisaTvis mzadebaze, msofliomosaxleobis ori mesamedi SimSilobs da araad-amianuri cxovrebis pirobebSi imyofeba.

Tanamedrove etapze msoflio progresulisazogadoebriobisa da mravali saerTaSorisoTu sxva organizaciebis protestebisa daSezRudvebis miuxedavad, didi saxelmwifoe-bi, maT Soris aSS, ruseTi da sxvebi, iswrafvi-an gamalebuli SeiaraRebisaken da daufara-vad, aSkarad zrdian TavianT samxedro po-tencials, rasac Tundac maTi uzarmazarisamxedro xarjebi mowmobs (magaliTad, aSS-s biujetis 30% samxedro xarjebze modis).yovelive es ki msoflio progresuli sa-zogadoebriobis samarTlian aRSfoTebas iwvevs,vinaidan igi safrTxes uqmnis xalxTa mSvi-dobasa da uSiSroebas. amitomac kacobriobisarsebobisa da misi Semdgomi ganviTarebisaucilebel pirobas sayovelTao da sruliganiaraReba warmoadgens. Tumca, mimaCnia, romam problemis gadawyveta dResdReobiT Seu-Zlebelia da udides sirTuleebTanaa dakav-Sirebuli, vinaidan didi saxelmwifoebis -aSS-s, ruseTis da sxvaTa sayovelTao dasruli ganiaraReba gamoiwvevs msoflio as-parezze maTi upiratesi poziciebis daTmobas,rac aseTi qveynebis interesSi ar Sedis.

meore msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg, "civiomis" periodSi kapitalistur da socialis-tur banakebs Soris mimdinareobda mwvavebrZola, ufro sworad "Sejibri" gamalebu-li SeiaraRebisaTvis im mizniT, rom Seiar-aRebis raodenobisa da siZlieris gazrdiTsaerTaSoriso asparezze moepovebinaT daganemtkicebinaT TavianTi poziciebi, yoveliveamas ki kacobrioba ufskrulis piramde mi-hyavda. aseT urTules viTarebaSi, rodesacdid saxelmwifoTa mTavari yuradReba gama-lebuli SeiaraRebisaken iyo mimarTuli, gan-iaraRebaze fiqri, miT umetes, misi ganxor-cieleba, gansakuTrebiT im periodisaTvis,yovlad absurdul xasiaTs atarebda da aqedangamomdinare, igi yvelaze urTules, moug-varebel problemad rCeboda, romlidanacgamosavalis moZebna Zalian rTuli an saer-Tod SeuZlebeli iyo, vinaidan arc erTi mx-are Tavisi poziciebis daTmobas ar apirebda.kacobrioba, romelsac birTvuli katastro-

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fis safrTxe daemuqra, mZime amocanis winaSeaRmoCnda. saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobismravali protestis miuxedavad, romlebicmimarTuli iyo gamalebuli SeiaraRebiswinaaRmdeg, amgvari "Sejibri" kidev ufrofarTo xasiaTs iZenda da saxelmwifoTaSorisodaZabulobis piks aRwevda. swored am perio-didan, rodesac msoflio birTvuli eriskritikul fazaSi Sevida, daiwyo sazogadoe-bis mwvave formirebis procesi, rasac Tanaxlda sazogadoebis realuri xedvis, pro-gresuli azrovnebis Camoyalibeba, romelic,iTvaliswinebda ra birTvul-raketuli xanisrealur saSiSroebebs, mimarTavda mkacr pro-testebs yovlad gaumarTlebeli gamalebuliSeiaraRebis winaaRmdeg.

XX saukunis dasawyisidan, gansakuTrebiT kiII naxevridan, mrewvelobis swrafma ganvi-Tarebam, mecnierebisa da teqnikis dargSi axal-axalma aRmoCenebma, uamrav dadebiT SedegTanerTad, moitana uaRresad uaryofiTi Sedege-bic, rac umTavresad gamowveuli iyo birT-vuli iaraRis SeqmniTa da misi gavrcelebiT.rogorc ukve ramdenjerme aRiniSna, dedami-waze am iaraRis udidesi maragi da misi war-moebis kidev ufro gazrda uamrav sazrunavsuqmnis sazogadoebriobas, maTi gamoyenebissaSiSroebebi ki seriozuli safrTxis winaSeayenebs saerTod kacobriobis arsebobas. amg-varad, kacobriobis winaSe dadga sakiTxi yve-laze urTulesi da metad mniSvnelovani prob-lemis gadasaWrelad. aqedan gamomdinare, msof-lio progresulma sazogadoebriobam upirve-les amocanad daisaxa sayovelTao da sruliganiaraReba, rac msoflioSi mSvidobisa dauSiSroebis uzrunvelyofisa da ganmtkiceb-is aucilebeli elementia. ganiaraRebis far-To da yovlismomcveli programis realiza-cia, romelic SemuSavebul iqna gaerTianebu-li erebis organizaciis mier, erTbaSad praq-tikulad SeuZlebelia.

Tanamedrove etapze sayovelTao da sruliganiaraRebis realizacia rTuli da xangr-Zlivi procesia. amitom yvelaze efeqtian gzadmiCneulia nawilobrivi zomebi, am amocanisnabij-nabij gadawyveta. amisaTvis saWiroaiseTi SeTanxmebebis miRweva, romlebic areg-ulireben iaraRis calkeuli sistemisa dasaxeebis SezRudvis, Semcirebisa da likvi-daciis sakiTxebs globaluri masStabiT.

amasTanave, aucilebelia aRniSnuli sakiTxe-bis mogvareba regionalur sawyisebze, konkre-tul geografiul areSi. am mxriv, saerTa-Soriso sazogadoebriobam sakmaod STambeW-davi gamocdileba daagrova.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sayovelTao dasruli ganiaraRebis erTbaSad ganxorcielebaSeuZlebelia, saxelmwifoebi cdiloben, pirvelrigSi, gadawyviton mSvidobisaTvis yvelazesaSiSi iaraRis warmoebis, dagrovebisa dagamoyenebis akrZalvis problema da, Sesabam-isad, ZiriTadi yuradReba maxvildeba birT-vuli iaraRis gamoyenebisa da birTvuli omisTavidan acilebis sakiTxebze.

sayovelTaod aRiarebuli faqtia, rom dRes-dReobiT ar arsebobs birTvuli iaraRis war-moebis, dagrovebisa da gamoyenebis special-uri akrZalva. Tumca, arsebobs mTeli rigixelSekrulebebisa, romlebic aregulirebenbirTvul iaraRTan dakavSirebuli saqmiano-bis zogierT aspeqts. am mxriv aRsaniSnaviagaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis saqmiano-ba. gaeros generalurma asambleam miiRo ra-modenime rezolucia da deklaracia, romel-Ta mizania birTvuli omis Tavidan acileba.aseT aqtebs miekuTvneba: "deklaracia birT-vuli da TermobirTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebisakrZalvis Sesaxeb" (1961 w.) da "deklaraciasaerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi birTvuli iar-aRis gamoyenebis samaradisod akrZalvis Sesax-eb" (1972 w.).

garda zemoCamoTvlili saerTaSoriso aqteb-isa, gaeros deklaraciebTan erTad, birTvu-li iaraRis mospobis gzaze mniSvnelovaniadgili uWiravs saxelmwifoTaSoris dade-bul saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs. gaerosada ganiaraRebis komitetis mWidro TanamSrom-lobis Sedegad, SemuSavda umniSvnelovanesisaerTaSoriso dokumentebi, romlebic dResmravalmxrivi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebeb-is saxes atareben da efeqturad zRudavenbirTvuli da masobrivi mospobis sxva iar-aRis gamocdis, damuSavebisa da dagrovebisSesaZleblobas, rac xels uwyobs mSvidobisdacvis saqmes. aseT saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivdokumentebs ganekuTvneba: 1968 wlis 1 ivli-sis xelSekruleba �birTvuli iaraRis gauvr-celeblobis Sesaxeb"; 1967 wlis 27 ianvrisxelSekruleba �kosmosuri sivrcis kvlevisada gamoyenebis Sesaxeb", romelic iTvaliswinebs

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kosmosur sivrceSi birTvuli iaraRis gan-lagebis akrZalvas; 1971 wlis 11 TebervlisxelSekruleba �zRvebisa da okeaneebis fskerze,aseve maT wiaRSi birTvuli iaraRis ganlage-bis akrZalvis Sesaxeb". amasTanave, miRebuliqna sxva mravali saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba,romlebsac calkeuli sakiTxebis ganxilvi-sas konkretulad SevexebiT. unda aRiniSnosaseve is faqti, rom birTvuli iaraRis Sesaxebar iqna miRweuli SeTanxmebani saerTaSorisohumanitaruli samarTlis ganviTarebisaTvisiseTi didmniSvnelovani diplomatiuri kon-ferenciebis dros, romlis Sedegadac SemuSav-da Jenevis 1949 wlis oTxi konvencia da1977 wlis ori damatebiTi oqmi. Tumca, aRniS-nuli konferenciis muSaoba swored am dis-kusiebis fonze warimarTa. marTalia, I oqmSisaerTod ar aris naxsenebi birTvuli iaraRi,rogorc aseTi, magram mis 51-e da 53-e mux-lebSi naTqvamia: akrZalulia araarCeviTixasiaTisa da zedmeti tanjvis mimyenebeliiaraRis gamoyeneba. I oqmis Seqmnis istoriagvafiqrebinebs, rom diplomatiur konferen-cias arc ki undoda Sexeboda im samarT-lebriv sakiTxebs, romlebic birTvuli iar-aRis gamoyenebas exeba, sxvanairad rom vTq-vaT, I oqmma ar Seitana raime cvlileba amsakiTxis Taobaze warmoSobil samarTlebrivsituaciaSi, Tumca es sruliadac ar mig-vaniSnebs imaze, rom birTvuli iaraRis gamoy-eneba saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT araris SezRuduli.

birTvuli iaraRis akrZalvisa da SezRudvisgzaze udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda 1957 welsatomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentosSeqmnas. am organizaciis ZiriTadi amocanebia:birTvuli masalebis gamoyenebisa da SenaxvisusafrTxoebis wesebisa da normebis damuSavebada kontroli; birTvuli energiis gamoyenebisusafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa da adamianisada garemos dacva birTvuli radiaciis, birT-vuli danadgarebis radioaqtiuri da arara-dioaqtiuri gamosxivebis mavne zegavlenisagan.

meore msoflio omis dros, aSS-s mier iapo-niis did qalaqebSi - xirosimasa da nagasak-Si, atomuri bombebis gamoyenebam msofliosTvalnaTliv daanaxa, Tu ra saSineleba daubedureba SeiZleboda kacobriobisaTvis mo-etana am iaraRis gamoyenebas. atomuri bombe-bis gamoyenebiT gamowveulma moulodnelmaSedegebma mTeli msoflio aRafrTovana, maT

Soris amerikis SeerTebuli Statebic ki. amperiodidan moyolebuli msoflios progre-sulma sazogadoebriobam upirveles amoca-nad daisaxa yovelgvari birTvuli iaraRisgamoyenebisa da misi warmoebis akrZalva, racdRemde yvelaze problematur da gadauWrelsakiTxad rCeba.

gaeros generalurma asambleam ramdenjermemiiRo deklaracia birTvuli iaraRis gamoy-enebis akrZalvis mizniT, romelTagan oriZiriTadi deklaraciis Sesaxeb Cven ukve ze-moT visaubreT. garda amisa, generalurmaasambleam Tavis XXXVIII sesiaze miiRo re-zolucia birTvuli iaraRis dagmobis Sesax-eb. rezolucia mimarTulia ara marto birT-vuli omis winaaRmdeg, aramed ufro Sorsmidis da gmobs iseTi politikuri da samxedrodoqtrinebisa da koncefciebis SemuSavebas,wamowyebas, gagrZelebasa da propagandas,romlebic amarTleben birTvuli iaraRis pirve-lad gamoyenebis "marTlzomierebas", aseTi omisgaCaRebas da sxva. generalurma asambleam Tavis1983-1984 ww. sesiebze kidev erTxel mouwo-da birTvul saxelmwifoebs uari ganacxadonbirTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebaze. Tumca, undaaRiniSnos, rom gaeros mier miRebul rezolu-ciebsa da deklaraciebs rekomendaciis xas-iaTi aqvs da igi naklebad efeqtur saSuale-bas warmoadgens am urTulesi problemisgadasaWrelad, rac imaze metyvelebs, romaucilebelia msoflio sazogadoebriobam ammimarTulebiT Camoayalibos axali imperati-uli normebi da meqanizmebi. Tumca, ar Sei-Zleba uaryofil iqnas am sferoSi gaerosfarTomasStabiani muSaobis udidesi mniSvnelo-ba. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom gaeros wesde-bis mixedviT, mis wevr saxelmwifoTa Tanam-Sromloba ganiaraRebis dargSi ganixilebarogorc am saerTaSoriso organizaciis saqmi-anobis erT-erTi umTavresi principi, rac,upirveles yovlisa, gulisxmobs aRniSnulsaxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso valdebulebasmiiRon yvela aucilebeli zoma ganiaraRebasTandakavSirebiT, romlis umTavresi mizania xalx-Ta saerTo mSvidobisa da uSiSroebis ganmt-kiceba. Tanamedrove etapze ganiaraReba gaxdagaeros erT-erTi umTavresi amocana.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg, "civi omis","Zalis poziciis politikis" wlebSi didisaxelmwifoebi iswrafvodnen samxedro mdgo-

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mareobis gaumjobesebisaken, ris Sedegadaciqmneboda birTvuli iaraRis udidesi maragi,rac, aseve, kidev ufro zrdida am iaraRisgavrcelebis safrTxes. sxva qveynebis mierbirTvuli iaraRis Seqmnis an SeZenis Sesa-Zleblobis Tavidan acilebisaTvis saerTa-Soriso sazogadoebriobam miaRwia metad mniS-vnelovan sayovelTao SeTanxmebas _ 1968 wlis1 ivliss daido xelSekruleba birTvuliiaraRis gauvrceleblobis Sesaxeb, romelicZalaSi Sevida 1970 wlis 5 marts (monawi-leobs 120-ze meti saxelmwifo). mocemulxelSekrulebis ZaliT, arc erT birTvulqveyanas ufleba ara aqvs:

a) nebismieri formiT, pirdapir Tu arapirda-pir, gadasces vinmes birTvuli iaraRi ansxva birTvuli mowyobiloba, maT SorisiseT saxelmwifoebs, romlebsac aseTi iar-aRi ar gaaCniaT;

b) xeli Seuwyos arabirTvul qveyanas Seqm-nas sakuTari birTvuli iaraRi.

xelSekruleba ukrZalavs arabirTvul sax-elmwifoebs Seqmnan birTvuli iaraRi saku-Tari ZaliT an sxva saxelmwifosTan erTad.xelSekrulebis monawile saxelmwifoebi,romlebsac ar gaaCniaT aseTi iaraRi, kisru-loben valdebulebas uari Tqvan sxva sax-elmwifosagan birTvuli iaraRis miRebaze anSeZenaze. xelSekrulebis ZaliT, atomurienergiis saerTaSoriso saagentos daekisrafarTo funqcia monawile saxelmwifoTa mieraRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze kon-trolis mizniT, kerZod, ar dauSvas orga-nizaciis meTvalyureobis qveS myofi birTvu-li danadgarebis gamoyeneba samxedro mizneb-isaTvis.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg, atomisa da wy-albadis bombebis mflobeli saxelmwifoebisistematiurad axdendnen birTvuli iaraReb-is gamocdas, maTi damangreveli Zalis gazr-dis mizniT, axal-axal saxeobaTa raketebisSeqmnas maTi mizanTan mitanisaTvis. gamocdebsawarmoebdnen is qveynebic, romlebic cdi-lobdnen SeeqmnaT atomisa da wyalbadis bombebi.aRniSnul gamocdebs yovelTvis didi ube-dureba mohqonda da moaqvs dResac mTelimsoflios mosaxleobisaTvis; igi iwvevs ha-eris daSlas, radioaqtiuli ferflis, nale-qis gamoyofas, rac wvimis saxiT eSveba afeTqe-

bis raionSi an qars gadaaqvs Soreul man-Zilze; iwvevs adamianebis mowamvlas, naadrevdaRupvasa da sxva mZime Sedegebs. am mxriv,aRsaniSnavia, rom 80-ian wlebSi, 70-ianiwlebisagan gansxvavebiT, sagrZnoblad gaizardasaerTaSoriso wreebisa da mTavrobaTa dain-tereseba sacdel birTvul afeTqebaTa akrZa-lvasTan dakavSirebiT. mSvidobian dros birT-vuli afeTqebebi aseve did safrTxes uqmnisaxlomdebare dasaxlebul punqtebsa da maTmosaxleobas. Cernobilis tragediam kidevufro mwvaved daayena birTvuli iaraRislikvidaciis sakiTxi. am iaraRis gamocdisakrZalvis mizniT, msoflio sazogadoebri-obam ramdenime mniSvnelovan SeTanxmebas mi-aRwia. maT Soris, aRsaniSnavia 1963 wlis 5agvistos moskovSi xelmowerili xelSekrule-ba atmosferoSi, kosmosur sivrcesa da wy-alqveS birTvuli iaraRis gamocdis akrZa-lvis Sesaxeb; aseve, - 1974 wlis ssrk-aSSxelSekruleba miwisqveS birTvuli iaraRisgamocdis SezRudvis Sesaxeb (magram igi rat-ificirebuli ar aris da amgvarad ZalaSi arSesula). aqedan gamomdinare, miwisqveS birT-vuli iaraRis gamocdis akrZalvisaTvis saWiroaspecialuri xelSekrulebis dadeba, romel-ic moskovis xelSekrulebis danamatad Cai-Tvleba, an axali sayovelTao xelSekruleb-is dadeba romlis Semadgenel nawilad iqce-va es xelSekruleba.

unda aRiniSnos, rom birTvuli iaraRis likvi-daciis Taobaze SeTanxmeba miRweul iqnasaerTaSoriso molaparakebis Semdeg, romel-ic dagvirgvinda 1988 wels xelSekrulebisxelmoweriT (PCMD). aRniSnuli xelSek-rulebis Tanaxmad, mxareebs unda gaenadgure-binaT yvela saSualo da naklebi siSorisraketebi, gamSvebi danadgarebi da damxmarenagebobebi da mowyobilobebi. amasTanave, dawes-da mkacri inspeqcia da kontroli. xelSek-ruleba dadebul iqna uvadod da ZalaSi Sevida1989 wels. dReisaTvis yvela misi moTxovnaSesrulebulia _ ganadgurda aRniSnuli saxisraketebi, rac udavod iyo udidesi monapova-ri evropasa da saerTod, msoflioSi mSvi-dobis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi.

Tanamedrove etapze birTvul-raketuli omissafrTxis Tavidan acilebis gzaze, mSvidobisganmtkicebis saqmeSi gansakuTrebuli yura-dReba eqceva dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxis

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ubirTvo zonad gamocxadebas. Tu romelimeteritoria, kontinenti an saxelmwifo gamocx-adebulia demilitarizebul zonad, misi re-Jimi avtomaturad ubirTvo zonad iqceva (ma-galiTad, alandis kunZulebi, antarqtida dasxva). agreTve, wamoyenebulia mravalricxo-vani proeqtebi ubirTvo zonebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.aseTi zonebis Seqmnas, raRa Tqma unda, didimniSvneloba aqvs birTvuli da sxva maso-brivi mospobis iaraRis akrZalvisa da SezRud-visaTvis da saerTod, mSvidobis SesanarCune-blad. magram dResdReobiT saWiroa am gzazeufro qmediTi RonisZiebebis gatareba.

amrigad, mTeli rigi saerTaSoriso aqtebisaukve gamoricxavs birTvuli iaraRis Seqmnasada ganlagebas: 1959 wlis xelSekrulebaantarqtidis Sesaxeb; moskovis 1963 wlisxelSekruleba sam sferoSi birTvuli iar-aRis gamocdis akrZalvis Sesaxeb; 1968 wlisxelSekruleba kosmosuri sivrcis Sesaxeb;1971 wlis xelSekruleba okeaneebsa da zRvisfskerze da mis wiaRSi birTvuli iaraRis anmasobrivi mospobis sxva iaraRis ganlagebisakrZalvis Sesaxeb da sxva. miuxedavad Cvensmier zemoCamoTvlili akrZalvebisa da SezRud-vebisa, kacobriobis winaSe dResdReobiT maincdidia saSiSroeba birTvuli omis SemTxvevi-Ti dawyebisa. dRes, kacobriobis, mTeli plan-etis, progresuli Zalebis istoriuli, gada-udebeli amocanaa birTvuli omis Tavidanacileba, rasac maTTvis metad sasicocxlomniSvneloba aqvs. amitom birTvuli iaraRismqone saxelmwifoebi cdiloben maqsimaluradgamoricxon birTvuli iaraRis SecdomiT anuneblie gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba, Rebulobenvaldebulebebs ar Seqmnan iseTi situacia,romelmac SeiZleba aiZulos meore mxaregamoiyenos birTvuli iaraRi.

sayovelTao da sruli ganiaraRebis gzaze,rogorc ukve aRiniSna, gansakuTrebuli adg-ili uWiravs saerTaSoriso humanitarulisamarTlis normebis Camoyalibebisa da ganvi-Tarebis process, rac gulisxmobs baqteri-ologiuri da sxva masobrivi mospobis da,aseve, iaraRis calkeuli saxeebis akrZalvas.am mxriv, miRebul iqna mravali saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi xelSekruleba, romelTac mniS-vnelovnad Seuwyves xeli garkveuli saxisiaraRebis xmarebidan amoRebasa da maTi war-moebis Sewyvetas. am saxis iaraRebis akrZal-

va miRweul iqna 1925 wels, rodesac miRe-bul iqna Jenevis oqmi qimiuri da baqteri-ologiuri iaraRis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.

baqteriologiuri iaraRi saSiS daavadebaTagamomwvevi iaraRia. igi masobrivi mospobisiaraRis erT-erTi saxeobaa da misi gamoyenebadanaSaulia kacobriobis winaSe. amgvari iar-aRis gamoyenebis pirveli cdebi dakavSirebu-lia kaizerul germaniasTan. isini mas iy-enebdnen pirvel msoflio omSi safrangeTisarmiis winaaRmdeg. niurbergis procesze da-dasturda aseve hitlerelTa mier baqteri-ologiuri omis mzadebis faqti. mecnierul-teqnikurma revoluciam xeli Seuwyo axali,mravaljer ufro Zlieri qimiuri da baqte-riologiuri iaraRis Seqmnas. maT SoriszogierTi gamoyenebul iqna kidec. parale-lurad, xdeboda am iaraRis TandaTanobiTisaidumlo gamocda misi Semdgomi gaumjobese-bis mizniT. is faqti, rom dResdReobiT da-grovilia am saxis iaraRis udidesi maragi,gadaudebel amocanad aqcevs arsebuli ma-ragis likvidaciasa da am tipis iaraRis war-moebis Sewyvetas. am gzaze udides miRwevadunda CaiTvalos 1972 wels xelmowerilikonvencia �baqteriologiuri da toqsikuriiaraRis damuSavebis, warmoebisa da dagrove-bis akrZalvis da maTi mospobis Sesaxeb�.aRniSnuli konvenciis ZaliT, mxareebi valde-bulebas iReben arasodes Seqmnan, daagrovon,SeiZinon an Seinaxon im saxis an raodenobismikrobiologiuri an sxva biologiuri agen-tebi an toqsinebi, rac ar Seesabameba mSvi-dobian miznebs. aseTive valdebulebebi exebaiaraRs, mowyobilobas an miwodebis saSuale-bebs, romelTa daniSnulebaa aRniSnuli iar-aRebis gamoyeneba arasamSvidobo miznebisaTvisan SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi. mxareebmavaldebuleba ikisres konvenciis ZalaSi Ses-vlis dRidan ara ugvianes cxra Tvis ganmav-lobaSi gadaiyvanon mSvidobian gzaze maTgankargulebaSi an kontrolis qveS myofi yvelaagenti, toqsini, iaraRi, mowyobiloba da maTimiwodebis saSualebebi. akrZalulia aRniSnu-li iaraRis sxva saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemaan misi warmoebisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena.yovelma monawile saxelmwifom unda miiRossaTanado samarTlebrivi da sxva zomebi ze-moaRniSnuli valdebulebebis SesrulebismizniT.

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baqteriologiuri iaraRis akrZalvisa damospobis paralelurad, mimdinareobda agreTvesxva masobrivi mospobis iaraRebis akrZalva.unda aRiniSnos, rom rTulad mimdinareobdamolaparakeba qimiuri iaraRis akrZalvisa damospobis Sesaxeb. magram 1992 wels parizSixelmoweril iqna konvencia qimiuri iaraRisakrZalvis, ganlagebis, warmoebis, Senaxvis,gamoyenebisa da misi sruli ganadgurebisSesaxeb. aRniSnuli konvenciiT akrZaluliayovelgvari qimiuri iaraRis warmoeba, Senax-va da sxva qveynisaTvis gadacema. arsebuliqimiuri iaraRis maragi unda ganadgurebu-liyo 1995 wlidan. am dokumentis xelmow-eris procesSi monawileobda saqarTvelosrespublikis delegaciac.

amrigad, masobrivi ganadgurebis yvela saSu-alebebis, maT Soris birTvuli da baqteri-ologiuri, qimiuri da sxva iaraRis maragisarseboba, garda mSvidobiani miznebisaTvis maTigamoyenebisa, yovlad SeuTavsebelia saxelm-wifoTa mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobisa da ganvi-Tarebis principebTan da maTi likvidirebaswored am principebis ganmtkicebis auci-lebel elements warmoadgens.

sayovelTao da sruli ganiaraRebis dargSisaerTaSoriso saqmianobaSi, samTavrobo or-ganizaciebTan erTad, gansakuTrebuli mniS-vneloba eniWeba aseve saerTaSorisoarasamTavrobo organizaciebs. maT Soris aR-saniSnavia "mSvidobis msoflio sabWo", romelicdaarsda 1950 wels mSvidobis momxreTa me-ore kongresze. amJamad masSi warmodgenilia150 qveynis 200-ze meti erovnuli organiza-cia. "mSvidobis msoflio sabWo warmarTavsda koordinacias uwevs sxvadasxva qveynismSvidobis momxreTa saqmianobas, axdens maTmobilizacias msoflio omis safrTxis winaaRm-deg da sayovelTao ganiaraRebisaTvis sa-brZolvelad, mxars uWers brZolas agresiiswinaaRmdeg. am mizniT, sabWo awyobs saerTa-Soriso kampaniebs, iwvevs msoflio kongre-sebs, konferenciebs, saerTaSoriso sazoga-doebriobis Sexvedrebsa da sxva RonisZie-bebs. "mSvidobis msoflio sabWo" mSvidobisdacvisaTvis, sayovelTao ganiaraRebisaTvis,xalxTa Soris megobrobisa da TanamSromlo-bis ganmtkicebisaTvis didmniSvnelovani ma-sobrivi moZraobisa da RonisZiebebis inicia-

tori da organizatoria. aseve, am mxriv, didrols TamaSobs "venis mSvidobis saerTaSorisoinstituti", romlis mravalmxrivi saqmianobamniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels mSvidobis gan-mtkicebas, brZolas sayovelTao da sruliganiaraRebisaTvis.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg, farTod gaiSa-la da ganmtkicda progresuli Zalebi, Sem-cirda da Sesustda reaqciuli Zalebi, yove-live aman ki gaamwvava brZola mSvidobisaTvis.Tanamedrove etapze msoflios progresulisazogadoebrioba mwvaved ibrZvis uomo, ui-araRo msofliosaTvis, ganiaraRebis proble-mis gadasawyvetad, daZabulobis Sesaneleblad,mTel msoflioSi mSvidobis gansamtkiceblad.unda aRiniSnos, rom ZalTa Tanafardoba axla,ise rogorc arasodes, ganiaraRebis, mSvi-dobis momxreTa mxarezea, rac garkveul (daara yvela) SesaZleblobas qmnis am proble-mis xalxTa sasargeblod gadasawyvetad. ami-tom saxelmwifoebi dainteresebuli undaiyvnen, da dRes faqtiurad umTavresad ase-caa, mSvidobis SenarCunebiTa da ganmtkice-biT, sadavo sakiTxebis mSvidobiani gzebiTmogvarebiT, atomuri, wyalbadisa da adamian-Ta masobrivi mospobis sxva iaraRis akrZa-lviT, SeiaraRebis SemcirebiTa da mTlianiganiaraRebiT, saerTaSoriso daZabulobissruli mospobiT, rac arsebiTi faqtoriamomavalSi mSvidobis, samarTlianobisa dakeTildReobis, saxelmwifoTa Soris megobrulurTierTobaTa da TanamSromlobis ganviTarebisuzrunvelyofisaTvis.

ai, ratom aris didi humanuri idea sayovelTaoda sruli ganiaraReba, romelsac ayenebs msof-lios progresuli sazogadoebrioba, romel-ic mouwodebs mTel msoflios misi ganxor-cielebisaken. kacobriobas SemTxveviTi omissafrTxes aacdens mxolod da mxolod say-ovelTao da sruli ganiaraRebis ideis ganx-orcieleba, atomgulis iaraRis akrZalva,warmoebidan misi amoReba, Seqmnili maragislikvidireba da sanam yovelive es ar moxde-ba, kacobrioba yovelTvis didi safrTxiswinaSe iqneba. swored omis saSiSroebis mu-qarisa da safrTxisagan gaTavisuflebulikacobrioba SeZlebs mSvidobian pirobebSiSeqmnas sayovelTao Rirebuleba da myarimomavali.

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Ê. É. ÓÐÊÏÅÓÊÉ

ema, romelic Cveni saubris sagania, amavedros saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis insti-tutia, amitom aucileblad mimaCnia saerTa-Soriso kerZo samarTlis (sks) irgvliv mok-led mimovixiloT zogierTi detali.

sks-iT, saerTaSoriso sajaro samarTlisagangansxvavebiT (sss) regulirdeba gansakuTre-buli kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi,romelTac saerTaSoriso xasiaTi aqvT. aqigulisxmeba rogorc qonebrivi ise araqone-brivi urTierTobebi. sss-Si mTavari adgiliuWiravs saxelmwifoTa Soris politikururTierTdamokidebulebas, saerTaSoriso us-afrTxoebis, saxelmwifo suverenitetis xe-lSeuxeblobis, ganiaraRebis, ekonomikuriTanamSromlobis regulirebis sakiTxebs, racgvaZlevs saerTaSoriso ekonomikur samar-Talze saubris uflebas, magram es ekonomikuriurTierTobebi atareben ara moqalaqeTa sa-marTlebriv, aramed saxelmwifoTa xasiaTs.garda amisa, sks-is subieqtebi arian: fiz-ikuri piri, anu moqalaqe, iuridiuli pirianu samTavrobo organizaciebi. saxelmwifo-Ta Soris dadebuli SeTanxmeba vaWrobissferoSi warmoadgens sss-is xelSekrulebas,radganac saxelmwifo aris sss-is subieqtida igi, gamonaklisis garda, ar monawileobssks-is urTierTobebSi.

marTalia, sks, saqarTveloSi fexs ikidebsme-20 saukunis 20-ian wlebSi (Cveni qveynisdamoukideblobis aRdgenis periodSi), magram,

evropisa da sxvaTa TvalsazrisiT, igi Zvelromsa da saberZneTSi maSin warmoiSva, rocapolisebi arsebobda. aq samarTlis arCevissakiTxi wydeboda ori principiT _ moqalaqeo-bisa da teritoriulobis mixedviT. TumcaTavdapirvelad polisebs Soris samarTlisarCevis problema ar idga, magram xalxTagadasaxlebis periodma (Sua saukuneebi) davaWrobis ganviTarebam ganapiroba saxelmwi-foTa Soris mSvidobiani TanamSromlobisa daurTierTobis problemis gadawyveta. ase war-moiSva sks, romelic gansakuTrebiT 18-20-ess-Si daixvewa savaWro-ekonomikuri, samecni-ero-teqnikuri da kulturuli TanamSromlo-bis gafarToebis safuZvelze. mis ganviTare-baze gavlenas axdens Tanamedrove procesebi,kerZod: a) sameurneo cxovrebis internacio-nalizacia; b) migraciis mkveTri gaZliereba;g) samecniero teqnikuri progresi. komuni-kaciis, transportisa da kavSirgabmulobissferoSi arsebulma miRwevebma mWidrod daax-lova qveynebi ekonomikuri da politikurimimarTulebiT. radios, televiziis, video-teqnikisa da mauwyeblobis gamoyenebam Sesa-Zlebeli gaxada informaciis transnaciona-luri gavrceleba.

sks-Tvis mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso urT-ierTobaTa humanizacia _ adamianis ufleba-Tavisuflebebis dacva. saxelmwifoebs SorisTanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba xdeba samarTliT,samarTlebrivi meTodebiTa da saSualebebiT.

È

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sks-s amocanac swored esaa, - sxvadasxvasaxelmwifoTa organizaciebisa da firmebissaqmiani kavSirebis samarTlebrivi regulire-ba. amisaTvis sks saxelmwifoTa gansxvavebu-li samarTlebrivi sistemebis dacviTa dakoliziuri normebis gamoyenebiT gansazRvravs,Tu romeli saxelmwifos samarTalia misaRe-bi Sesabamis SemTxvevaSi.

metad sainteresoa sakiTxi, Tu ris safuZ-velze iqmneba da Semdeg regulirdeba urT-ierToba, anu ra aris sks-s wyaro? dRes sks-s wyarod miCneulia saerTaSoriso xelSek-rulebebi, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblo-ba, sasamarTlo da saarbitraJo praqtika dasaerTaSoriso Cveulebebi. rusi iuristis,boguslavskis, ganmartebiT, sasamarTlo praq-tikaSi igulisxmeba warmoebul saqmeze sasa-marTlo Sexedulebebi, romlebic SeiZenenSemdegSi saxelmZRvanelo mniSvnelobasanalogiuri sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad. sasa-marTlo gadawyvetilebisTvis normatiulixasiaTis miniWebisas, igi xdeba sasamarTloprecedenti, romelic samarTlis wyaros war-moadgens britaneTsa (nawilobriv) da aSS-Si(srulad). aseve, boguslavskis TqmiT, sks-ssferoSi saarbitraJo sasamarTlo praqtika-Si unda vigulisxmoT ara saxelmwifo saar-bitraJo sasamarTlo organoebis, aramed saer-TaSoriso komerciuli arbitraJis praqtika.

Cveuleba, es is wesia, romelic didi xniswin Camoyalibda da sistematurad gamoiyene-ba, Tumca arsad ar dafiqsirebula. sworedamiT gansxvavdeba igi kanonisagan. Cveuleba,romelic ganamtkicebs suverenitetis da Ta-nasworobis principebs, savaldebuloa yvelamxarisaTvis. sxva Cveulebebi savaldebuloaama Tu im mxarisaTvis, Tu isini mas raimeformiT aRiareben.

CveulebaTa Soris mniSvnelovania savaWroCveulebebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba mxareTa miersaerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi. aRniSnul Cveule-bebs mimarTavs saarbitraJo sasamarTlo imSemTxvevaSi, roca es ganpirobebulia xelSek-rulebiT, romlis gamoc warmoiSva dava daroca Cveulebaze samarTlis norma miuTiTebs,aseve, Tu Cveulebis gamoyeneba efuZneba saer-TaSoriso xelSekrulebis mdgomareobas,romelic moqmedebs monawile mxareebs Soriswarmoqmnil davaSi. saarbitraJo sasamarTlosmier savaWro Cveulebebi gamoiyeneba im SemTx-

vevaSic, roca samarTlis norma, romelicaregulirebs sadavo sakiTxebs, ar Seicavsaucilebel miTiTebas, xolo savaWro Cveule-bebze mimarTeba gamomdinareobs davasTan dakav-Sirebul pirobaTa xasiaTidan.

samarTlis arCevis

ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi

(koliziuri damaterialursamarTlebrivi normebi)

saerTaSoriso savaWro samarTlebrivi urT-ierTobis mowesrigeba da mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebis gansazRvra xdeba sks-s koliz-iuri da materialursamarTlebrivi regulire-bis ss meTodebiT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sksdakavSirebulia am meTodTan Tavisi warmoSobi-Ta da Semdgomi ganviTarebiT. swored misisaSualebiT unda gadawydes "urTierTdajax-ebuli" normebidan romeli eqvemdebareba gamoy-enebas _ moqmedi teritoriaze, sadac saqmisganmxilveli sasamarTlo mdebareobs Tu imqveynis kanonebi, romelsac ucxo elementigansaxilvel saqmeSi eqvemdebareba.

"kolizia" laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs Se-jaxebas. es termini atarebs pirobiT xasi-aTs. koliziuri problemaa samarTlis arCe-vis sakiTxis gadawyveta. kolizia SeiZlebaTavidan acilebul iqnas e.w. koliziuri norme-bis gamoyenebis gziT. koliziuri normebisaucilebloba gamowveulia imiT, rom aq adg-ili aqvs gansxvavebaa calkeul saxelmwifo-Ta marTlwesrigs Soris. aRniSnul normaTadaniSnulebaa, gadawyvitos kolizia or anmet konkurent saxelmwifos Soris da "urT-ierToba" dauqvemdebaros im marTlwesrigs,romelic metad Seesabameba aseTi urTierTo-bis arss an ufro mWidrod kavSirSia masTan.Tavad koliziuri norma ar wyvets mocemulsakiTxs, igi miuTiTebs materialur norme-bze, romlebic iTvaliswinebs konkretul wesebsda swored am wesebze dayrdnobiT xdeba sa-kiTxis gadawyveta. koliziuri normebiT xe-lmZRvaneloba SeiZleba im materialursamarT-lebriv normasTan erTad, romelzedac ismiuTiTebs. materialursamarTlebriv normebsSeiZleba Seicavdes koliziuri normiT mi-TiTebuli saxelmwifos marTlwesrigi, rogorcsaerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebSi, ise Sida sakanon-mdeblo aqtebSi. Tumca arsebobs saerTaSoriso

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elementebTan konkretuli urTierTobis mom-wesrigebeli normebi. saqarTvelos magaliTzees ase gamoiyureba: sagareo ekonomikuriurTierTobis maregulirebeli normebi;saqarTvelos teritoriaze dafuZnebuli ucxoinvesticiebis sxvadasxva sawarmoebTan samarT-lebrivi mdgomareobis ganmsazRvreli norme-bi; saqarTvelos organizaciebis sainvesti-cio reJimis, saqmianobis momwesrigebeli norme-bi sazRvargareT; ucxo moqalaqeebisa daorganizaciebis ufleba-movaleobebis ganm-sazRvreli normebi saqarTvelos samoqalaqoda procesualuri samarTlis sferoSi. mocemu-li normebis pirdapir daniSnulebaa -saqarTvelosa da ucxoel moqalaqeTa SorisurTierTobebSi maTi ufleba-movaleobebisgansazRvra.

yoveli koliziuri norma Sedgeba ori naw-ilisagan _ moculoba da miTiTeba. pirvelSisaubaria im konkretul samarTalurTierTo-bebze, romlebic eqvemdebareba erTi, rome-lime saxis urTierTobisaTvis gamoyenebas.

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sferoSi aris miTiTeba,rom gamoyenebul iqnas gamyidvelis adgil-samyofelis marTlwesrigi (magaliTad, nasyi-dobis xelSekrulebaSi). saxelmwifoTa SorissavaWro urTierTobebSi gamoiyeneba miTiTebaxelSekrulebis Sesrulebis adgilis Sesax-eb, rac niSnavs imas, rom xelSekrulebisSemadgenlobisaTvis, mxareTa ufleba-movale-obis gansazRvrisaTvis gamoiyeneba im saxelm-wifos samarTali, sadac xelSekruleba Ses-rulebas eqvemdebareba. sazRvao vaWrobissferoSi rig SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneba droiskanoni (Lex flagi).

ar aris gamoricxuli koliziuri norma Se-icavdes miTiTebas or saxelmwifos samar-Talze. aq dainteresebul mxares eZleva San-si airCios erT-erTi maTgani (alternatiulimiTiTeba). gvxvdeba ZiriTadi da damatebiTikoliziuri normebic, maT Soris damatebiTigamoiyeneba mxolod ZiriTadi miTiTebis gamoy-enebis SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi.

koliziuri normebi SeiZleba atarebdnen im-peratiul da dispoziciur xasiaTs. dispoz-iciuri koliziuri norma mxareebs saSuale-bas aZlevs SeTanxmdnen im marTlwesrigze,romelsac daeqvemdebareba maT Soris Semd-gari urTierToba. samarTlis arCevis sakiTx-

isaTvis koliziuri normebs dispoziciurixasiaTi aqvT nasyidobis xelSekrulebaSi,specializaciasa da kooperirebaSi, samontaJoda sxva kapitaluri mSeneblobis samuSaoebSi.

imperatiuli koliziuri normebi gamoiyenebaerToblivi warmoebis xelSekrulebis mima-rT, romlis monawileni arian adgilobrivida ucxo pirebi. am SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven imqveynis samarTals, romelSic erToblivi war-moeba dawesda. garda amisa, auqcionsa dabirJaze, konkursis wesiT dadebuli savaWroxelSekrulebis mimarT gamoiyeneba im sax-elmwifos samarTali, sadac warmoebda auq-cioni, birJa, konkursi.

koliziuri normebis gamoyenebis procesSiwarmoiSveba kvalifikaciis, iuridiuli gage-bis problema, romliTac formulirebuliakoliziuri norma (rogorc moculoba, isemiTiTeba). sxvadasxva saxelmwifos samarTalSiiseve, rogorc iuridiuli terminebi, koliz-iuri normebis gageba erTmaneTs ar emTxveva.amitom dasavleTis gabatonebuli doqtrinismixedviT, normisa da masSi gamoyenebuliterminebis iuridiuli gagebis kvalifikaciaunda moxdes manam, vidre samarTlis arCevisproblema gadawydeba; ukidures SemTxvevaSi- manam, vidre koliziuri norma iqneba gamoy-enebuli. magram, Tu es ase ar moxdeba, dakoliziur normas gamoiyeneben, romelickonkretuli saxelmwifos samarTalze miu-TiTebs maSin yovelgvari iuridiuli gagebaSeiZleba dawesdes im samarTlebrivi siste-mis safuZvelze, romelzec koliziuri nor-ma miuTiTebs.

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis praqtikaSi problemawarmoSva iman, rom arsebobs kontraqtis dade-bis adgilis gansxvavebuli gageba. inglisursamarTalSi es adgili ganisazRvreba aqcep-tis gagzavnis adgiliT (safosto yuTis Teo-ria). bevr sxva qveyanaSi kontraqtis dadebisadgilad miCneulia aqceptis miRebis adgili.gaeros 1980 wlis #281 konvenciis �saqon-lis saerTaSoriso yidva-gayidvis xelSek-rulebaTa Sesaxeb�, 23-e muxliT kontraqtidadebulad iTvleba, Tu ofertis aqcepti ZalaSiSedis konvenciis debulebaTa Sesabamisad.

me-20 saukunis bolos koliziuri normebisgamoyenebisas warmoiSva sirTule ukumiTiTe-bis irgvliv. ukumiTiTeba saxeze gvaqvs ma-

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Sin, roca koliziuri norma uTiTebs erTiqveynis normaze, xolo es ukanaskneli uTiTebsimave saxelmwifos an ucxo saxelmwifossamarTalze. calkeul saxelmwifoTa damok-idebuleba ukumiTiTebasTan dakavSirebiT araer-Tazrovania. poloneTis sks-is kanoni aRiarebsmiTiTebis orive (uku da Semdgom) saxes. gfr-s kanoni ar cnobs mas saxelSekrulebo sf-eroSi, Tumca misi gamoyenebis SesaZleblo-bas uSvebs sxva sferoSi. ungreTis kanoniuTiTebs sakuTar kanonze. ukumiTiTebas aRi-arebs avstriisa da Sveicariis kanonebi. uku-miTiTebis doqtrina ar aris miRebuli robis1980 konvenciaSi wlis �saxelSekrulebovaldebulebebis Sesaxeb�. ukumiTiTebis sak-iTxi aseve uaryofil iqna ekonomikuri urT-ierTdaxmarebis sabWos monawile qveynebis miersagareo vaWrobis miwodebiT urTierTobebSi.kerZod, igi gamoixata imaSi, rom saqonlismiwodebis urTierTobis mxareebs Soris sak-iTxebi, romlebic ar daregulirdeba kon-traqtiT an saerTo pirobebiT, gadawydebagamyidveli qveynis materialuri normebisSesabamisad, anu ukumiTiTeba gamoiricxeba.saqarTvelos sks-is Sesaxeb kanonis me-4 mux-lis miTiTeba efuZneba germanuli samarTlis�erTiani miTiTebis� Teorias. igi uSvebs ukuda Semdgom miTiTebas, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmde-geba miTiTebis arss, anu ar zRudavs konkre-tuli samarTlebrivi sferos normebis mo-qmedebas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu koliziuri nor-ma uTiTebs ucxo qveynis samarTalze, esukanaskneli ki uars ambobs am urTierTobismowesrigebaze, uTiTebs ra saqarTvelos sa-marTalze, gamoiyeneba saqarTvelos samarTa-li. es wesi ar moqmedebs, Tu ucxo qveynissamarTlis gamoyeneba arCeulia mxareTa mier.es xdeba maSinac, roca ucxo qveynis samarT-lis arCevaze SeTanxmeba gulisxmobs konkre-tulad am samarTlis gamoyenebas.

gaeros konvencia

�saqonlis saerTaSoriso yidva-

gayidvis xelSekrulebaTa

Sesaxeb #281

(vena 1980)

yovel saerTaSoriso savaWro garigebas, dade-buls saerTaSoriso savaWro an sxva orga-nizaciis mier ucxoel kontragentTan, aqvsdamoukidebeli mniSvneloba. mxareTa ufle-ba-movaleobebi, aseve garigebis Sinaarsi dg-

indeba mxareTa Soris SeTanxmebiT, amitompraqtikaSi garigebis pirobebis, mxareTa pa-suxismgeblobis da sxva pirobebis zust damkveTr formulirebas gansakuTrebuli mniS-vneloba aqvs. erovnuli samarTlis normebisarsebuli sxvaobebisa da samarTlis gan-sazRvris sirTulis gamo partniorebi cdi-loben rac SeiZleba detalurad Camoayali-bon TavianTi urTierTobebi kontraqtSi. eski, Tavis mxriv, arTulebs kontraqtis dade-bis molaparakebebs.

aRniSnul urTierTobaTa gaTvaliswinebiTaixsneba saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi unificire-buli materialursamarTlebrivi normebisSeqmnis tendencia. erTiani materialursamarT-lebrivi normis arsebobis gamo, romelicdaaregulirebda saerTaSoriso vaWrobas,aucilebelia mivmarToT koliziur meTods.gaeros generaluri asambleis 1966 wlis 17dekembris #2205 rezoluciiT gancalkeve-biT aRiniSna, rom saxelmwifoTa kanonmde-blobaSi arsebuli sxvaobebi da SeuTanxme-bloba saerTaSoriso vaWrobasTan mimarTeba-Si warmoadgens erT-erT dabrkolebas misiganviTarebis gzaze. is, Tu rogor iqneba gada-wyvetili koliziuri sakiTxi, romeli samar-Tali iqneba gamoyenebuli sadavo sakiTxTan,bevr SemTxvevaSi damokidebulia imaze, Turamdenad marTlzomierad aris warmodgenili esaTu is moTxovna mxareTa Soris xelSekruleba-Si, ra moculobisaa pasuxismgebloba da a.S.

sxvadasxva samTavrobaTaSoriso organizaciebi,aseve calkeuli saxelmwifoebi mravalmxrivcdiloben unificirebuli normebis Seqmnas,romlebic daaregulirebdnen saerTaSorisosavaWro urTierTobebs. aseTi unifikacia Sei-Zleba ganxorcieldes modeluri da erTg-varovani kanonebis formulirebiT; erovnulkanonmdeblobaSi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebisfarglebSi SemuSavebuli normebis SetaniT;saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier savaWroterminebTan dakavSirebiT SeTanxmebiT.

1980 w. q. venaSi saboloo saxiT miRebuliqna gaeros konvencia �saqonlis saerTaSorisoyidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebaTa Sesaxeb�,romelic 50 xelSemkvreli saxelmwifosaTvisZalaSi Sevida 1988 wlis 1 ianvridan dawarmoadgens yvelaze farTo saerTaSorisosavaWro kodifikaciasa da nasyidobis samarT-lis unifikaciis umaRles safexurs.

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konvencia pirdapir ar gvaZlevs nasyidobisxelSekrulebis cnebas, Tumca, misi 30-e da53-e muxlebis mixedviT, nasyidobis xelSek-ruleba iseTi xelSekrulebaa, romelSic erTimxare movalea miawodos saqoneli meore mx-ares (konkretul SemTxvevaSi masTan dakav-Sirebuli sabuTebi) da gadasces saqonelzesakuTrebis ufleba, xolo meore mxare mov-alea gadaixados saqonlis fasi da ganaxor-cielos xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebulixelSewyoba. misi pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad,es konvencia gamoiyeneba nasyidobis xelSek-rulebaTa mimarT im mxareebs Soris, romel-Ta komerciuli sawarmoebi sxvadasxva sax-elmwifoebSi imyofebian _ roca es qveynebi -konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebi arian an,roca sks-is normebs mivyavarT xelSemkvrelisaxelmwifos samarTlis gamoyenebamde. bar-teruli kontraqtebi da sakompensacio gari-gebebi ar eqceva venis konvenciis moqmedebissferoSi. aseve, konvenciis moqmedebis sfero-Si ar Sedis mis me-2 muxlSi CamoTvlilinasyidobis saxeebi, dakavSirebuli auqcion-idan gayidvasTan, fasian qaRaldebTan, sahaeroda wylis transportTan, eleqtroenergiasTan.sainteresoa, rom eleqtroenergiis gayidvisxelSekruleba ar moeqca am konvenciis sfer-oSi maSin, roca gazis, navTobisa da sxvaenergoresursebis nasyidoba am konvenciisqvemdebarea.

aRniSnuli konvencia universaluri xasiaTi-saa da misi normebi dispoziciuria, magram,Tu xelSekrulebaSi ar iqneba miTiTebulimxareTa urTierTobis regulirebis sxvameqanizmze SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb, maSin Sesa-bamisi urTierTobebis mimarT gamoyenebul undaiqnas es konvencia, romelic Seicavs pasux-ebs saerTaSoriso nasyidobis xelSekruleb-is yvela ZiriTad sakiTxze, Sedgeba 101 mux-lisgan da gaerTianebulia oTx nawilSi.

konvenciaSi naTqvamia, rom mxareTa erovnulkuTvnilebas, maT samoqalaqo da savaWro sta-tuss, aseve, xelSekrulebis samoqalaqo dasavaWro xasiaTs mniSvneloba ar aqvT kon-venciis gamoyenebis sakiTxis gadawyvetisTvis.meore nawilSi gansazRvrulia mxareTa ufle-ba-movaleobebi. konvencia aregulirebs myidve-lis an gamyidvelis mier xelSekrulebis dar-Rvevisas samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebsda Seicavs riskis gadacemis normebs.

rac Seexeba am konvenciis gamoyenebis pirobebs.nebismier SemTxvevaSi, roca mxareebma xelSek-rulebisaTvis qarTuli samarTlis gamoyenebagadawyvites (an qveynis samarTali, romlissks-is principebi dafuZnebulia 1980 wlisromis konvenciaze �saxelSekrulebo valde-bulebebis mimarT gamosayenebeli samarTlisSesaxeb�), maT SeuZliaT uari ganacxadonvenis konvenciis gamoyenebaze.

Tu mxareebi ar SeTanxmdnen romelime qveynissamarTlis gamoyenebaze da arc I muxlis Ipunqtis ~a~ qvepunqtSi (roca es saxelmwi-foebi xelSemkvreli saxelmwifoebi arian)gansazRvruli gamoyenebis obieqturi pirobe-bi ar aris mocemuli, saqarTvelos saerTa-Soriso kerZo samarTlis iseve, rogorc imqveynebis samarTlis Sesabamisad, romlebSicvrceldeba 1980 wlis romis konvencia �sax-elSekrulebo valdebulebebis mimarT gamo-sayenebeli samarTlis Sesaxeb�, gamoyenebulunda iqnas im qveynis samarTali, romelTanacxelSekruleba yvelaze mWidrodaa dakavSi-rebuli. vinaidan ivaraudeba, rom xelSekru-leba yvelaze mWidrod dakavSirebulia xelSek-rulebis im mxaris qveyanasTan, romelicxelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul movaleo-bebs asrulebs, saerTaSoriso nasyidobisxelSekrulebis mimarT gamoyenebul unda iq-nes gamyidvelis qveynis samarTali. Tu gamyid-vels aseTi sawarmo saqarTveloSi gaaCnia,maSin xelSekrulebis mimarT gamoyenebuli iq-neba qarTuli samarTali, rasac Tan sdevsvenis konvenciis gamoyenebac. dabolos, imsaeqsperto garigebebis mimarT, romelTa Sesa-xebac ar momxdara samarTlis arCeva, praqti-kulad, yovelTvis unda iqnes gaTvaliswine-buli venis konvenciis ganmsazRvreli roli.

Tumca, yuradsaRebia Tavad konvenciis me-6muxli, romliTac mxareebs eZlevaT misi arga-moyenebis an daTqmebis gakeTebis (me-12 mux-lis dacviT) saSualeba. es momentebi xelSek-rulebaSi SeiZleba pirdapir iyos dafiqsire-buli an ivaraudebodes. saqarTvelos veniskonvenciasTan SeerTebisas ar gaukeTebia raimedaTqma Tu gancxadeba konvenciis romelimemuxlTan dakavSirebiT.

aRniSnul konvenciaze saubrisas aucilebladunda iTqvas misi droSi moqmedebis Sesaxeb.iseve, rogorc yvela saxelmwifos saerTaSo-riso SeTanxmebas, konvenciasac ar gaaCnia

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ukuqceviTi Zala. amis naTeli dadasturebaaTundac me-100 muxli, romlis mixedviTac,muxlebi, romlebic xelSekrulebis dadebasSeexebian (14,24), mxolod maSin SeiZlebaiqnes gamoyenebuli, roca xelSekrulebis da-deba SeTavazebuli iqneba Sesabamisi qveynisaTvis(qveynebisTvis) konvenciis ZalaSi SesvlisdRes an mas Semdeg. yvela danarCen SemTxve-vaSi, amave muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad,gadamwyvetia ara ofertis gakeTebis, aramedxelSekrulebis dadebis momenti.

amasTan, aucilebeli ar aris, rom mxareebmaraime saxiT gamoTqvan survili venis konven-ciis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb da es xelSekrule-baSi daafiqsiron, vinaidan venis konvenciamoqmedebs ~avtomaturad~.

saerTaSoriso

organizaciebis roli

saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi

(msoflio savaWros organizacia - mso)

mniSvnelovnad mimaCnia da albaT saintere-soc aris oriode sityva iTqvas msofliovaWrobis istoriul Tu dRevandel aspeqteb-ze. meore msoflio omis Semdeg dangreuliekonomika, saxelmwifoebs Soris mtruli da-mokidebuleba da gaCanagebuli adgilobrivimeurneoba ganviTarebas iTxovda. saWiro iyoRia msoflio savaWro sistemis Seqmna, rac30-ian wlebSic ki ar arsebobda. misi daar-seba (1995 wlis 1 ianvari) erTjeradi aqtiar yofila. igi saTaves iRebs omis Semdgomidiskusiebidan, romelic 1947 wlis vaWroba-sa da tarifebze generaluri SeTanxmebiT dam-Tavrda. mas xeli moawera msoflios 23saxelmwifom da ZalaSi Sevida 1948 wlis 1ianvars. GATT iyo droebiTi SeTanxmeba, rom-lis monawileebi valdebulebas iRebdnenurTierTvaWroba aegoT garkveul wesebzedayrdnobiT. es wesebi iyo: Sida industriisdacva tarifebis saSualebiT, tarifebis Sem-cireba da upiratesi xelSewyobis erovnulireJimi. GATT ar iyo arc mudmivmoqmedi daarc ucvleli SeTanxmeba. masSi Sevida araerTi cvlileba damatebiTi moTxovnebisgaTvaliswinebiT. imarTeboda savaWro raun-debi da swored urugvais raundi iyo GATT-

is karieris dasasruli. 1982 wlis noember-Si JenevaSi safuZveli Caeyara am raunds,romelic damTavrda 1993 wlis 15 dekembersJenevaSi, urugvais raundis daskvniT aqts1994 wlis 15 aprils xeli moawera 125wevri saxelmwifos ministrma. igi Seicavs30-mde SeTanxmebas da ministrebis gadawyve-tilebebisa da deklaraciebis 25-ze met te-qsts. mso-s damfuZnebeli SeTanxmebis ganu-yofel nawils warmoadgens vaWrobasa da tari-febze generaluri SeTanxmeba GATT-94 da gaaC-nia saqonliT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis umTav-resi maregulirebeli instrumentis roli.1

mso-s aqvs xuTi ZiriTadi funqcia:

1. xels uwyobs savaWro SeTanxmebis cxovre-baSi gatarebas;

2. warmoadgens forums wevrebs Sorismravalmxrivi savaWro molaparakebebisT-vis da uzrunvelyofs maTi SedegebisrealizaciisTvis struqturis Seqmnas;

3. agvarebs savaWro davebs mis wevrebs So-ris;

4. zedamxedvelobas uwevs misi wevri qveyniserovnul savaWro politikas;

5. globalur ekonomikur politikaSi koope-raciis gazrdis mizniT, TanamSromlobssaerTaSoriso savaluto fondTan, rekon-struqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSori-so bankTan da sxva saerTaSoriso organi-zaciebTan.

mso-s saqmianobis fundamentur princi pebswarmoadgenen: vaWroba diskriminaciis gareSe;bazarze daSvebis prognozirebadi da mzardiSesaZlebloba; keTilsindisieri konkurenciiswaxaliseba; ganviTarebisa da ekonomikurireformis gatarebisTvis xelis Sewyoba.

sakontraqto

valdebulebebis darRvevisas

davis gadawyveta mso-Si

mravali saxelmwifos, maT Soris saqarTve-los, mizania iyos mso-s wevri, radgan esorganizacia savaWro urTierTobebSi davismogvarebis ZiriTad samarTlebriv instrumentswarmoadgens. mso-s SeTanxmebam xeli SeuwyovaWrobis Semdgom liberalizacias, GATT 94-is miRebiT gaumjobesda saqonliT vaWroba,

1 a. tuSuri, mso-s istoriis, struqturisa da gawevrianebis proceduris mimoxilva, Jurnali "qarTulisamarTlis mimoxilva", 1999 w.

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xeli moewera generalur SeTanxmebas (GATS)momsaxurebiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb da SeTanxme-bas inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebisvaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli aspeqtebis Sesa-xeb (TRIPS). es ukanaskneli wevr saxelmwi-foebs avaldebulebs miiRon Sesabamisi nor-matiuli aqtebi aRniSnuli SeTanxmebiT gaTva-liswinebuli wesebis gansaxorcieleblad da,GATT 47-is wesebisagan gansxvavebiT iTvalis-winebs am wesebis asamoqmedeblad gaumjobe-sebul meqanizms, rameTu mso-s wevroba gazrdiskonkurencias adgilobriv mewarmeebs Sorisda Seamcirebs maTi dacvis SesaZleblobebs.saqarTvelom mso-Si gawevrianebis oqms xelimoawera 1999 wlis 6 oqtombers, gawevria-nebis samwliani daCqarebuli procedurisSemdeg. saboloo etapi ki saqarTvelos par-lamentSi misi ratifikacia iyo.

davis mogvarebis samarTlebriv instrumentswarmoadgens ~SeTanxmeba davebis gadawyvetiswesebsa da procedurebze~ (DSU). aRniSnuliSeTanxmeba mso-s SeTanxmebis ganuyofeli na-wilia, romlis mixedviTac, mso-s wevrisaxelmwifos mier mso-s wesebis darRvevisas,sxva wevr saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs wamoiw-yos davis gadawyvetis procedura, anu Sei-tanos sarCeli mso-Si. mso, rogorc davebisgadamwyveti damoukidebeli organo, iTvalis-winebs davis mogvarebis konsultaciur, konsen-susis miRwevis formas. DSU-s pirveli mux-lis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli SeTanxmeba gamoiye-neba im davebis mimarT, romlebic warmoiSvamso-s wevr qveynebs Soris da romlebic See-xeba DSU-Ti gansazRvrul ufleba-movaleo-bebs. amasTan, davis gadawyvetis procedura-Si monawileobs mxolod saxelmwifo; logi-kuria, - kerZo pirTa da transnacionalursawarmoTa monawileoba gamoiricxeba. Tumca,veTanxmebi, germanel iuristsa da mecniers,maik s. masbaums, imaSi, rom transnacionalu-ri sawarmoebis saerTaSoriso urTierTkavSi-ris gamo, xSirad ver xdeba maTi mikuTvnebaromelime saxelmwifosTvis, rac maT SeiZle-ba dasWirdeT mso-s wesebiT ganpirobebuliTavianTi interesebis dasacavad.

Setanili sarCeli ganixileba mso-s davebismogvarebis organos (DSB) mier mso-s SeTanx-mebis me-3-4 muxlebis mixedviT. mocemuliorgano uflebamosilia saqmis gansaxilveladSeqmnas ~komisiebi~, ganaxorcielos monito-

ringi gadawyvetilebebisa da rekomendaciebisrealizaciaze, gasces nebarTva sapasuxo zo-mebze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qveyana ar asru-lebs gadawyvetilebebs. DSB ikribeba saWi-roebisamebr da, rac mTavaria, gadawyvetile-bas iRebs modave mxareTa Soris miRweulikonsensusis safuZvelze.

davis ganxilvis procedura grZeldeba maqsimumcxra Tve da uSualod warmoebs damoukide-beli sami-xuTi wevrisgan Seqmnili komisiismier. komisiis wevrTa kandidatebi Tanxmdebamso-s mier mosarCele da mopasuxe mxareeb-Tan konsensusis safuZvelze.

DSU-s gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg, Se-saZlebelia misi gasaCivreba saapelacio we-siT, magram ara saapelacio sasamarTloSi.saapelacio wesiT davis (sarCelis) ganmxil-veli organo Sedgeba oTxi wliT arCeulisaerTaSoriso vaWrobasa da masTan dakavSi-rebul sxva disciplinebSi kompetenturi Svidiuflebamosili pirisgan, romelTac aranairikavSiri ara aqvT romelime modave mxarismTavrobasTan.

apelaciis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia komisiissamarTlebrivi gadawyvetilebisa da daskvne-bis SenarCuneba, Secvla an gauqmeba. komisiisgadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis xandazmulobisvada aiTvleba misi miRebidan samoci dRis,gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi (gaiTvaliswineba sa-patio mizezebi) - oTxmocdaaTi dRis manZilze.komisia valdebulia warudginos DSB-s Ta-visi moxseneba, sadac mimoxiluli iqneba da-vis detalebi. DSB-s SeuZlia ocdaaT dReSiuaryos aRniSnuli moxseneba, aseve, - konsen-susis safuZvelze; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi komi-siis gadawyvetileba Sedis ZalaSi da iZenssavaldebulo xasiaTs. saapelacio sarCelissafuZvels unda warmoadgendes mxolodsamarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, mxareebs da komi-sias ara aqvT axali an arsebuli mtkicebu-lebebis xelaxali ganxilvis ufleba. DSB-sgadawyvetileba savaldebuloa yoveli mxarisT-vis. Tu gamtyunebul mxares ar ZaluZs rekomen-daciebis dauyovnebliv Sesruleba, maSin DSB-s gadawyvetileba savaldebuloa yovelimxarisTvis. Tu gamtyunebul mxares ar Za-luZs rekomendaciebis dauyovnebliv Sesru-leba, maSin DSB uniSnavs mas gansazRvrulvadas. Tu damrRvevi mxare dakisrebuli mova-leobis Sesrulebas ver SeZlebs gansazRvrul

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vadaSi, mosarCele uflebamosilia xelaxalimoTxovniT moiTxovos kompensacia, magramdamrRvevi mxaris (saxelmwifos) iniciativiTSeiZleba gaimarTos molaparakeba mosarCe-lesTan da miRweul iqnas konsensusi, magramim SemTxvevaSi, Tu braldebuli mxare uarsacxadebs movaleobis Sesrulebaze, Tundackompensaciis gadaxdaze, mosarCele ufleba-mosilia, DSB-s TanxmobiT, ganaxorcielosmsubuqi sanqciebi braldebuli mxaris mimarT,rac SesaZlebelia produqciaze tarifebisgazrdaSi an sxvaSi gamoixatos, rac bral-debuli mxaris savaWro politikis simtkice-ze imoqmedebs. aseve, SesaZlebelia mosarCe-le mxarem ganaxorcielos iseTi gonivruliqmedeba, rac braldebul mxares aiZulebsrekomendaciebis Sesrulebas.

mso-s am mokle mimoxilvidan naTlad Cansmisi roli saerTaSoriso savaWro urTier-TobebSi. es aris organizacia, romelic xelsuwyobs vaWrobis liberalizacias, mxareTaTanamSromlobasa da davebis swrafad da efeq-turad mogvarebas.

saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso

vaWrobaSi

saqarTvelos kanoni ~saerTaSorisokerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb~

upirveles yovlisa, ganvixiloT saqarTveloskanoni ~saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesa-xeb~. kerZod, kanonis mxolod is muxlebi,romlebic Cveni saubris Temas Seexeba, gardaamisa, moviSveliebT b-n sulxan gamyreliZismosazrebebsac, vinaidan igi am kanonis proeq-tis erT-erTi Tanaavtoria.

kanoni miRebulia 1998 wlis 29 aprils dagamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, roca saWiroaganisazRvros, Tu romeli samarTlebrivi wes-rigi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli ucxo qveynissamarTalTan dakavSirebuli saqmis faqtob-rivi garemoebebis arsebobisas. kanonis miRe-bis proceduruli etapebi kargadaa CvenTviscnobili. igive etapebis gavliT, Sexvedrebis,diskusiebis, germaniis teqnikuri TanamSrom-lebis sazogadoebisa (GTZ) da saqarTvelosiusticiis saministros samarTlebrivi progra-mis farglebSi moxda aRniSnuli kanonis proeq-tis SemuSaveba.

kanoni efuZneba germanul, Sveicariul daitaliur samarTals. garda amisa, iTvaliswi-nebs saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTalTan dakav-Sirebul evrokavSiris konvenciebs: 1980 wliskonvencias "saxelSekrulebo valdebulebiTurTierTobebSi gamosayenebeli samarTlis Sesa-xeb~; 1973 wlis haagis konvencias ~rCenisvaldebulebisas gamosayenebeli samarTlis Sesa-xeb~; 1961 wlis haagis konvencias ~memkvid-reobisas gamosayenebeli samarTlis Sesaxeb~;1968 wlis evropis konvencia (ekonomikuriTanamegobrobis konvencia) "samoqalaqo da sa-vaWro saqmeebSi sasamarTlo kompetenciisada sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis aRsrule-bis Sesaxeb". zemoCamoTvlil konvenciaTa ri-gi debulebebisa implementirebul iqna qarTulkanonSi.2

kanonis pirveli muxli Seexeba kanonis gamo-yenebis sferos, romelic formulirebuliaSemdegnairad: es kanoni gansazRvravs, Tu ro-meli samarTlebrivi wesrigi unda iqnes ga-moyenebuli ucxo qveynis samarTalTan dakav-Sirebuli saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis arse-bobisas. mocemul formulirebaSi gamoyene-buli samarTlebrivi wesrigis cneba arasru-li gagebiT esmis zog mecniersa Tu iurists;zogic arasworad aRiqvams faqtobriv gare-moebas. samarTlebrivi wesrigis qveS moqceu-lia ara marto pozitiuri samarTali, ara-med CveulebiTi samarTalic, masSi TavsdebasamarTlis imperatiuli da dispoziciuri, ma-terialuri da formaluri, kerZo da sajarogagebac. am kanons eqvemdebareba mxolod ise-Ti konkretuli Semadgenloba (faqtobrivi ga-remoeba), romelic Tundac erTi niSniT mainc(xelSekrulebis dadebis adgili, piris moqa-laqeoba, valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgilida a.S.) ukavSirdeba ucxo saxelmwifos sa-marTals.

laTinuri principis lex specialis derogat legigenerali-is Tanaxmad, saerTaSoriso xelSek-ruleba warmoadgens specialur normas, ka-noni sks-is Sesaxeb ki - zogads, amitom,rogorc es meore muxlSia gansazRvruli,prioriteti eniWeba specialur normas.

meoTxe muxlis mixedviT, daSvebulia miTi-Tebis rogorc uku, ise Semdgomi saxe, saqarT-velos samarTalze ukumiTiTebisas ki gamoi-

2 s. gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos kanoni ~saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb~, safuZvlebi da moklemimoxilva, Jurnali "qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva", 1998 w.

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yeneba konkretul saqmesTan dakavSirebulisaqarTvelos samarTlis normebi, garda imSemTxvevisa, roca mxareTa mier arCeulia ucxoqveynis samarTali. ase xdeba maSinac, Tu uc-xo samarTlis arCevaze SeTanxmeba gulisx-mobs konkretulad am samarTlis gamoyenebas.

sks icnobs saerTaSoriso kompetenciis ins-tituts, romelsac axorcieleben sasamarT-loebi. saerTaSoriso kompetencia gulisx-mobs imas, Tu romeli sasamarTloa kompeten-turi (romeli qveynis sasamarTlom unda mii-Ros gadawyvetileba) ucxo qveynis samarTal-Tan dakavSirebulio saqmis faqtiuri gare-moebebis arsebobisas.

saqarTvelos sasamarTloebs saerTaSorisokompetencia aqvT maSin, Tu: a) mopasuxe ram-denime piria da erT-erT maTgans sacxovrebe-li adgili, rezidencia an Cveulebrivi adgil-samyofeli saqarTveloSi aqvs; b) saxelSek-rulebo valdebulebebis Sesrulebis adgilisaqarTveloa; g) dava exeba im sawarmos fil-ials, romlis rezidenciac saqarTveloSia;d) sarCeli exeba marTlsawinaaRmdego anmasTan gaTanabrebuli qmedebiT miyenebul ziansda aseTi qmedebis Cadena an zianis miyenebasaqarTveloSi moxda; e) patentis, savaWroniSnis an sxva uflebis registracias, rocaam uflebaTa registracia an registraciismoTxovna saqarTveloSi ganxorcielda; v) iZu-lebiTi aRsrulebis RonisZiebebs, roca maTimoTxovna an ganxorcieleba saqarTveloSi moxda.

savaWro garigebisas mxareebs SeuZliaTSeTanxmdnen saqarTvelos sasamarTlos saer-TaSoriso kompetenciaze, garda zemoCamoTv-lilisa, magram im formiT, romelic Seesaba-meba saerTaSoriso savaWro Cveulebebs darac mxareebisTvis cnobilia an cnobili un-da yofiliyo.

kanonis 35-e muxlidan gamomdinare, mxareebisaerTaSoriso vaWrobis sferoSi xelSekru-lebis dadebisas iyeneben maT mierve arCeulsamarTals, romliTac ganisazRvreba mxareTaufleba-movaleobebi, xelSekrulebis ganmar-tebis, Sesrulebis, Sewyvetisa da baTilobisvaldebulebaTa darRvevis pirobebi. mxareebsSeuZliaT erTxel arCeuli samarTali Secva-lon xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg, magramar unda moxdes xelSekrulebasTan yvelazemWidrod dakavSirebuli qveynis samarTlisimperatiuli normebis ugulebelyofa, winaaRm-

deg SemTxvevaSi dadgeba xelSekrulebis baTi-lad CaTvlis sakiTxi.

rodesac mxareebi sxva qveynis samarTlisagandamoukideblad Tavad gansazRvraven xelSek-rulebis pirobebs, e.i. ar irCeven konkretulsamarTals, kanonis 36.1-e muxliT, xelSek-ruleba daeqvemdebareba masTan yvelazemWidrod dakavSirebul samarTals. yvelazemWidro kavSirSi igulisxmeba im qveynis sa-marTali, sadac: a) saxelSekrulebo valde-buleba unda Sesrulebuliyo; b) xelSekru-lebis dadebisas hqonda Cveulebrivi adgil-samyofeli an administraciis rezidencia.samarTlis es norma exeba moZrav nivTebs.uZrav nivTebTan dakavSirebiT ki, kanoni impe-ratiul normas Seicavs da xelSekrulebasuqvemdebarebs im qveynis samarTals, sadac esuZravi nivTi mdebareobs, magaliTad, miwisnakveTis nasyidobisas. saintereso gansxvave-bebia calkeul saxelmwifoTa samarTlebrivdoqtrinebSi sazRvao xomaldebis Sesaxeb.zogierTi saxelmwifo mas uZrav qonebad Tv-lis da amdenad, igi, rogorc nasyidobis obieq-ti, daeqvemdebareba mis mflobel saxelmwi-fos (mxaris) samarTals. saqarTvelos kanonm-debloba pirdapir ar miuTiTebs sazRvaoxomaldis moZrav an uZrav xasiaTze, magramsamoqalaqo kodeqsiT Tu vimsjelebT, uZravnivTad iwodeba is, rac niadagze myaradaamimagrebuli. amdenad, sazRvao xomaldi sa-qarTveloSi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT moZrav nivT-Ta kategorias.

tvirTis (nasyidobis obieqtis) gadazidvis mo-menti ZiriTadia savaWro urTierTobaSi, rom-lis pirobebic SeiZleba ganisazRvros ro-gorc ZiriTadi, ise calke xelSekrulebiT.zemoaRniSnuli normidan es xelSekrulebacim qveynis samarTals daeqvemdebareba, romel-Tanac es urTierToba yvelaze mWidrodaa da-kavSirebuli. am dros mWidro kavSirSi moiaz-reba faqtobrivi kavSiri im qveyanasTan, sa-dac xelSekrulebis dadebisas gadamzidvelsadministraciis ZiriTadi adgilsamyofeli aqvs,Tu amave qveyanaSia datvirTvis, gadmotvirT-vis, an gamgzavnis ZiriTadi adgilsamyofeli.savaWro xelSekrulebis obieqti eqvemdebare-ba dazRvevas da, Sesabamisad, ideba sadazR-vevo xelSekruleba. Tu xelSekrulebaSi mi-TiTebuli ar aris dazRvevasTan gamosayene-beli samarTali, maSin moqmedebs im qveynis

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samarTali, sadac dasazRvevi riskis ZiriTa-di nawili arsebobs.

saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis normebTan,CveulebebTan SesabamisobaSia moyvanili asevezianis anazRaurebis valdebulebac, romelicSeiZleba daeqvemdebaros im qveynis samarTals,romelic xelsayrelia dazaralebulisaTvis,an sadac moxda moqmedeba, romelic SemdegSizianis anazRaurebis safuZveli gaxda, an sa-dac samarTliT dacul interess ziani miadga.

Tu is SesaZleblobebi, razedac zemoT visaub-reT, uaryofili iqneba, maSin gamoiyeneba imqveynis samarTali, sadac valdebul pirs dadazaralebuls zaralis miyenebamde Cveuleb-rivi adgilsamyofeli hqondaT an arakeTil-sindisier konkurenciasTan dakavSirebulimoTxovnebisaTvis - im qveynis samarTali,romlis bazarzec aseTi konkurencia gavle-nas axdens, Tu es konkurencia ar Semoifarg-leba bazris calkeul monawileTa interese-bisTvis sruli an nawilobrivi zianis miyenebiT.

dazaralebuls SeuZlia Tavisi pretenziawarudginos pasuxismgeblobis damzRvevs, Tuamas iTvaliswinebs im qveynis samarTali, rome-lic gamoiyeneba zianis anazRaurebazepasuxismgeblobis mimarT, an im qveynis samar-Tali, romelsac dazRvevis xelSekruleba eq-vemdebareba.

daskvna

amdenad, saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTo-bis momwesrigebeli specializirebuli prin-cipebi da normebi calke ar arsebobs, ramde-nadac yvela isini damokidebulebaSia sks-iskoliziuri da materialursamarTlebrivi regu-lirebis meTodebTan (normebTan).

saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobis mosawes-rigeblad, marTalia, mxareTa mier arCeulunda iqnas ama Tu im saxelmwifos samarTa-li, magram aq yvelaze mTavaria is, rom sa-vaWro xelSekrulebis dadebisas samarTlisarCeva unda moxdes mxareTa nebis avtonomiisprincipiT. Tavad mxareebi damoukidebladTanxmdebian saxelSekrulebo pirobebze, esiqneba mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebi Tu sxva.

saxelmwifoTa Soris megobruli TanamSrom-lobisa da, aseve, vaWrobis liberalizaciismizniT, imis gamo, rom calkeul saxelmwi-

foebs gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi sistemaaqvT, ramac xelSekrulebis mxareebs SorisSeiZleba araerTazrovani pozicia Camoayali-bos, iqmneba unificirebuli, anu erTianisamarTlebrivi normebi. es normebi gamoxatu-lebas pouloben saxelmwifoTa Soris ormxrivTu mravalmxriv SeTanxmebebSi (konvencieb-Si). saerTaSoriso savaWro sferoSi regu-lirebis farTo datvirTva gaaCnia 1980 wlisvenis konvencias ~saqonlis saerTaSoriso yid-va-gayidvis Sesaxeb~, romelic gvTavazobs uni-ficirebul qcevis wesebs.

mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvnac, rom saxelm-wifoebi konvenciis SemuSavebisas unificire-bul normebs haerze ar qmnian, rameTu mo-qmedebs mTeli meqanizmi, romelic amuSavebsgansxvavebul samarTlebriv sistemebs, saer-TaSoriso principebs, pozitiur da Cveule-biT samarTals, maT dispoziciur da impera-tiul xasiaTs da gadamuSavebis Sedegad Rebu-lobs yvelasTvis (konvenciis wevri saxelmwi-foebisaTvis) sasurvel Sedegebs. kontragente-bs ki xelSekrulebaSi saSualeba eZlevaT uf-ro iolad gansazRvron sakontraqto pirobebi.

kontraqtis gaformebisas unda moxdes yove-li sakontraqto debulebis iuridiuli gage-bis uzrunvelyofa manam, vidre gamoyenebuliiqneba koliziuri norma. magram, Tuki koli-ziuri normis gamoyenebisas es ukanasknelimiuTiTebs konkretuli saxelmwifos samar-Talze, maSin yoveli sakontraqto debule-bis iuridiuli gagebis uzrunvelyofa mox-deba miTiTebuli saxelmwifos samarTlisfarglebSi.

unificirebuli universaluri xasiaTiszemoaRniSnuli konvencia gamoyenebul undaiqnes yovelgvari damatebiTi pirobebis arse-bobis miuxedavad, Tu saxezea saqonlis (moZ-ravi qonebis) nasyidobis xelSekruleba, rom-lis obieqtia saqoneli; gamyidvelisa da myidve-lis komerciuli sawarmoebi, romlebic, sxva-dasxva qveyanaSi mdebareoben. es qveynebi un-da iyvnen konvenciis wevrebi an, ukiduresSemTxvevaSi, saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTliswesebs unda mivyavdeT erT-erTi maTganissamarTlis gamoyenebamde; xelSekrulebis mx-areebs venis konvenciis gamoyeneba SeuZliaTmTlianad an nawilobriv, konkretuli miTi-TebiT an SeTanxmebis pirobebidan gamomdina-re; gansaxilveli nasyidobis xelSekruleba

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venis konvenciis droSi moqmedebis qveS eqce-va konvenciis me-100 muxlis farglebSi. gardaamisa, aucilebeli ar aris, rom mxareebmaraime saxiT gamoTqvan survili venis konven-ciis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb da es xelSekrule-baSi daafiqsiron. venis konvencia moqmedebs~avtomaturad~.

unificirebuli normebis (konvencia, SeTanx-meba) SemuSavebas Tan axlavs saerTaSorisoorganizaciebis (rogorc samTavrobaTSorisi,ise arasamTavrobaTSorisi) Seqmna. aseTi sa-xiT Seiqmna mso, romlis funqciebi da saq-mianoba naTlad metyvelebs mis rolze saer-TaSoriso vaWrobis ganviTarebis xelSewyo-baSi. es organizacia xels uwyobs savaWroSeTanxmebis cxovrebaSi gatarebas, warmoad-gens forums wevrebs Soris mravalmxrivi sa-vaWro molaparakebisTvis da uzrunvelyofsmaTi Sedegebis realizaciisTvis struqtur-is Seqmnas, agvarebs savaWro davebs mis wev-rebs Soris da zedamxedvelobas uwevs misiwevri qveynis erovnul savaWro politikas.es ukanaskneli miuTiTebs, rom mso-s aqvscalkeuli saxelmwifos Sida savaWro sfe-roSi Carevisa da kontrolis ufleba.

mso-s rolis zrdas iwvevs aseve misi funq-cia - savaWro davebis mogvareba wevr sax-elmwifoebs Soris, rasac igi specialuriorganos (DSB) meSveobiT konsultaciebisa dakonsensusis miRwevis safuZvelze axorcie-lebs. es aris davis mogvareba mSvidobianigziT, rac mxareebis (saxelmwifoebis) dain-teresebas zrdis mso-Si gasawevrianeblad. sa-qarTvelo dReisTvis mso-s wevri ar aris,magram gaaCnia damkvirveblis statusi. imisT-vis, rom saqarTvelo mso-s wevri gaxdes,gansazRvruli drois manZilze unda gaiaros

proceduruli etapebi - mso-s generalur asamb-leas unda warudginos memorandumi TavissavaWro politikis gansazRvrasa da priori-tetebze, Seitanos cvlilebebi da damatebebiSida kanonmdeblobaSi.

saqarTvelos kanoni sks-is Sesaxeb sruladSeesabameba saerTaSoriso princi pebsa dastandartebs, saerTaSoriso savaWro sfero-Si damkvidrebul Cveulebebs. magram TavadsaqarTvelos vaWroba Sida Tu gare bazarzear gamoirCeva dadebiTi SedegebiT. es ganapi-roba sabWoTa ekonomikidan Tavisufal eko-nomikaze gadasvlis viTarebam. es ori droissruliad gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri sistemasxvadasxvagvarad imarTeba. kapitalisturiekonomikis awyoba da marTva gamoucdel qarT-vel specialistebs, rogorc am ramdenimeweliwadma dagvanaxa, ar ZaluZT.

specialistebsa da eqspertebs miaCniaT, romamosavali prioriteti saqarTvelos sagareosavaWro politikisa unda iyos mso-Si gawev-rianeba, xolo manamde moxda proteqcionis-tuli RonisZiebebis gatareba, raTa daculiyofiliyo sakuTari warmoeba importis Semote-visgan. es moxda adgilobriv nawarmze maRa-li sabaJo tarifebis dawesebiT. saqarTve-los yvela piroba (bunebrivi resursi) gaaC-nia adgilobrivi warmoebis ganviTarebisTvis.Tumca swrafi ganviTarebis pirobaa grZelva-diani prioritetuli dargebi etapobrivadSeicvalos moklevadiani dargebiT (Cais mrew-veloba, citrusi, Rvino da Rvinis masalebi).grZelvadian prioritetul dargebSi nagu-lisxmevi kompiuteruli (programuli momsa-xureba, monacemTa damuSaveba) momsaxurebaiTxovs mcire danaxarjs, magram rentabelo-ba da swrafi progresi gardauvalia.

gamoyenebuli literatura:1. Â. Ï. Ïîïîâ, Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ÷àñòíîå ïðàâî, 1996u.2. Íîðò ×åøèð, Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ÷àñòíîå ïðàâî, 1982u.3. Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ìåæäóíàðîäíîìó àðáèòðàæó, 1996u.4. Ì. Ì. Áîãóñëàâñêèé, Våæäóíàðîäíîå ÷àñòíîå ïðàâî, 1998ã.5. Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå òîðãîâîå ïðàâî, 1999ã.6. Ãðàæäàíñêîå è Òîðãîâîå ïðàâî êàïèòàëèñòè÷åñêèõ ãîñóäàðñòâ, 1993?.7. saqarTvelos kanoni ~saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb~.8. gaeros konvencia ~saqonlis saerTaSoriso nasyidobis xelSekrulebaTa Sesaxeb~, vena,?1980.9. maik s. masbaumi, "mso-s wesebi davis gadawyvetis Taobaze", 1998 w.10. a. tuSuri, "mso-s istoriis, struqturisa da gawevrianebis procedu ris mimoxilva", 1999 w.11. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis prioritetebi, 1996 w.12. 1980 wlis romis konvencia "saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis mimarT gamosayenebeli samarTlisSesaxeb".

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aerTaSoriso asparezze saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobaTa daxvewam, global-ur cvlilebaTa dinamiurobaSi efeqturma CarT-vam da mWidro TanamSromlobis gaZlierebamaqtualurobis SinaarsiT datvirTa region-alizaciis mzardi msoflio procesi. region-alizmis tendenciebis forsireba umetesadnakarnaxevia umciresobaTa statusis mowes-rigebiT. am sakiTxze saxelmwifoTa intere-sebis Tanxvedram xeli Seuwyo jansaR koor-dinacias Sidasaxelmwifo sferoSic, ramacmyari safuZveli Seuqmna optimaluri saxelm-wifo politikis SemuSavebis gzebis centralurda regionalur sawyisebze erTdroul Ziebas.

kulturuli progresi da moralur-eTikuriZvrebi xalxTa Tanacxovrebis ganuyofeliatributia, rac saxelmwifo formebis sru-lyofasa da axlebur teritoriul mowyobasgansazRvravs. erTa Soris konfliqtebis da-Zleva damokidebulia ara marto saxelmwi-fos samarTliani kursis formirebaze, aramedmcirericxovani erebisa da maTi warmomadgen-lebis Zalisxmevaze - miRweul iqnas urT-ierTgageba da mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis sta-biluroba samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis saer-Toerovnul doneze konstruirebiT.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi xSiria SemTxveva,roca saxelmwifos teritoriaze cxovrobensxvadasxva erovnebis adamianebi. qveynebisumravlesobaSi aris mosaxleobis Warbijgufebi, Tavisi saerTo istoriiTa da kul-turiT da ufro patara jgufebi - umcir-esobebi, romelTaganac TiToeuls Tavisi dam-axasiaTebeli Taviseburebani gaaCnia.

dRes erTi qveyanac ki ar moiZebneba, sadacyvela adamiani laparakobdes erT enaze, ekuTvn-

odes erT rasas, hqondes erTnairi kultura,rwmena da tradiciebi. nebismier saxelmwifo-Si sxvadasxva erovnuli, eTnikuri, enobriviTu religiuri jgufebis mSvidobiani cxovrebawarmoadgens dadebiT faqtors, romelic so-cialuri da kulturuli renesansis wyaroa.Tumca, sxvadasxva jgufebis TanaarsebobayovelTvis ar atarebs mSvidobian xasiaTs.eTnikur niadagze warmoSobili konfliqtebiSeiZleba mimdinareobdes Zaladobisa da ngrevisTanxlebiT, iwvevdes represiuli xasiaTissapasuxo moqmedebebs, saSiSroebis qveS ay-enebdes im saxelmwifoebis erTianobas, romelTateritoriazec isini xorcieldeba da qmnidessaSinao saqmeebSi mezobeli qveynebis Zala-dobrivi Carevis safrTxes.

bolo wlebSi SesamCnevad gaizarda interesierovnuli umciresobebis problemisadmi. mec-nierebisaTvis principulad mniSvnelovania,rom cnebis - "umciresoba" gansazRvreba sarge-blobdes sayovelTao aRiarebiT, radgan um-ciresobis dacva diskriminaciisa da devnisa-gan warmoadgens saerTaSoriso samarTlis erT-erT uZveles problemas.

umciresobis universaluri gansazRvrebis Ziebaar moiTxovs iseT yuradRebas, rogorc adre,magram am sakiTxze gamarTuli diskusiebimniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs mravali prob-lemis gamorkvevaSi. sirTule Sedgeba im situ-aciebis mravalferovnebaSi, romlebic dakav-Sirebulia umciresobis arsebobasTan. zogi-erTi maTgani cxovrobs erTad mkacrad gan-sazRvrul raionSi mosaxleobis ZiriTadinawilisagan gancalkevebiT, sxvebi gafantu-lia qveynis mTel teritoriaze; calkeulumciresobebs Zlierad aqvT ganviTarebuli

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koleqtiuri TviTmyofadobis grZnoba, romelicganmtkicebulia jer kidev mexsierebaSi cocx-ali anda qaRaldze dafiqsirebuli istori-iT maSin, roca sxvebma maT saerTo memkvi-dreobaze SeinarCunes mxolod bundovaniwarmodgena; calkeul SemTxvevebSi umciresobe-bi sargeblobdnen an sargebloben avtonomi-iT; zogjer avtonomiebs an TviTmmarTvelobebsar aqvT raime istoriuli fesvebi.

rogorc Cans, advili ar aris erT gansazRvre-baSi movaqcioT msoflios yvela umcireso-bis niSan-Tvisebebi. magram arsebobs am cnebisiseTi aRwera, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba.saxeldobr: umciresoba, es aris erovnuli,eTnikuri, religiuri an enobrivi jgufi,romelic gansxvavdeba suverenuli saxelmwi-fos teritoriaze mcxovrebi sxva jgufebisagan.

arsebobs sxva kriteriumebic, romlebic maTerTobliobaSi umciresobebis yvela nair-saxeobas moicavs: umciresoba raodenobiTmimarTebaSi unda CamorCebodes mosaxleobisim danarCen nawils, romelic umravlesobasSeadgens (aris SemTxvevebi, roca romelimejgufi arc umciresobas Seadgens da arcumravlesobas); imisaTvis, rom jgufma ganav-iTaros sakuTari Sidasuverenuloba, unda iyossakmaod mravalricxovani. TavisTavad cxadia,rom nebismieri umciresoba - TviT yvelazemcirericxovani, ar unda itanjebodes raimesaxis mopyrobis an diskriminaciisagan, xolomaTi warmomadgenlebi daculi unda iyvnenadamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb arsebuli kanon-mdeblobiT.

umciresobebis dacva gamarTlebulia mxolodmaSin, roca maT warmomadgenlebs ar ukaviaTgabatonebuli mdgomareoba. arseboben umcir-esobebi, romlebic ar saWiroeben sxvaTa dac-vas, radgan amis unari da SesaZlebloba Ta-vadac SeswevT. ufro metic, xdeba ise, romgabatonebuli umciresobebi arRveven, zogjerZalze seriozulad, Tanasworobis, mSvidobi-ani yofis, diskriminaciis akrZalvis, xalxTaTavisufali nebis gamoxatvis adamianis ufle-baTa sayovelTao deklaraciiT gaTvaliswineb-ul principebs.

umciresobebs axasiaTebT mtkice eTnikuri,religiuri an enobrivi Taviseburebani, racmaT mosaxleobis umravlesobisagan ganasx-vavebs. amave dros, CamoTvlili Tvisebebis

matarebeli SeiZleba iyvnen jgufebi, rom-lebic ar warmoadgenen namdvil umciresobebs_ muSa-emigrantebs, ltolvilebs, apatridebsada sxva pirebs, romlebic ar arian qveynisqveSevrdomebi. rogorc ar unda iyos, aRi-arebulia: umciresobebi arian im saxelmwi-fos moqalaqeebi, romelSic isini cxovroben.

ama Tu im qveyanaSi sxvadasxva eTnikuri,religiuri an enobrivi jgufebis arsebobayovelTvis ar qmnis umciresobis problemas.maTTan dakavSirebuli problemebi warmoiSo-ba mxolod maSin, roca gansxvavebul erTo-bebs Soris garkveuli donis daZabulobaarsebobs. SeiZleba gamovyoT dRes arsebuliproblemebis xuTi kategoria:

1. eTnikuri diskriminacia; roca gansazRvru-li jgufebi ganicdian socialur eqspluat-acias an warmoadgenen Seuwynareblobisa dasiZulvilis obieqts. amis magaliTia, boSaTabedi centralur da aRmosavleT evropiszogierT qveyanaSi. analogiur problemas,xSirad dakavSirebuls rasistul aspeqtebT-an, awydebian mkvidri mcxovreblebic, razecmowmobs aborigenebis mdgomareoba gvatemalasada avstraliaSi. msgavs SemTxvevaSi aucile-belia konkretuli zomebis miReba, damcavimeqanizmebisa da xelisuflebis ganawilebissistemis Seqmna;

2. pluralizmis uaryofa; SezRudvebi, rom-lebic exeba religiur, enobriv da kultu-rul TviTmyofadobas;

3. mosaxleobis umciresobis mier gabatoneb-uli mdgomareobis dakaveba arademokratiu-li saSualebebis gamoyenebiT an mosaxleobisumravlesobis fizikuri Seviwroebis gziT;roca ar xerxdeba winaaRmdegobis gawevademokratiis damyarebisa da sazogadoebispolitikur cxovrebaSi mTeli mosaxleobisrealuri monawileobisaTvis (samxreT afrikismagaliTi). umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebma,romelTac adre gabatonebuli mdgomareobaeWiraT, SeiZleba gamoiyenon umciresobisufleba, rogorc mopovebuli privilegiebismoTxovnisa da dacvis safuZveli. aseT SemTx-vevaSi saWiroa umciresobis uflebis boro-tad gamoyenebis Tavidan acileba samarT-lebrivi meTodebis damuSavebiT;

4. gansazRvrul teritoriaze kompaqturaddasaxlebuli jgufebis winaaRmdegobis ga-

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Zliereba centralur mTavrobasTan, garkveu-li saxis avtonomiis mopovebis mizniT; amg-varma dapirispirebam didi simwvave SeiZlebaSeiZinos, roca mocemuli eTnikuri jguficdilobs Seaviwroos an gaaZevos imave raionSimcxovrebi sxva eTnikuri jgufis wevrebi. TumcasaerTaSoriso samarTalSi ar arsebobs av-tonomiis uflebis ZiriTadi safuZvlebi, arismravalricxovani magaliTi iseTi xelSekrule-bebisa, romelTagan zogierTi ganmtkicda sax-elmwifoTaSoris SeTanxmebebSi da saerTa-Soriso samarTalSi Tavisi gamoxatulebaamgvarad hpova. aseTi xelSekrulebebi mis-aRebia im SemTxvevaSi, roca maT safuZvelzeiqmneba sakmarisi pirobebi Sesabamis avtono-miur regionSi mcxovrebi umciresobebis us-afrTxoebisaTvis. avtonomiis Taobaze konstru-qciuli morigebis magaliTia SeTanxmeba alan-dis kunZulebis statusze, romlebic imyo-feboda fineTis kontrolis qveS;

5. gamoyofisaTvis brZola; rac iTvaliswinebssaxelmwifosagan teritoriis nawilis Camoc-ilebas damoukidebel warmonaqmnad gadaqce-vis an sxva saxelmwifosTan mierTebis mizniT.zog SemTxvevaSi Sesabamis ers aqvs TviTga-morkvevis gamamarTlebeli ufleba, Tumca bevrsxva moTxovnaSi, saerTaSoriso samarTlisTvalsazrisiT, es Zalze saeWvoa. avtonomiisTu gamoyofis misaRwevad mimarTuli moqmedebiswaxaliseba an mxardaWera, rasac xSirad qvey-nis saSinao saqmeebSi ucxo Zalis aSkaraCareva mosdevs, seriozulad arRvevs saerTa-Soriso samarTlis moTxovnebs.

msoflio wesrigi emyareba suverenuli dadamoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis arsebobas,romelTa ricxvi daaxloebiT 200-s Seadgens.dRes msoflioSi arsebobs 6000-mde eTnikurijgufi, romelTagan umravlesoba ori an metisuverenuli qveynis teritoriaze cxovrobs.yvela am jgufs, ra Tqma unda, ar SeiZlebahqondes sakuTari saxelmwifo. TanamedrovesaerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi wesrigis mTavarigansakuTrebuloba aris teritoriuli mTliano-bis principis pativiscema, Tavdausxmelobisada Caurevlobis principebis Tanabrad.

zemoCamoTvlili problemebidan saqarTvelo-saTvis gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa gamoy-ofisaken swrafvis sakiTxi, TviTgamorkvevisuflebidan gamomdinare, rac TavisTavad gan-

sazRvravs saxelmwifos suverenulobasa dateritoriul xelSeuxeblobas. amgvari poli-tika SeiZleba atarebdes teritoriul anarateritoriul xasiaTs.

TeoriaSi ansxvaveben teritoriuli gayofisorgvar saxes - dominirebads da egalitaruls.dominirebadi gayofis ukidures formas war-moadgens segregacia, romlis naTeli magali-Tia aparteidi, mimarTuli eTnikuri jgufeb-is teritoriuli dayofis, maTi erTmaneTisa-gan izolirebisaken da maT Soris, ierarqiu-li princi piT gansxvavebis gasatareblad.egalitarul safuZvelze teritoriul gay-ofas adgili aqvs, roca sxvadasxva jgufebsSeuZliaT nebayoflobiT miiRon gadawyvetile-ba erTi da imave suverenuli saxelmwifosfarglebSi calkeul teritoriebze cxovre-bis Sesaxeb. teritoriuli ganawileba xelsuwyobs Sesabamisi jgufebis cxovrebisa dakulturis dacvas im dros, roca isini ufromsxvili warmonaqmnis farglebSi Tanabaripartniorebi SeiZleba iyvnen.

integraciis politika iTvaliswinebs ganaw-ilebis garkveul dones arateritoriulsafuZvelze. saerTo teritoriaze sxvebTanerTad mosaxle jgufebi cxovrebis gan-sazRvrul sferoebSi SeiZleba miiswrafod-nen gansakuTrebuli statusis misaRebad. bev-ri aseTi magaliTi dakavSirebulia religia-sTan, enasa da ganaTlebasTan. dRes, mravalikonfliqtis Semdeg, napovnia religiur prob-lemaTa umravlesobis gadawyvetis gza.yoveldRiurad aRiareben sakulto Senobebis(eklesiebis, meCeTebis, sinagogebis, taZreb-is) da religiuri organizaciebis arsebobas,agreTve maTze damoukidebeli zedamxedvelo-bis ganxorcielebas, Tumca msoflios zogi-erT nawilSi es problemebi winandeburadiwvevs mniSvnelovan daZabulobas.

religiuri jgufebi mosaxleobis umravle-sobisagan gansxvavdebian TavianTi religiisTaviseburebebiT, romelic ar emTxveva adg-ilsamyofeli qveynis gabatonebul religias.aRniSnuli jgufebi ZiriTadad dainteresebu-li arian hqondeT religiis daubrkolebladaRsrulebis Tavisufleba. zogierTi jgufipretenzias acxadebs sakuTari religiis pri-oritetze. istoriulad religiebis nawilmaSeqmna eTnikuri an erovnuli TviTmyofadobis

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fuZemdebluri kriteriumebi. es exeba erovnulmarTlmadidebel eklesiebs, kerZod, somxurda qarTul eklesiebs, garkveulwilad iu-daizmsac, agreTve iseT religiur jgufs,rogoricaa, magaliTad, siqxebi. sxva religiebidakavSirebuli ar aris konkretul eTnikurjgufTan an erTan. miuxedavad amisa, kon-fliqtebis periodSi ama Tu im jgufis re-ligiuri mrwamsi mowinaaRmdegeebis mier ganix-ileba misi eTnikuri TviTmyofadobis Semad-genel nawilad (mag., muslimanebi bosniaSi).

enobrivi umciresobebi gansxvavdebian konkre-tuli enis gamoyenebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi maTierTaderTi mizania daicvan sakuTari enisgamoyenebisa da ganviTarebis ufleba.

umciresobaTa umravlesoba Sereuli saxisaa.maTSi Sexamebulia konkretuli ena da xSir-ad konkretuli religia saerTo kulturu-li tradiciebiT, rac erTobliobaSi maT eT-nikur identurobas ayalibebs. aseT jgufebsSeiZleba hqondeT ufro yovlismomcveli moTx-ovnebi ara marto aRasrulon TavianTi reli-gia, gamoiyenon da ganaviTaron sakuTari ena,aramed daicvan TavianTi tradiciebi, uzrun-velyon maTi istoriis swavleba da a.S.

teritoriuli gayofa SeimCneva bevr federaci-ul sistemaSi, romlebic dafuZnebuliaerovnuli, eTnikuri da religiuri TavisTa-vadobis sxvadasxvaobaze (CineTi). am inter-esTa gaTvaliswinebiT, gansxvavebul midgo-mas gvTavazobs espaneTis konstitucia. sak-iTxi sul sxvagvaradaa gadawyvetili, magal-iTad, SveicariaSi. aranakleb saintereso mod-eli arsebobs belgiaSic. indoeTSi aqcentikeTdeba enobriv danawilebaze, rogorc fed-eraluri mowyobis safuZvelze. teritoriu-li danawilebis nimuSs warmoadgenen is fed-eraciebi, romelTa safuZvelSic devs araenobrivi, eTnikuri an erovnuli elementebi,aramed maTi warmoSoba istoriuli procese-bis Sedegia, romelTa mimdinareobisas erTida igive eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebigaifantnen sxvadasxva teritoriaze an Se-qmnes calkeuli politikuri warmonaqmnebi.aseT SemTxvevebSi federaciebi SenarCunebu-lia nawilobriv tradiciebis, nawilobriv kiadministraciuli da politikuri upiratesobe-bis ZaliT. arc erT aseT federaciul gaer-TianebaSi umciresobas ar ukavia gabatonebu-li mdgomareoba (avstralia, germania, aSS).

umciresobebis uflebebis standartebi dad-genilia rogorc Sidasaxelmwifoebriv, isesaerTaSoriso doneze. gaeros adamianis ufle-baTa dacvis RonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebis drosaraerTgzis daufiqsirebia Tavisi poziciaumciresobaTa uflebebis konkretul aspeqte-bze. yvelgan, sadac adgili aqvs maTi neba-survilis ugulebelyofas da irRveva say-ovelTaod aRiarebuli adamianis uflebebi.diskriminacia, anu umciresobebTan naklebadkeTilsasurveli urTierToba politikur,ekonomikur, socialur Tu kulturul sfe-roebSi winandeburad arsebobs, rac dedami-wis bevr nawilSi seriozuli daZabulobiswyaros warmoadgens, miuxedavad saerTaSorisoSeTanxmebebSi misi dagmobisa.

gaeros wesdeba da 1948 wels miRebuli ad-amianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaadamianis ufleba-Tavisuflebebis sferoSiuniversaluri saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivinormebis saxiT amkvidreben diskriminaciisakrZalvisa da Tanaswori mopyrobis princi-pebs. ufro dawvrilebiT maT Sesaxeb saubar-ia 1966 wlis saerTaSoriso paqtebSiekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuliuflebebis Sesaxeb da samoqalaqo da poli-tikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb. amave sferos ex-eba rigi specialuri saerTaSoriso SeTanxme-bebisa, rogorebicaa, magaliTad: saerTaSorisokonvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvelaformis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (1965 w.), dek-laracia rasisa da rasobrivi crurwmenisSesaxeb (1978 w.) da a.S. CamoTvlil aqtebSiCamoyalibebuli garantiebidan mniSvnelova-nia samarTalsubieqtobis, kanonis winaSe Ta-nasworobisa da kanoniT Tanabari dacvis aRi-areba. gacilebiT naklebi erTsulovneba Se-imCneva umciresobebisaTvis gansakuTrebuliuflebebisa da SeRavaTebis micemis sakiTxeb-Si, romlebic mowodebulia mosaxleobis um-ravlesobasTan maTi Tanabari SesaZleblobeb-is uzrunvelsayofad.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg, roca SeiqmnagaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, gabatoneb-uli iyo mosazreba, rom, Tu adamianis indi-vidualuri uflebebi saTanadodaa daculi,maSin aucileblobas ar warmoadgens umcir-esobaTa Taobaze gansakuTrebuli kanonebismiReba. gaeros wesdebaSi araferia naTqvamimaT Sesaxeb. aseve kraxi ganicada ungreTis

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mcdelobam, roca 1946 wels londonis samS-vidobo konferenciaze waradgina umcireso-bis dacvis xelSekrulebis proeqti. ar moi-wones aseve winadadebebi SeetanaT adamianisuflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi debule-bebi umciresobebis Sesaxeb.

dRes arsebuli arc erTi saerTaSoriso xe-lSekruleba ar moicavs umciresobis ufle-bebs erTianobaSi. Tumca zogierTi mniSvnelo-vani SeTanxmeba umciresobis warmomadgenlebsaZlevs SesaZleblobas SeinarCunon dagamoxaton TavianTi enobrivi, kulturulida religiuri TviTmyofadoba. am mxriv gan-sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania gaeros generaluriasambleis mier 1966 wlis 16 dekembers (ZalaSiSevida 1976 wlis 23 marts) miRebuli "saer-TaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuriuflebebis Sesaxeb", romlis 27-e muxlSinaTqvamia: "im qveynebSi, sadac arseboben eT-nikuri, religiuri da enobrivi umciresobe-bi, am umciresobebis warmomadgenlebs arSeiZleba uari eTqvaT uflebebze imave jgufissxva wevrebTan erToblivad isargeblon Ta-vianTi kulturiT, aRasrulon TavianTi re-ligia da Seasrulon maTi wes-Cveulebebi,agreTve isargeblon mSobliuri eniT".

saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebaTa ricxvSi, romlebicumciresobebis problemebs exeba, Sedis kon-vencia "genocidis danaSaulis Tavidan ac-ilebisa da misTvis sasjelis dawesebis Sesaxeb"(9 dekemberi, 1948 w.), konvencia "bavSvisuflebebis Sesaxeb" (20 noemberi, 1948 w.),konvencia "rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvelaformis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb" (21 dekemberi,1965 w.).

umciresobebs farTo uflebebi mieniWaT 1989wels evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSrom-lobis organizaciis (maSindeli TaTbiris)wevri-saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenelTa miervenis Sexvedraze miRebuli Semajamebeli do-kumentiT, ramac didi gamoxmaureba hpova maTmorig Sexvedraze kopenhagenSi 1990 wels daeqspertTa Sexvedraze JenevaSi 1991 wels. amuflebaTa gavrcobas warmoadgenda parizis qar-tia, romelsac euTo-s wevri-saxelmwifoebismeTaurebma 1990 wlis noemberSi moaweres xeli.

aRniSvnis Rirsia gaeros 1992 wlis 18 de-kembris deklaracia "pirTa uflebebis Sesax-eb, romlebic erovnul an eTnikur, religiur

da enobriv umciresobebs miekuTvnebian". dasax-elebul dokumentSi deklarirebuli moTx-ovnebi da valdebulebebi umciresobaTa TviT-myofadobis dacvisa da ganviTarebis realuripirobebis Seqmnas karnaxoben gaeros wevr-saxelmwifoebs, romelTa erovnuli kanonm-debloba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, saerTo-erovnul Tu regionalur doneze umcireso-baTa uflebebis Tavisufali realizebis safuZ-vels unda warmoadgendes. aqve xazgasmulia,rom umciresobaTa moqmedeba ar unda ar-Rvevdes erovnul kanonmdeblobas an ewinaaRm-degebodes saerTaSoriso normebs, saxelmwi-fos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da politikuridamoukideblobis principebis CaTvliT.

umciresobebis sakiTxs mniSvnelovani adgilidaeTmo 1993 wlis ivnisSi venaSi adamianisuflebaTa Sesaxeb Catarebul meore msof-lio konferenciaze, romelzec miRebul iqnavenis deklaracia da moqmedebaTa programa.konferenciam kidev erTxel daadastura sax-elmwifoTa uryevi neba uari eTqvas nebismierdiskriminacias umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebismimarT, aRiarebul iqnas maTi sruli Tanas-woroba kanonis winaSe, xeli Seuwyon maTuflebebis ganxorcielebaSi, rac gulisxmobskerZod an sajarod kulturis ganviTarebas,religiisa da religiuri wes-CveulebebisaRsrulebas, eniT sargeblobas garedan yovel-gvari Zaladobrivi Carevis gareSe.

mniSvnelovani dokumenti, pirveli mcdeloba,Sevsebuli yofiliyo am sferoSi arsebulixarvezi, rac ukavSirdeba mTlianobaSierovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvisZiriTadi saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi siste-mebis Camoyalibebas, aris evropis sabWos mier1995 wlis 1 Tebervals strasburgSi miRe-buli konvencia "erovnul umciresobaTa dacvisSesaxeb". institucionaluri poziciidan ga-momdinare, konvencia iTvaliswinebs sakon-sultacio komitetis Seqmnas, romlis Ziri-Tadi funqcia evropis sabWos ministrTa ko-mitetisaTvis aRniSnul dokumentSi moyvani-li normebis ganxorcielebaSi daxmarebisgaweva iqneba.

regionaluri Zvrebi qveyanaSi umciresobaTaadgilis gansazRvrasTan mimarTebiT im sax-elmwifoebisagan, romlebic CamoTvlil saer-TaSoriso aqtebis ratifikacias axdenen anmaT uerTdebian, moiTxovs gamoyenebul Zal-

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isxmevaTa efeqturobis amaRlebis mniSvnelo-bis marTebul gagebas. isini valdebuli arianSesabamisobaSi moiyvanon Sidaerovnuli kanon-mdebloba saxelmwifoTaSoris SeTanxmebebT-an da moaxdinon nakisr valdebulebaTa re-gionebze xarisxobrivi gadanawileba.

saerTaSoriso deklaraciebsa da konvencieb-Si sakmaod naTladaa aRiarebuli diskrimi-naciis akrZalva. miuxedavad amisa, umcireso-baTa umravlesoba uflebebis seriozul dar-Rvevebs ganicdis; iyo asimilaciis mcdelobe-bic, magram bevr SemTxvevaSi maT marcxi gan-icades. dRes miswrafebebi TviTmyofadobisSenarCunebisaken farTod vlindeba, rac dam-axasiaTebelia rogorc mravalerovnuli, isenacionaluri saxelmwifoebisaTvis. im qvey-nebis gamocdileba, sadac mosaxleobis um-ravlesoba TanxmobaSi cxovrobs erT an ram-denime umciresobasTan, mowmobs erebis daax-loebis urTierTxelsayreli gzebis moZebnisaucileblobaze. Tumca mSvidobiani da kon-struqciuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis war-matebuloba damokidebuli ar aris mxolodsamarTlebriv da administraciul zomebze.araviTar konstituciur meqanizms, ra rTu-lic ar unda iyos igi, araviTar teritori-ul dayofas, rac ar unda xelsayreli iyoses teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, araviTar xe-lisuflebis danawilebas, Tundac liber-alurs, ar SeuZlia ixsnas sazogadoeba dam-angreveli konfliqtebisagan, Tu mxareebs arsurT imoqmedon ormxriv racionalurad. bolowlebSi Zaladobis globaluri eskalacia amisnaTeli dasturia.

msoflioSi warmoiSva kidev ufro meti daZab-uloba, rac iwvevs adamianTa did tanjvasada maT Soris siZulvilis gaZlierebas. amkonfliqtebSi CaTreulia bevri erovneba daumciresoba. am jgufebis zogierTi wevrebisakuTar Tavs ganixilaven ara rogorc um-ciresobebs, aramed ers, romelsac aqvs TviT-gamorkvevis ufleba. samwuxaroa imis aRiare-ba, rom, rogorc ki msgavsi winaaRmdegobebigascdebian Zaladobis sazRvars, procesis ukanmobruneba ukiduresad Zneli xdeba. moqmedeb-iT Tu umoqmedobiT gamowveuli procesebiiTreven imasac, vinc Tavidan dialogsa daTanamSromlobas aniWebda upiratesobas. rocamaT gverdiT mcxovrebni mkvlelobis an Zal-adobis msxverpli xdebian, an roca wvaven da

angreven maT saxlebs, konfrontaciis mowi-naaRmdegeTa zomiereba xSirad siZulvilSigadaizrdeba xolme.

metad formaluri da marjinaluri saxismatarebelia iseTi erovnuli kanonmdebloba,romelic exeba umciresobebs da im mosazre-bidan gamomdinareobs, rom TiTqos SesaZle-belia iseTi idealuri modelebis povna,romelTac mZvinvare konfliqtebis warmoqm-nis Tavidan acileba ZaluZT. amis erT-erTimagaliTia iugoslavia. Tu mxedvelobaSi ko-sovos problemas ar miviRebT, SeiZlebamogveCvenos, rom napovni gadawyvetilebebiZalian brZnulia, yovlismomcveli da mima-rTuli imgvari donis erovnuli da eTnikuripluralizmis misaRwevad, rogoric jerdedamiwaze ar moxerxebula. miuxedavad amisa,iugoslaviis federacia daiSala, ufro met-ic, erovnulma da eTnikurma mtrobam war-moudgenel masStabebs miaRwia, ris SedegsacdRes imkis am teritoriaze mosaxle umrav-lesobebi Tu umciresobebi.

konstruqciuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSeiZleba sakmaod efeqturi gamodges metadeqstremalur situaciebSic ki, romlebsacadgili aqvs msoflios zogierT raionSi, Tumxareebi mzad iqnebian iTanamSromlon amg-vari SeTanxmebebis dasamuSaveblad da gan-saxorcieleblad. mimdinare konfliqtebzedakvirvebisas, iqneba es gvatemala, somali,Sri-lanka, yofili iugoslavia, xorvatiisada bosnia-hercogovinis CaTvliT, agreTveamierkavkasiis qveynebi, yalibdeba Sexedule-ba, rom konfliqtis monawileebma daiviwyesis ZiriTadi principebi, romlebic mocemuliaadamianis universalur uflebaTa sistemaSi.

problemebi ukiduresad rTulia da maT gada-Wras realisturad unda mivudgeT. mTavarisazrunavi konfliqtis mSvidobiani gziT mow-esrigebaa, romlis miRweva mxolod teqni-kuri gadawyvetilebebis gziT SeuZlebelia,aucilebelia konfliqtis monawile mxareeb-is saerTo neba - iTanamSromlon saerTo keTil-dReobis dasamkvidreblad. samwuxaroa, romuniversaluri gadawyvetileba ar arsebobs:is, rac msoflios erT regionSi karg midgo-mad iTvleba, SeiZleba ubedurebad Semotri-aldes meoreSi, risi magaliTic bevri gvaqvs.

saxelmwifos SigniT erovnebaTa urTierTdamok-idebuleba, umciresobebis samarTlebrivi da

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faqtiuri mdgomareoba, maTi politikuri mis-wrafebebi da, saerTod, erovnul umciresobebT-an dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi xSirad iRebssaerTaSoriso mniSvnelobas: zemoqmedebs su-verenuli saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebze dagarkveulwilad gansazRvravs kidec maT daSeuZlia safrTxe Seuqmnas msoflioSi saer-TaSoriso uSiSroebasa da stabilurobas.miuxedavad imisa, rom erovnuli umcireso-bis sakiTxi saerTaSoriso yuradRebis cen-trSi xvdeba, igi mainc saxelmwifos saSinaokompetenciis sferos ganekuTvneba: gavlenasaxdens saxelmwifos formasa da struqturaze,xelisuflebis organoebSi warmomadgenlobissistemaze da a.S.

erovnuli urTierTobebi sazogadoebrivi cx-ovrebis gansakuTrebiT rTuli da damoukide-beli sferoa. ama Tu im qveyanaSi istoriuliganviTarebis Taviseburebebis gavleniT, mo-saxleobis erovnuli SemadgenlobiTa da sxvafaqtorebiT ganpirobebuli erTa kontaqtebiumTavresad winaswar gansazRvraven sazoga-doebaSi mimdinare ekonomikur, socialur dapolitikur procesebs.

evropaSi aris qveynebi mosaxleobis mravale-rovnuli SemadgenlobiT (belgia, Sveicaria,espaneTi, didi britaneTi) da qveynebi, sadaccxovroben msxvili erovnuli jgufebi (fine-Ti, SvedeTi). zogan mosaxleobis didi naw-ili, erovnuli Semadgenlobis mixedviT erT-gvaria, mcxovrebTa didi raodenoba ekuTvniserT eTnikur jgufs, sxvagan cxovrobs ram-denime ZiriTadi eTnikuri jgufi (belgia) anmosaxleoba eTnikuri niSniT dayofilia um-ravlesobad da umciresobad (kanada); amasTan,erovnuli umciresobebi kompaqturad cx-ovroben da aqvT TavianTi teritoria maSin,roca sxvebs sakuTari teritoria ar gaaCni-aT. nacionaluri situaciebis klasifikaciaumeteswilad rTulia, ramdenadac isini mravalkombinaciaSi arsebobs. im qveynebSic ki, sa-dac ZiriTadi erovnuli jgufi Seadgens mo-qalaqeTa 90%-s, aris olqebi mosaxleobisSereuli SemadgenlobiT (avstria, germania,portugalia, italia, dania, irlandia, is-landia). magaliTad, italiis mosaxleobisdidi umravlesoba, erTgvarovania Tavisierovnuli kuTvnilebis mixedviT. amasTan, qvey-anaSi cxovroben sxva enobrivi umciresobebi- germanelebi, sardinielebi, albanelebi,

slovenebi, ladinebi, Zveli provansalebi,katalonielebi, frangebi, xorvatebi da sxva.didi britaneTis moqalaqeTa umravlesobamosaxleTa Semadgenlobis mravaleTnikuro-biT qmnis erTgvarovan erovnul jgufs (ing-liselebs), erovnuli umciresobebis mdgo-mareobaSi imyofebian Sotlandielebi, valiele-bi da irlandielebi. amaT garda, qveyanaSicxovroben sxva angariSgasawevi umciresobe-bic, romlebic mosuli arian yofili kolo-niebidan _ vest-indoeTidan, aziidan, afrikidan;zogierT erovnul umciresobas aqvs saku-Tari teritoria (Sotlandielebi, valiele-bi), sxvebi gafantuli arian mTels saxlmwi-foSi da qmnian dispersiul eTnikur jgufebs.moyvanili magaliTebi naTlad ayalibebs, romerovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis erT-erTiTavisebureba aris maTi gansxvavebuli sxva-dasxvaoba.

istoriuli gamocdileba mowmobs, romerovnul umciresobaTa problemis gadawyve-ta erTxel da sabolood SeuZlebeliaerTjeradi RonisZiebebis gatarebis gziT.erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis mowesrigebaxangrZlivi procesia, romelSic didia sti-qiuri elementebi. daZabuloba xan Zlierdebada mwvavdeba, xan ki - sustdeba da miCumdeba.amis kargi magaliTia kanada: frangul dainglisurenovan Temebs Soris urTierTobisgamwvavebis piki SeiniSneboda 60-ian wlebSi,kvebekis provinciaSi levekis erovnuli mTavro-bis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg; 70-ianiwlebi iyo SedarebiT mSvidobiani Tanaarse-bobis periodi; 90-ian wlebSi mdgomareobaisev garTulda. aqve SeiZleba davasaxeloTsaxelmwifoebi, sadac erovnuli konfliqte-bi atareben permanentul xasiaTs, magali-Tad, CrdiloeT irlandia, baskebis qveyanaespaneTSi da a.S.

erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebi yovelTviskonkretulia. erTgan arsebobs eTnokultu-ruli da lingvisturi problemebi (belgia,kanada), meoregan - mkvidri mosaxleobis prob-lema (avstralia, axali zelandia), mesameganki - eTnikuri, erovnul-religiuri (Crdiloirlandiuri did britaneTSi), rasobrivi (aSS)problemebis erToblioba. konkretuli sax-isaa is moTxovnebic, romlebic nacionalurisakiTxis gadawyvetas iTvaliswinebs. erTSemTxvevaSi es saerTodemokratiuli moTx-

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ovnebia, dakavSirebuli eTnikuri jgufis war-momadgenlobis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv podiumzegafarToebasTan (samebi norvegiasa da Sve-deTSi, indielebi da eskimosebi kanadaSi),erovnuli kulturisa da enis dacvasa daganviTarebasTan (belgia, italia, uelsi didbritaneTSi) da ufro farTo avtonomiisa dadamoukideblobis miRebasTan. sxva SemTxveva-Si SesamCnevad Zlierdeba separatistulitendenciebi: gamoyofis moTxovna, damoukide-beli saxelmwifos Seqmna (kvebeki kanadaSi,Sotlandia did britaneTSi, frangulenovanikaTolikuri kantonebis separatistulimoZraobebi SveicariaSi). mTel rig saxelm-wifoebSi erovnebaTSorisi winaaRmdegobebmaukiduresi forma miiRes SeiaraRebul brZo-lasa da teroristul aqtebamdec ki (Crdi-loeT irlandia, baskebis qveyana).

ama Tu im qveyanaSi erovnebaTSoris urTier-Tobebze gavlenas axdens politikuri reJimi.cnobilia, rom mravaleTnikur espaneTSierovnuli problema warmoiSva frankos dros.qveynis teritoriaze ZvelTaganve cxovrobd-nen sxvadasxva erebi sakuTari eniT, tradicie-biTa da statusiT. frankos mmarTvelobisperiodSi idevneboda katalonielebis, baskeb-isa da galisielebis nacionaluri grZnobeb-is nebismieri gamovlineba - maT ekrZalebo-daT mSobliur enaze laparaki. frankos Sem-deg qveyanaSi agorda erovnuli talRa, 1978wlis 29 dekembris konstituciiT ki sab-olood ganmtkicda avtonomiebisaken miswrafeba.

sociologiurma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom 60-iani wlebis bolodan dasavleT evropis praq-tikulad yvela qveyanaSi SeiniSneboda eTni-kuri moZraobis gacocxleba. erovnuli cno-bierebis gamoRviZebis meore gamovlinebadRevandel etapze modis. dasavleli special-istebis azriT, civi omis dasrulebiTgamowveulma dezintegraciulma procesebmakatalizatoris roli Seasrules separatis-tuli ganwyobilebebis momZlavrebisaTvis,rasac dasavleTSi Sotlandielebis, bre-tonelebis, korsikelebis, baskebis, katalo-nielebis da sxvaTa moZraobebis gaaqtiurebamohyva. msoflios mTeli rigi regionebisagangansxvavebiT, dasavleT evropa am movlenebsnakleb mtkivneulad itans, radgan aq sxva-dasxva erTobaTa harmoniuli Tanaarsebobisgzebis Ziebis mdidari gamocdileba dagrovda.

unda aRiniSnos, rom nacionalizmis aRmav-loba Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi yvelaze ufroSesamCnevi movlena gaxda, romelic Seexorogorc ganviTarebul, ise ganviTarebad sax-elmwifoebs. am niadagze aRmocenebuli eT-nokonfliqtebis dasaZlevad aucilebelia metiintegracia da konsolidacia, sazogadoebisaqtiuri CarTva erovnuli aRmSeneblobisprocesebSi, saxelmwifos erTianobis uzrun-velyofa avtonomiebis SenarCunebiT, mniSvnelo-vania calkeul moqalaqeTa da eTnikur jgufTaTavisuflebebis pativiscema, umciresobebiserovnuli kulturis, enis, tradiciebis dacva,rasobrivi diskriminaciis Tavidan acileba daa.S. erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis stabil-urobisa da mSvidobianobis erT-erT garantswarmoadgens namdvili samarTlebrivi saxelm-wifosa da demokratiuli mmarTvelobis princ-ipebis uzrunvelyofa. daZabulobis ganmux-tvisaTvis droulia reformebi, rac gulisx-mobs saxelmwifo aparatSi erovnul-eTnikurierTobebis sakiTxTa Semswavleli organoebisTu organizaciebis Seqmnas. amas garda, iqmne-ba specialuri organoebi konfliqtebis gan-saxilvelad. erovnuli davebis gadawyvetaSigansazRvrul funqciebs asruleben konsti-tuciuri zedamxedvelobis institutebi, sasa-marTlo dawesebulebebi. konfliqtis mowes-rigebis saSualebad gamoiyeneba referendu-mis institutic, rig qveynebSi funqcionirebse.w. eTnikuri radio- da telemauwyebloba(amgvari praqtika danergilia did britaneT-Si, safrangeTSi, SvedeTsa da germaniaSi).erovnebaTSoris urTierTobebze gavlenasaxdens isic, Tu ramdenad adekvaturad daoperatiulad reagireben xelisuflebis or-ganoebi eTnikuri jgufebis moTxovnebze. cen-traluri da regionuli xelisuflebis mou-qnelma politikam SeiZleba warmoqmnas daZab-ulobis kera ama Tu im teritoriaze dagaarTulos urTierTobebi mezobel qveynebsSoris (magaliTad, konfliqti avstriasa daitalias Soris samxreT tiroliis germanu-lenovani mosaxleobis uflebebTan dakavSire-biT). evropis qveynebis umravlesobisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelia iseTi zomieri erovnulipolitikis arseboba, romelSic gamoiyenebaurTierTobaTa mowesrigebis mravali qmediTisaSualeba. zogierT qveyanaSi mosaxleobiserovnuli Semadgenloba saxelmwifoebrivimowyobis ganmsazRvreli faqtori xdeba (ma-

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galiTad, unitaruli belgiis miswrafeba fed-eraciisaken; centralisturi federalurimodelis ufro moqniliT Secvla kanadaSi).am urTierTobaTa institucionalizebisaTvisSeiZleba avtonomiis sxvadasxvagvari mode-lis gamoyeneba. sakmao mravalferovnebiT xa-siaTdeba agreTve saxelmwifos centralurorganoebsa da avtonomiis organoebs Sorisdamokidebulebis formebi.

erovnul politikaSi, wminda saxelmwifo-sa-marTlebrivis gverdiT, arsebiTia socialurida ekonomikuri aspeqtebic. saubaria federaci-is subieqtebisa da avtonomiuri warmonaqm-nebisaTvis ekonomikuri damoukideblobis mini-Webaze, gadasaxadebis dawesebisa da Semosav-lebis ganawilebis sakiTxis gadaWraze.

erebs Soris xelovnurad Tu bunebrivad Se-qmnil dapirispirebaTa mSvidobiani gziT mog-varebis prioritetuloba yovelTvis saxelm-wifoebriv formas eniWeba, anu ra warmate-biT moaxerxebs mocemuli qveyana oqros Su-aledis moZebnas centrsa da garkveul re-gions Soris misaRebi sazRvris gasavlebad.Tanamedrove msoflioSi saxelmwifoTa um-ravlesoba saxelmwifo mowyobis tradiciu-li unitaruli formisaa. federaciulobasiTvaliswinebs ocamde konstitucia, romel-Ta didi nawili ekuTvnis ganviTarebadTa ricx-vs (maT Soris arian iseTi msxvili saxelmwi-foebi, rogorebicaa: indoeTi, birma, malai-zia, pakistani, nigeria, argentina, venesuela,meqsika da sxva). zogierTma federaciam Sew-yvita arseboba, xolo maTi Semadgeneli naw-ilebi damoukidebel suverenul qveynebadiqcnen (magaliTad, Cexoslovakia), sxva uni-taruli saxelmwifoebi, piriqiT, gadaiqcnenfederaciebad (belgia) an cdiloben aseTigardaqmnis saSualebebis gamoyenebas (kvipro-si, TurqeTi).

dRes ganviTarebuli federaciuli qveynebi(avstria, avstralia, belgia, germania, kana-da, aSS, Sveicaria) mravaleTnikuria. yovelmaTganSi erovnul situacias aqvs Tavisispecifika, magram federaciuli formis arCe-va umetesad ganpirobebuli ar yofila na-cionaluri faqtoriT, erovnulobis sakiTx-is gadawyvetis aucileblobiTa da eTnikurijgufebis gaerTianebis moTxovnilebiT. gamonak-liss warmoadgens mxolod kanada. erTmniS-vnelovnad unda aRiniSnos, rom dasaxelebu-

li federaciebis sazogadoebriv da poli-tikur cxovrebaSi gaZlierda eTnikuri faq-toris mniSvneloba. calkeul SemTxvevebSiaman gamoiwvia struqturuli gardaqmnebi, racukavSirdeboda federaciis axali Semadgene-li nawilebis warmoSobas an federaciiscalkeuli erTeulebisaTvis gansakuTrebulistatusis miniWebas, calkeuli teritoriebi-sa da regionebis damoukideblobis gafar-Toebas anda centralur mTavrobasa da adg-ilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebs SorisurTierTdamokidebulebis sistemis cvlile-bas. istoriulad federaciis Seqmnis pirve-li cda iyo aSS. amerikuli federaciisqveSevrdomTa erTgvarovneba aixsneba imiT, rommis udides nawils hqonda saerTo ena dakultura. amasTan, federaciis CamoyalibebismomentSi mosaxleoba Sedgeboda erovnuliumciresobebis mravali jgufisagan. miuxeda-vad amisa, federaciis formis arCevisasamerikis saxelmwifos fuZemdebel mamebs mxed-velobaSi ar miuRiaT eTnikuri faqtori. evro-pis yvelaze Zveli sakavSiro saxelmwifos -Sveicariis, mosaxleoba arasodes yofilaerTerovnuli, umravlesobas ZiriTadad Sead-genda germanulad molaparake xalxi, magramiyo teritoriebi frangulenovani da itali-urenovani jgufebiT. 1848 wels, konstituciismiRebis Semdeg, Sveicariis kavSirSi gaer-Tianebulma kantonebma miiRes federaciisforma. magram aqac federaciuli formis arCevaar iyo gamowveuli nacionaluri problemismogvarebis saWiroebiT. am SemTxvevaSi, fed-eralizmi Zalian warmatebuli gamodga kul-turul-lingvisturi problemebis daZlevisTvalsazrisiT. eTnikuri sakiTxis gadaWrisfederaciuli gza ufro mSvidobiani iyo Svei-cariaSi, vidre kanadaSi, romelic istoriu-lad mesame federacia gaxda da pirveli qveyana,sadac federaciuli formis SemoReba uSua-lod mosaxleobis eTnikur SemadgenlobasTaniyo dakavSirebuli.

kanadis kvaldakval federalizmi gamoiyenesavstraliaSi, romelmac miiRo oficialurisaxelwodeba - "avstraliis Tanamegobroba"da romelic eqvs damoukidebel koloniasaerTianebda. kanadisagan gansxvavebiT, aRniS-nuli gaerTianeba ekonomikurma mizezebma gam-oiwvia. avstraliis TanamegobrobaSi eTnikurmafaqtorma dRes didi mniSvneloba SeiZina, rac,ZiriTadad, dakavSirebulia mkvidri mosaxle-

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obis statusis problemasTan. klasikuri fed-eraciis gamocdilebas daemata sxvadasxvamodelic, romelTa mizans nacionaluri sak-iTxis gadawyveta warmoadgenda. arsebiTadaseTi mcdelobis magaliTia 1922 welsmravalerovani ruseTis imperiis teritori-aze federaciis Seqmna. rogorc ssrk-sgamocdilebidanaa cnobili, aq ar moxerxdaSemadgenel nawilebTan urTierTobebis Camoy-alibeba namdvil federaciul sawyisebze.

rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, dasavluridemokratiebi iyeneben ufro moqnil meqanizms,romlis arsebiTi Semadgeneli elementia sax-elmwifoebrivi mowyobis formis gardaqmna,urTierTobis Secvla centralur organoeb-sa da calkeul teritoriebsa da regionebsSoris ufro meti decentralizaciisa dacalkeuli nawilebis damoukideblobis gafar-Toebis mimarTulebiT.

federalizmisadmi pozitiuri midgoma Sein-iSneba ara mxolod tradiciul federacieb-Si, aramed unitarul saxelmwifoebSic, rom-lebic xelmZRvaneloben TviTmmarTvelobisa(self rule) da mmarTvelobis (shared rule)principebiT (belgia, italia da espaneTi maT-Tvis damaxasiaTebeli avtonomiisa da region-alizmis tendenciebiT; korsikis gamo iZule-buli gaxda safrangeTic; portugalia, romel-ic aniWebs mTel rig uflebamosilebebs kun-Zulis provinciebs).

eTnikuri erTobebis uflebebisa da interese-bis dacvaSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs av-tonomia, romelic SeiZleba iyos kulturul-nacionaluri an teritoriuli (erovnul-ter-itoriuli). zogjer gamoiyeneba avtonomiisyvela forma (fineTi), zogjer ki - calkeu-li saxesxvaobani (italia, espaneTi, dania).

eqsteritoriuli avtonomiis pirveli formaapersonaluri avtonomia. is gamoiyeneba imSemTxvevaSi, roca umciresoba gafantuliaqveynis teritoriaze da ar Seadgens mosax-leobis umravlesobas romelime administraci-ul-teritoriul erTeulSi. amasTan, dacvisobieqti SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc eTnikurijgufebi, ise maTi calkeuli warmomadgenle-bi. faqtiurad, saxelmwifo maT aZlevs Sesa-Zleblobas daicvan kulturul-erovnuliTaviseburebani da Tavidan aicilon asimila-cia. garkveuli damoukideblobis micema da-niuri umciresobisaTvis germaniaSi da ger-

manulenovani umciresobisaTvis daniaSi ganx-orcielda am saxelmwifoebs Soris SeTanxme-bis miRwevis Semdeg; SvedeTi xels uwyobseTnikuri, enobrivi da religiuri umciresobe-bis Zalisxmevas, romelic mimarTulia saku-Tari kulturisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovre-bis dacvisa da ganviTarebisaken; avstriaSi,sadac avstrielebi qveynis mosaxleobis 92,1%-ia, msxvil erovnul umciresobebs Sead-genen xorvatebi, slovenebi, ungrelebi damaTi uflebebi daculia kanoniT erovnulumciresobaTa Sesaxeb; fineTSi oficialuradaRiarebul eTnikur gaerTianebebs qmnis Sve-durenovani umciresoba, romelic mosaxleo-bis 6%-ia da mkvidri mcxovreblebi - samebi.qveynis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs maTikulturul-erovnuli TviTmyofadobis Senar-Cunebis RonisZiebebs.

eqsteritoriuli avtonomiis saxesxvaobaakorporaciuli avtonomia, rac iSviaTad gvx-vdeba (fineTi, norvegia, avstria). misi gamoy-enebis SemTxvevaSi qveyanaSi mcxovreb mo-qalaqeebs, romlebic iuridiulad aRiarebuleTnikur jgufebs ekuTvnian, ufleba aqvTsaerTosaxelmwifoebriv doneze daafuZnonmaTi interesebis gamomxatveli organoebi.magaliTad, fineTSi aris Svedebis saxalxoasociacia (75 wevri) da samebis parlamenti(20 wevri). analogiuri organo samebisaTvisSeqmnilia norvegiaSi. avstriaSi arsebobserovnul umciresobaTa sabWoebi, romlebickonsultaciebs uweven federaciisa da miwe-bis mTavrobebs da mTlianobaSi warmoadgenenda icaven am umciresobaTa kulturul, so-cialur da ekonomikur interesebs.

meore Taviseburebad asaxeleben teritori-ul avtonomias. igi iTvaliswinebs gansazRvru-li teritoriebisaTvis maTi specifikuri mniS-vnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT ufro farTo ufle-bebis miniWebas, vidre sxva administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulebisaTvis. teritoriu-li avtonomiis kerZo SemTxvevaa damoukide-blobis micema mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semad-genlobis gaTvaliswinebiT (fineTi, dania,italia, espaneTi da didi britaneTi). av-tonomiis miTiTebuli saxe gamoiyeneba imSemTxvevaSi, roca eTnikuri jgufi cxovrobskompaqturad da Seadgens umravlesobas gan-sazRvrul regionSi. avtonomiis statusieZleva ara gamokveTil eTnikur jgufs, aramed

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gansazRvrul teritorias, e.i., regionis mTelmosaxleobas.

teritoriul-avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebis sim-ravliT gamoirCeva italia da espaneTi. italiis1947 wlis konstituciiT da espaneTis 1978wlis konstituciiT maqsimaluri damoukide-bloba aqvT msxvil administraciul-terito-riul rgolebs (20 olqi italiaSi, 17 av-tonomiuri gaerTianeba espaneTSi). mTel rigsferoebSi isini ufro farTo uflebamosile-bebs floben, vidre zogierTi federaciissubieqtebi. espaneTis umciresobebidan gam-oirCevian baskebi. baskebi, katalonielebsa dagalisielebTan SedarebiT, yvelaze mcirericx-ovani eria, romelic sargeblobs regioniseniT. aq individualurobis SenarCunebis mZlavrsurvilze mowmobs teroristul-nacionalis-turi dajgufebebis aqtiuroba. baskebis qveya-naSi kvlav aqtualuria espaneTidan gamoyofada safrangeTis baskebTan erTad damoukidebe-li saxelmwifos Seqmnis sakiTxi. baskeTisa dakataloniis garda, avtonomiis momxrea trad-iciulad mSvidi sxva olqebic - andaluzia,valensia, estramadura, agreTve calkeuliprovinciebic - madridi, mursia da la-rioxa.

erovnul umciresobaTa problema metad aq-tualuria did britaneTSic (inglisi, uel-si, Sotlandia da CrdiloeT irlandia). gan-sakuTrebiT Zlieria religiuri elferiTSemosili separatistuli tendenciebi Crdi-loeT irlandiaSi, Tumca bolo dros SeimC-neva mxareebs Soris saerTo Sexebis wertileb-is gamoZebnis mcdeloba.

sayovelTao humanurobisa da tolerantobisak-en msoflios progresuli sazogadoebisaraerTgzis mowodebam nayofis gamoReba asaxasaerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mravalmxrivmcdelobaSi miRweuli yofiliyo konsensusierToblivi ZalisxmeviT umciresobebisizolaciis gamomwvevi mizezebis Rrmad gaazre-bisaTvis. sakiTxi cxadia saerTaSoriso-sa-marTlebriv daregulirebas gulisxmobs, amg-vari wesrigi ki ZiriTadad globaluri anregionaluri xasiaTisaa. SidasaxelmwifoebrivfarglebSi umciresobebis mdgomareobis mow-esrigebas lokalursac uwodeben. dRes amproblemis gadawyvetis ori mTavari midgomaarsebobs. pirveli, esaa erovnul-kulturu-li avtonomiis micema, romlis mizania um-ciresobaTa uflebebis dacva, upirveles yov-

lisa, kulturis, aRzrdis, ganaTlebisa dasxva. sferoebSi. mravalerovnuli saxelmwi-foebis mcxovrebTaTvis, agreTve erovnulumciresobaTa eTnikuri TviTmyofadobis gan-viTarebisaTvis gadamwyvetia ena da kultu-ra. germanul enaze molaparake danielebi,holandielebi da belgielebi germaniis fed-eraciul respublikaSi mcxovreb germanelebTandakavSirebuli arian ara saerTo saxelmwi-foebriobiTa da teritoriulobiT, aramedsaerTo eniTa da saerTo germanuli kultu-riT. meorea erovnuli umciresobebisaTvisgansazRvruli teritoriisa da, Sesabamisad,misi politikuri organizaciis uflebis micema.

saxelmwifom Sida kanonmdeblobis srulyofiTgadamwyveti roli unda Seasrulos erovnebaT-Sorisi urTierTobebis mowesrigebaSi, racgulisxmobs saxelmwifo-sazogado saqmeebismarTvaSi umciresobebis warmomadgenelTa aq-tiur CarTvas TviTmmarTvelobisa da avtonomi-is gansakuTrebuli organoebis Seqmnis saSu-alebiT. civilur qveynebSi didi yuradRebaeTmoba erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis Sem-swavleli saxelmwifos centraluri, region-aluri Tu adgilobrivi struqturebis saqmi-anobas. magaliTad, SvedeTSi, emigraciis sak-iTxis gamwvavebis gamo, qveynis umaRles sa-kanonmdeblo organoSi - riksdagSi, 1987 welsSeiqmna da moqmedebs rasizmsa da ucxoelTaSeuwynareblobasTan brZolis komisia; avs-traliis parlamentis qveda palataSi funq-cionirebs aborigenTa saqmeebis mudmivi komi-teti; britaneTis TemTa palataSi tradiciu-lad muSaobs komiteti, romelic ixilavsSotlandiasa da uelsTan dakavSirebiT wamoW-ril sakiTxebs; kanadaSi moqmedebs indielTasaqmeebis Semswavleli specializirebulisaministro, xolo aSS-Si am mimarTulebiTsaerTo xelmZRvaneloba xorcieldeba prezi-dentis aparatis doneze.

kritikul situaciebSi, anu SeiaraRebulidapirispirebebisa da Zaladobrivi aqtebis,masobrivi mRelvarebebisa da teroristuliorganizaciebis aqciebis dros, erebs Sorisarsebuli daZabuli urTierTobebis mosawes-rigeblad zogjer mimarTaven sagangebo zomebs.amgvar SemTxvevebSi aprobirebul meTodswarmoadgens sagangebo kanonmdeblobis gamoy-eneba: moqmedebaSi Sedis kanonebi sagangebomdgomareobis, gansakuTrebuli uflebamosile-

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bebis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvis, ter-orizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb. erTaderTi ma-galiTi, sadac aTwleulebis manZilze sa-gangebo kanonmdebloba moqmedebda, aris Crdi-loeT irlandia.

xalxebisa da saxelmwifoebis Sida ganviTarebaunda mimdinareobdes Tavisuflad, yovelg-vari Zaladobis gareSe, raTa moxerxdes re-gionaluri konfliqtebis Tavidan acileba.am mimarTebiT saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTacivilizebuli formirebisaTvis xelovnuribarierebis dasamsxvrevad aucilebelia say-ovelTaod aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso princ-ipebisa da normebis ganuxrelad dacva, konkre-tulad saubaria saxelmwifos teritoriulimTlianobis (xelSeuxeblobis) principisa daeris TviTgamorkvevis principis TanafardobissakiTxze, romelTa aramarTlzomieri inter-pretacia bevr sirTules warmoSobs. cxadia,es calke msjelobis sagans warmoadgens, ma-gram mniSvnelovania odnav mainc SevexoT,gamomdinare mzardi regionalizaciis pirobebSiumciresobaTa problemis universaluri saer-TaSoriso mowesrigebis aucileblobidan.

TviTgamorkvevis ufleba gulisxmobs xalxisda ara eris TviTgamorkvevas. xalxSi ig-ulisxmeba saxelmwifos Semadgeneli mosax-leoba, erSi ki - calkeuli eTnikuri jgufe-bi. saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi romelime erisTviTgamorkvevis uflebis realizaciissaWiroeba gamarTlebuli da misaRebia maSin,roca garkveuli teritoria mTlianad uWiravsmxolod am ers, raime formiT ar aris gan-sazRvruli misi politikuri statusi, gan-icdis socialur-ekonomikuri, kulturul-enobrivi an religiuri Tavisuflebebis aSka-ra diskriminacias da ar Seswevs Tavdacvisunari. Tumca saerTaSoriso samarTlis princ-ipebis Sesaxeb 1970 wlis deklaracia TviT-gamorkveviT varaudobs suverenuli dadamoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnas,damoukidebel saxelmwifosTan TavisufalmierTebas an masTan gaerTianebas anda xalx-is mier gansazRvruli nebismieri sxva poli-tikuri statusis dadgenas (umciresobebismxridan subieqturi damokidebulebiT xSir-ad xdeba am debulebis winaaRmdegobrivi im-plementacia), magram es ar gulisxmobsgardauval secesias. TviTgamorkveva, esaaufleba da ara valdebuleba. igi ar unda

xorcieldebodes separatistuli, calmxrivipoziciidan suverenuli saxelmwifos teri-toriuli mTlianobisa da politikuri er-Tianobis sazianod. TviTgamorkveva unda See-sabamebodes xalxis istoriul, geografiul,kulturul, religiur da sxva tradiciebs.saqarTvelos rTuli unitaruli saxelmwi-fos farglebSi afxazeTs miniWebuli hqondafarTo avtonomiis Zalmosileba da mtkicediyo daculi misi erovnuli identuroba. aqTviTgamorkveva aRqmul iqna mxolod rogorcafxazi eris da ara afxazeTSi mcxovrebixalxis politikuri nebis gamoxatva, ramacgamoiwvia mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis safuZv-lebis moSla.

TviTgamorkvevis uflebis ganmaxorcielebelisubieqtis mier gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnaserTad mcxovrebi sxva eris an xalxis uflebe-bi da saxelmwifos interesebi. aRniSnulisugulebelyofa erTi saerTaSoriso principisdacvis dros arRvevs meores - qveynis terito-riuli mTlianobis (xelSeuxeblobis) princips.

msoflioSi bipolaruli sivrcis rRvevam mTelrig umciresobebiT Warbad mocul regioneb-Si, maT Soris kavkasiaSi, poziciaTa araerT-gvarovnebis gamo, dRis wesrigSi daayena TviT-gamorkvevis realizebis moTxovna. magram esar yofila sayovelTaod savaldebulo prin-cipis uzrunvelyofa. procesebma geopoli-tikuri elferi SeiZina da ZalTa adreuliproporciis aRdgenis gziT erTmniSvnelovnadwarimarTa, ramac yvela cnobil SemTxvevaSiarasasiamovno Sedegebi mogvca.

istoriulad saqarTvelo iyo da aris mravale-rovnuli saxelmwifo, sadac federalizmis-aken swrafvis epoqaSi umciresobaTa mdgo-mareobis politikur-samarTlebrivi konstat-ireba SedarebiT mgrZnobiarea da misi gada-Wra did yuradRebasa da sakiTxis arsSi ar-sebiT wvdomas iTxovs. problema unda gadai-Wras ara mxolod dRevandelobidan gamom-dinare, aramed unda moxdes samomavlo per-speqtivebis dakvirvebuli da realisturiganWvreta sayovelTao globalizaciis WrilSi,dasaxelebul saxelmwifoebTan unda gaZlier-des paritetuli TanamSromloba umciresobebT-an dakavSirebul sferoebSi informaciisa dagamocdilebis gacvlis gziT, rac, bunebriv-ia, Tavidan agvacilebs ganmeorebiT daZabu-lobaTa SesaZlo eskalacias.

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ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÀÈÀ ÃÀÝÅÉÓ ÀÌÄÒÉÊÉÓÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×ÏÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÉ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÀ

ÂÉÅÉ ÌÉØÀÍÀÞÄ


merikis saxelmwifoTa organizacia, ro-

melic Seiqmna 1948 wels, Tavis funqciebsasrulebs calkeul organoTa, maT Soris

generaluri asambleisa da mudmivi sabWos,meSveobiT. generaluri asamblea organizaciis

umaRlesi organoa, romelic mis politikasgansazRvravs. is mimdinare sxdomaze ikribeba

weliwadSi erTxel, xolo riggareSe sx-domebze _ imdenjer, ramdenjerac CaTvlis

saWirod. asambleaSi amerikis saxelmwifo-Ta organizaciis TiToeul wevr saxelmwi-

fos erTi xma aqvs. mudmivi sabWo Sedgebaorganizaciis wevr saxelmwifoTa warmo-

madgenlebisagan. sabWo asrulebs asambleissxdomebs Soris gadawyvetilebebis mimRebi

organos rols da asrulebs sxva funqcie-bsac, dakavSirebuls davaTa gadawyvetasa

da mSvidobis SenarCunebasTan. aRniSnul or-ganoebs aseve aqvT adamianis uflebebTan

dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetis ko-mpetencia.

adamianis uflebaTa dacvis amerikis sax-elmwifoTaSoris sistemas gaaCnia ori sa-

marTlebrivi wyaro: pirveli, dafuZnebuliamerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciis wes-

debaze da meore _ adamianis uflebaTaamerikis konvenciaze. amerikis saxelmwifo-

Ta organizaciis wesdebis safuZvelze Se-qmnili sistema iuridiulad savaldebuloa

organizaciis wevr 35 saxelmwifosaTvis,xolo konvenciis farglebSi mocemuli

sistema _ mxolod konvenciis monawilesaxelmwifoebisaTvis.

I. amerikis saxelmwifoTa

organizaciis wesdebis

safuZvelze Seqmnili adamianis

uflebaTa dacvis sistema

amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciis wesdeb-is safuZvelze Seqmnili adamianis uflebaTadacvis amerikis saxelmwifoTaSorisi siste-mis normebi da institutebi 50 wlis ganmav-lobaSi viTardebodnen. sxvadasxva samarT-lebrivma da politikurma SexedulebebmaSeitanes wvlili mis ganviTarebaSi. am peri-odis ganmavlobaSi adgili hqonda umniSvnelo-vanes samarTlebriv movlenebs, romelTa SorisaRsaniSnavia adamianis uflebaTa da movale-obaTa amerikis deklaraciis gamocxadeba,adamianis uflebaTa amerikis saxelmwifoTa-Sorisi komisiis Seqmna, amerikis saxelmwi-foTa organizaciis wesdebis 1970 wlis cv-lilebebi da adamianis uflebaTa amerikiskonvenciis amoqmedeba.

wesdeba mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebaa, romelicamerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciis konsti-tucias warmoadgens da xelmosawerad Riadgamocxadda 1948 wels bogotaSi (kolumbia)da ZalaSi Sevida 1951 wels. 1967 welswesdebaSi Setanil iqna cvlilebebi buenos-airesis protokoliT, romelic amoqmedda 1970wels, da kartaxenis protokoliT (kartax-en-de-indiaz, kolumbia). es ukanaskneli xe-lmosawerad Riad gamocxadda 1985 wels daZalaSi Sevida 1988 wels. ori ukanasknelicvlileba _ vaSingtonisa da managuas pro-tokolebi, dRemde ar Sesula ZalaSi.

À

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1948 wlis wesdebaSi Zalian mcire saxiT iyoasaxuli adamianis uflebebi. erT-erT umniS-vnelovanes debulebas warmoadgenda 3 (j) (am-Jamad 3 (k)) muxli, romlis Tanaxmad amerikissaxelmwifoebi aRiareben adamianis uflebebs,rasobrivi, erovnuli kuTvnilebisa Tu rw-menisa da sqesis miuxedavad. meore mniSvnelo-vani muxli adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb me-13(amJamad me-16) muxli iyo. masSi deklarire-bulia, rom yovel saxelmwifos ufleba aqvsTavisuflad ganaviTaros Tavisi kulturu-li, politikuri da ekonomikuri cxovreba,TiToeuli adamianis uflebebisa da saerTomoralis principebis pativiscemis gaTval-iswinebiT. imave konferenciaze, romelzeczemoaRniSnuli wesdeba iqna miRebuli, gamocx-adda adamianis uflebaTa da movaleobaTaamerikis deklaracia. miuxedavad imisa, romdeklaracia konferenciis Cveulebrivi re-zoluciis saxiT gamoqveynda, masSi dafiqsir-da adamianis uflebaTa farTo CamonaTvali.

buenos-airesis protokolma wesdebaSi Seit-ana rigi adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebu-li mniSvnelovani cvlilebebisa. protokoliTSeiqmna adamianis uflebaTa amerikis saxelm-wifoTaSorisi komisia, romlis funqciadadamianis uflebaTa ganxorcieleba da dacvaganisazRvra. aRniSnuli cvlilebebiT komi-siam moipova konstituciuri legitimuroba,romelic manamde mas ar gaaCnda. amasTan, amcvlilebebma mniSvnelovnad ganamtkica amerikisdeklaraciis normatiuli xasiaTi.

adamianis uflebaTa da movaleobaTa amerikisdeklaracia miRebul iqna amerikis 1948 wlis2 maiss saxelmwifoTa mecxre saerTaSorisokonferenciaze. preambulaSi xazgasmulia, romadamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso dacva undaiyos amerikis ganviTarebadi kanonmdeblobisamomavali principi. Seitana

amerikis deklaraciaSi gansazRvrulia adami-anis 27 ufleba-movaleoba. igi moicavs rogorcsamoqalaqo-politikur, aseve socialur-kul-turul uflebebsac.

deklaracia miRebul iqna rogorc konfer-enciis arasavaldebulo rezolucia, romel-sac, rogorc misi Semqmnelebi varaudobdnen,ar unda hqonoda samarTlebrivi efeqti. Tum-ca, droTa ganmavlobaSi amerikis deklaraci-is iuridiulma statusma garkveuli cvlile-

bebi ganicada. amaze mowmobs adamianis ufle-baTa amerikis saxelmwifoTaSorisi sasamarT-los gadawyvetileba, romlis mixedviTac�organizaciis wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvisdeklaracia warmoadgens teqsts, romelSicgansazRvrulia wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebuliuflebebi . . . am saxelmwifoTaTvis deklara-cia warmoadgens organizaciis wesdebasTandakavSirebul saerTaSoriso valdebulebaTawyaros�.

adamianis uflebaTa amerikis saxelmwifoTa-Sorisi komisiis Seqmnis mandati 1959 welsgaica, sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis mexuTesakonsultacio Sexvedraze. amerikis saxelm-wifoTa organizaciis sabWom 1960 wels sis-ruleSi moiyvana aRniSnuli mandati komisiiswesdebis miRebiTa da komisiis pirveli Svidiwevris arCeviT. gamomdinare iqidan, rom 1948wlis amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciiswesdebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ar yofila ko-misiis Seqmna, sabWom mas �amerikis saxelmwi-foTa organizaciis avtonomiuri organosstatusi� mianiWa, romlis funqciadac adami-anis uflebebisadmi pativiscemis ganviTarebi-saTvis xelSewyoba ganisazRvra. wesdeba, ad-amianis uflebebis kuTxiT, efuZneba adami-anis uflebebisa da movaleobebis amerikisdeklaraciaSi asaxul uflebebs. komisiiswesdebis miRebam da masSi gamoyenebulmaformulirebebma safuZveli Cauyara xangr-Zliv process, romlis safuZvelzec moxdadeklaraciis mniSvnelovan normatiul doku-mentad gardaqmna.

1960 wlis wesdebis me-9 muxli komisiasaniWebda mravalmxriv uflebamosilebas ad-amianis uflebebis ganviTarebisaTvis xelSew-yobaSi, maT Soris iyo gamokvlevebis Catare-ba da moxsenebebis momzadeba, agreTve, orga-nizaciis wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis reko-mendaciebis micema erovnuli kanonmdeblobisfarglebSi adamianis uflebaTa ganviTarebisada dacvis xelSesawyobad, TandaTanobiTizomebis miRebis mizniT. komisiam Tavis pirv-elsave sxdomaze aRniSnuli debuleba gan-marta rogorc misi ufleba miemarTa reko-mendaciebiT calkeuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis.efuZneboda ra am ganmartebasa da gamokv-levebis Catarebis uflebamosilebas, komisiampraqtikaSi SemoiRo qveynebis mixedviT sistem-atiur gamokvlevaTa Catareba.

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1965 wlis meore specialurma amerikulmakonferenciam komisia aRWurva individualurgancxadebaTa miRebisa da ganxilvis uflebiT,mxolod im pirobiT, Tu darRveuli uflebaSeesabameboda amerikis deklaraciaSi mocemulerT-erT uflebas da damrRvevi iyo amerikissaxelmwifoTa organizaciis wevri saxelm-wifo. axali uflebamosileba, romelic wes-debaSi dafiqsirda 9 (bis) muxlis saxiT,exeboda Semdegi uflebebis darRvevas: sic-ocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis(muxli 1), kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis (mux-li 2), rwmenis Tavisuflebis (muxli 3),azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis (muxli 4),ukanono dapatimrebisagan dacvis (muxli 25),samarTliani sasamarTlos (muxli 26) uflebisdarRvevas. amgvarad, me-9 (bis) muxlma komi-sias misca individualur saCivarTa miRebisada ganxilvis sistemis SezRudvis saSualeba.aRniSnuli sistemis samarTlebriv wyaroswarmoadgens amerikis saxelmwifoTa orga-nizaciis wesdebaSi da ara adamianis ufleba-Ta Sesaxeb raime specialur xelSekruleba-Si mocemuli uflebamosilebebi.

komisiis statusi Seicvala mas Semdeg, racZalaSi Sevida 1970 wlis buenos-airesisprotokoli. protokolis safuZvelze, cv-lilebebi Sevida amerikis saxelmwifoTa or-ganizaciis 1948 wlis wesdebaSi da adamianisuflebaTa amerikis saxelmwifoTaSorisi ko-misia amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciisoficialur organod gamocxadda. am ukanaskne-lis mTavar funqciad ganisazRvra adamianisuflebebis ganviTarebisa da uzrunvely-ofisTvis xelSewyoba da organizaciis sa-konsultacio organos rolis Sesruleba.protokolma axal organos dauwesa ori mniS-vnelovani debuleba: pirveli _ muxli 112(2) (amJamad 111 (2)), romlis safuZvelzec,adamianis uflebaTa amerikis konvencia gan-sazRvravs komisiis struqturas, kompeten-ciasa da proceduras. meore debulebas war-moadgenda 150-e muxli, romelSic naTqvamia:�manam, sanam adamianis uflebaTa amerikiskonvencia, romelzec laparakia . . (111-e mux-lSi), ar Seva ZalaSi, moqmedi adamianisuflebaTa amerikis konvencia Tvalyursadevnebs adamianis uflebaTa ganxorcieleba-ze�. amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciiswesdebaze dayrdnobiT, adamianis uflebaTa

amerikis saxelmwifoTaSorisma komisiam moi-pova institucionaluri da konstituciurilegitimuroba, rac mas manamde ar gaaCnda.

adamianis uflebaTa amerikis konvencia miRe-bul iqna 1969 wels, ZalaSi ki Sevida 1978wels, maSin, rodesac amerikis saxelmwifoTaorganizaciis wesdebis cvlilebebi SemuSav-da jer kidev 1967 wels. aqedan gamomdinare,konvenciis Semqmnelebma aRWurves adamianisuflebaTa amerikis komisia funqciaTa orijgufiT. pirveli rigis funqciebi, romlebicmocemuli iyo konvenciis 41-e muxlis (a)-(e)da (g) punqtebSi, exeboda amerikis saxelmwi-foTa organizaciis yvela wevr saxelmwifos,xolo meore, mocemuli konvenciis 41-e mux-lis (f) da 44-51 muxlebSi, _ mxolod kon-venciis monawile saxelmwifoebs.

konvenciis ZalaSi Sesvlam aiZula amerikissaxelmwifoTa generaluri asamblea mieRokomisiis axali wesdeba, rac 1979 wels ganx-orcielda. aRniSnuli wesdeba dResac Zala-Sia. wesdebiT gansazRvrulia komisiis kompe-tencia amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciisyvela wevri saxelmwifosadmi, - konvenciiswevri saxelmwifoebisa da amerikis saxelm-wifoTa organizaciis im wevri saxelmwifoe-bisadmi, romlebic mierTebuli ar arian aRniS-nul konvencias.

adamianis uflebebze laparakia axali wesde-bis 1 (2) muxlSi, romlis mixedviT adami-anis uflebebi gagebul unda iqnas rogorc:a) amerikis konvenciis monawile saxelmwi-foebisaTvis am konvenciaSi asaxuli adami-anis uflebebi; b) amerikis saxelmwifoTaorganizaciis sxva wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvisadamianis uflebaTa da movaleobaTa amerikisdeklaraciaSi asaxuli uflebebi.

deklaraciaze amgvari dafuZneba amyarebs misnormatiul xasiaTs da akanonebs komisiisuflebamosilebas im saxelmwifoTa mimarT,romlebic konvenciis monawileni ar arian.amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciis wesdebada deklaracia akisreben am saxelmwifoebsvaldebulebas daicvan adamianis uflebebi.komisia, Tavis mxriv, Tavisi wesdebidan ga-momdinare, flobs berketebs uzrunvelyosaRniSnul valdebulebaTa Sesruleba.

komisia, rogorc amerikis saxelmwifoTa or-ganizaciis wesdebis safuZvelze Seqmnili

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organo, asrulebs sxvadasxva funqciebs ad-amianis uflebaTa ganviTarebis xelSewyobisada sakonsultacio saqmianobis CaTvliT. ko-misia did daxmarebas eweoda adamianis ufle-bebis Sesaxeb amerikis saxelmwifoTa orga-nizaciis dokumentebis, maT Soris adamianisuflebaTa amerikis konvenciis, SeqmnaSi. igi,adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxebTan dakav-SirebiT, regularulad uwevs konsultacie-bs amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciis mud-miv sabWosa da generalur asambleas. Tavisiarsebobis periodSi komisia xSirad gamodio-da Suamavlad da icavda adamianis uflebebssamoqalaqo omebis, saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebu-li konfliqtebisa da mZevalTa ayvanis SemTx-vevebSi. Tumca, komisia ZiriTadad dakavebu-li iyo calkeul qveynebSi adamianis ufleba-Ta mdgomareobis SeswavliTa da individu-alur saCivarTa ganxilviT.

komisiis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebi Ziri-Tadad ukavSirdeba individualuri saCivriTmiRebul informacias, romelic komisias aZlevssafuZvels konkretul qveyanaSi Seiswavlosadamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi arsebu-li saerTo mdgomareoba. pirveli amgvarimoxsenebebi momzadda 60-iani wlebis dasawyis-Si da isini Seexeboda adamianis uflebaTadacvis mdgomareobas kubaSi, haitisa da do-minikis respublikaSi. kubisa da haitismTavrobebma ar darTes neba komisiis wevrebsCasuliyvnen am qveynebSi. dominikis respub-likam ki amgvari ufleba darTo da igi gaxdapirveli qveyana, sadac gamoZieba adgilzeCatarda.

gamoZiebis adgilze Catarebis organizeba xdebakomisiis Tavmjdomaresa da dainteresebulisaxelmwifos mTavrobas Soris mimoweriT.komisia, rogorc wesi, iTxovs nebarTvasewvios romelime konkretul saxelmwifos.Tumca, zogierTi qveynis mTavroba amgvarmowvevas sakuTari iniciativiTac axorcielebs.1977 wlamde adgilze gamoZiebis Catarebawinaswar Tanxmdeboda yovel konkretulSemTxvevaSi. swored amitom komisiam, am sak-iTxTan dakavSirebiT, miiRo rigi wesebisa,romlebic kodificirebulia komisiis wesdeb-is 55-59-e muxlebSi. wesdebis 58-e muxliyovel saxelmwifos avaldebulebs misceskomisias yvela saSualeba dakisrebuli misi-is gansaxorcieleblad da dados piroba ar

gamoiyenos damsjeli zomebi yvela im pirismimarT, romlebic iTanamSromleben komisia-sTan an miawvdian mas informacias. komisiiswevrTa da damxmare personalis ufleba -Tavisuflad gadaadgildnen qveynis masSta-biT, Sexvdnen nebismier pirs da moinaxulonsasjelis moxdis adgilebi, gaTvaliswinebu-lia komisiis wesdebis 59-e muxliT. aRniS-nul debulebebSi laparakia saxelmwifoTamovaleobaze uzrunvelyon komisiis wevrTada damxmare personalis usafrTxoeba, warudg-inon maT mier moTxovnili nebismieri doku-menti an informacia.

dResdReisobiT, adgilze gamoZiebas awarmoebse.w. adamianis uflebaTa amerikis saxelmwi-foTaSorisi komisiis specialuri komisia.amasTan, mniSvnelovani debulebaa Cadebulikomisiis wesdebis 56-e muxlSi, romlis mixed-viT, �komisiis wevrebs, romlebic cxovrobenan arian im qveynis moqalaqeebi, sadac undaCatardes gamoZieba, ar aqvT ufleba iyvnenspecialuri komisiis wevrebi�.

qveynebis mixedviT gamokvlevaTa Catarebismomzadebisas, komisiis samuSao iyofa stadie-bad, miuxedavad imisa, adgilze CatardebaTu ara gamoZieba. Tavdapirvelad, Sesabamisiinformaciis Segrovebis Semdeg, komisia amza-debs moxsenebis proeqts. masSi ganixilebamocemul qveyanaSi arsebuli baza adamianisuflebaTa amerikis konvenciasa an adamianisuflebaTa da movaleobaTa amerikis deklara-ciaSi mocemul normebTan mimarTebaSi, gamom-dinare iqidan, aris Tu ara es saxelmwifokonvenciis monawile. amis Semdeg, moxsenebisproeqti komentarebis gasakeTeblad gansax-ilvelad gadaecema dainteresebul saxelm-wifos. qveynis mTavrobisgan miRebuli Sesa-bamisi pasuxi analizirdeba komisiis mier immizniT saWiroa Tu ara moxsenebaSi warmod-genili axali garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiTdamatebebisa da cvlilebebis Setana. komisia,Tavisi daskvnebis gadasinjvis Semdeg, iRebsgadawyvetilebas moxsenebis gamoqveynebisTaobaze. komisiis wesdebis Tanaxmad, mox-senebis gamoqveyneba savaldebuloa, Tu dain-teresebuli saxelmwifos mTavroba ar pa-suxobs moTxovnas gaakeTos SeniSvnebi. amasTan,komisia ar aqveynebs moxsenebas, Tu mTavrobaTanxmdeba rekomendaciebis Sesrulebaze, anamtkicebs, rom ar arRvevs adamianis uflebebs.

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komisias, moxsenebis gamoqveynebis garda, Seu-Zlia igi gansaxilvelad gadasces amerikissaxelmwifoTa organizaciis generalurasambleas. imis garda, rom asambleaSi gama-rTuli debatebi sazogadoebis didi nawilisyuradRebas ipyrobs, asambleis mier komisiismoxsenebaze dayrdnoba da misi ganxilvisSedegad miRebuli Sesabamisi rezolucia se-riozul zegavlenas axdens im qveynis mTavrobismoqmedebaze, romelic komisiam daadanaSaulaadamianis uflebebis darRvevaSi. miuxedavadimisa, rom amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciisasambleis rezolucias iuridiulad savalde-bulo Zala ara aqvs, mas gaaCnia mniSvnelo-vani moraluri da politikuri zegavlena.konkretuli qveynis xelisufleba amjobinebsgaiziaros rezoluciaSi asaxuli mosazrebe-bi manam, sanam gadawyvetdes, Tu rogorireagireba moaxdinos komisiis gamokvlevisSedegad gakeTebul rekomendaciebze. saboloojamSi, komisiis mier qveynebSi Catarebuligamokvlevebis efeqturoba damokidebulia misavtoritetsa da ndobaze, misi rekomendacie-biT gamowveul sazogadoebrivi azris zewo-lasa da amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciisgeneraluri asambleis mxardamWer rezoluciaze.

amerikis konvenciis amoqmedebamde, komisiaixilavda da reagirebda mxolod im kerZogancxadebebze, romlebic exeboda misi adrin-deli wesdebis 9 (bis) muxlSi CamoTvlilierT-erTi �privilegirebuli� uflebis dar-Rvevas. aRniSnuli praqtika komisiis axaliwesdebis gamoqveynebisTanave Seicvala _ ko-misia aRar asxvavebs erTmaneTisagan �privi-legirebul� da amerikis deklaraciiT gamocx-adebul sxva uflebebs. wesdebis me-20 mux-li komisias uflebas aZlevs gansaxilveladmiiRos da reagireba moaxdinos yvela indi-vidualur gancxadebaze, romelic deklara-ciaSi mocemuli nebismieri uflebis darRve-vas exeba.

komisia aRniSnul gancxadebebs ixilavs TiTqmisiseve, rogorc konvenciis darRvevasTan dakav-Sirebul kerZo Setyobinebebs. am ori tipisgancxadebebis gansxvaveba Tavs iCens mTeliprocesis dasrulebis stadiaze. konvenciisarmonawile saxelmwifoebis mimarTebaSi gancx-adebaTa ganxilvis procesi mTavrdeba mox-senebis momzadebiT, romelsac �saboloo gada-wyvetileba� ewodeba. Cveulebisamebr, am gada-

wyvetilebaSi mocemulia gamoaSkaravebulifaqtebi, komisiis daskvnebi da rekomendacie-bi. Tu saxelmwifo misTvis micemul rekomen-daciebs ar asrulebs, komisias SeuZlia ga-moaqveynos Tavisi gadawyvetileba. amerikissaxelmwifoTa organizaciis generaluri asam-bleisTvis momzadebul komisiis yovelwli-ur moxsenebaSi aris Tavi, romelSic asax-ulia zogierTi am gadawyvetilebaTagani.

amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciis wesdeb-is safuZvelze Seqmnil adamianis uflebaTadacvis sistemas, vfiqrob, ori Zalian sustimxare aqvs. pirvelis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi,rom, rodesac gancxadeba im saxelmwifoTawinaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli, romlebic ar arianmierTebuli konvencias, adamianis uflebaTaamerikis saxelmwifoTaSoris sasamarTlos araaqvs uflebamosileba ganixilos gancxadebe-bi. meores arsi ki imaSi mdgomareobs, romkomisia konkretul saqmeebze Tavis gadaw-yvetilebebs gadascems generalur asambleas,es ukanaskneli ki TiTqmis ar iCens interessindividualur saCivarTa gansaxilvelad. Se-sabamisad, saxelmwifoTa mier komisiis gada-wyvetilebaTa Seusrulebloba, konkretulSemTxvevebTan dakavSirebiT, mcire yuradRebasi pyrobs, rac mocemul sistemas efeqtur-obas ukargavs.

II. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis

amerikis konvenciis safuZvelze

Seqmnili adamianis uflebaTa

dacvis sistema

adamianis uflebaTa amerikis konvencia xel-mosawerad Riad gamocxadda 1969 wlis 20noembers, san-xoseSi (kosta-rika) mimdinareamerikis saxelmwifoTa diplomatiur konfer-enciaze. igi ZalaSi Sevida 1978 wlis 18ivliss da dReisaTvis ratificirebuliaamerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciis mxolod25 wevri saxelmwifos mier. konvenciis monaw-ile saxelmwifoebia: argentina, barbadosi,bolivia, brazilia, Cili, kolumbia, kosta-rika, dominika, dominikis respublika, ekva-dori, el-salvadori, grenada, gvatemala,haiti, hondurasi, iamaika, meqsika, nikaragua,panama, paragvai, peru, surinami, trinidadida tobago, urugvai da venesuela. am siaSiar aris kanada, amerikis SeerTebuli State-bi da karibis auzis ramodenime inglisuren-

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ovani saxelmwifo. SeerTebulma Statebma xelimoawera konvencias, xolo prezidentma jimikarterma igi senats gansaxilvelad da sa-ratifikaciod gadasca. senatma reagirebisgareSe datova prezidentis wardgineba, xoloSemdgom prezidentebs es mondomeba ar gamouCe-niaT. ori damatebiTi protokoli _ ekonomikur,socialur da kulturul uflebaTa (1988w.) da sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis (1990 w.)Sesaxeb, dRemde ZalaSi ar Sesula.

konvenciaSi garantirebulia ocze meti samo-qalaqo da politikuri ufleba. maT ricxvsmiekuTvneba: samarTalsubieqturobis, sicocx-lis, humanuri mopyrobis ufleba, piradiTavisufleba, samarTliani sasamarTlos ufle-ba, sasamarTlo Secdomaze kompensaciis miRebisufleba, piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobisufleba, sindisis, rwmenis, azris Tavisufleba,moqalaqeobis ufleba da sxv. aRniSnul ufle-bebs avsebs diskriminaciis sawinaaRmdego de-buleba da konvenciis monawile saxelmwifo-Ta valdebuleba ganaxorcielos etapobriviRonisZiebebi, amerikis saxelmwifoTa orga-nizaciis wesdebasa da buenos-airesis pro-tokolis cvlilebebSi dafiqsirebuliekonomikuri, socialuri, saganmanaTleblo,samecniero da kulturuli uflebebis sru-li realizaciis mizniT.

konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebi valde-bulebas kisruloben ara marto pativi scenkonvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul uflebebs, arameduzrunvelyon maTi Tavisufali da sruliganxorcieleba. aqedan gamomdinare, am sax-elmwifoebs aqvT pozitiuri da negatiurivaldebulebebi, anu maT ar unda daarRvionkonvenciiT garantirebuli uflebebi da miiRonyvela zomebi maT cxovrebaSi gasatareblad.

konvenciis 27-e muxli saxelmwifoebs aZlevsSesaZleblobas omis, sazogadoebrivi safrTxisan sxva sagangebo SemTxvevaSi, romelic maTdamoukideblobas an usafrTxoebas exeba,droebiT Tavi Seikavon nakisri valdebulebe-bis Sesrulebaze. amasTan, akrZalulia kon-venciiT garantirebuli gansakuTrebiT mniS-vnelovani adamianis uflebebis nawilobrivigauqmeba. aRniSnuli SeTanxmebebisagan gansx-vavebiT, amerikis deklaraciaSi miTiTebulia,rom uflebebis ganxorcielebis sasamarTlowesiT dacva, romlebic nawilobriv gauqmebas

ar eqvemdebareba, ar SeiZleba iqnes SeCerebuli.

konvencia Seicavs e.w. �federalur mdgomar-eobas�, romelic federaciuli wes-wyobileb-is mqone saxelmwifoebs naklebi valdebule-bebiT SezRudvis saSualebas aZlevs. isinixelSekrulebas aRiareben mxolod im sak-iTxebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebzedac axor-cieleben sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo iuris-diqcias. aRniSnuli debuleba konvenciaSi CaidoSeerTebuli Statebis delegaciis daJinebu-li moTxovniT san-xoses konferenciaze. del-egaciis wevrebma amgvari principuli moTx-ovna daasabuTes im garemoebiT, rom sawi-naaRmdego SemTxvevaSi amerikis SeerTebulStatebs ar eqneboda saSualeba gamxdariyokonvenciis monawile.

konvencia iTvaliswinebs adamianis uflebaTaamerikis saxelmwifoTaSorisi komisiisa daadamianis uflebaTa amerikis saxelmwifoTa-Sorisi sasamarTlos Seqmnas da aniWebs maTuflebamosilebas konvenciis monawile sax-elmwifoTa mier nakisri valdebulebebis Ses-rulebasTan dakavSirebiT.

TiToeuli instituti Sedgeba Svidi wevris-gan, romelTac kerZo pirebis saxiT irCeven.komisiis wevrebi airCevian amerikis saxelm-wifoTa organizaciis yvela wevri saxelmwi-foebis mier maSin, rodesac sasamarTloskandidaturebis daniSvnisa da wevrebis arCe-vis uflebiT sargebloben mxolod konvenci-is monawile saxelmwifoebi. imis gamo, romkomisia warmoadgens rogorc konvenciis, aseveamerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciis wesdeb-is organos, sruliad logikuria amerikissaxelmwifoTa organizaciis yvela wevr sax-elmwifos hqondes ufleba airCios komisiiswevrebi, miuxedavad imisa, moaxdines Tu aramaT konvenciis ratificireba.

komisiis adgilsamyofelia vaSingtoni (kolum-biis olqi), xolo sasamarTlosi _ san-xose(kosta-rika). sasamarTloc da komisiac we-liwadSi sul mcire or rigiT sesiaze ikribe-bian. maT aqvT imdeni riggareSe sesiebis Catare-bis ufleba, ramdensac saWirod CaTvlian.komisiisa da sasamarTlos wevroba ar war-moadgens Statian samuSaos. amisda miuxeda-vad, orive instituts gaaCnia Tavisi mudmivi,ricxobrivad mcire damxmare personali.

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komisiis funqciebi mocemulia konvenciis 41-e muxlSi. masSi kodificirebulia komisiis,rogorc amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaci-is organos, manamde arsebuli funqciebi daCamoyalibebulia uflebamosileba gancxade-bebisa da sxva Setyobinebebis sapasuxod kon-venciis 44-51-e muxlebiT kompetenciis gan-sazRvrul farglebSi zomebis miRebis Taoba-ze. aRniSnuli debuleba exeba mxolod kon-venciis monawile saxelmwifoebs da ukavSird-eba mis mier Seqmnil gancxadebaTa ganxilvissistemas. zemoTqmuli sistema gansxvavdebagancxadebaTa ganxilvis im sistemisagan, romel-sac iyenebs komisia, rogorc amerikis sax-elmwifoTa organizaciis wesdebiT Seqmniliorgano.

konvencia komisias individualuri da sax-elmwifoTaSorisi gancxadebebis ganxilvisSesaZleblobas aniWebs. saxelmwifo, romel-ic konvenciis monawile xdeba, aRiarebs ko-misiis iurisdiqcias ganixilos mis winaaRm-deg mimarTuli kerZo saCivrebi. komisias Seu-Zlia erTi saxelmwifos gancxadebis ganxil-va meoris winaaRmdeg mxolod im SemTxveva-Si, rodesac orive saxelmwifom, konvenciisratificirebis garda, aRiara komisiis sax-elmwifoTaSorisi kompetenciac. amerikis kon-vencia komisiisaTvis kerZo saCivriT mimarTvisuflebas aZlevs ara mxolod adamianis ufle-baTa darRvevis msxverplT, aramed nebismierpirs, pirTa jgufs an arasamTavrobo orga-nizaciebs.

gancxadebaTa gansaxilvelad miRebis Sesa-Zlebloba ganpirobebulia Semdegi faqtore-biT: (1) yvela Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarT-lebrivi dacvis saSualeba amowurulia saer-TaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebu-li principebis Sesabamisad da (2) gancxade-ba komisias unda gaegzavnos ara ugvianeseqvsi Tvisa, mas Semdeg, rac savaraudo msx-verpls saqmesTan dakavSirebiT misi saxelm-wifos sasamarTlom gamoucxada saboloogadawyvetileba. dasaSvebia am SemzRudveligaremoebebis ugulebelyofac, Tu (1) sax-elmwifoSi ar arsebobs uflebaTa dacvissaSualebebi; (2) savaraudo msxverpls uarieTqva Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTlebrivdacvaze an adgili hqonda am organoebis saqmi-anobaSi Carevas; (3) adgili hqonda adgilo-brivi samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebis

gamoyenebis ukanono gadavadebas. komisiisproceduris wesebis Tanaxmad, mopasuxe sax-elmwifom unda daamtkicos, rom yvela Si-dasaxelmwifoebrivi meqanizmi amowuruli araris im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifo acxa-debs amis Sesaxeb, xolo momCivani ambobs,rom maTi gamoyeneba SeuZlebeli iyo.

saCivari gansaxilvelad ar miiReba maSinac,rodesac igi ar Seicavs mtkicebulebas,dafuZnebul faqts, an usafuZvloa. 47 (d)muxlis safuZvelze, komisiam ar unda ganix-ilos gancxadeba, Tu igi msgavsia komisiismier adre ganxiluli gancxadebisa an ganxi-lulia romelime saerTaSoriso organizaci-is mier. aRniSnul debulebas avsebs 46 (c)muxli, romlis Tanaxmad, saCivari ar daiS-veba gansaxilvelad maSinac ki, roca igi sxvasaerTaSoriso organizaciaSi ganxilvis procesSia.

saCivarTa ganxilvisas, komisia amowmebs yve-la arguments, informaciis misaRebad mimar-Tavs dainteresebul saxelmwifos da iZiebsarsebul faqtebs. sagamoZiebo procesis dros,komisias SeuZlia Caataros mosmena, romel-Sic monawileoben dainteresebuli saxelmwi-fos mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi da momCivani.komisia unda Seecados da moagvaros arsebu-li sadavo sakiTxi mxareebs Soris SeTanxme-biT. Tu msgavsi SeTanxmeba miiRweva, komisiaamzadebs moxsenebas, romelSic xdeba saqmesTandakavSirebuli faqtebisa da misi daregulire-bis aRwera.

mxareebis mier megobruli SeTanxmebis miuR-wevlobisas, komisia amzadebs moxsenebas,romelSic warmodgenili iqneba mis miermocemul saqmeze gakeTebuli daskvnebi. mox-seneba, romelSic mocemulia komisiis daskv-na adamianis uflebebis darRvevis faqtebisdadasturebiT, da Sesabamisi rekomendaciebigadaecemaT dainteresebul saxelmwifoebs. maTaqvT sami Tve imisaTvis, rom Seasrulon ko-misiis rekomendaciebi an moaxdinon maTzegarkveuli saxiT reagireba. am drois ganmav-lobaSi komisiam an dainteresebulma saxelm-wifom saqme SeiZleba gadasces adamianisuflebaTa amerikis sasamarTlos.

saqmis ganxilvisas, romelic gansaxilveladar gadaeca sasamarTlos an ar daregulirdamxareTa mier, komisias SeuZlia, wevrTa um-ravlesobis TanxmobiT, gamoTqvas Tavisi mo-

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sazreba da gaakeTos Sesabamisi daskvna. Tukomisia daadgens, rom konvencia dairRva, manunda Camoayalibos Tavisi rekomendaciebi dagansazRvros vada, romlis ganmavlobaSicsaxelmwifom unda miiRos saTanado zomebiganxorcielebuli darRvevebis gamosaswore-blad. aRniSnuli vadis amowurvisTanave ko-misiam xmaTa absoluturi umravlesobiT undagadawyvitos sakiTxi saxelmwifos mier sa-Tanado zomebis gatarebisa da moxsenebisgamoqveynebis saWiroebis Taobaze.

komisiis saproceduro wesebi am ukanasknelsamerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciis gener-aluri asambleis yovelwliur moxsenebaSiromelime konkretul saqmeze daskvniTi mox-senebis CarTvis saSualebas aZlevs. aRniSnu-lis safuZvelze, wliur angariSSi mocemu-li sakiTxi gansaxilvelad egzavneba gener-aluri asambleis sxdomas, romelime saxelm-wifos mier komisiis rekomendaciebis Seus-ruleblobaze reagirebis mizniT.

komisias ufleba aqvs ganixilos saxelmwi-foTaSorisi davebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,rodesac mosarCele da mopasuxe saxelmwi-foebma aRiares misi kompetencia msgavsi gancx-adebebis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT. saxelm-wifoTa mxridan komisiis kompetenciis aRi-areba SeiZleba rogorc zogadad yvela, aseveromelime konkretul saqmesTan mimarTebaSi.miuxedavad imisa, rom konvenciis monawilesaxelmwifoTa TiTqmis naxevarze metma gaa-keTa Sesabamisi zogadi gancxadeba, dRemdesaxelmwifoTaSoris davebze gamoZieba ardaniSnula. saxelmwifoTaSorisi gancxadebe-bis dasaSvebobis sakiTxi da ganxilvis pro-cedura individualuri gancxadebebis moTx-ovnaTa msgavsia.

komisiis gadawyvetileba gancxadebis gansax-ilvelad dauSveblobis Sesaxeb sabolooa dagasaCivrebas ar eqvemdebareba. konvenciaSiaraferia naTqvami imaze, Tu ra iuridiuliefeqti eqneba komisiis daskvnas, Tu es uka-naskneli miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifom daarRviakonvencia. marTalia aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba,sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis msgavsad, araris oficialurad savaldebulo, magram igiwarmoadgens kompetenturi iuridiuli orga-nos daskvnas, romelsac konvencia aniWebskompetencias konvenciis monawile saxelmwi-

foebis mier nakisr valdebulebaTa Sesrule-basTan mimarTebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, zemox-senebul saxelmwifoebsa da amerikis saxelm-wifoTa organizacias ufleba aqvT ganixilonkomisiis gadawyvetileba rogorc avtoritet-uli daskvna imis Taobaze, rom konvenciismonawile romelime saxelmwifom daarRviaTavisi saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebi, daimoqmedon Sesabamisad.

konvencia komisias aniWebs uflebas gadascessaqmeebi sasamarTlos da miiRos monawileobayvela maTganis ganxilvaSi. aRniSnuliT komi-sia ufro met funqcias iZens, vidre mxolodmxaris warmodgena sasamarTlos mier ganxi-lul saqmeSi. praqtikaSi damkvidrebulia, romkomisia saqmes sasamarTloSi gadascems arasakuTari, aramed konkretuli piris an sax-elmwifos saxeliT. sasamarTloSi komisiisumTavres sazrunavs warmoadgens konvenciissafuZvelze Seqmnili adamianis uflebaTadacvis sistemis samarTlebrivi da institu-cionaluri mTlianobis uzrunvelyofa.

komisia uflebamosilia moTxovos sasamarT-los sakonsultacio daskvnebis gakeTeba. ufrometic, sasamarTlos droebiTi amkrZalavibrZanebebi SeiZleba gamoices gansakuTrebulSemTxvevebSi da mxolod komisiis Suamdgom-lobis safuZvelze.

amgvarad, komisia, gancxadebaTa ganxilvasTandakavSirebul mraval funqciasTan erTad,mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs imdenad, ram-denadac exmareba sasamarTlos miniWebuliuflebamosilebis realizebaSi. komisiis yovel-wliur moxsenebebSi calke Tavi aqvs daTmo-bili adamianis uflebaTa amerikis saxelmwi-foTaSorisi komisiis saqmianobas, dakavSire-buls adamianis uflebaTa amerikis saxelmwi-foTaSoris sasamarTlosTan.

sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi Sedis mxareTaSoris davis ganxilva, e.i. sasamarTlo gada-wyvetilebebis gamotana im saqmeebze, rom-lebic dakavSirebulia monawile saxelmwi-fos mier konvenciis darRvevis braldebasTan.masve evaleba konvenciisa da adamianis ufle-baTa Sesaxeb sxva xelSekrulebebis ganmarte-basTan dakavSirebuli sakonsultacio daskvneb-is gakeTeba.

konvenciis monawile saxelmwifo ar scnobs

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sasamarTlos iurisdiqcias mxolod konvenciisratificirebiT. damatebiT, saWiroa garkveu-li vadis mqone an gansakuTrebuli SemTx-vevebisTvis specialuri gancxadebis orga-nizaciis generaluri mdivnisTvis wardgena,romelic aslebs gadascems organizaciis wevrsaxelmwifoebsa da sasamarTlos samdivnos,an specialuri SeTanxmebis dadeba. dReisaTvissaerTo gancxadebebi sasamarTlos iurisdiqci-is cnobis Taobaze gaakeTes argentinam, bo-liviam, kolumbiam, Cilem, kosta-rikam, ekva-dorma, el-salvadorma, gvatemalam, hondur-asma, nikaraguam, perum, panamam, paragvaim,surinamma, trinidadma da tobagom, urugvaimda venesuelam.

konvenciis 61 (1) muxlSi miTiTebulia, rommxolod konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebsaqvT saqmis sasamarTloSi gadacemis ufleba.calkeul individebs, romelTac gancxadebebigaugzavnes komisias, ar SeuZliaT saqmis sasa-marTlo ganxilvisaTvis gadacema da damok-idebuli arian komisiaze an saxelmwifoze,romelsac SeuZlia amis gakeTeba maT mag-ivrad. amasTanave, sanam saqme sasamarTlozeganixileba, komisiis yvela Sesabamisi proce-dura unda amoiwuros.

sasamarTlosTvis saqmis gadacemisTanve, esukanaskneli uflebamosilia Tavidan ganixi-los komisiis daskvna. sasamarTlos kompe-tenciaSi Sedis aseve Tavisi iurisdiqciissawinaaRmdego yvela argumentis mosmena,dafuZnebuli komisiis mier konvenciiT gan-sazRvrul proceduraTa Seusruleblobaze.

konvenciis 67-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebulia,rom sasamarTlos mier gamotanili gadaw-yvetileba sabolooa da gasaCivrebas ar eqvem-debareba. igive muxli sasamarTlos aniWebsuflebas ganmartos Tavisi gadawyvetilebebimaTi mniSvnelobisa da Sefardebis sferosTaobaze warmoSobili gaurkvevlobis SemTx-vevaSi. konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebivaldebuli arian Seasrulon sasamarTlos neb-ismieri gadawyvetileba, romelic maT exebaT.

sasamarTlo aRWurvilia fuladi kompensaci-is miniWebisa da deklaraciuli xasiaTis gada-wyvetilebebis gamotanis uflebiT. am uka-nasknelSi miTiTebuli unda iyos ara martois, Tu romeli uflebebi dairRva, aramedisic, Tu rogor unda gamoasworos saxelm-

wifom isini. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis isnawili, romelSic kompensaciazea saubari,unda ganxorcieldes davis monawile sax-elmwifoSi im Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi proce-durebis Sesabamisad, romlebic aregulirebensasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis sisruleSimoyvanas. konvencia ki ar avaldebulebs monaw-ile saxelmwifoebs kompensaciis Taobaze sasa-marTlo gadawyvetilebebis Sesasrulebladmeqanizmis Seqmnas, aramed aZlevs mas amisgakeTebis uflebas.

konvencia ar qmnis raime gansakuTrebulmeqanizms sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Ses-rulebaze sazedamxedvelod. TumcaRa, 65-emuxli pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom sasamarT-lom amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciisgeneralur asambleas unda miawodos infor-macia sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Seusrule-blobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnulis safuZvelze, gen-eraluri asamblea ixilavs mocemul sakiTxsda urCi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg iRebs misiazriT saWiro nebismier politikur zomebs.miuxedavad imisa, rom asambleis rezolucie-bs organizaciis wevr saxelmwifoebTan mima-rTebaSi ara aqvT iuridiulad savaldebuloZala, maT aqvT mniSvnelovani politikuriberketi, romelic gamoixateba sazogadoebriviazris zewolaSi.

amerikis konvencia erTaderTia adamianis ufle-baTa Sesaxeb ZiriTadi SeTanxmebebidan, romel-ic pirdapir axdens sasamarTlos amkrZalavidroebiTi brZanebebis sanqcionirebas. 63 (2)muxlSi pirdapiraa miTiTebuli e.w. droebiTzomebze: �aucilebeli mniSvnelobisa da gada-udeblobis, agreTve, calkeul pirTaTvisgamousworebeli zianis miyenebis Tavidan ac-ilebis SemTxvevebSi, sasamarTlom Tavis Sexed-ulebisamebr unda miiRos droebiTi zomebi imsakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic misi ganx-ilvis procesSia. im saqmeebTan mimarTebaSi,romlebic jer ar aris misTvis gansaxilve-lad gadacemuli, mas SeuZlia imoqmedoskomisiis TxovniT�.

sasamarTlos sakonsultacio iurisdiqciisfarglebi Zalian farToa. amerikis saxelmwi-foTa organizaciis nebismier wevr saxelmwi-fos da ara marto konvenciis monawile sax-elmwifos, SeuZlia mosTxovos sasamarTlossakonsultacio xasiaTis daskvnis gamotana.

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ufro metic, sasamarTlos es funqcia arSemoifargleba mxolod konvenciis ganmarte-biT da vrceldeba amerikis saxelmwifoebSinebismier sxva SeTanxmebaze dakavSirebuliadamianis uflebebis dacvasTan. amerikis sax-elmwifoTa organizaciis yvela organos (gen-eralur asambleas, mudmiv sabWos da sxva,adamianis uflebaTa amerikis saxelmwifoTa-Sorisi komisiis CaTvliT) ufleba aqvs sTx-ovos sasamarTlos sakonsultacio xasiaTisdaskvnis gamotana. amasTanave, sasamarTlos,amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciis nebis-mieri wevri saxelmwifos TxovniT, SeuZliagaakeTos sakonsultacio daskvna mocemulisaxelmwifos erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Se-sabamisobaze konvenciasa da sxva adamianisuflebaTa Sesaxeb saxelmwifoTaSoris SeT-anxmebebze.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sasamarTlo daadgens, romsaxelmwifom sTxova sakonsultacio daskv-nis gamotana komisiaSi saqmis ganxilvis gasaW-ianureblad an meore mxaris mimarT garkveu-li upiratesobis mosapoveblad, mas SeuZliauari ganacxados amgvari daskvnis gamotanaze.

sakonsultacio daskvnebi ar aris iuridiu-lad savaldebulo Zalis mqone. amazemetyvelebs maTive dasaxelebac da amtkicebsis argumentic, rom konvenciaSi arsadaa lapar-aki maTi savaldebulobis Sesaxeb. Tumca,amerikis saxelmwifoTaSorisi sasamarTlowarmoadgens sasamarTlo instituts, romlis

mizania adamianis uflebaTa amerikis konvenciisganxorcieleba, ganmarteba da zedamxedvelobakonvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebis miernakisri valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze. sasa-marTlo gadawyvetilebas, gamotanils sada-vo sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT an sakonsulta-cio daskvnis saxiT, gaaCnia iuridiuli Zala,sasamarTlos specifiurobidan gamomdinare.

gansxvaveba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebisSeusruleblobasa da sakonsultacio daskv-nis gauziareblobas Soris mdgomareobs ima-Si, rom pirveli iwvevs konvenciis darRve-vas, xolo meore _ ara. Tumca, Tu saxelm-wifo axorcielebs moqmedebebs, romlebicsasamarTlos sakonsultacio daskvniT ewi-naaRmdegeba konvenciis moTxovnebs, igi iRebsgafrTxilebas imis Taobaze, rom aRniSnulimoqmedebebi arRvevs nakisr valdebulebebs.

adamianis uflebaTa dacvis amerikis saxelm-wifoTaSorisi meqanizmi adamianis uflebaTadacvis uaRresad mniSvnelovani saerTaSorisosistemaa, romelic jer kidev srulyofiliar aris da daxvewas moiTxovs. miuxedavadamisa, aRniSnuli sistemis farglebSi moqmedmasaerTaSoriso meqanizmebma (adamianis ufle-baTa amerikis saxelmwifoTaSorisma komisiamda adamianis uflebaTa amerikis saxelmwifo-TaSorisma sasamarTlom) didi wvlili Seit-anes adamianis uflebebis dacvasa da adami-anis uflebaTa Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso kanonm-deblobis ganviTarebaSi.

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ÂÉÂÀ ÀÌÉÒÀÍÀÛÅÉËÉ


aerTaSoriso samarTlis wina nomerSi Cvens mier vrclad iqna gaSuqebuli samSvidobooperaciebis arsi, amocanebi da funqciebi;aseve, ganvixileT samSvidobo operaciebisCatarebis procedura, finansuri uzrunve-lyofis gzebi da saSualebebi.

amjerad, gavecnobiT samSvidobo operaciebisrols multipolaruli msoflios pirobeb-Si; mimovixilavT saerTaSoriso organizacie-bis mier SemuSavebuli konfliqtebis dareg-ulirebisa da kontrolis instrumentebs,ganvixilavT maT funqciebsa da perspeqtivebssamSvidobo operaciebis Catarebis saqmeSi.

samSvidobo operaciebi da

msoflios axali gadanawileba

xSir SemTxvevebSi saxelmwifoebis monawile-oba samSvidobo operaciebSi ukavSirdeba miserovnul interesebs. ramdenad gamoxatavs igiqveyanaSi arsebul ZalTa mzadyofnas da sur-vils. aseve sayuradReboa, Tu rogoria mmarTv-el da opoziciur partiaTa ganlageba, maTiurTierTTanamSromloba, vinaidan xSirad opoz-iciuri Zalebis uaryofiTi ganwyoba aiZu-lebs am Tu im saxelmwifos xelisuflebasTavi Seikavos samSvidobo operaciebSi monaw-ileobisagan.

faqtia, rom bi polaruli msoflio aRararsebobs; misi adgili daikava didi saxelm-wifoebis jgufma, romlebmac faqtiurad ga-naxorcieles msoflios axali gadanawileba

lokaluri konfliqtebis daregulirebaSipasuxismgeblobis zonebis mixedviT.

pasuxismgeblobis aRniSnuli zonebi pirobi-Tad SeiZleba daiyos or kategoriad: ama Tuim didi qveynebis gansakuTrebuli pasuxismge-blobis zonebi da ramdenime didi saxelmwi-fos koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis zonebi.magaliTad, a.S.S-s gansakuTrebuli pasuxismge-blobis zonebs warmoadgens centraluriamerika da karibis auzi, agreTve, axlo aR-mosavleTi; evropis didi saxelmwifoebisaTvis(pirvel rigSi, safrangeTisaTvis) _ ekvatoru-li afrika, ruseTisaTvis - yofili ssrk-steritoria.

koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis zonis magali-Tad gamodgeba yofili iugoslaviis terito-ria, roca ramdenime didi saxelmwifo (a.S.S.,didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, germania daruseTi) cdilobs koleqtiuri ZalisxmeviTdaareguliros es konfliqti, da koreis nax-evarkunZuli, sadac problemis gadawyvetaSimonawileobs a.S.S., CineTi, iaponia da ruse-Ti. lokaluri konfliqtebis daregulireba-Si mTavari pasuxismgebloba ekisreba didsaxelmwifoebs, romlebic, rogorc wesi, saer-TaSoriso organizaciebis (gaero, nato, euTo,d.s.T., aziis qveynebis organizacia da a.S.1 )egidiT gamodian.

rac Seexeba zogadad iugoslaviasa da bosni-is kriziss, unda iTqvas, rom misi daregu-lirebis bolo etapze iniciativa namdviladgadavida a.S.S-s xelSi risi naTeli dastu-

ÓÀÌÛÅÉÃÏÁÏ ÏÐÄÒÀÝÉÄÁÉÓÓÀÌÀÒÈËÄÁÒÉÅ-ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÀÓÐÄØÔÄÁÉ

1 D\ B\, <fn.r, CIF - ýrjyjvbrf, gjkbnbrf, bltjkjubz, 1996u., ̀ 12.

Ó

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ricaa deitonis SeTanxmeba da dResdReobiTmimdinare movlenebi. Tumca, es ar iZlevaimis safuZvels, rom a.S.S hegemonizmSi dava-danaSauloT, rac ruseTis politikosebisada mecnier-specialistebis mxridan xSiradgaismis xolme. maT unda axsovdeT, rom yo-fili ssrk-s teritoriaze konfliqtebis da-regulireba moskovis diqtatis qveS mimdinar-eobs. iqneba es konfliqti dnestrispireTSi(moldova) Tu afxazeTSi (saqarTvelo), yara-baxSi (azerbaijani) Tu yofil samxreT os-eTSi (saqarTvelo) an kidev tajikeTSi.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, uSiSroebis sabWosadmiaRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos mTavrobis mimarT-va, sadac igi ruseTisa da d.s.T-s Zalebi-saTvis samSvidobo statusis miniWebas iTx-ovda, rac im periodisaTvis gaeros yofilmamdivanma, butros butros galim uaryofiTadSeafasa. man ganacxada: "Tu warmodgeniliaerTi an ori qveyana, es ar niSnavs, rom igid.s.T-s mravalerovnuli Zalebia. isini vermiiReben gaeros droSis qveS samSvidobo op-eraciebis Catarebis uflebas",2 rasac arSeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT. Tumca b. b. galispozicia, saqarTveloSi samSvidobo operaci-asTan dakavSirebiT, Zalze male Seicvala. esdaemTxva a.S.S-s xelisuflebis gadawyvetile-bas bolo moeRo haitis samxedro reJimis-aTvis, romelsac mxari gaeromac dauWira.haitiSi demokratiisa da kanonieri xelisu-flebis aRdgenis mizniT, daiwyo a.S.S-ssamxedro mzadeba. male uSiSroebis sabWomTiTqmis erTdroulad miiRo rezoluciebi 937da 940, romlebiTac sanqcionirebuli iyorogorc saqarTveloSi gaeros egidiTa daeuTo-s warmomadgenelTa monawileobiT d.s.T-ssamSvidobo Zalebis Seyvana (Tumca, cxadiiyo, rom faqtiurad ruseTis Zalebi iqnebo-da), ise haitiSi samxedro Zalis gamoyeneba(ZiriTadi birTvi iyo amerikis SeiaraRebuliZalebi).

saqarTvelosa da haitis Sesaxeb am gadaw-yvetilebebis motivebis Taobaze uSiSroebissabWos rezoluciebis miRebis faqtma serio-zuli polemika gamoiwvia. ai, ras werda mim-dinare procesebTan dakavSirebiT "Taimsi" -

"haitiSi jarebis Seyvanis Sesaxeb uSiSroeb-is sabWos gadawyvetileba aris didi saxelm-wifoebis garigebis Sedegi. imisaTvis, roma.S.S-s mTavrobas moskovisagan mieRo mxardaW-era, igi daeTanxma gaeros egidiT saqarTveloSisamSvidobo misiis Seyvanas.3 h. kisinjermapirdapir ganacxada amis Sesaxeb "vaSingtonpostis" furclebze - "a.S.S-s xelisuflebamdauSva Secdoma, Seqmna precedenti, romel-ic SeiZleba ruseTis mxridan gamoyenebuliqnas imasTan mimarTebaSi, rasac ruseTSi"axlo sazRvargareTs" eZaxian".4

saqarTveloSi dResdReobiT didi polemikaagaCaRebuli ,,mSvidobisaTvis iZulebis" bos-niuri modelis afxazeTis mimarTebaSi gamoy-enebis Taobaze. upirveles yovlisa, undaaRiniSnos, rom e.w. bosniuri modeli gac-ilebiT farTo cnebaa, rac sakiTxTa mniS-vnelovan speqtrs moicavs da bosnia-hercogov-inas saxelmwifoebriv-politikur wyobas ukav-Sirdeba, romelic deitonis SeTanxmebis Sed-egad konfederaciul saxelmwifod gaformda(bosnia-xorvatuli federacia da serbTa re-spublika), rac, vfiqrobT, saqarTvelosaTvismisaReb modelad ar gamodgeba. albaT aq ufroadamianis uflebaTa uxeS darRvevasa da saer-Tod, Zaladobaze saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobismxridan adekvaturi moqmedebebis, ,,mSvidobi-saTvis iZulebis" bosniuri principis gamoy-enebas gulisxmoben, roca aRniSnul sakiTxsexebian. Tumca erTia ,,mSvidobisaTvis iZu-lebis" operaciis Catareba bosniaSi (an saer-Tod, iugoslaviaSi) da meorea misi gamoyene-ba saqarTveloSi, rac, am etapze ararealuria.

rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, yofili ssrk-s teritoria (garda baltiispireTisa) dasav-leTsa da ruseTs Soris geopolitikuri gari-gebis Sedegad ruseTis gavlenis sferod rCeba(yovel SemTxvevaSi am etapze mainc). amasemateba ruseTis samxedro bazebis arsebobasaqarTveloSi (maT Soris afxazeTSi). imSemTxvevaSi, Tuki gaeros mxridan ,,iZulebamSvidobisaTvis" operaciis saqarTveloSiCatarebis sakiTxi uSiSroebis sabWoze gan-saxilvelad dadgeba, ruseTi ueWvelad vetosuflebas gamoiyenebs (geopolitikuri inter-

2 Bpdtcnbz, 1994, # 6, aprili.3 Times, 1994, Aug. 1.4 Washington Post, 1994, Sep. 25.

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esebis momizezebiT). Teoriulad davuSvaT,rom aseTi RonisZiebis Catareba Tavis Tavzenatom aiRo, rogorc amas dResdReobiT iugo-slaviaSi axorcielebs. am SemTxvevaSi igiiZulebuli iqneba ruseTTan samxedro mo-qmedebebSi Caebas, risi daSvebac warmoud-genelia da amave dros, - nakleb savaraudo.erTia, Caataro sadamsjelo operaciebi(romelsac eqsperimentuli saxe aqvs) SuaevropaSi saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mx-ardaWeriT da meorea, Caataro igi afxazeT-Si, sadac nebismieri samxedro aqcia (Tundacsahaero) uSualod ruseTis samxedro bazeb-is usafrTxoebas daukavSirdeba. amasTanave,SeuZlebelia saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobawavides am nabijze maSin, roca natos oper-acia jer ar damTavrebula da kosovos sak-iTxi sabolood ar mogvarebula. amdenad, romaraferi vTqvaT sxva faqtorebzec, xsenebu-lic sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom gaeros egidiTan natos mier saqarTveloSi ,,mSvidobisaTvisiZulebis" operaciis Catareba ararealuradmiviCnioT. ismis kiTxva, SesaZlebelia Tu araSesabamisi mandatiT ruseTma Caataros zemox-senebuli operacia, anu aiZulos afxazebi(maT Soris Zalismieri meTodebiT) daTanxmd-nen ltolvilebis afxazeTSi dabrunebasa daSedegiani samSvidobo molaparakebebis gagr-Zelebaze? jer erTi, ruseTi rom didad iyosdainteresebuli am sakiTxiT, igi mas yovel-gvari samxedro moqmedebebisa da garTulebe-bis gareSe moagvarebda. meorec, ruseTis mxri-dan afxazebis mimarTebaSi nebismieri Zal-ismieri aqcia kidev ufro daZabavs poli-tikur urTierTobas ruseTis mTavrobasa daopozicias Soris (romelic mniSvnelovansamxedro Tu politikur mxardaWeras uwevsseparatistebis mTavrobas). amasTanave,gasaTvaliswinebelia Crdilo-kavkasiuri faq-toric. afxazeTSi ,,iZuleba mSvidobisaTvis"operaciis Catareba kidev ufro gazrdis an-tirusul ganwyobas Crdilo kavkasiur res-publikebSi da ruseTs maTTan urTierTobaSiseriozul problemebs Seuqmnis. yovelivezemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ruseTi aseTriskze namdvilad ar wava.

amrigad, am etapze saqarTveloSi ,,mSvidobi-saTvis iZulebis" bosniuri ,,modelis" (ufromarTebulia Tu vixmarT "meTods") gamoyeneb-

is SesaZlebloba ararealurad gveCveneba.magram, es ar niSnavs imas, rom axlo mo-mavalSi aRniSnuli sakiTxi dRis wesrigSiar dadgeba.

msoflioSi a.S.S-s dominirebuli rolis mo-mxreebi mkacrad icaven im pozicias, romlismixedviTac, postsabWoTa saxelmwifoebSipirdapiri interesebis ararseboba ar niSnavsimas, rom a.S.S. am regionidan unda gavidesda misces ruseTs monopoluri ufleba da-icvas mSvidoba da uSiSroeba mis mezobelqveynebSi.

cnobili politologi, C. meinsi (romelicaraerTxel gamovida buSisa da qlintonisadministraciis politikis kritikiT), miiC-nevs, rom Secvlil saerTaSoriso pirobebSiaucilebelia did saxelmwifoebs Soris moxdesgavlenis sferoebis gadanawileba. a.S.S dasav-leTis qveynebs Soris SeinarCunebs dominire-bul mdgomareobas, analogiur mdgomareobasdaikavebs ruseTi yofili ssrk-s teritori-aze, indoeTi gaxdeba lideri samxreT azia-Si, CineTi da iaponia - aziuri kontinentisdanarCen teritoriaze. meinsis azriT, esSeesabameba Tanamedrove msoflios axal re-aliebs.5

rogorc Cans, aseTi tendenciebis ganviTarebadroebiT xasiaTs atarebs da Rrmad gvwams,rom 21-e saukuneSi konfliqtebis daregu-lirebaSi zonuri ganawilebis principi adg-ils dauTmobs WeSmaritad kolegialur, saer-To, saerTaSoriso humanitaruli miswrafebe-biT gajerebul poziciebs.

samSvidobo operaciebis

klasifikacia

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias SemuSave-buli aqvs konfliqtebis daregulirebisa dakontrolis saSualebebis mTeli speqtri.

natos sainformacio sistemebisa da opera-ciebis Catarebis sabWos direqtori, natosaRmasrulebeli mdivnis moadgile, b. geci,gvaZlevs samSvidobo aqciebis Semdeg klas-ifikacias:

1) preventiuli diplomatia (Preventive Di-plomacy);

5 "Foreign Policy", Winter, 1993/94 , pp. 8-9.

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2) samSvidobo saqmianoba � mSvidobis dam-yareba (Peacemaking);

3) mSvidobis dacvis RonisZiebebi (Peacekeeping);

4) mSvidobis damyarebis koleqtiuri moqmedeba(Collective Peace Enforcement);

5) saqmianoba mSvidobis ganmtkicebisaTvis(Peacebuilding).

preventiuli di plomatiis (PreventiveDiplomacy) dros moqmedebebi mimarTuliapotenciuri konfliqturi zonebis gamosav-lenad da samxedro qmedebebis dawyebis Tavidanasacileblad. isini Seicaven iseT RonisZie-bebs, rogorebicaa: arsebuli mdgomareobisSesaxeb faqtiuri informaciis Segroveba,konsultaciebi, gamafrTxilebeli moqmedebe-bi da sanqciebi, inspeqcireba. preventiulidiplomatia mimarTulia iqeTken, rom kon-fliqtur mxareebs Soris dialogisaTvis Se-qmnas pirobebi, uzrunvelyos adreuli gafrTx-ilebiT konfliqtis SesaZlo dawyeba.

konfliqtis Tavidan acileba, esaa konfliq-tis daregulirebis yvelaze efeqturi da iafisaSualeba. gamocdileba gvaswavlis, rom pa-siuroba, preventiuli wesiT konfliqtSi Cau-revloba iwvevs milionobiT adamianis daRup-vas da dakavSirebulia udides xarjebTan.

pirveli "preventiuli ganTavseba", romelmacmniSvnelovani precedenti Seqmna da ganxor-cielda 1993 wels, sanqcirebuli iyo 1992wlis dekemberSi uSiSroebis sabWos 795rezoluciiT, romlis mixedviTac, yofiliiugoslaviis respublika - makedoniaSi gaig-zavna jarebi imisaTvis, raTa ar daeSvaTbosniaSi arsebuli konfliqtis masStabisgazrda da Tavidan aecilebinaT evropaSifarTomasStabiani omi. dReisaTvis iq daax-loebiT 1100 "cisfermuzaradiani" imyofeba.

mTavari pasuxismgebloba preventiuli moqmede-bisaTvis da samSvidobo saqmianobaSi ekisrebapolitikuri sakiTxebis departaments. aRniS-nul sferoSi departamenti 5 mTavar funq-cias asrulebs: pirvel rigSi, is movaleagaakontrolos, gaaanalizos da Seafasospolitikuri situaciebi. Semdeg departamen-ti gansazRvravs potenciur an ukve arsebulkonfliqtebs. igi atarebs cxovrebaSi mowoneb-ul, diplomatiuri xasiaTis politikas, dab-olos, igi generalur mdivans daxmarebas uwevs

politikuri RonisZiebebis Catarebis saqmeSi(generaluri asambleas an uSiSroebis sabWosmandatiT preventiuli diplomatiis, samSvi-dobo operaciebis dros da mSvidobis dacvissferoSi).

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos SeuZlia umniS-vnelovanesi roli iTamaSos konfliqtebisTavidan acilebis saqmeSi. Tumca unda iTq-vas, rom davebis gadawyvetis saqmeSi saerTa-Soriso sasamarTlos roli SezRudulia saer-TaSoriso sasamarTlos statusiT, kerZod,sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia saxelmwifoebisaTvisaris ara savaldebulo, aramed fakultat-uri. e.i. sasamarTlos SeuZlia ganixilossadavo saqmeebi mxolod modave mxareebTanTanxmobis SemTxvevaSi, rac SeuZlebels xdiscalmxrivad davebis ganxilvis dawyebasa darealur gadawyvetas.

bosniis, somalisa da ruandis krizisebisSemTxvevebSi adgili hqonda adreuli gafrTx-ilebis RonisZiebebs. miuxedavad amisa, na-cionalurma institutebma da saerTaSorisosazogadoebam ver SeZlo mieRo gadamwyvetizomebi konfliqtis eskalaciis winaaRmdeg.amitom realuri amocanaa ara ubralod adreu-li gafrTxileba, aramed informaciisa da codnisgardaqmna preventiuli aqciebis saxiT.

dResdReobiT, generalur asambleaSi gansax-ilvelad warmodgenilia winadadeba uSiSroebissabWos egidiT Seiqmnas swrafi reagirebisbrigada, romlis mizani iqneba preventiuliganTavseba im adgilebSi, sadac krizisigardauvalia, da mSvidobis SenarCuneba uSiS-roebis sabWos gadawyvetilebasa da saerTa-Soriso samSvidobo Zalebis Seyvanas SorisperiodSi.

am mimarTulebiT aqtiuri pozicia ukavianiderlandebs, romlis mTavrobamac bolo drosfarTo mosamzadebeli kvleviTi samuSaoebiCaatara. rogorc holandielebi aRniSnaven,brigada swored im periodSi imoqmedebs, vi-dre samSvidobo Zalebi Semovlen regionSida maTi SemosvlisTanave datoveben konfliq-tis zonas. swrafi reagirebis brigada Sesa-Zlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas sam SemTxvevaSi:

1) rodesac krizisi gardauvalia;

2) uSiSroebis sabWos mier samSvidobo op-eraciis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebu-

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li gadawyvetilebis miRebidan saerTa-Soriso samSvidobo Zalebis Seyvanis daw-yebamde arsebul monakveTSi;

3) sagangebo humanitaruli situaciebispirobebSi.

yvela zemoxsenebul SemTxvevaSi brigadas undahqondes SeiaraRebuli qmedebis potencialiar marto sakuTari Tavis dasacavad, aramedaucileblobis SemTxvevaSi adgilze sxva gad-amWreli zomebis misaRebadac. brigadas qmnisuSiSroebis sabWo, xolo Semdgom periodSimisi praqtikuli marTva SesaZlebelia ganax-orcielos generalurma mdivanma an mis mierspecialurad daniSnulma pirma.

mSvidobis "damyareba" (Peacemaking). masmimarTaven konfliqtis dawyebis Semdeg misdasaregulireblad. aseTi saqmianobis far-glebSi, konfliqtis mxareebis warmomadgen-lebs Soris Serigebis mizniT, mSvidobis mis-aRwevad saWiro pirobebis SesamuSaveblad,tardeba Sexvedrebi da RonisZiebebi. mSvi-dobis dacvis Zalisxmevasa da meomar mxa-reebs Soris samxedro moqmedebebis SeCere-basTan xSirad mWidrod aris dakavSirebulisamSvidobo aqciebi. isini Seicaven humanitaru-li daxmarebis miwodebasa da ganawilebas,konsultaciebs da social-politikuri daekologiuri problemebis gadawyvetaSi dax-marebis gawevas. aseTi saxis operaciebi CatardaangolaSi, tajikeTSi, avRaneTsa da burund-Si. warmatebuli gamodga gaeros samSvidobosaqmianoba gvatemalaSi, siera-lionesa daiemenSi.

rac Seexeba mSvidobisdacviT operaciebs(peace-keeping), mis Sesaxeb Temis dasawyis-Si dawvrilebiT gvqonda saubari. davamatebTda aRvniSnavT, rom arsebobs sami aspeqti,ris gamoc, nawilobriv, mSvidobisdacvis op-eraciebma dakarges mxareebis Tanxmobis auci-lebloba. saubaria mimdinare samxedro mo-qmedebebis pirobebSi humanitaruli operacie-bisa da uSiSroebis dadgenil raionebSi samo-qalaqo mosaxleobis dacvaze. mesame aspeqti,es aris konfliqtis mxareebze zegavlena,zemoqmedeba im mizniT, raTa maT miaRwionerovnul Serigebas ufro swrafi tempebiT,vidre isini fiqroben. amis naTeli magaliTia

somaliSi da bosnia-hercogovinaSi Catarebu-li operaciebi. orive SemTxvevaSi mSvidobisdacvis operaciebs mianiWes damatebiTi man-dati, romelic iTvaliswinebda Zalis gamoy-enebas.6

aseTi saxis operaciebis Catarebis moTxov-nileba ufro gaizarda da farTo masStabebimiiRo eTnikuri daZabulobebisa da Cagvriskerebis Seqmnis Semdeg, rac civi omis peri-odSi, garkveulwilad, Sekavebuli da kon-trolirebadi iyo.

mSvidobis dacvis saSualebebis gafarToebisrekomendaciebi gansazRvravs samSvidobo Zaleb-is saqmianobas da maTi mxridan mosaxleobiskvebis produqtebiT momaragebisa da humani-taruli daxmarebis gawevis ganxorcielebas.ase magaliTad, uSiSroebis sabWom yofiliugoslaviaSi "mSvidobisdacviT Zalebs" ga-nusazRvra saraevos aeroportis kontrolida daxmarebis koridoris Seqmna. somaliSimaT miiRes metad farTo monawileoba, racgamoixata im uflebamosilebaSi, romelichumanitaruli mandatis gansaxorcielebladyvela aucilebeli saSualebebiT samSvidoboZalebis amocanebis gaerTianebas iTvaliswineb-da. ganiaraReba da naRmebis gauvnebelyofaadgilobrivi mosaxleobis produqtebiTuzrunvelyofis umTavresi garantia iyo. so-maliSi samSvidobo Zalebs mandatiT evale-boda orive amocanis Sesruleba. aseTi oper-aciebis Semadgenloba, momarageba da materi-alur-teqnikuri daxmareba maT winaSe mdgaramocanebs unda Seesabamebodes, gansakuTre-biT maSin, Tu uSiSroebis sabWo wesdebis me-7 Tavis safuZvelze Zalis gamoyenebis nebasiZleva. bolo periodSi misiebis raodenobada maT winaSe mdgari amocanebis siZnelegaizarda.

rac Seexeba mSvidobisdacviTi operaciebismeTaurobasa da marTvas, aucilebelia gan-vasxvavoT operaciebis sami done:

a) saerTo politikuri xelmZRvaneloba,romelic uSiSroebis sabWos prerogati-vas warmoadgens;

b) aRmasrulebeli xelmZRvaneloba da me-Tauroba, romelzec pasuxismgebelia gen-eraluri mdivani;

6 "Ljrkfl Utythfkmyjuj Ctrhtnfhz j hf,jnt Jhufybpfwbb", A/50/60, S /1995/1, 3 January 1995, Russian, p.9.

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g) adgilebze meTauroba, romelic generalurimdivnis mier dakisrebuli aqvs misiisxelmZRvanels (specialur warmomadgenelsan Zalebis meTaurs, mTavar samxedromeTvalyures).

rac Seexeba mSvidobis uzrunvelyofiskoleqtiur moqmedebas (Collective PeaceEnforcement), igi gamoiyeneba gaeros wesde-bis me-7 Tavis Sesabamisad. vinaidan maszewina nomerSi ukve gvqonda saubari, aRniS-nul sakiTxs metad aRar davubrundebiT.

RonisZiebebi, romlebic mimarTulia mS-vidobis aRsadgenad da gasamtkiceblad(Peacebuilding), anu postkonfliqturi samS-vidobo saqmianoba iTvaliswinebs saerTaSorisosazogadoebis mxridan axali saxelmwifoebiserovnuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis formireba-Si daxmarebis gawevas, demokratiis mSeneblobisprocesSi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis rolis sak-iTxebze konsultacias, aucilebeli samxedroorganizaciebisa da struqturebis formire-baSi xelSewyobas.7 imisaTvis, rom gaerosmSvidobis dacvis operaciebi namdvilad war-matebuli gamodges, arc Tu ise iSviaTad misSemdeg xorcieldeba RonisZiebebi, romlebiccnobilia rogorc postkonfliqturi samSvi-dobo saqmianoba. aseTi RonisZiebebi mimarTu-lia konfliqtis Zireuli mizezebis aRmo-safxvrelad da Seicavs ara marto humani-tarul daxmarebas, aramed RonisZiebebs poli-tikuri da administraciuli struqturebisaRsadgenad da gansamtkiceblad. masSi Sedis:

1) sagangebo humanitaruli daxmareba (e.i.produqtebiT daxmareba, reabilitaciissaxiT moklevadiani daxmareba da a.S.);

2) mSvidobian cxovrebaSi yofili kombatan-tebisa da qvedanayofebis sxva wevrebisdemobilizacia da reintegracia (mag.,salvadori, nikaragua), rac gulisxmobsaucilebeli moTxovnilebebis (produqti,profesionaluri momzadeba da sxva) dasak-mayofileblad sagangebo daxmarebis mok-levadiani programebis ganxorcielebas;

3) policiis demilitarizacia da samoqalaqopoliciis Zalebis Seqmna;

4) sasamarTlo da sxva saxelmwifoebriviinstitutebis Seqmna da ganmtkiceba, ad-amianis uflebaTa dacvis saqmeSi xelSew-yoba;

5) fizikuri infrastruqturis, maT Sorisdangreuli xidebis, saavtomobilo dasarkinigzo gzebis, eleqtrogadamcemixazebis rekonstruqcia;

6) ndobis ganmtkicebis RonisZiebebi da yo-fili mowinaaRmdege mxareebis Serigebaomis ganaxlebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.8

gaeros mSvidobisdamcvelebi, samxedro mo-qmedebebis Sewyvetisa da jarebis demobili-zaciis Semdeg, aqtiurad dakavebuli arianmSvidobis aRdgeniT, demokratiis, erovnuliSerigebisa da qveynis ganmtkicebis saqmeebiT.magaliTad, salvadorSi gaero meTvalyure-obs samxedroebis mxridan adamianis uflebe-bis dacvas da konfliqtis orive mxares dax-marebas uwevs demobilizirebuli samxedroe-bisaTvis miwebis ganawilebaSi. salvadorSi,isini aseve, meTvalyureoben arCevnebs. 1994wlis 27-29 oqtombramde mozambikSi gaerosdaxmarebiTa da mxardaWeriTY Catarda qvey-nis istoriaSi pirveli samarTliani arCevne-bi. warmatebiT xorcieldeba mSvidobis gan-mtkicebis procesebi angolaSi, kambojasa dahaitiSi.

samSvidobo operaciebi

da nato

bolo periodSi nato samSvidobo saqmianobasgansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs. samarT-lebrivi safuZvlebi mocemulia gaeros wes-debis me-7 TavSi (regionaluri SeTanxmebebi)da natos Seqmnis Taobaze miRebul SeTanxme-baSi. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom natom gaerossamSvidobo operaciebSi gaeros wesdebis Se-sabamisad unda imoqmedos, e.i. davebis mSvi-dobiani gziT mogvarebas unda misdios dauSiSroebis sabWos informacia unda miawo-dos samSvidobo aqciebis Taobaze; da racmTavaria, iZulebiTi moqmedebebi mxoloduSiSroebis sabWos nebarTviT SeiZleba gam-oiyenos.

7 Ethnic Conflicts, p. 197.8 Utythfkmyfz Fccfv,ktz, J,]tlbytyyfz Bycgtrwbjyyfz Uheggf, A/50/853, 22 December 1995, Russian, p. 9.9 Ethnic Conflicts, p. 197.

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Crdiloatlantikur sabWosa da sxva ko-mitetebs kargi sakomunikacio sistemis, reg-ularuli koleqtiuri wvrTnebis periodSiSemuSavebuli, praqtikuli samxedro aqcieb-is meSveobiT SeuZliaT uzrunvelyon rogorc,konfliqtis "gafrTxilebis" mizniT, operaciisCatarebaze swrafi gadawyvetilebis miReba,ise, konfliqtis eskalaciis Tavidan acileb-is mizniT, RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba.9

natos politikis ukeT koordinaciis mizniT,amerikeli samxedroebi gvTavazoben davukav-SiroT erTmaneTs misi samxedro amocanebi dasamSvidobo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis dam-atebiTi miznebi da yvela es RonisZieba er-Toblivad Setanil iqnas saerTo strategiulgegmaSi, meTaurobis, kontrolisa da komuni-kaciis struqturaSi, agreTve saswavlo pro-gramebSi.

imisaTvis, rom Seanelon natos Tanamedrovestrategiis kritika, misi avtorebi gamoy-ofen blokis saqmianobis kidev erT amocanas,esaa euTos, gaeros, natos koleqtiuri Zal-isxmeviT mSvidobisa da uSiSroebis dacvissaerToevropuli strategiis SemuSavebaSimonawileoba. Y

gaeros saqmianobis realistikuri dagegmvisada msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi a.S.S-spolitikis kardinaluri gadaxedvis momxre,r. meinsi, gamoTqvams eWvs, rom uSiSroebissabWos 5 mudmivi wevri saxelmwifo, rom-lebsac vetos dadebis ufleba aqvT, ver SeT-anxmdebian yofili ssrk-sa da evropis kon-fliqtur zonebSi ama Tu im politikis ga-tarebaze (amis TvalsaCino magaliTia, dRes-dReobiT iugoslaviis misamarTiT Seqmnilimdgomareoba). miznebis gansxvavebam (ruseTida CineTi) SeiZleba Seaferxos uSiSroebissabWoSi konstruqciuli gadawyvetilebismiReba.

Cveni azriT, roca sakiTxi uSiSroebis sab-Wos gadawyvetilebas exeba, ar SeiZleba ardaibados bunebrivi kiTxva - efuZneba Tu arayovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi uSiSroebis sa-bWos rezoluciebi Sesabamis normatiul-sa-

marTlebriv bazas? an kidev, sad gadis uSiS-roebis sabWos gadawyvetilebebis politikuri

da samarTlebrivi zRvari? arsebobs ki rome-lime zeorgano, struqtura, romelic uSiS-

roebis sabWos gadawyvetilebis kanonierebaszogad samarTlebriv kontrols mainc gauw-

evs? - ra Tqma unda, - ara. realoba iseTia,

rom samSvidobo operaciebi didi saxelmwi-foebis interesebs emsaxureba, romlebic jerkidev ver Tu ar elevian fsevdostrategiulTu nacionalur interesebs, romlebic Sei-Zleba xandaxan winaaRmdegobaSi movides kon-fliqtis swrafad gadawyvetis saerTaSorisoZalisxmevasTan. bevri rom ar gavagrZeloT,afxazeTis konfliqtSi ruseTis magaliTicsakmarisia da ara marto iq, e.w. axlo sazR-vargareTis qveynebis konfliqtebSic, igi TavisimiznebiT moqmedebs (cnobilia, rom uSiSroe-bis sabWoSi ruseTma veto daado afxazeTSisaerTaSoriso damkvirveblebis dasacavad oriaseuli saerTaSoriso qvedanayofis gagzavnas).

saerTod, sanam vetos principi arsebobs (racdromoWmulad migvaCnia Tundac imitom, romigi SemoRebul iqna imdroindeli realobisgaTvaliswinebiT), didi saxelmwifoebis in-teresebis Sejerebis saWiroeba aqtualuria.uSiSroebis sabWos gadawyvetilebebic am SeT-anxmebis Sedegi aris da iqneba. unda vime-dovnoT, rom didi saxelmwifoebis pasux-ismgebloba sayovelTao mSvidobisa da uSiS-roebis, humanuri sakiTxebis dacvis saqmeSi,agreTve, principuli erTguleba da uryevipozicia demokratiuli institutebisa daidealebisTvis iqneba calmxrivi gadawyvetile-bebis Tavidan acilebis garanti.

samSvidobo operaciebi da

gaeros struqturebi

mSvidobis Senebisa da SenarCunebis mrava-laspeqtiani xasiaTi ganapirobebs samdivnoskoordinaciis daxvewis aucileblobas imis-aTvis, rom generaluri mdivnis xelmZRvanelo-biT Sesabamisi departamentebi moqmedebdnenrogorc mTliani sxeuli. am konteqstSi,humanitaruli sakiTxebis departamentis ini-ciativis safuZvelze, samma departamentma(humanitaruli sakiTxebis, politikuri sak-iTxebisa da mSvidobis SenarCunebis opera-ciebis departamentebma) Seqmna moqmedebisbloq-sqema, romelic iTvaliswinebs infor-maciis gacvlas, konsultaciasa da erToblivmoqmedebebs im mizniT, rom dagegmvis dros

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maT uzrunvelyon TavianTi saqmianobis koor-dinacia da adgilebze ganaxorcielon ko-mpleqsuri operaciebi. aRniSnuli meqanizmimoicavs departamentebis moqmedebas mimdinarekontrolis mimdinareobis drosa da winaswarigafrTxilebis analizs, preventiuli moqmede-bebis variantebis Sefasebas, faqtebis dadge-nas, adgilebze operaciebis dagegmvasa daganxorcielebas, Semdgom ki mis gaanalize-bas. didi da kompleqsuri operaciis dagegm-vasa da ganxorcielebaze kontroli evalebasamdivnos 12 oficialur moxeles.

sainteresoa konfliqtebis Tavidan acilebissaqmeSi gaerTianebuli sainspeqcio jgufisrekomendacia, sadac mocemulia Semdegi mo-sazrebebi:

1) im praqtikuli gzebisa da saSualebebisgansazRvra, romliTac generaluri asambleaCaerTveba preventiul diplomatiaSi;

2) mosalodneli konfliqturi situaciebisganxilvis mizniT uSiSroebis sabWos reg-ularuli TaTbirebis Catarebis praqtikisSemotana;

3) iseTi gzebis gansazRvra, romlebiTacekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo SeZlebsim socialur-ekonomikuri problemebiszust prognozirebas, romlebsac SeuZliaTgamoiwvion krizisuli situaciebi, dakonfliqtebis Tavidan acilebis strate-giis SemuSavebas;

4) uSiSroebis, socialuri da ekonomikurisabWoebis SemadgenlobaSi konfliqtebisTavidan acilebis saqmeebze specialurisamuSao jgufis an komitetis daarseba;

5) davebis mSvidobiani gadawyvetis mizniTsaerTaSoriso sasamarTlos gamoyeneba, maTSoris sasamarTlo palatebSi gadaw-yvetilebis gamotana da araoficialurisaSuamavlo samsaxuris gaweva.

samdivnos struqturuli cvlilebebi mou-wodebs saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas reforme-bis ganaxlebisken, gansakuTrebiT, uSiSroeb-is sabWos gafarToebisaken. germania da iaponiaiswrafvian mudmivi wevrobisa da samSvidobooperaciebSi monawileobisaTvis, rac savse-biT kanonzomieria.

gaeros yofili generaluri mdivani, batonib. b. gali, organizaciis Sesaxeb yovelwli-ur moxsenebaSi saubrobda sam mniSvnelovanproblemaze: "pirvel rigSi, aucilebeliaadgilebze gaeros personalis uSiSroebisada xelSeuxeblobis uzrunvelyofa. rocamsubuqad SeiaraRebuli mSvidobisdamcvelebian humanitaruli daxmarebis TanamSromlebixdebian safrTxis, muqaris obieqtebi, rocamaT mZevlebad iyvanen an sulac klaven, aseTSemTxvevebSi msofliom unda gaataros RonisZ-iebebi amgvari qmedebebis Tavidan asacile-blad. meore - finansuri problema - gaeromunda mimarTos mTeli Zalisxmeva organizaciisfinansuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad.mesame - organizaciis ganviTarebis mizniTunda gamoiZebnos yvela saSualeba. Cven mx-olod erTdrouli ZalisxmeviT SegviZliagadaviyvanoT gaeros wesdebis suliskveTebadRevandeli drois realobaSi. misasalmebe-lia is faqti, rom mniSvnelovani nabijebigadaidga iqeTken, rom gaero gaxdes ufroSemoqmedi organizacia inteleqtualuri Tval-sazrisiT, ufro stabiluri finansuri Tval-sazrisiT da ufro efeqturi marTvis Tval-sazrisiT. Tumca, aqve unda vaxsenoT orga-nizaciis xarvezebi, araadeqvaturi mandate-bi, arasakmarisi finansuri da materialuriresursebi, wevri saxelmwifoebis mxridanTavianTi valdebulebebis Seusrulebloba.yovelive zemoaRniSnuli ki warmoadgendakritikis katalizators droTa manZilze".10

daskvna

Cveni azriT, gaerTianebuli erebis organiza-ciam gansakuTrebiT didi roli iTamaSa "civiomis" periodSi dasavleTisa da aRmosavle-Tis poziciebis dabalansebis misaRwevad. Tumcaunda aRiniSnos, rom JamTa cvlam da msof-lioSi mimdinare movlenebma srulad gamoav-lines damaxasiaTebeli naklovanebebi, rom-lebmac gansakuTrebiT Tavi iCina da mkafiodgamovlinda saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis da-regulirebisas; igi pirispir aRmoCnda re-formebis dawyebis aucileblobis winaSe. ara-operatiulobisa da movlenebze aradroulireagirebis ZiriTad mizezs, albaT, gaeroswesdebasa da misi dacvisaTvis praqtikulad

10 Á.Á.Ãàëè, "Íàâñòðå÷ó íîâûì âûçîâàì", Ãîäîâîé äîêëàä î äåÿòåëüíîñòè Îðãàíèçàöèè, 1995 ã.

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gansaxorcielebel RonisZiebebs Soris arse-buli vakuumi warmoadgens.

"civi omis" periodma, gamalebulma SeiaraRebam,dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris gayinul-ma urTierTobebma da undoblobam SeuZlebe-li gaxada am xnis manZilze SemuSavebuliyosaerTo pozicia saerTaSoriso davebis dar-egulirebisa da masSi samSvidobo Zalebisgamoyenebis Taobaze.

dasaxvewia samSvidobo Zalebis gamoyenebisprocedura. rogorc vxedavT, e.w. "cisferiCafxutebis" dakompleqteba da konfliqturzonaSi maTi moqmedeba dagvianebul xasiaTsatarebs. mxareebis daSoriSoreba da maT SorisZalebis Cayeneba xdeba mas Semdeg, rac kon-fliqtma garkveuli etapi ganvlo da, Sesa-bamisad, Sedegebic saxeze gvaqvs. bunebrivia,am dros ori modave mxaridan erT-erTi ufro,misTvis momgebian poziciaSi imyofeba. amde-nad, mocemuli momentis dafiqsireba da aseTviTarebaSi mxareebs Soris Zalebis Cayeneba,cxadia konfliqtis sabolood mSvidobianigziT mogvarebas ver daisaxavs miznad da masufro droebiTi xasiaTi eqneba. misi ganax-lebis SesaZleblobebi dazaralebuli mxarismobilizebis Semdeg droTa ganmavlobaSi ufrogaizrdeba (rac xdeboda kidec bosnia-her-cogovinaSi). imisaTvis, rom es Tavidan avi-ciloT, Cveni azriT, aucilebelia gaeromagresori an mSvidobis damrRvevi mxare aiZu-los yvela saSualebiT (iqneba es molapar-akebebi, ekonomikuri sanqciebi Tu Zalis gamoy-eneba) daubrundes omis winandel pozicias,aRadginos e.w. status-qvo da daiwyos mola-parakeba. swored aseTi gziT unda moxdesmxareebis daSoriSoreba da konfliqtis zo-naSi samSvidobo Zalebis Cayeneba.

Zalze aqtualurad gveCveneba konfliqtebSinatos samxedro SenaerTebis gamoyeneba dagaeros swrafi reagirebis brigadis Seqmnisidea. amasTan dakavSirebiT, mxars vuWerTholandiis mTavrobis proeqts da migvaCnia,rom swrafi reagirebis brigadis ganTavsebaSeavsebs samSvidobo operaciis Taobaze uSiS-roebis sabWos mier miRebul gadawyvetile-basa da am gadawyvetilebis ganxorcielebasSoris vakuums. aucilebelia, rom gadaudebelSemTxvevaSi brigadas hqondes Zalis gamoy-enebis ufleba, romelic konfliqtis dawyeb-

isTanave, dauyonebliv CaerTveba aRniSnulprocesSi da mxareebs Soris SeiaraRebulidapirispirebis Tavidan acilebis garanti iqneba.

droulia, Tu ara dagvianebuli, iaponiisa dabraziliis mTavrobebis winadadeba gaeroswesdebaSi specialuri damatebiTi muxlisSetanis Taobaze, romelmac unda gaiTval-iswinos rogorc samSvidobo operaciis Catare-bis procedura, ise misi meqanizmi da imorganoebis kompetencia, romlebsac pasux-ismgebloba daekisrebaT samSvidobo operaci-is Catarebaze.

amasTanave, migvaCnia,rom unda gaizardos na-tos roli saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis dar-egulirebaSi. rogorc ukve mogaxseneT dapraqtikamac daadastura, mas sakmaod kargadaRWurvili da saTanadod gawvrTnili mobil-uri Zalebi hyavs. natos daxvewili struq-tura ki maTi operatiuli gamoyenebis saSu-alebas iZleva. rom ara natos mkacri pozi-cia bosnia-hercogovinaSi, rac serbebisadmiultimatumsa da poziciebis dabombvaSi gam-oixata, vin icis, rodis damTavrdeboda bos-niis sisxlismRvreli konfliqti. deitonisxelSekrulebis xelmowerac natos ZalisxmevisSedegia. aRniSnuli SeTanxmebis uzrunvely-ofac natos Zalebs daekisra da uflebacaqvT Zalis gamoyenebiT aRkveTon samSvidoboSeTanxmebis yoveli darRveva. vfiqrobT, mi-zanSewonilia, daidos gaerosa da natos(rogorc regionalur samxedro organizacias)Soris xelSekruleba (paqti), romliTac da-regulirdeba momavalSi konfliqtebis mow-esrigebis saqmeSi natos Zalebis gamoyenebissakiTxebi.

am mizniT, ufro xSirad unda gamoviyenoTsaerTaSoriso sasamarTloc. aucilebelia misiiurisdiqcia saxelmwifoebisaTvis iyossavaldebulo da ara fakultaturi. erTimxaris moTxovnis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeliunda iyos saqmis faqtiuri ganxilva.

gaeros moqmedebebis operatiulobis mizniT,aucileblobas warmoadgens samSvidobo Zalebisfinansuri uzrunvelyofis fondis Seqmna, raTamaTi gamoyenebis procesSi Tavidan iqnas ac-ilebul finansuri siZneleebi. kargad mogex-senebaT, Tu ra sirTuleebTan aris dakav-Sirebuli ama Tu im qveynis samSvidobo Zalebis

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dafinanseba (kerZod, a.S.S-s prezidenti petici-is uflebiT Sedis kongresis winaSe, raTaman garkveuli Tanxa gamoyos a.S.S-s samSvi-dobo kontingentisaTvis da mxolod mis keTilnebazea damokidebuli sakiTxis dadebiTadgadawyveta). swored aRniSnuli problemismoxsnis saSualebad migvaCnia fondis Seqmna,ZiriTadad, gaeros ekonomikuri da social-uri sabWos, ekonomikuri xasiaTis special-izirebuli organizaciebis (maT Soris re-konstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSorisobankis, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis) ankidev nebayoflobiTi Semowirulobebis baza-ze, aseve ar aris gamoricxuli fondis sxvasaSualebebiT Sevseba.

unda aRdges uSiSroebis sabWosTan arsebu-li samxedro-saStabo komiteti, romelicsabWos mudmiv wevrTa samxedro Stabebis me-Taurebisagan Sedgeboda da mowodebuli iyodaxmareba gaewia sabWosaTvis samxedro RonisZ-

iebebis realizaciis saqmeSi, kerZod, swrafireagirebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis formirebaSi.

gaero dRes ise, rogorc arasdros Tavissawesdebo amocanebis Sesasruleblad saWiroebsZalisxmevis gaaqtiurebas, miT umetes, rocadRis wesrigSi dadga msoflios axali gada-nawilebis sakiTxi, roca aRmosavleT evropagaTavisuflda, xolo yofili ssrk-sa daiugoslaviis teritoriaze axali saxelmwi-foebi Camoyalibda.

dabolos, Rrmad varT darwmunebuli, romgaerTianebuli erebis organizacia TavisistruqturebiTa da institutebiT 21-e sauku-neSi Seabijebs rogorc msoflio Tanamego-brobis gamaerTianebeli organo da ukve axa-li ideebiT gamdidrebuli mogvevlineba aramarto saxelmwifoebis, aramed am saxelmwi-foebSi mcxovrebi calkeuli moqalaqeebis Tuerovnuli umciresobebis WeSmarit damcvelad.

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anamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTals udi-desi mniSvneloba eniWeba saxelmwifoTaSorisurTierTobebSi, vinaidan igi, Tavisi miRweve-biT, principebiTa da normebiT xels uwyobssaxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobasdaicvan da ganamtkicon saerTaSoriso mSvi-doba da uSiSroeba, xeli Seuwyon saerTa-Soriso ekonomikur stabilurobasa daprogress, xalxTa saerTo keTildReobasa dasaerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas, romelicTavisufalia yovelgvar gansxvavebaze aR-mocenebuli diskriminaciisagan. TanamedrovesaerTaSoriso samarTali icavs msoflioSimSvidobas, rogorc kacobriobis keTildReo-bis ganmsazRvrel da aucilebel faqtors(elements), xolo misi darRvevis SemTxveva-Si - TiToeuli adamianis uflebebsa da in-teresebs. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urT-ierTobebis rTuli sakiTxebidan winandeburadyvelaze mwvave problemad rCeba omisa damSvidobis sakiTxi. omi da mSvidoba _ es oriurTierTsawinaaRmdego cneba, yovelTvis, gan-sakuTrebiT ki Tanamedrove etapze, aRelvebsmsoflios progresul sazogadoebriobas damisi yuradRebis centrSi dgas.

rTulma istoriulma praqtikam msoflio sa-zogadoebriobas TvalnaTliv daanaxa, Tu ramZime Sedegebi moaqvs oms kacobriobisaTvis.am mware gamocdilebam daarwmuna msoflioomis saSiSroebaTa Tavidan acilebis auci-leblobaSi, romelsac didi ubedureba moaqvs,upirvelesad, xalxisaTvis. sikvdili da ga-nadgureba, SimSili, siRatake, cremli, tan-jva, asobiT da aTasobiT adamianTa msxverp-li, udidesi materialuri zarali _ ai, ra

SeuZlia gamoiwvios omma. omi udides uary-ofiT movlenas warmoadgens kacobriobisaTvis.omi _ es aris pirvelyofili, uxeSi Zala-dobis gamovlineba, rodesac saxelmwifoebsar ZaluZT mSvidobian molaparakebaTa meSve-obiT gadawyviton uTanxmoeba an konfliqti,maSin isini mimarTaven Zalis, iaraRis gamoy-enebas. oms ki moaqvs uzomo mwuxareba daudidesi materialuri danakargi. sayovelTaodaRiarebulia, rom omi moralurobis anti-Tezaa. igi kanonis ararsebobis an moraluriprincipebis rRvevis manifestaciaa, da amit-omac ar SeiZleba, rom kanoni an moralimimarTul iqnas mis mimarT. jer kidev blun-Ci ambobda, rom '"saerTaSoriso samarTlissferoSi arsebuli humanizmi, omianobis sak-iTxTan dakavSirebiT, mxolod iq gaimarjvebs,sadac pativiscemiT moepyrobian omis kanon-ebsa da adaTebs." mTeli istoriis manZilzekacobrioba awarmoebda ganuwyvetel da gama-nadgurebel omebs. swored amitom aris, romomma am xnis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebis udide-si yuradReba miipyro. unda aRiniSnos, romomi kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoriaSi Cveu-lebriv movlenas warmoadgenda. igi Zvelisaukuneebis gamouval, bunebriv mdgomareo-bad iTvleboda; Sua saukuneebis feodalizmi-saTvis kanons niSnavda. ase grZeldeboda Tan-amedrove etapamde, rodesac imperialisturisaxelmwifoebi msoflio teritoriebis gada-nawilebisaTvis ganuwyvetel da saSinel omebsawarmoebdnen. am xnis ganmavlobaSi, miuxeda-vad omis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli mravalimoZraobisa Tu saqmianobisa, miuxedavad mrava-li konferenciebisa da xelSekrulebebisa, omis

È

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kanonebi da Cveulebebi saTanadod ar iyodaculi, piriqiT, isini uxeSad irRveodasaxelmwifoebis mier da maSindel saerTa-Soriso samarTalSi ar arsebobda am qmedeba-Ta aRmkveTi, pasuxismgeblobis damkisrebeliraime meqanizmi. saerTaSoriso samarTlisnormebi I msoflio omamdec arsebobda da isTviT am samarTlis subieqtebs unda daecvaT.Tumca, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, am mxriv ararsebobda arc saerTo kanonmdebloba da,Sesabamisad, arc dasjis sanqciaTa sistema.im periodisaTvis saerTaSoriso samarTalSipasuxismgeblobas analogiiT iyenebdnen. Tan-amedrove saerTaSoriso samarTalSi es vi-Tareba mkveTrad Seicvala da igi mniSvnelovnadgansxvavdeba adrindeli saerTaSoriso sa-marTlisagan, romelic mxolod ZlierTa in-teresebs icavda.

saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTarebis erT-erT udides Sedegs warmoadgens umaRlesisaerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi normebis, saer-TaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi principebisCamoyalibeba, romelTa imperatiuli xasiaTisavaldebulos xdis maT saxelmwifoebisaTvisda saerTaSoriso samarTlis sxva subieqteb-isaTvis. es principebi yvelaze ufro zoga-di, umniSvnelovanesi da sayovelTaod aRi-arebuli saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi norme-bia, romlebic miuTiTeben im ZiriTad gzas,romliTac unda viTardebodes saerTaSori-sosamarTlebrivi regulirebis sistema. yve-la ZiriTadi principi atarebs amkrZalavinormis xasiaTs da amdenad, krZalavs erTi anramdenime saxelmwifos yvela im qmedebas anqmedebisagan Tavis Sekavebas, romelic sxvasaxelmwifoebis mimarT gamoiyeneba, am uka-nasknelTa suverenuli uflebebis darRveva-Seviwroebis mizniT. swored amaSia Tanamed-rove saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi princ-ipebis didi maregulirebeli Zala. Tanamed-rove etapze iseve, rogorc momavalSi sax-elmwifoebi valdebuli arian iTanamSromlonerTmaneTTan, saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTasxvadasxva dargebSi, miuxedavad maTi poli-tikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri siste-mis, agreTve, maTi sididis, geografiulimdebareobisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebisdonisa, im mizniT, rom daicvan saerTaSorisomSvidoba da uSiSroeba da xeli SeuwyonxalxTa saerTo keTildReobasa da progress.

yovelive es ki naTlad metyvelebs im faqtze,rom saxelmwifoTa mSvidobiani Tanaarsebo-bis principi dRes sayovelTaod aRiarebu-lia, rogorc arsebiTad, aseve formis mixed-viT. amrigad, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sa-marTalSi Camoyalibebulia Semdegi ZiriTadiprincipebi:

1. saxelmwifoTa suverenuli Tanasworobisprincipi;

2. Zalis gamoyenebaze an ZaliT damuqrebazeuaris Tqma;

3. saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli mTlianobisxelSeuxeblobis principi;

4. sazRvrebis urRvevobis principi;5. sxva saxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebSi Cau-

revloba;6. xalxTa Tanasworuflebianobisa da TviT-

gamorkvevis principi;7. adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad Tavisu-

flebaTa pativiscema;8. saerTaSoriso davebis mSvidobiani mowes-

rigebis principi;9. saxelmwifoTa movaleoba iTanamSromlon

erTmaneTTan gaeros wesdebis Sesabamisadda

10. saerTaSoriso samarTliT gansazRvrulvaldebulebaTa keTilsindisieri Sesruleb-is principi.

swored mocemuli principebis dacva da maTikeTilsindisieri Sesruleba warmoadgens sax-elmwifoTa mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis auci-lebel elements. saWiroa agreTve aRiniSnos,Tu ra igulisxmeba mSvidobiani Tanaarsebo-bis qveS. "saxelmwifoTa mSvidobiani Tanaarse-boba" gulisxmobs: uaris Tqmas omze, rogorcsaxelmwifoTa Soris sadavo sakiTxebis gada-Wris saSualebaze, maT gadawyvetas molapar-akebis gziT; Tanasworuflebianobas, urTierT-gagebasa da ndobas saxelmwifoebs Soris,erTmaneTis interesebis gaTvaliswinebas, Si-nagan saqmeebSi Caurevlobas, aRiarebas yove-li xalxis uflebisa damoukideblad wyvet-des Tavisi qveynis yvela sakiTxs; yvela qvey-nis suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTliano-bis mkacr pativiscemas, ekonomikuri da kul-turuli TanamSromlobis ganviTarebas, sru-li Tanasworobisa da urTierTsargeblobissafuZvelze. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan ga-momdinare, logikuria daskvna imis Sesaxeb,rom omis (usamarTlo, agresiuli omis) war-

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moeba yvela am principebisa da, aseve, sxvasaerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi normebis uxeSdarRvevas warmoadgens da amdenad, umZimessaerTaSoriso danaSaulebriv xasiaTs atarebs.

rogorc ukve ramdenjerme aRiniSna, omiudides uaryofiT movlenas warmoadgens ka-cobriobisaTvis da mis winaaRmdeg mimarTu-li umZimesi danaSaulia, vinaidan irRvevasaxelmwifoTa mSvidobiani TanaarsebobisaTvisaucilebeli sayovelTaod aRiarebuli yvelasaerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi principi. daviw-yoT Tundac iqedan, rom omis warmoeba, rasaxisac ar unda iyos igi, gulisxmobs Zalisgamoyenebasa da ZaliT damuqrebas, riTacirRveva saerTaSoriso samarTlis imperatiu-li norma "Zalis gamoyenebaze an ZaliT da-muqrebaze uaris Tqma". am principis Sesabam-isad ki, yoveli saxelmwifo movalea Tavsikavebdes Zalismieri muqaris an Zalis gamoy-enebisagan meore saxelmwifos arsebuli saer-TaSoriso sazRvrebis darRvevis mizniT ansaerTaSoriso davebis, maT Soris, terito-riuli davebisa da saxelmwifo sazRvrebTandakavSirebuli sakiTxebis, gadasawyvetad.saxelmwifos mier agresiuli omis warmoebaki am principis aSkarad uxeSi darRvevaa.aseve, omis dros SeuZlebelia dacul iqnas"saxelmwifoTa suverenuli Tanasworobisprincipi", vinaidan masSi monawile mxareebisupirveles mizans swored erTmaneTis mimarTgarkveuli upiratesobis mopoveba an raimezegavlenis moxdena warmoadgens; umravlesSemTxvevaSi omis warmoebis umTavres mizaniasaxelmwifoebis teritoriaTa mitaceba, maTidapyroba, ris Sedegadac irRveva rogorc"saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis prin-cipi", aseve, masTan mWidro kavSirSi arsebu-li "sazRvrebis urRvevobis principi"; sax-elmwifo, romelic awarmoebs oms sxva sax-elmwifos mimarT, mTavar miznad isaxavs amsaxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebze garkveulizemoqmedebis mopovebas anda mis aSkara daqvem-debarebas Tavisi politikis mimarT, rac "sa-Sinao saqmeebSi Caurevlobis principis" aSkaradarRvevaa; "xalxTa Tanasworuflebianobisada TviTgamorkvevis principi" irRveva iseTisaxis omis warmoebis dros, rogoric Ziri-Tadad iyo koloniuri omebi, romlebsac awar-moebdnen imperialisturi saxelmwifoebi dapy-robili erebis (xalxebis) TviTgamorkvevisa

da TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis winaaRmdegmaT CasaxSobad. saxelmwifoTa amgvari mo-qmedeba aRniSnuli imperatiuli normebis aSkaradarRvevaa, vinaidan saerTaSoriso samarTlisam principis mixedviT, sayovelTaod aRiare-bulia yoveli eris (xalxis) TviTgamorkve-vis ufleba da is, rom yvela ers (xalxs)SeuZlia Tavisuflad Seqmnas Tavisi poli-tikuri statusi da ganaxorcielos Tavisiekonomikuri, kulturuli da socialuriganviTareba. aqedan gamomdinare, omis warmoe-ba xalxis damonebisa da eqspluataciis mizniTuaryofs adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs da ewi-naaRmdegeba gaeros wesdebasa da saerTaSorisosamarTlis ZiriTad principebs. dResdReobiTyvelaze farTodaa gavrcelebuli iseTi sax-is omebi, romlebsac safuZvlad udevT erovnulumciresobaTa uflebebis Selaxva, rac, aseve,am princi pis aSkara darRvevaa; aqve undaaRiniSnos is, rom omis warmoebisas uxeSadirRveva TiToeuli adamianis uflebebi daTavisuflebebi. amasTan, gamomdinare iqedan,rom agresiuli omis warmoeba ar warmoad-gens saerTaSoriso davebis mSvidobiani mow-esrigebis saSualebas, irRveva "saerTaSorisodavebis mSvidobiani mowesrigebis principi",romlis mixedviT, yoveli saxelmwifo TavissaerTaSoriso davebs sxva saxelmwifoebTanunda wyvetdes mSvidobiani saSualebebiT ise,rom safrTxe ar Seuqmnas mSvidobas, uSiS-roebasa da samarTlianobas. amitom saxelm-wifoebi unda eswrafodnen rac SeiZleba maleda samarTlianad gadawyviton Tavisi saerTa-Soriso davebi molaparakebiT, SuamavlobiT,SerigebiT, arbitraJiT an sxva mSvidobianisaSualebebiT, arCevanis mixedviT, mTavariaaacilon mSvidobian mosaxleobasa da, saer-Tod, kacobriobas omis saSiSroeba. dabolos,omis warmoeba arRvevs saxelmwifoTa impera-tiul normas, valdebulebas "iTanamSromlonerTmaneTTan gaeros wesdebis Sesabamisad" da"keTilsindisierad Seasrulon nakisrivaldebulebebi", radgan saxelmwifo, romel-ic agresiul oms awarmoebs, ar cnobs raimevaldebulebas da uaryofs sxva saxelmwi-foebTan yovelgvar keTilsindisier TanamSrom-lobas.

rogorc vxedavT, omis (agresiuli omis) war-moeba iwvevs rogorc erTi imperatiuli nor-mis, aseve, masTan erTad, sxva principebis

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darRvevas. es ki gamomdinareobs iqedan, romaRniSnuli principebi erTmaneTTan mWidro kav-SirSi arian an erTmaneTisagan gamomdinareoben.

amrigad, naTeli xdeba, Tu ratom aqvs omssaerTaSoriso danaSaulebrivi xasiaTi daratom aris igi kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mima-rTuli danaSauli. amitom msoflios pro-gresuli sazogadoebrioba ibrZvis, raTa saer-Tod aikrZalos omis warmoeba, xolo gamou-val mdgomareobaSi SezRudos misi warmoebismeTodebi da saSualebebi da garkveuli kanon-ebisa da wesebis farglebSi moaqcios igi,raTa ar iqnes darRveuli xalxTa mSvidobi-ani Tanaarsebobisa da uSiSroebis principe-bi, rac gansakuTrebulad aucilebelia kaco-briobis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis. aqedangamomdinare, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sa-marTali oms, rogorc saerTaSoriso davebi-sa da uTanxmoebebis gadawyvetis saSualebas,romelic safrTxes uqmnis xalxTa mSvidobasada uSiSroebas, laxavs yvela saxelmwifossasicocxlo interesebsa da saerTaSorisosamarTlis ZiriTad sawyisebs, kanongareSedacxadebs. amrigad, omi warmoadgens marTl-sawinaaRmdego aqts, saerTaSoriso danaSauls,romelic umZimes saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivpasuxismgeblobas iwvevs, romlis mizania ga-namtkicos saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi norme-bis gamoyenebis stabiluroba da mowodebu-lia, pirvel rigSi, uzrunvelyos Tanamed-rove saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZirTadi sawy-isis _ mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis, principisxelSeuxebloba da ganmtkiceba.

zemoT ganxilul iqna, Tu riT aris gamowveuliomis saerTaSoriso-danaSaulebrivi xasiaTida Tu ratom ibrZvis msoflio sazogadoe-brioba mis Tavidan asacileblad, magram,amasTanave, mniSvnelovania ganvixiloT, Turogoria TviTon omis xasiaTi, saWiroa erT-maneTisagan ganvasxvaoT omebi, romlebsackategoriulad krZalavs saerTaSoriso sa-marTali da omebi, romlebic samarTlianiSeiaraRebuli brZolaa da saerTaSoriso sa-marTali maT saerTaSoriso davebis gadaWrisukidures saSualebad miiCnevs. Tavidanve undaaRiniSnos, rom omi, iqneba igi samarTlianiTu usamarTlo, agresiuli Tu TavdacviTi,iwvevs mSvidobiani mosaxleobis uSiSroebisdarRvevas, ganuzomel tanjvasa da mwuxare-bas, ayenebs udides zarals masSi monawile

TiToeul mxares, amitom progresuli sazoga-doebrioba ibrZvis, raTa Tavidan iqnas ac-ilebuli yovelgvari SeiaraRebuli konfliqte-bi da mxareTa Soris warmoSobili davebi daisini mogvardes mSvidobiani gziT, suverenu-li Tanasworobis safuZvelze.

Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, misiwarmoebis xasiaTis mixedviT, ganasxvavebs orisaxis oms:

a) "omi - samarTliani, aramtacebluri, gan-maTavisuflebeli, TavdacviTi, romelic miznadisaxavs an xalxis dacvas gareSe Tavdasxmis-agan da damonebis cdisagan, an koloniebisada damokidebuli qveynebis, dapyrobili ere-bis (xalxebis) erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelbrZolas koloniuri Cagvrisagan. aseve, amg-vari omi gulisxmobs saerTaSoriso Seiar-aRebuli Zalebis gamoyenebas agresorebisa daaseve, sxva saerTaSoriso samarTaldamrRveve-bis winaaRmdeg";

b) "omi - usamarTlo, agresiuli, mtacebluri,romelic miznad isaxavs sxva qveynebis, sxvaxalxebis dapyrobasa da damonebas da racmimarTulia saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis, maTiteritoriuli xelSeuxeblobisa da poli-tikuri damoukideblobis winaaRmdeg.

cxadia, rom meore saxis omi yovlad miuRe-belia msoflio sazogadoebriobisaTvis, misimetad saSiSi xasiaTis gamo. amitom, rogorcukve aRiniSna, Tanamedrove saerTaSorisosamarTali agresiul oms, rogorc erovnulipolitikis saSualebas, kanongareSed acxa-debs, akrZalulia ara marto omis dawyeba,aramed nebismieri saxis samxedro, ekonomikuri,finansuri da sxva zomebis gamoyeneba, sxvasaxelmwifos dapyrobis, an misi politikisdaqvemdebarebis mizniT, rac safrTxes uqmnisxalxTa mSvidobasa da uSiSroebas. agresiu-li omis dagegmva, momzadeba da gaCaReba,niurnbergisa da tokios saerTaSorisosamxedro tribunalebis wesdebisa da gaero-sgeneraluri asambleis 1946 w. 11 dekembrisrezoluciiT, saerTaSoriso danaSauladaaaRiarebuli da damnaSaves mZime pasuxismge-blobas akisrebs.

unda aRiniSnos, rom XX saukunis dasawy-isamde saerTaSoriso samarTali omis insti-tuts davis gadaWris erT-erT saSualebad

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cnobda da simZimis centri omis motivebis"samarTlianobaze" gadahqonda. mxolod 1928wlis e.w. brian-kelogis paqtiT, dasavleTissaxelmwifoebma pirvelad Tqves uari omze,rogorc erovnuli politikis saSualebaze.am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani nabijebimxolod meore msoflio omis mwaregamocdilebis Semdeg gadaidga. amasTanave,dasafasebelia gaerTianebuli erebis didiRvawli, romlis yvela wevri saxelmwifokisrulobs valdebulebas miiRos yvela zomaimisaTvis, rom "aacilos momaval Taobas omisubedurebebi da dedamiwaze mtkice mSvidobada xalxTa uSiSroeba ganamtkicos" (gaeroswesdebis preambula). gaeros wesdebis princ-ipebi kidev ufro daixvewa 1970 wlis dek-laraciiT, romlis mixedviTac, ikrZalebodayovelgvari saxis Zalis gamoyeneba an ZaliTdamuqreba, da saerTod, omis warmoeba. gaeroswesdebis Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso samarTa-li avaldebulebs yvela saxelmwifos TavissaerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Tavs ikavebdesZalismieri muqaris an Zalis gamoyenebisagan,rogorc ama Tu im saxelmwifos teritoriu-li xelSeuxeblobis an politikuri damoukide-blobis winaaRmdeg, aseve, sxva raime saxiT,rac SeuTavsebelia gaeros miznebTan. aseTiqmedeba saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da gaeroswesdebis darRvevaa da mas, rogorc saerTa-Soriso sadavo sakiTxebis mowesrigebis sa-Sualebas, arasdros unda mimarTon saxelm-wifoebma. magram aqve unda aRiniSnos is nak-lic, rac gaeros farglebSi CamoyalibebulsistemaSi arsebobs, kerZod is, rom gaerossistemaSi ar arsebobs srulyofili da efeq-turad moqmedi meqanizmi, romelic uzrunve-lyofda saerTaSoriso samarTalSi Camoyal-ibebuli normebisa da ZiriTadi principebissrulyofil dacvas. amaSi naTlad dagvarw-muna bolo dros momxdarma movlenebma.

amrigad, agresiuli omi aris mSvidobis winaaRm-deg mimarTuli danaSauli, romelic iwvevspasuxismgeblobas saerTaSoriso samarTliTgaTvaliswinebuli normebiT. amasTanave, sax-elmwifoebi valdebuli arian Tavi Seikavonsxva marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisagan, romel-ic arRvevs xalxTa mSvidobasa da uSiSroe-bas. saWiroa kidev ufro konkretulad Cam-ovayaliboT agresiuli omis gansazRvreba, racmocemulia gaeros generaluri asambleis 1974wlis rezoluciaSi:

"agresiulad CaiTvleba saxelmwifos Seiar-aRebuli Zalebis gamoyeneba sxva saxelmwi-fos suverenitetis, teritoriuli xelSeux-eblobis, an politikuri damoukideblobiswinaaRmdeg, an gaeros wesdebiT dauSvebelisxva romelime saxiT. yoveli saxelmwifo,romelic pirveli gamoiyenebs SeiaraRebulZalas, CaiTvleba agresorad, Tuki uSiSroe-bis sabWo sxvanairad ar Seafasebs amas. maSas-adame, agresiul aqtad CaiTvleba:

a) erTi saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli ZalebisSeWra an Tavdasxma sxva saxelmwifos ter-itoriaze; nebismieri samxedro okupacia,Tundac droebiTi, romelic aseTi Tavdasx-mis Sedegia; sxva saxelmwifos teritori-is an misi nawilis aneqsia Zalis gamoy-enebiT;

b) erTi saxelmwifos mier sxva saxelmwifosteritoriis dabombva an am mizniT sxvaiaraRis gamoyeneba;

g) erTi saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebismier sxva saxelmwifos navsadgurebis annapirebis blokada;

d) saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Tav-dasxma sxva saxelmwifos saxmeleTo, sazR-vao an sahaero Zalebze;

e) erTi saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis,romlebic imyofebian sxva saxelmwifosteritoriaze am saxelmwifos SeTanxmebisZaliT, ukanasknelis uSiSroebis winaaRm-deg gamoyeneba an SeTanxmebis vadis gaw-yvetis Semdegac am saxelmwifos terito-riaze datoveba;

v) erTi saxelmwifos qmedeba, romelic aZlevssxva saxelmwifos saSualebas gamoiyenosmisi teritoria mesame saxelmwifos winaaRm-deg agresiis CadenisaTvis:

z) erTi saxelmwifos mier an misi saxeliTsxva saxelmwifos teritoriaze SeiaraRebu-li bandebis, jgufebis, regularuli ansxva daqiravebuli Zalebis Segzavna, rasacimdenad seriozuli saxe aqvs, rom isiniagresiis sxva saxeebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos."

agresiuli omis warmoeba aris danaSaulebriviaqti ara marto msxverpli saxelmwifoebismimarT, aramed mTeli saerTaSoriso sazoga-doebriobisaTvis, vinaidan safrTxe emuqrebasaerTaSoriso mSvidobasa da uSiSroebas.

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aqedan gamomdinare, agresiisagan Tavs undaicavdnen ara marto saxelmwifoebi, aramedmTeli saerTaSoriso sazogadoebrioba. agresi-is uaxloes magaliTs warmoadgens erayisTavdasxma quveiTze.

agresiuli omisagan aucileblad unda gan-vasxvaoT TavdacviTi, samarTliani xasiaTisomi. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali,krZalavs ra agresiul oms, rogorc sagareopolitikis saSualebas, amave dros, yovelsaxelmwifos uflebas aniWebs mis politikurdamoukideblobaze an teritoriul mTlianoba-ze SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi gam-oiyenos "individualuri an koleqtiuri Tav-dacvis" ufleba, e.i., SeiaraRebul Tavdasx-mas daupirispiros an sakuTari SeiaraRebu-li Zalebi, an mokavSire qveynebis Zalebi.gaeros wesdebis 51-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Tuorganizaciis wevri SeiaraRebuli Tavdasx-mis msxverpli gaxdeba, wesdeba ar uaryofsindividualuri an koleqtiuri Tavdacvisuflebis realizaciis SesaZleblobas, uSiS-roebis sabWos mier saTanado RonisZiebaTagamoyenebamde. aRsaniSnavia koleqtiuri Tav-dacvis iseTi saxe, rogoricaa, regionalurisaerTaSoriso organizaciebi da urTierTdax-marebis xelSekrulebebi, romelTac aqtiuradiyenebdnen kolonializmis winaaRmdeg mebrZoliqveynebi. agresiisagan unda ganvasxvaoT, agreTve,erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolebi, e.i.,rodesac Cagruli koloniuri eri an xalxiganTavisuflebisaTvis, mSvidobiani saSuale-bebis amowurvis Semdeg iZulebulia mimar-Tos iaraRis, Zalis gamoyenebas. es brZolaar SeiZleba kvalificirebul iqnas rogorcagresiuli omi, igi samarTliani SeiaraRebu-li brZolaa, TavdacviTi omia. am SemTxvevaSikolonizatorTa cda - CaaxSon erovnul-gan-maTavisuflebeli moZraoba ama Tu im qveyana-Si, agresias warmoadgens.

saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT, arc erTsaxelmwifos aqvs ufleba Tavs daesxas me-ore saxelmwifos, ragind WeSmaritad sa-marTliani ar unda iyos is motivebi, rom-lebic karnaxoben aseTi prevenciuli zomebisaucileblobas. is, vinc pirveli a"swevs max-vils" _ agresoria. Tanamedrove saerTaSorisosamarTalSi Camoyalibebuli normebis Sesa-bamisad, mxolod gaerTianebuli erebis or-ganizacias aqvs ufleba miiRos saTanado

zomebi, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyenebisCaTvliT, rodesac amas uSiSroebis sabWodaadgens (mag. gaeros RonisZiebebi erayisagresiis winaaRmdeg). magram Tanamedroveetapze, rodesac dedamiwaze mravali agresi-uli Zalaa da yovelTvis arsebobs saSiSroe-ba agresiisa da sxva umZimesi saerTaSori-sosamarTlebrivi darRvevebisa, rac, upirve-les yovlisa, udides safrTxes uqmnis xalxTasaerTo mSvidobasa da uSiSroebas, msofliosazogadoebriobam mimdinare procesebis safuZ-velze aSkarad dainaxa, rom gaeros sistema-Si Camoyalibebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlisZiriTadi principebisa da normebis dacvismeqanizmi dResdReobiT veRar uzrunvelyofsaRniSnuli principebisa da normebis sruly-ofil da efeqtur dacvas, da dRes saerTa-Soriso Tanamegobroba dgas sruliad axaliproblemis winaSe _ Camoayalibos axali msof-lio wesrigi, anu is wyoba da sistema, romlismeSveobiTac ufro efeqturad iqneba uzrunve-lyofili saerTaSoriso samarTlis dacva.

Tanamedroveobis erT-erT umTavres sens sworeddReisaTvis msoflioSi mravlad arsebuliSeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi warmoadgens. amkonfliqtebs safuZvlad udevs an agresiuliseparatizmi, anda erovnul umciresobaTauflebebis Selaxva. maTi Tavidan acilebis,gaeros mier Seqmnili msoflio uSiSroebismeqanizmi ki arasrulyofilia, razecmetyvelebs is faqti, rom msoflios TiTqmisyvela kuTxeSi mougvarebelia SeiaraRebulikonfliqtebi (an cxeli wertilebi). amrigad,Cemi azriT, msoflio uSiSroebis axalimeqanizmis Camoyalibeba msoflio sazogadoe-briobis upirveles amocanas warmoadgens, racaucilebelia umTavresad xalxTa mSvidobisada uSiSroebisaTvis.

rodesac vlaparakobT omis saerTaSoriso-danaSaulebriv xasiaTze, vfiqrob, saWiroaerTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT "samarTliani omi"da "samarTlianoba omis warmoebaSi", rom-lebic erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansx-vavdeba. omis moraluri aspeqtebi da realo-ba SesaZlebelia gaiyos or nawilad. pirvelimoicavs im mizezebs, romlebic saxelmwifoe-bs omis dawyebisa da damTavrebisas aqvT ma-Sin, roca meore moicavs saSualebebs, rom-lebsac isini omis warmoebisaTvis iyeneben.maSasadame, omis mizezebis gaanalizebis Sem-

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deg problema SesaZlebelia formulirebuliqnas Semdegnairad, yoveli konkretuli omiwarmoebuli unda iyos samarTlianad. es kiigivea, rac Sua saukuneebis mweralTa mierJus ad bellem (samarTali omSi) da Jus in bello-ad (samarTliani omi) iqna wodebuli. Jus adbellem moiTxovs agresiisa da Tavdacvis Sesax-eb gadawyvetilebis miRebas, maSin, roca me-ore Seexeba omis pozitiuri da CveulebiTiwesebis darRvevis ganxilvasa da mis Taobazegadawyvetilebebis miRebas. ar unda dagvaviw-ydes, rom es ori gansazRvreba an mimarTulebaerTmaneTTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli.kerZod, SesaZlebelia samarTliani omis arasa-marTliani saSualebebiT warmoeba da piri-qiT, usamarTlo omis ukiduresad samarTlianisaSualebebiT warmarTva.

zogjer amboben, rom samarTliani omi arisomi, romelic warmoebulia Tavdacvis an koleq-tiuri Tavdacvis mizniT, SeiaraRebuli Tav-dasxmis sawinaaRmdegod. Tumca TavdacviTiomic ki aucileblad ar niSnavs samarTlianiomis warmoebas. omis warmoeba unda Seesabam-ebodes aradiskriminaciisa da adekvaturobisprincipebs, aramed sayovelTaod aRiarebulisaerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis Zir-iTad principebsa da normebs, es ukanaskneliki yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovania. TavdacviTiomis warmoebac ki SesaZlebelia iqces usa-marTlo omad, Tu igi gamoirCeva arasamxedropirebze TavdasxmiT an, Tuki gamoyenebuliiqneba saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTliTakrZaluli saSualebebi da misi warmoebisasCadenili siborote aSkarad aRemateba sikeTes,romlis dacvac am omiT moxda. samarTlianiomi ki aris brZolis iseTi forma, romlismizania daareguliros moraluri standart-ebi. samarTliani omi SezRuduli omia damisi warmoeba xorcieldeba omis kanonebisSesabamisad.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg, "civi omis","Zalis poziciis", msoflios omis zRvarzebalansirebis politikis wlebSi, kidev ufroaqtiuri da Tanmimdevruli gaxda saxelmwi-foTa brZola mSvidobisaTvis, daZabulobisSenelebisaTvis, mSvidobiani TanaarsebobisaTvis,

ganiaraRebisaTvis, atomuri da wyalbadisbombebisa da sxva masobrivi mospobis iar-aRebis akrZalvisaTvis, maTi gamocdebis Sew-yvetisaTvis, warmoebidan amoRebisaTvis. yove-live am RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba TiToeulisaxelmwifos mier warmoadgens aucilebelpirobas dedamiwaze mSvidobisa da uSiSroeb-is uzrunvelsayofad. amitom saxelmwifoTaSoris warmoSobili ideologiuri brZola dapolitikuri dava omiT ar unda wydebodes,igi unda warmoebdes mSvidobiani saSualebe-biT, sxva qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi CarevisgareSe, ise, rom safrTxe ar Seeqmnas saer-TaSoriso mSvidobas, uSiSroebasa da sa-marTlianobas. am mizniT, isini gamoiyenebeniseT saSualebebs, rogorebicaa: molaparake-ba, gamokvleva, Serigeba, arbitraJi, sasamarT-lo garCeva an sxva mSvidobiani saSualebebi,maTi sakuTari arCevisamebr.

saxelmwifoTa mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba sa-zogadoebis ganviTarebis obieqturi aucile-blobaa. amitom omi ar SeiZleba iyos da arcunda iyos saerTaSoriso davis gadaWris sa-Sualeba. magram, miuxedavad yovelive amisa,Tanamedrove etapze ar aris likvidirebuliomis saSiSroeba - saxelmwifoebis mier war-moebul iqnas agresiuli Tu sxva xasiaTisarakanonieri omi. amas naTlad adasturebsTanamedrove saerTaSoriso praqtika, Tundacmxolod imiT, rom dResdReobiT msofliossxvadasxva mxareSi aTeulobiT SeiaraRebulkonfliqtebs aqvs adgili, ramac SesaZlebe-lia ufro globaluri xasiaTi miiRos, TukisaerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba saTanado zomebsar mimarTavs, razec zemoT gvqonda saubari.

amrigad, omis mZime saerTaSoriso-danaSau-lebrivma xasiaTma miiyvana kacobrioba imSegnebamde, rom omi (misi xasiaTis mixedviT)kanongareSed da kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mi-marTul umZimes danaSaulad gamocxadebuliyo,xolo misi dawyebis SemTxvevaSi moexdinaTmisi humanizacia, misi warmoebisaTvis meTode-bisa da saSualebebis Camoyalibeba, garkveulfarglebSi moqceva, raTa ar darRveuliyomTlianad xalxTa mSvidoba da uSiSroeba.

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muxli 1

italiis respublika da wminda saydari adas-tureben, rom saxelmwifo da kaTolikurieklesia, TiToeuli, damoukidebeli da suve-renulia Tavis mowyobaSi da isini valde-bulebas kisruloben mTeli pativi miagon amprincips TavianT urTierTobebSi da iTanam-Sromlon adamianis sulieri amaRlebisa daqveynis keTildReobisaTvis.

muxli 2

1. italiis respublika aRiarebs kaTolikurieklesiis srul Tavisuflebas misisamoZRvro, aRmzrdelobiTi, saqvelmoqme-do, evangelizaciisa da ganwmendis misiisganxorcielebaSi. kerZod, eklesiasgarantirebuli aqvs Tavisufleba orga-nizaciaSi, saxalxo ritualebis, moZRv-rebisa da RvTismsaxurebis aRsrulebaSi,

aseve, saeklesio sakiTxebis gansjaSi.

2. wminda saydars, italiis saepiskoposokonferencias, regionul saepiskoposokonferenciebs, episkoposebs, samRvdelo-ebasa da morwmuneebs Tanabrad aqvT uzrun-velyofili erTmaneTs Soris kavSirisa damimoweris Tavisufleba iseve, rogorcTavisufleba eklesiis misiis Sesaxeb aqte-bisa da dokumentebis publikaciasa dagavrcelebaSi.

3. kaTolikeebs, maT asociaciebsa da orga-nizaciebs garantirebuli aqvT gaerTianeb-isa da azris gamoTqmis sruli Tavisuf-leba sityviT, werilobiT da nebismierisxva saSualebiT.

4. italiis respublika aRiarebs qalaq ro-mis - rogorc papis saepiskoposos gan-sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas kaTolikurisamyarosaTvis.

ÛÄÈÀÍáÌÄÁÀ ßÌÉÍÃÀ ÓÀÚÃÀÒÓÀ ÃÀ ÉÔÀËÉÉÓÒÄÓÐÖÁËÉÊÀÓ ÛÏÒÉÓ ËÀÔÄÒÀÍÉÓ áÄËÛÄÊÒÖËÄÁÀÛÉÝÅËÉËÄÁÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÔÀÍÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ

ÜÉÏÒÀ ÈÀØÈÀØÉÛÅÉËÉ


(araoficialuri Targmani)

mxedvelobaSi miiRes ra, wminda saydarma da italiis respublikam ukanaskneli aTwleulebis

manZilze italiaSi mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri gardaqmnebisa da vatikanis saeklesiokrebis mier eklesiaSi gatarebuli reformebis procesi;

gaiTvaliswines ra, italiis respublikis mxriv, misi konstituciiT sanqcirebuli principebi,

xolo, wminda saydris mxriv, vatikanis II msoflio krebis mier miRebuli deklaraciebireligiuri Tavisuflebisa da eklesiasa da politikur sazogadoebas Soris urTierTobebisSesaxeb;

daeyrdnen ra, italiis respublikis konstituciis me-7 muxlis me-2 punqts, romlis

ZaliTac saxelmwifosa da kaTolikur eklesias Soris urTierTobebi regulirebulia lateranispaqtebiT, romlebSic SesaZlebelia cvlilebebis Setana orive mxaris saerTo SeTanxmebiT,garda im SemTxvevebisa, Tu es konstituciis gadasinjvas moiTxovs;

maT gonivrulad scnes SeTanxmebuliyvnen papis xelSekrulebaSi cvlilebebis Setanaze:

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muxli 3

1. eparqiebisa da samwysos sazRvrebi gan-sazRvrulia saeklesio xelisuflebis mier.wminda saydari valdebulebas kisrulobseparqiaSi ar CaTvalos italiis teritoriisis nawili, romlis saepiskoposo mdebar-eobs sxva qveynebis teritoriaze.

2. saeklesio Tanamdebobis pirebis daniSvnasawarmoebs saeklesio xelisufleba Tavisu-flad. es ukanaskneli valdebulia arqi-episkoposebis, episkoposebis, koadiu-torebis, abatebisa da prelatebis, aseve,mrevlis moZRvrisa da saxelmwifos brZa-nebiT dawinaurebul sxva saeklesio pir-Ta Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis Sesaxeb acno-bos kompetentur samoqalaqo organoebs,teritoriuli daqvemdebarebis mixedviT;

3. garda romis saeparqiosa da misi Semog-arenisa, sadac saeklesio Tanamdebobebzear dainiSnebian italiis moqalaqeobis ar-mqone pirebi.

muxli 4

1. mRvdlebs, diakvnebsa da sxva sasulieropirebs, romelTac dadebuli aqvT aRTqma,ufleba eniWebaT, TavianTi TxovniT, gaTa-visufldnen samxedro samsaxuridan anSeasrulon misi Semcvleli samoqalaqosamsaxuri.

2. sayovelTao mobilizaciis SemTxvevaSisasuliero pirebi, romlebic uSualodar arian dakavebuli sulze mzrunvelo-biT, gamoZaxebuli iqnebian samxedro naw-ilebSi RvTismsaxurebis aRsasrulebladan gamoyenebuli iqnebian sanitaruli sam-saxurisaTvis.

3. Teologiis fakultetis, Teologiis pro-pedevtikis bolo ori wlis studentebs,wminda cxovrebis institutebisa da saek-lesio sazogadoebebis msmenelebs SeuZliaTisargeblon samxedro samsaxuris gadava-debis imave uflebiT, rogoric aqvT ita-liis universitetebis studentebs.

4. sasuliero pirebi ar arian valdebulisasamarTlo an sxva xelisuflebis war-momadgenlebs miscen pirebisa Tu nivTebisSesaxeb is informacia, rac maTTvis cno-bili gaxda RvTismsaxurebis aRsrulebissaSualebiT.

muxli 5

1. sakulto Senobebi ar SeiZleba daeqvemde-baros konfiskacias, dakavebas, CamorTmevasan dangrevas, Tu ar arsebobs raime seri-ozuli mizezi da kompetentur saekle-sio xelisuflebasTan SeTanxmebis SemTxv-evaSi.

2. garda gadaudebeli aucileblobis SemTx-vevebisa, saxalxo jari ver Seva sakul-to SenobebSi Tavisi funqciebis gansaxor-cieleblad, saeklesio xelisuflebisgafrTxilebisa da misi Tanxmobis gareSe.

3. samoqalaqo xelisufleba gaiTvaliswinebskompetenturi saeklesio xelisuflebismier wardgenil xalxis im religiur moT-xovnebs, romlebic Seexeba axali kaTo-likuri sakulto Senobebis mSeneblobasada saeklesio moRvaweobas.

muxli 6

italiis respublika uqme dReebad cnobs yve-la kvirasa da mxareTa SeTanxmebiT gan-sazRvrul sxva religiur dResaswaulebs.

muxli 7

1. italiis respublika, konstituciis me-20 muxlze dayrdnobiT, amtkicebs, romsazogadoebisa da dawesebulebis saekle-sio xasiaTi da religiuri Tu sakultomizani ar SeiZleba iyos safuZveli speci-aluri sakanonmdeblo SezRudvisa da arcam sazogadoebisa Tu dawesebulebis Seqm-nis, iuridiuli qmedunarianobisa Tu moRva-weobis nebismieri formisaTvis specialurifiskaluri gadasaxadis dawesebis mizezi.

2. ZalaSi rCeba ra saeklesio organizacie-bisadmi am dromde miniWebuli samarTal-subieqturoba, italiis respublika, saek-lesio xelisuflebis TxovniT, ganagr-Zobs italiaSi arsebuli im religiuriTu sakulto miznis mqone saeklesioorganizaciebis cnobas, romlebic Seqmni-li da registrirebuli iqnebian kanoni-kuri samarTlis normebis Sesabamisad.analogiurad iwarmoebs am organizaciebisarsebiTi cvlilebebis samoqalaqo Sede-gebis cnoba.

3. dajildoebis saqmeSi religiuri da sakul-to miznebis mqone saeklesio organiza-

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ciebi, agreTve, amave miznebisaken mima-rTuli moRvaweoba gaTanabrebulia saqvel-moqmedo Tu saganmanaTleblo miznis mqoneorganizaciebTan.

saeklesio organizaciebis religiurisa dasakultosagan gansxvavebuli saqmianoba,am organizaciebis miznisa da struqtur-is pativiscemiT, eqvemdebareba saxelmwifokanonebs aRniSnuli saqmianobis Sesaxebda am organizaciebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuldajildoebis reJims.

4. sakulto Senobebi, aqtebis publikacia,plakatebi sakulto Tu saeklesio Se-nobebis SigniT an Sesasvlelsa da ze-moaRniSnul SenobebSi miRebuli Semow-iruloba eqvemdebareba moqmed reJims.

5. saeklesio organizaciebis kuTvnili qonebismarTva eqvemdebareba kanonikuri samarTliTgaTvaliswinebul kontrols, Tumca amorganizaciebis SenaZenebi eqvemdebarebaaseve - iuridiul pirTa SenaZenebis Sesa-xeb italiis kanonebiT gaTvaliswinebulkontrolsac.

6. am SeTanxmebis xelmowerisas mxareebidaamtkiceben paritetul komisias maTTvisdasamtkiceblad warsadgeni normebis Sesa-muSaveblad, romlebic Seexeba am orga-nizaciebis mTeli saeklesio qonebis ga-nawess, agreTve, italiis saxelmwifos fi-nansur saqmianobasa da saeklesio orga-nizaciebis qonebriv marTvaSi saxelmwi-fos operaciebze zedamxedvelobas.

droebiT, axali ganawesis ZalaSi Sesv-lamde, moqmedebaSi rCeba Zveli xelSek-rulebis teqstis me-17 muxlis me-3 pun-qti, me-18, 27-e, 29-e da 30-e muxlebi.

muxli 8

1. cnobilia kanonikuri samarTlis normebismixedviT ganxorcielebuli qorwinebissamoqalaqo Sedegebi im SemTxvevaSi, Tues aqti registrirebulia samoqalaqomdgomareobis registrSi, saqalaqo orga-nos publikaciis Sesabamisad. ceremoniisdamTavrebisTanave, mRvdeli an misi war-momadgeneli mxareebs ganumartavs qorwi-nebis samoqalaqo Sedegebs samoqalaqokodeqsis im muxlebis citirebiT, romel-

Sic gaTvaliswinebulia meuRleTa ufle-bebi da movaleobebi, da werilobiT gada-scems maT qorwinebis mowmobis originalsor pirad, romelSic SesaZlebelia CarTu-li iyos meuRleTa deklaraciebi, samo-qalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamisad.

2. wminda saydari iTvaliswinebs, rom reg-istracias ar eqneba adgili:

a) rodesac meuRleebi ar pasuxoben samo-qalaqo kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebs, qor-winebisTvis dadgenili asakis gamo;

b) rodesac meuRleebs Soris arsebobsiseTi SeuTavsebloba, romelsac samoqalaqokanonmdebloba mougvareblad miiCnevs.

registracia nebadarTulia maSinac ki,rodesac samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis Se-sabamisad gabaTilebis an gauqmebis pro-cedura aRar SeiZleba iyos aRZruli.

moTxovna registraciis Sesaxeb keTdebawerilobiTi formiT daqorwinebidan araugvianes 5 dRisa im adgilis mRvdlismier, sadac moxda qorwineba. moqalaqeo-brivi mdgomareobis registraciis orga-no, sadac arsebobs saTanado pirobebi,registracias axorcielebs SesabamisimoTxovnis aqtis miRebidan ara ugvianes24 saaTisa da amis Sesaxeb acnobebsmRvdels.

qorwineba ZalaSia ceremoniis momentidan,imisda miuxedavad, Tu moqalaqeobrivimdgomareobis registraciis organom raimemizezis gamo, ver ganaxorciela regis-tracia miTiTebul vadaSi.

registracia SeiZleba ganxorcieldesSemdegac, orive an erT-erTi mxaris Tx-ovniT da meoris codnisa da winaaRmde-gobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mesame pirTamier SeZenili kanonieri uflebebis winas-wari gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, Tu orivemxares dauqorwineblobis statusiSenarCunebuli hqonda daqorwinebis mo-mentidan zemoaRniSnuli moTxovnis ward-genamde.

3. saeklesio tribunalis mier qorwinebisbaTilad cnobis Sesaxeb gamotanili dad-genilebebi, romlebic damtkicebulia zem-dgomi saeklesio kontrolis organos

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miTiTebiT misi sisruleSi moyvanis Sesaxeb,mxareebis an erT-erTi maTganis TxovniTcxaddeba moqmedad italiis respublika-Si kompetenturi saeklesio sasamarTlosdadgenilebiT, Tu igi amtkicebs:

(a) rom saeklesio mosamarTlem icoda,rom qorwinebis ceremonia ganxorciel-da am muxlis Sesabamisad;

(b) rom saeklesio tribunalSi saqmisganxilvisas mxareebs miniWebuli hqon-daT moqmedebisa da winaaRmdegobisgawevis ufleba italiis wyobilebisZiriTadi principebis daurRvevlad;

(c) rom arsebobs italiis kanonmdeblo-biT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva pirobebi,raTa cnobil iqnas sxva qveynis dad-genilebebis Zala.

saapelacio sasamarTlo SeZlebs kanoni-kuri dadgenilebis sisruleSi moyvanisSesaxeb dadgenilebaSi daawesos droebi-Ti ekonomikuri RonisZiebebi erT-erTimeuRlis sasargeblod, romlis qorwinebaccnobil iqna baTilad, da mxareebs saqmisgadasawyvetad kompetentur mosa-marTlesTan gagzavnis.

4. wminda saydari eTanxmeba qorwinebis amreglaments da, amasTanave, aRiarebs qor-winebis Sesaxeb kaTolikuri moZRvrebisSeucvlel mniSvnelobasa da ojaxis,rogorc sazogadoebis safuZvlis, Rirse-bisa da dafasebisaTvis eklesiis mzrun-velobis saWiroebas.

muxli 9

1. italiis respublika, skolisa da swav-lebis Tavisuflebis principis Sesabamis-ad da konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebulfarglebSi, kaTolikur eklesias aniWebsnebismieri safexurisa da kategoriisskolebisa da saganmanaTleblo dawese-bulebebis Tavisuflad Seqmnis uflebisgarantias.

im skolebs, romlebic moipoveben Tanas-woruflebianobas, garantirebuli aqvTsruli Tavisufleba, xolo maT moswav-leebs - iseTive saskolo mopyroba,rogoric aqvT saxelmwifosa da sxva teri-

toriuli organizaciebis skolebis mos-wavleebs da orive kategoriisaTvisgaTvaliswinebulia saxelmwifo gamocda.

2. italiis respublika cnobs religiurikulturis Rirebulebas, iTvaliswinebskaTolicizmi princi pebis mniSvnelobasitalieli xalxis istoriul memkvidre-obaSi da saskolo miznebis farglebSiganagrZobs kaTolikuri religiis swav-lebis uzrunvelyofas nebismieri safex-urisa da kategoriis arasauniversitetosaxalxo skolebSi.

TiToeul maTgans, mSoblebis sindisisTavisuflebisa da aRmzrdelobiTi pasu-xismgeblobis pativiscemidan gamomdinare,garantirebuli aqvs ufleba gadawyvitos,isargeblos Tu ara am SeTavazebuli ga-kveTilebiT.

Caricxvisas moswavleebi an maTi mSoble-bi, skolis xelmZRvanelobis moTxovniT,gamoiyeneben zemoaRniSnul uflebas imisgaTvaliswinebiT, rom maTi arCevani argamoiwvevs raime saxis diskriminacias.

muxli 10

1. sauniversiteto dawesebulebebi, seminar-iebi, akademiebi kolejebi da sxva insti-tutebi, romlebic mowyobilia kanonikurisamarTlis Sesabamisad, saeklesio pirTada morwmuneTaTvis an saeklesio disci-plinaTa dasaufleblad, ganagrZoben mxo-lod eklesiis xelmZRvanelobaze daqvem-debarebas.

2. mxareTa SeTanxmebiT gansazRvrul, Sesa-bamisi fakultetis mier miniWebul akade-miur wodebebs Teologiasa da sxva saekle-sio disciplinebSi, romlebic damtkice-bulia wminda saydris mier - cnobs sax-elmwifoc.

aseve, aRiarebulia paleografiis, di p-lomatiis, arqivTmcodneobisa da bib-lioTekaTmcodneobis vatikanis skolebSimopovebuli diplomebi.

3. "qristes wminda gulis universitetisa"da masze daqvemdebarebuli institutebisreligiuri profilis profesor-maswavle-blebis daniSvna damokidebulia kompeten-tur saeklesio xelisuflebaze.

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muxli 11

1. italiis respublika acxadebs, rom Sei-araRebuli Zalebis, policiisa Tu sxvamsgavsi samsaxurisaTvis mikuTvnebulobam,woliTma reJimma saavadmyofoSi, mzrun-velobisa Tu daxmarebis saxalxo sax-lebSi, dakavebisa an sasjelis moxdisdawesebulebebSi yofnam ar SeiZleba gam-oiwvios religiuri Tavisuflebis ganxor-cielebisa da kaTolikuri sakulto saqmi-anobis aRsrulebis Seferxeba.

2. zemoT dasaxelebuli kategoriebis war-momadgenlebisaTvis sulier daxmarebasuzrunvelyofen italiis kompetenturixelisuflebis mier daniSnuli saeklesiopirebi, eklesiis xelmZRvanelobis ward-ginebiT, kanonmdeblobis, Sidasauwyebo daim wesebis Sesabamisad, romelTac daad-genen es mxareebi urTierTSeTanxmebis sa-fuZvelze.

muxli 12

1. wminda saydari da italiis respublikamzadyofnas acxadeben iTanamSromlon is-toriul da kulturul memkvidreobazezrunvis saqmeSi.

italiis kanonebis cxovrebaSi gatarebisada religiuri xasiaTis moTxovnilebebisharmonizaciis mizniT, ori mxaris kompe-tenturi organoebi SeaTanxmeben Sesabam-is dispoziciebs saeklesio dawesebule-bebsa da organizaciebs mikuTvnebuli re-ligiuri interesebis, kulturuli sike-Tis dacvis, dafasebisa da qebisaTvis.

saeklesio organizaciebisa da dawesebule-bebis, biblioTekebisa da istoriuli in-teresebis mqone arqivebis SenarCuneba damaTTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena dafuZnebu-li iqneba ori mxaris kompetenturi or-

ganoebis SeTanxmebaze.

2. wminda saydari inarCunebs romsa da ital-iis teritoriis sxva nawilebSi arsebulqristianul katakombebs, maTi Senaxvis,movlisa da SenarCunebidan gamomdinarevaldebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, da uarsambobs sxva katakombebis dasakuTrebaze.

saxelmwifo kanonebis gaTvaliswinebiT damesame pirTa SesaZlebeli uflebebisgauTvaliswineblad, wminda saydars Seu-Zlia awarmoos saWiro gaTxrebi da wmin-da reliqviebis gadaadgileba.

muxli 13

1. winamdebare dispoziciebi awesrigebs cv-lilebebs mxareebs Soris dadebul lat-eranis xelSekrulebaSi da ZalaSi Sedissaratifikacio sigelebis gacvlis dRi-dan. zemoaRniSnuli xelSekrulebis dis-poziciebi, romlebic ar aris ganaxlebu-li mocemul teqstSi, garda 7.6 muxliTgaTvaliswinebulisa, gauqmebulia.

2. sakiTxebi, romlebic momavalSi warmoaCenskaTolikur eklesiasa da saxelmwifosSoris urTierTTanamSromlobis saWiroe-bas, SeiZleba daregulirdes rogorc mx-areebs Soris axali SeTanxmebebiT, isesaxelmwifos kompetentur xelisuflebasada italiis saepiskoposo konferenciasSoris molaparakebebiT.

muxli 14

Tu momavalSi warmoiqmneba sirTule winamde-bare dispoziciebis interpretaciisa Tu cx-ovrebaSi gatarebisas, wminda saydari daitaliis respublika awarmoeben megobruligamosavlis Ziebas paritetuli komisiis Se-qmniT, romlis Semadgenlobac ganisazRvrebamaT mier.

romi, 18 Tebervali, 1984 weli

kard. avgustine kazaroli

b. kraqsi

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1. 1-el muxlTan mimarTebiT

upirveles yovlisa, Zaladakargulad CaiTv-leba papis paqtebiT gansazRvruli principikaTolikuri religiis, rogorc italiissaxelmwifos erTaderTi religiis Sesaxeb.

2. me-4 muxlTan mimarTebiT

a) me-2 punqtTan dakavSirebiT, sulze mzrun-velobiT dakavebulebad CaiTvlebian episko-posebi, mRvdlis TanaSemweebi, sakultoeklesiaTa reqtorebi da mRvdlebi, rom-lebsac mudmivad evalebaT sulieri dax-marebis aRmoCena, maT Soris me-11 muxlSiaRniSnulnic.

b) italiis respublika uzrunvelyofs, romsasamarTlo xelisuflebam teritoriismixedviT Seatyobinos kompetentur saekle-sio xelisuflebas saeklesio pirTa mima-rT aRZruli sisxlis samarTlis saqmisSesaxeb.

c) wminda saydari sargeblobs papis xelSek-rulebaSi cvlilebebis SetaniT, raTakanonikuri ganawesis winaswari gaTvalis-winebis gareSe, Tanxmoba ganacxados pa-pis traqtatis 23-e muxlis me-2 punqtisitaliis saxelmwifoseul interpreta-ciaze, romlis mixedviTac, saeklesioxelisuflebis dadgenilebebisa da RonisZ-iebebis am muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli Sede-gebi harmoniulad unda Seesabamebodesitaliis moqalaqeebisaTvis konstituci-urad garantirebul uflebebs.


a) italiis respublika aTavisuflebs saek-lesio organoebs uZravi qonebis brunviswarmoebis valdebulebisagan, gardadrodadro kompetenturi mmarTvelobisada saeklesio organoTa mier SeTanxmebismiRebisa gansakuTrebuli safuZvlis ar-sebobisas.

b) me-6 punqtSi aRniSnulma paritetulma

komisiam Tavisi samuSao unda daamTavroswarmodgenili SeTanxmebis xelmoweridanara ugvianes 6 Tvisa.


a) 1-li punqtis b) qvepunqtis cxovrebaSigatarebis mizniT, samoqalaqo kanonebiTmougvarebad SeuTavseblobad CaiTvleba:

1) erT-erTi mxaris qmeduunaroba Wkua-sustobis gamo;

2) erT-erTi meuRlis yofna samoqalaqoSedegebis mqone sxva qorwinebaSi;

3) damnaSaveobidan an pirdapiri xazisnaTesaobidan gamomdinare winaaRmdegobani.

b) me-2 punqtTan dakavSirebiT, italiis samo-qalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 796-e da 797-e muxlebis cxovrebaSi gatarebis mizniT,gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas kanonikuriganawesis specifikuroba, romlis dro-sac warmoiSva qorwineba. kerZod,

1) gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas, rom ital-iis kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebi im ad-gilis kanonebisadmi, sadac gadawyve-tileba iqna miRebuli, angariSs gauw-evs kanonikur samarTals;

2) saboloo dadgenileba, romelic areqvemdebareba gasaCivrebas, sisruleSiunda iqnas moyvanili kanonikuri sa-marTlis mixedviT;

3) gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba, rom nebismi-er SemTxvevaSi iwarmoebs saqmis arsisgadasinjva.

c) me-2 punqtis dispoziciebi Seexeba agreTvewarmodgenili SeTanxmebis ZalaSi Sesv-lamde ganxorcielebul qorwinebebs, pa-pis xelSekrulebebis 34-e muxlisa da1929 wlis 27 maisis kanonis 847-e mux-lis normebTan SeTanxmebiT, romelTawinaaRmdegac samoqalaqo sasamarTloSi araRZrula am normebiT gaTvaliswinebuliprocesi.

damatebiTi oqmi

papis xelSekrulebaSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis xelmoweris momentSi wmindasaydari da italiis respublika, romelTac surT Sesabamisi dazustebebiT uzrunvelyonpapis paqtebisa da SeTanxmebuli cvlilebis cxovrebaSi saukeTesod gatareba da interpre-taciis nebismieri sirTulis Tavidan acileba, urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze, acxadeben:

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a) me-2 punqtSi miTiTebul skolebSi kaTo-likuri religiis swavlebas awarmoebensaeklesio moZRvrebasTan SeTanxmebiT damoswavleTa sindisis Tavisuflebis pativis-cemiT maswavleblebi, romlebsac Sesaf-erisad cnobs saeklesio xelisufleba,xolo saskolo xelmZRvaneloba ki dani-Snavs masTan SeTanxmebis safuZvelze.

skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebebsa dadawyebiT skolebSi aRniSnuli swavleba Sei-Zleba awarmoos klasis maswavlebelma, romel-ic cnobili iqneba Sesaferisad saeklesioxelisuflebis mier da mowodebuli iqneba amsaqmianobisaTvis.

b) kompetenturi saskolo xelisufleba daitaliis saepiskoposo konferencia SemdgomiSeTanxmebiT gansazRvraven:

1) kaTolikuri religiis saswavlo programebssxvadasxva safexurisa da kategoriis sax-alxo skolebisaTvis;

2) am swavlebis organizaciis formasgakveTilebis ganrigis farglebSi moqcev-asTan dakavSirebiT;

3) kriteriumebs teqstebis wignebis SesarCevad;

4) maswavlebelTa profesiuli kvali-fikaciis formebs.

c) am muxlis dispoziciebi ar exeba sasazRvroregionebSi moqmed reJims, sadac aRniSnu-li sakiTxi mowesrigebulia gansakuTre-buli normebiT.


italiis respublika me-3 punqtis interpre-taciaSi, romelic ar anaxlebs 1929 wlis11 Tebervlis xelSekrulebis 38-e muxls,eyrdnoba amave muxlis Sesaxeb sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlos 195/1972 dadgenilebas.

7. me-13 muxlis 1-el punqtTan mimarTebiT

mxareebi, TavianTi wyobidan da kompetenci-idan gamomdinare, awarmoeben Sesabamis kon-sultaciebs warmodgenili SeTanxmebisdispoziciebis gansaxorcieleblad.

damatebiTi oqmi warmoadgens wminda saydarsada italiis respublikas Soris xelmoweriliSeTanxmebis �papis xelSekrulebaSi cvlile-bebis Setanis Sesaxeb� ganuyofel nawils.

romi, 18 Tebervali, 1984 weli kard. avgustine kazaroli

b. kraqsi

muxli 1

paritetuli komisiis mier maRali mxareebi-sadmi wardgenili 1984 wlis 18 Tebervliswminda saydarsa da italiis respublikasSoris SeTanxmebis me-7 muxlis me-6 punqtiTgansazRvruli normebi saeklesio organiza-ciebis Sesaxeb damtkicebulia 1984 wlis 8agvistos paritetuli komisiis mier xelmow-erili teqstis formulirebiT, I danarTSimocemuli werilebiT SeTanxmebuli cvli-lebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

muxli 2

ZalaSi rCeba, rom es normebi ar Seexebawminda saydrisa da misi organoebis iuridi-ul mdgomareobas.

oqmiwminda saydarsa da italiis respublikas Soris "papis xelSekrulebaSi cvlilebebis SetanisSesaxeb" SeTanxmebis me-7 muxlis me-6 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxis momwesrigebelinormebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb.

muxli 3

garda amisa, ZalaSi rCeba SeTanxmeba imisSesaxeb, rom zemoaRniSnuli normebiT regu-lirebuli sakiTxebisaTvis gamoiyeneba 1984wlis 18 Tebervlis SeTanxmebis me-13 muxlisme-2 punqtisa da me-14 muxlis dispoziciebi.

muxli 4

mxareebi srul da mTel Zalas mianiWebenwarmodgenil oqms da pativcemuli mxareebisiuridiuli dokumentebiT gamoscemen dRevan-deli TariRiT damtkicebul normebs.

muxli 5

warmodgenili oqmi da zemoaRniSnuli norme-bi ZalaSi Seva 1984 wlis 18 TebervlisSeTanxmebisa da am oqmis saratifikaciosigelebis gacvlis TariRidan.

romi, 15 noemberi, 1984 weli kard. avgustine kazaroli

b.kraqsi

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komentari

dReisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani dasaSuri gaxda saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa daqarTul marTlmadideblur eklesias SorisurTierTobebis samarTlebrivi regulireba. amasmowmobs bolo dros warmoSobili uTanxmoe-bebi qarTul samociqulo marTlmadidebeleklesiasa da saskolo saxelmZRvanelos -"religia da kultura", aseve religiis is-toriis saxelmZRvanelos - "karibWe" avto-rebTan, sxvadasxva religiur dajgufebebsaTu saxelmwifo organoebTan. calke msjelo-bis sagans warmoadgens is, Tu ramdenad mis-aRebia Cvens sinamdvileSi, saxelmwifosa damarTlmadideblur eklesias Soris urTier-Tobis daregulireba maT Soris xelSekruleb-is (konkordiumis) dadebiT. mis amosavalwertilad, samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, undaCaiTvalos, saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9,me-14, me-19 muxlebi. Tumca, Cemi azriT, ammxriv gasaTvaliswinebelia sazRvargareTisqveynebis gamocdilebac, kerZod, romis papiskonkordatebi. konkordati warmoadgens SeT-anxmebas romis paps, rogorc kaTolikurieklesiis meTaursa da romelime saxelmwifosSoris, romelic aregulirebs kaTolikurieklesiis statuss am saxelmwifoSi da urT-ierTobebs vatikanis saxelmwifosTan.

am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad mimaC-nia 1929 wlis lateranis xelSekruleba(CONCORDATO LATERANENSE), romelic aregu-lirebs urTierTobebs wminda saydarsa (ka-Tolikur eklesiasa) da italiis respublikasSoris. aRsaniSnavia, rom es konkordati war-moadgens saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv xelSek-rulebas or damoukidebel saxelmwifos -samarTlis subieqts Soris. aqedan gamomdinare,im urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi buneba, rom-lebsac konkordati aregulirebs sruliadgansxvavebulia saqarTveloSi arsebuli situ-aciisagan, radgan marTlmadidebluri ekle-sia warmoadgens sajaro samarTlis iuridiu-li pirs da araviTar SemTxvevaSi damoukidebelsaxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmns.

musolinisa da pap pius XI mier xelmower-ili lateranis xelSekruleba, bunebrivia,veRar Seesabameboda italiis demokratiulirespublikis konstituciiT ganmtkicebulreligiis Tavisuflebisa da yoveli adamianisTanasworobis princips, ganurCevlad reli-giisa, aseve, sindisis, rwmenisa da aRmas-ruleblobis Tavisuflebas.

1984 wlis 18 Tebervals lateranis xelSek-rulebaSi Setanil iqna cvlilebebi wmindasaydarsa da italiis respublikas Soris Se-TanxmebiT, romelmac mTlianad gaauqma lat-eranis xelSekrulebis normebi, ris Sede-gadac 1985 wlis 3 ivnisidan lateranisxelSekruleba moqmedebs 1984 wlis SeTanxme-biT gaTvaliswinebuli cvlilebebis saxiT.

SeTanxmeba "wminda saydarsa da italiis re-spublikas Soris lateranis xelSekruleba-Si cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb" aregulirebssaxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTier-Tobebis farTo speqtrs, kerZod, esenia: ka-Tolikuri eklesiis statusi italiis res-publikaSi, saeklesio Tanamdebobis pirTadaniSvnis wesi, religiur da sakulto Seno-baTa Taviseburebebi, saeklesio organizaciebisqonebrivi marTva, qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebissakiTxSi kaTolikuri eklesiis mniSvneloba,kaTolikuri religiis swavleba saxalxoskolebSi, religiuri xasiaTis umaRlesi sas-wavleblebis statusi, kulturul memkvidre-obaze kaTolikuri eklesiis ufleba-movale-obebi da a.S.

warmodgenili naSromi pirveli mcdelobaa ammetad mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso samarT-lebrivi xasiaTis aqtis qarTulad Targm-nisa, romelic met-nakleb warmodgenas Seu-qmnis saerTaSoriso, konstituciuri da saek-lesio samarTliT dainteresebul mkiTxvelsromis kaTolikur eklesiasa da italiis re-spublikas Soris urTierTobebis mowesrigeb-is samarTlebriv safuZvlebze.

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ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ áÄËÛÄÊÒÖËÄÁÄÁÉÓÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏÐÀÓÖáÉÓÌÂÄÁËÏÁÉÓ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓÖÒÈÉÄÒÈÛÄáÄÁÉÓ ÆÏÂÉÄÒÈÉ ÓÀÊÉÈáÉ (ÌÀÔÄÒÉÀËÖÒÉ ÃÀ ÉÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÖÒÉ ÀÓÐÄØÔÄÁÉ)

ÀËÄØÓÀÍÃÒÄ ÏÒÀáÄËÀÛÅÉËÉ


aerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis samarTa- li da saerTaSoriso pasuxismgeblobissamarTali saerTaSoriso samarTlis ori erT-maneTisagan gancalkevebuli qvedargi. maT gaaC-niaT erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebuli regu-lirebis sferoebi da wyaroebi. miuxedavadamisa, winamdebare statiis mizania warmoaCi-nos am ori qvedargis urTierTmoqmedeba saer-TaSoriso marTlwesrigis efeqturobis Tval-sazrisiT da mxari dauWiros im mosazrebas,rom orive es qvedargi, miuxedavad maTi for-maluri gancalkevebulobisa, maTi praqtiku-li moqmedebis procesSi warmoadgens saerTa-Soriso marTlwesrigis operirebis erTianiprocesis integralur nawils.

bunebrivia, urTierTSexeba am or sferosSoris SeiZleba moxdes iq, sadac erTdrou-lad figurirebs saxelSekrulebo da pasux-ismgeblobiTi urTierTobebi. am debulebiT Cvenar moviazrebT mxolod im urTierTobebs,romlebic exeba pasuxismgeblobas saxelSek-rulebo valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis, Tum-ca es sakiTxi aq erT-erTi umTavresia. aqedangamomdinare, jer ganvixilavT am ori dargisfunqciebis urTierTmimarTebis zogad sakiTxebsda Semdeg, - im konkretul aspeqtebs, rom-lebic konkretuli samarTlebrivi urTier-Tobebisas SeiZleba wamoiWras.

xelSekrulebebis samarTlisa da

pasuxismgeblobis samarTlis

urTierTmimarTeba maTi wyaroebisa

da funqciebis mixedviT

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis samarTlis Zir-iTad wyaros warmoadgens venis 1969 wliskonvencia "saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebissamarTlis Sesaxeb". aRniSnuli konvencia arissaerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlis kodi-fikaciis Sedegi da asaxavs ara marto mismxareTa ufleba-valdebulebebs, aramed saer-TaSoriso Tanamegobrobis sayovelTao mar-TlSegnebas. metic, konvenciis me-4 muxlimiuTiTebs, rom konvenciis regulirebis ga-reT darCenili xelSekrulebaTa samarTlissakiTxebi warmoadgens saerTaSoriso Cveulebi-Ti samarTlis regulirebis sagans.

saerTaSoriso pasuxismgeblobis samarTliswyaros warmoadgens CveulebiTi saerTaSorisosamarTali, romlis mtkicebulebac aris gaero-s saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiis proeqti"saxelmwifoTa pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb"(SemdgomSi _ komisiis proeqti).1 aRniSnuliproeqti komisiis mier miRebul iqna pirvelimosmeniT 1996 wels da da meore versiazemuSaoba dasrulda 2000 wels, komisiis52-e sesiaze.

1 Gabcikovo-Nagimaros, ICJ Reports, 1998, paras 50-58, paras 83-88; Cumaraswamy, ICJ Reports, General List No.100, para. 62;GRainbow Warrior, XX Reports of International Arbitral Awards; Meron, Human Rights and Humani-tarian Norms as Customary Law (1989), 137.

Ó

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is garemoeba, rom xelSekrulebaTa samar-Talic da saerTaSoriso pasuxismgeblobissamarTalic saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi sa-marTliT regulirdeba, metyvelebs imaze, romorive dargi saerTo saerTaSoriso samarT-lis nawilia da asaxavs saerTaSoriso Tan-amegobrobis, rogorc aseTis, nebas. am nebisZireuli elementi mimarTulia saerTaSorisomarTlwesrigis regulirebis meTodisa daganxorcielebis efeqturobaze. es faqtoriiwvevs am ori, formalurad erTmaneTisagangancalkevebuli, dargis2 im saxiT urT-ierTqmedebas, rom maT mier dawesebuli iu-ridiuli Sedegebi erTmaneTs avseben saerTa-Soriso marTlwesrigis efeqturobis gaZliere-bis mizniT. amitom aRsaniSnavia, rom venis1969 wlis konvenciisa (romlis proeqticaseve saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiis mieriqna SemuSavebuli) da pasuxismgeblobis Sesax-eb proeqtis midgomebi mTel rig sakiTxebSimemkvidreobiTobiT gamoirCeva,3 rac qvemoTkonkretuli sakiTxebis analizisas ufrodetalurad iqneba ganxiluli.

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom Gabcikovo-Nagi-maros-is saqmeze naTlad Camoayaliba xelSek-rulebebis samarTlisa da pasuxismgeblobissamarTlis urTierTmimarTeba mis mier gan-saxilveli konkretuli saqmis konteqstSi.mocemuli ori dargis urTierTmimarTebisTaobaze, mxareebis mosazrebebisagan4 damou-kideblad, sasamarTlom Camoayaliba am sak-iTxis miseuli xedva, romelic damyarebuliaori dargis integralur kavSirze:

�sasamarTlos ar sWirdeba gaaSuqos xelSek-rulebebis samarTlisa da pasuxismgeblobissamarTlis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi, romel-sac mxareebma vrceli argumentebi miuZRvnes,ramdenadac es ori dargi erTmaneTisagan gan-sxvavdeba moqmedebis sferos TvalsazrisiT.imis gansazRvra, aris Tu ara xelSekrulebaZalaSi da sworad moxda Tu ara misi mo-qmedebis Sewyveta Tu SeCereba, unda moxdesxelSekrulebebis samarTlis Sesabamisad. me-ore mxriv, im moculobis Sefaseba, romli-

Tac xelSekrulebis SeCereba an denonsacia,rogorc xelSekrulebaTa samarTalTanwinaaRmdegobaSi myofi, ukavSirdeba amis gan-maxorcielebeli saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblo-bas, unda moxdes saxelmwifoTa pasuxismge-blobis samarTlis Sesabamisad�.5

es midgoma naTlad asabuTebs, rom rig konkre-tul SemTxvevebSi rTulia imis mtkiceba, romsaerTaSoriso valdebulebebis SesrulebissakiTxi mxolod xelSekrulebaTa samarTliTregulirdeba an mxolod pasuxismgeblobissamarTliT. es ori dargi erTmaneTTan harmo-niaSi gansazRvravs saerTaSoriso valdebule-bebis Sesrulebisa da maTi darRvevis Sede-gebs; Tumca am ori dargis mier gaTval-iswinebuli iuridiuli Sedegebi erTmaneTis-agan gansxvavebulia.

xelSekrulebebis samarTali,

pasuxismgeblobis samarTali da

saerTaSoriso sajaro wesrigi

xelSekrulebebis samarTali da pasuxismge-blobis samarTali erTmaneTis paraleluradasaxavs saerTaSoriso marTlwesrigis far-glebSi momxdar progresul cvlilebebs dasakuTari specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, adgenssaerTaSoriso sajaro wesrigTan dakavSire-bul konkretul Sedegebs. saerTaSoriso sa-jaro wesrigis Zireuli elementebia saerTa-Soriso samarTlis imperatiuli normebi (juscogens) da erga omnes valdebulebebi. ram-denadac am normebsa da valdebulebebs saja-ro wesrigis xasiaTi aqvT, maT samarTlebrivSedegebs misadagebulia rogorc saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebebis, ise saerTaSoriso pasux-ismgeblobis samarTali. es gamomdinareobsiqidan, rom imperatiuli normebi saerTaSorisomarTlwesrigis farglebSi universaluri mniS-vnelobisaa da maTi Sedegebi Tavs iCens nebi-smier saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv urTierTo-baSi, romelSic imperatiul normebTan winaaRm-degoba saxeze iqneba.

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis samarTali,

2 aseTi daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva venis 1969 wlis konvenciis 73-e muxli, romelicpasuxismgeblobiT urTierTobebs am konvenciis regulirebis sferodan gamoricxavs.3 venis konvenciis 73-e muxlis mixedviT, es konvencia ar aregulirebs saerTaSoriso pasuxismgeblobiskonteqstSi wamoWril sakiTxebs.4 Gabcikovo-Nagimaros, ICJ Reports, 1998, paras 42-43.5 iqve, para 47.

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venis 1969 wlis konvenciis meSveobiT, saer-TaSoriso sajaro wesrigTan SexebaSi modisim sferoebSi, sadac saerTaSoriso xelSek-rulebis moqmedebaze sajaro wesrigi axdensgavlenas. es aris, upirveles yovlisa, xe-lSekrulebis baTilobisa da xelSekrulebisSewyvetis sakiTxebi. konvenciis 53-e muxlismixedviT, xelSekruleba baTilia, Tu is ewi-naaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso samarTlis impera-tiul normas, romelic aseTad aRiarebuliamTliani saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier,romlisaganac gadaxveva dauSvebelia, xolomisi Secvla daiSveba mxolod imave xasiaTismqone saerTaSoriso samarTlis Semdgomi nor-miT. konvenciis 64-e muxlis mixedviT, xe-lSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg aRmocenebuliimperatiuli norma, romelic ewinaaRmdegebaxelSekrulebas, iwvevs misi moqmedebis Sew-yvetas. amasTanave, xelSekrulebis baTilo-bisa da Sewyvetis ordinaruli SemTxvevebi-sagan gansxvavebiT, imperatiuli normebTankonfliqtis gamo, xelSekrulebis baTilobaan Sewyveta exeba mTlian xelSekrulebas6

(sxva SemTxvevebSi SesaZloa xelSekrulebismxolod konkretuli debulebebi gabaTildesda danarCeni xelSekruleba ZalaSi darCes7 ).amasTan dakavSirebiT, saerTaSoriso samarT-lis komisiam miiCnia, rom imperatiuli normebiimdenad fundamenturi mniSvnelobisaa, romxelSekruleba, romlis Tundac mxolodzogierTi debuleba ewinaaRmdegeba am normebs,mTlianad unda CaiTvalos Zaladakargulad.8

rac Seexeba konkretulad xelSekrulebisSewyvetis sakiTxs axladSeqmnil imperati-ul normasTan winaaRmdegobisas, zogadi we-sisagan gansxvavebiT,9 imperatiul normasTankonfliqtis gamo, xelSekrulebis Sewyvetaxdeba retrospeqtiuli wesiT, anu ukuqcevi-Ti ZaliT uqmdeba is uflebebi, valdebule-bebi Tu iuridiul mdgomareoba, romelicimperatiul normebs ewinaaRmdegeba.10

am farTo xasiaTis regulirebis miuxedavad,venis 1969 wlis konvencia imperatiuli norme-bis efeqts sruli moculobiT mainc veraregulirebs da es xdeba ori problemisgamo. pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, romvenis 1969 wlis konvencia amomwuravad araregulirebs imperatiuli normebis efeqtsxelSekrulebaTa mimarT. aRniSnul konvenci-is 53-e da 64-e muxlebi exeba imperatiulinormebis xelSekrulebebTan maTi SinaarsiTkonfliqts; Tumca imperatiuli normis Ses-ruleba-ganxorcielebas xeli SeiZleba Se-uSalos ara marto xelSekrulebam TavisiSinaarsiT, aramed, aseve, xelSekrulebam misiSesrulebis procesSi, imisda miuxedavad,ewinaaRmdegeba Tu ara mocemuli xelSekrulebaimperatiul normebs Tavisi SinaarsiT.11 saer-TaSoriso samarTlis komisiam am mosazrebasaSkarad mxari dauWira.12

garda amisa, dRes ukve aRar SeiZleba imisseriozulad mtkiceba, rom imperatiuli norme-bis efeqti da moqmedebis sfero xelSekrule-

6 venis 1969 wlis konvenciis muxli 44 (5).7 venis 1969 wlis konvenciis muxli 44(3), romelic gansazRvravs xelSekrulebis debulebaTa gancalkevebis(separability) pirobebs.8 Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1966, Vol. II, 239.9 venis 1969 wlis konvenciis muxli 72 (2).10 saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiam daadastura, rom imperatiul normebTan konfliqti xelSekrulebisSewyvetis specialur SemTxvevas udebs saTaves, ix. Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1966, Vol.II, 266.11 Rozakis, The Concept of Jus Cogens in the Law of Treaties (1976), 97; Crawford, Second Report on StateResponsibility, UN Doc. A/CN.4/498/Add.2 (1999), 38-39, para. 306.12 „The invocation of jus cogens invalidated the treaty as a whole. Such cases were very rare. Usually, breaches of juscogens occurred through the continued performance of a perfectly normal treaty in the event of, for example, aproposed planned aggression or the supply of aid to a regime that became genocidal. Such breaches were thus to beconsidered as "occasional" or "incidental": they did not arise from the terms of the treaty as such but from thecircumstances which had arisen.“ Report of the ILC on the Work of its 51st Session (1999), para. 307. „Furthermore, thelaw of treaties was concerned with the treaty as a whole and, in the event of any inconsistency with a treaty, the effectof jus cogens would be the invalidity of the treaty as a whole. But the most common instances of inconsistencyoccurred in terms of the performance of the treaty“, id., para 97.

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baTa samarTliT Semoifargleba.13 saerTaSori-sosamarTlebrivi praqtika sakmarisad iZlevaimis mtkicebulebebs, rom imperatiuli normebisefeqti exeba saxelmwifoTa mier Sesrule-bul nebismier moqmedebas da gansazRvravsmaT Sedegebs, miuxedavad imisa, emyareba Tuara aRniSnuli moqmedeba saerTaSoriso xe-lSekrulebas.14 pirvel rigSi unda gamoiyossaxelmwifoTa moqmedebebis baTilobis sak-iTxi da, aqedan gamomdinare, imperatiulinormebis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebebis Sedegeb-is arcnobis valdebuleba.15 rogorc saerTa-Soriso, ise Sidasaxelmwifo sasamarTlopraqtika iZleva sakmao magaliTebs imisaTvis,rom jus cogens-is moqmedeba saxelmwifosarasaxelSekrulebo moqmedebebzec vrcelde-ba. magaliTad, iugoslaviis tribunalma Fu-rundzia-s saqmeze daadastura, rom imperati-uli normebis moqmedeba vrceldeba im saam-nistio RonisZiebebis mimarTac, romelTac esaTu is saxelmwifo imperatiuli normebisdarRvevis miuxedavad axorcielebs.16 brit-aneTis lordTa palatam daadastura impera-tiuli normebis roli adamianis uflebaTauxeSi darRvevisaTvis fizikuri pirebis pa-suxismgeblobaSi da am normebis gavlena Tan-amdebobis pirTa saiurisdiqcio imunitetze.17

aRniSnul sakiTxebze imperatiuli normebisgavlena calsaxad dadasturda, Tumca saqme-Si arc xelSekrulebis baTiloba da arcmisi Sewyveta figurirebda. Pinochet-is saqmezeaSkarad gamoikveTa imperatiuli normebisgavlena iseT arasaxelSekrulebo urTier-Tobaze, rogoricaa, saxelmwifoTa mier iuris-diqciis ganxorcieleba.18

ramdenadac am problemas xelSekrulebebis

samarTali ver agvarebs, igi unda gadawydessaxelmwifoTa pasuxismgeblobis samarTlisfarglebSi. es exeba ara mxolod zogadadsaxelmwifoTa qmedebebis imperatiul normebTanSesabamisobas, aramed im konkretul sakiTx-sac, romelic saxelmwifos saerTaSorisovaldebulebebs Soris konfliqtze imperati-uli normebis gavlenaSi mdgomareobs. xelSek-rulebebis samarTlis Sexeba imperatiulnormebTan swored valdebulebaTa konfliq-tis dros xdeba, magram, ramdenadac es dar-gi, Tavisi viwro specifikidan gamomdinare,am sakiTxs amomwuravad ver daaregulirebs,imperatiuli normebis srulfasovani moqmede-bisaTvis aucilebelia, rom saerTaSorisopasuxismgeblobis samarTlis farglebSi, saer-TaSoriso valdebulebaTa konfliqtis dros,imperatiul normebs srulfasovani efeqtieZleodes.

amis gamo, saxelmwifoTa pasuxismgeblobisproeqtis meore mosmeniT ganxilvisas, saer-TaSoriso samarTlis komisiam, specialurimomxseneblis - kroufordis, winadadebissafuZvelze, proeqtSi CarTo specialurimuxli imperatiul normebTan saxelmwifoTaqcevis Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb, romlis mixed-viTac: �saerTaSoriso valdebulebasTan Seu-sabamo saxelmwifos moqmedebis aramarTlzom-iereba gamoiricxeba, Tu am moqmedebas gare-moebebidan gamomdinare moiTxovs saerTaSorisosamarTlis imperatiuli norma�.19 aRniSnulidebulebis arsi mdgomareobs, rogorc teqs-tidan Cans, imperatiuli normiT moTxovnilimoqmedebis aramarTlzomierebis gamoricxva-Si. es debuleba emyareba specialuri momx-seneblis winadadebas imis Taobaze, rom �mas

13 Tumca zogierTi avtori am mosazrebas mxars uWers, ix. Sztucki, Jus Cogens and the Vienna Convention onthe Law of Treaties (1973), 66ff. Tumca, avtorTa didi umravlesoba am mosazrebas aRar iziarebs: Fitzmaurice,The General Principles of International Law Considered from the Standpoint of the Rule of Law, 92 Recueil des Cours,1957 (II), 122; Meron, On A Hierarchy of International Human Rights, 80 AJIL (1986), 19ff; Rozakis, The Concept of JusCogens in the Law of Treaties (1976), 16ff.; Suy, The Concept of Jus Cogens, in: Lagonissi Conference (1975), 75ff.Egalab, The Legality of Non-Forcible Countermeasures in International Law, 1990, 97ff.; Gaja, Jus Cogens beyondthe Vienna Convention, Recueil des Cours, 1983.14 ase magaliTad, imperatiuli normebis sakiTxi Tavs iCens saxelmwifoTa calmxrivi aqtebis baTilobisas,ix. Cedeno, Third Report on Unilateral Acts of States, UN Doc. A/CN.4/505 (2000).15 Dugard, Recognition and the United Nations (1987), 111 ff., 123 ff., 137; Fitzmaurice, RdC 92 (1957), 122; Brownlie,International Law and the Use of Force, 410ff.16 38 International Legal Materials (1999), 349-350, paras 153ff.17 2 All England Law Reports (1999), 108-109, 114-115.18 Fox, The Pinochet Case No. 3, 48 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (1999), 688.19 komisiis proeqtis 21-e muxli, A/CN.4/L.600; ix. aseve A/CN.4/498/Add.2 (1999), 57.

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Semdeg rac jus cogens normis imperatiulixasiaTi aSkaradaa aRiarebuli, es norma pri-matiT unda sargeblobdes nebismier sxva saer-TaSoriso valdebulebasTan mimarTebaSi,romelsac msgavsi statusi ar gaaCnia�.20

es yovelive naTlad aCvenebs xelSekrulebe-bis samarTlisa da pasuxismgeblobis samarT-lis urTierTSemavsebel moqmedebas saerTa-Soriso sajaro wesrigis moqmedebis garan-tiebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT. am ori dargisurTierTqmedeba mocemul sakiTxSi naTelsxdis saerTaSoriso sajaro wesrigis yov-lismomcvel xasiaTs da imas, rom misi efeqte-bis amomwuravi daregulireba praqtikuladSeuZlebelia erTi romelime dargis farglebSi.

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis

Sewyveta saxelmwifoTa

pasuxismgeblobis samarTlis

konteqstSi

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis Sewyveta war-moadgens suverenuli saxelmwifos miercalmxrivad miRebuli gadawyvetilebis ganx-orcielebas da, rogorc aseTi, Sesabamisoba-Sia ara marto xelSekrulebis zogad kon-traqtualur bunebasTan, aramed, aseve, saer-TaSoriso marTlwesrigis decentralizebulxasiaTTanac. am decentralizebuli xasiaTiskonkretuli gamovlinebaa is, rom saxelmwi-foebi, rogorc wesi, saerTaSoriso samar-TaldarRvevebs individualuri zomebis miRe-biT pasuxoben. am procesSi arsebuli oriZiriTadi Rirebulebaa saxelmwifoTa suver-enuli nebis Tavisuflebis dacva da saerTa-Soriso valdebulebebis efeqturi moqmedebada am ori Rirebulebis dabalanseba war-moadgens im normaTa funqcias, romlebicsaerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis Sewyvetas ar-egulirebs.

rogorc saxelmwifoTa suverenuli Tavisu-flebis, ise saerTaSoriso valdebulebebisefeqturi funqcionirebis sruli garantire-ba naklebad realuria erTi romelime dargisfarglebSi, dargebis konkretuli specifikidangamomdinare. konkretul situaciebSi auci-lebelia gacnobierdes ara mxolod xelSek-rulebis moqmedebisa da darRvevis Sedegebi,

aramed mocemul situaciaSi samarTaldar-Rvevis arseboba da misi Sedegebic. amitomRirebulebaTa is balansi, romelic arasak-marisadaa daculi erTi dargis � xelSek-rulebebis samarTlis, farglebSi, undauzrunvelyos meorem � pasuxismgeblobissamarTalma.

venis 1969 wlis konvenciis me-60 muxlismixedviT, saxelmwifos SeuZlia SewyvitosxelSekrulebis moqmedeba, Tundac amas Ta-vad xelSekruleba ar iTvaliswinebdes, TuxelSekrulebis sxva mxarem xelSekrulebisarsebiTi darRveva moaxdina. pasuxismgeblo-bis samarTalSi amas ormxrivobis zomebiewodeba. ormxrivobis principis erT-erTigamovlineba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom rome-lime saxelmwifos mier ama Tu im saerTa-Soriso valdebulebis Sesruleba SeiZlebadamokidebuli iyos amave valdebulebiT Se-boWili sxva saxelmwifos mier igive valde-bulebis Sesrulebaze. swored es aris veniskonvenciis me-60 muxlis konceptualurisafuZveli. amasTanave, saxelSekrulebo sa-marTalSi mocemuli es debuleba nawilia imufro farTo samarTlebrivi institutisa,romelsac kontrzomebis instituti ewodeba.

venis konvenciis me-60 muxli amomwuravadar gansazRvravs im SemTxvevebs, rodesacsaerTaSoriso samarTalSi daSvebulia xelSek-rulebis calmxrivad SeCereba an Sewyveta.me-60 muxli ZiriTadad exeba xelSekruleb-is Sewyvetas amave xelSekrulebis arsebiTidarRvevis SemTxvevaSi, magram, garda amisa,saerTaSoriso samarTali uSvebs igive mo-qmedebis ganxorcielebas (a) sxva xelSek-rulebis darRvevis sapasuxod da (b) Cveulebi-Ti normis darRvevis sapasuxod.21 swored esSemTxvevebi regulirdeba kontrzomebis in-stitutis meSveobiT.

kontrzomebis instituti ekuTvnis saerTa-Soriso pasuxismgeblobis samarTals da war-moadgens pasuxismgeblobis instrumentulelements, anu misi daniSnulebaa samarTal-damrRvevi saxelmwifos mier darRveviT miy-enebuli zianis anazRaurebis da/an aramarTl-zomieri qcevis Sewyvetis uzrunvelyofa. ammizniT, kontrzoma gamoixateba dazaralebu-

20 A/CN.4/498/Add.2 (1999), 40, para 311.21 Arangio-Ruiz, Third Report on State Responsibility, UN Doc. A/CN/4/440 (1991), 37-38, para 72.

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li saxelmwifos mier damrRvevi saxelmwi-fos mimarT Tavisi erTi an ramdenime valde-bulebis SeusruleblobaSi.22 aseTi midgomadadasturebulia sasamarTlo praqtikiTac.23

saxelmwifo ar agebs pasuxs kontrzomisSedegad miyenebuli zianisaTvis, radganac misiqmedeba am dros ar iTvleba aramarTlzomi-erad, kontrzoma warmoadgens pasuxismgeblo-bisagan gaTavisuflebis garemoebas.24

SesaZlebelia, kontrzoma da xelSekrulebisSewyveta arsebiTi darRvevis safuZvelze erTida imave moqmedebiT xorcieldebodes. amismagaliTi iqneba Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesax-eb ormxrivi xelSekrulebis Sewyveta meoremxaris mier xelSekrulebis darRveviT saba-Jo gadasaxadebis dawesebis gamo. am moqmede-bis Sedegi, xelSekrulebebis samarTlis mixed-viT, exeba xelSekrulebis moqmedebas da am-iTve amoiwureba. pasuxismgeblobis samarTalSiki es moqmedeba SeiZleba iyos ufro farTokonteqstis nawili da exebodes valdebuleb-is Semdgom Sesrulebas, darRveviT miyenebu-li zianis anazRaurebas. amitom, saerTaSorisovaldebulebebis efeqturi funqcionirebisTvalsazrisiT, aucilebelia, rom orive dar-gis normebis moqmedeba erTian konteqstSiiqnas danaxuli.

am konteqstSi specialurma momxsenebelma -kroufordma, scada gansxvavebis gatarebaxelSekrulebebis samarTlisa da pasuxismge-blobis samarTlis urTierTqmedebis kuTxiT:

�arsebobs aSkara gansxvaveba xelSekrulebi-Ti samarTlis (romelic kodificirebulia veniskonvenciaSi) farglebSi Sesrulebul moqmede-basa da saxelmwifoTa pasuxismgeblobis(romelic venis konvenciis sferos gareTaa)sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul qcevas Soris. ar-sebiTad xelSekrulebebis samarTali ukav-Sirdeba pirveladi normebis Sinaarssa da maTiSecvlis mcdelobaTa namdvilobas; pasuxismge-blobis samarTali ar exeba pirveladi normebis(miuxedavad imisa, dadgenilia Tu ara isinixelSekrulebiT) arsebobas da ukavSirdeba

sakiTxs, SeiZleba Tu ara am normebTanSeuTavsebeli qcevis patieba da Tu ara, raaris am qcevis Sedegebi. ase rom, Tanmim-devruli iqneboda gamoviyenoT venis konvenciisnormebi darRvevis arsebiTobisa da xelSek-rulebis debulebebis gancalkevebadobis Sesax-eb xelSekrulebis SeCerebasTan mimarTebaSi,da proeqtSi SemoTavazebuli normebi pro-porciulobis da a.S. Sesaxeb � kontrzomebTanmimarTebaSi�.25

aseTi midgomis Sedegia, rom saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebis darRvevis an Sewyvetis faq-tis Sedegebi konkretul SemTxvevebSi gaana-lizebul unda iqnas rogorc venis konvenci-is, ise pasuxismgeblobis samarTlis konte-qstSi, rom aRniSnuli darRvevis Sedegebissruli suraTi warmovidginoT. saerTaSorisosasamarTlomac Gabcikovo-Nagymaros-issaqmeze mxareTa Soris arsebuli xelSek-rulebis darRveva ganixila aucileblobismdgomareobis, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis ga-momricxveli garemoebis, farglebSi da mx-olod amis Semdeg SeZlo darRvevis faqtissrulfasovani Sefaseba.26

msgavsi midgomis meore ilustraciaa imavesaqmeze erT-erTi mxaris mier xelSekruleb-is darRvevaze sapasuxo RonisZiebebis sasa-marTlos mier erTdrouli ganxilva rogorcxelSekrulebis Sewyvetis (venis konvenciisme-60 muxli), ise kontrzomebis konteqstSi.aqac, gasaCivrebuli moqmedebis sruli iu-ridiuli Sedegebis gasarkvevad aucilebelia,rom erTi da igive qmedeba gaanalizdes orivereJimis fonze. � am saqmeze naTlad iqnagatarebuli erTi gansxvaveba, kerZod, xe-lSekrulebis Sewyvetis dasaSveboba misidarRvevis SemTxvevaSi regulirdeba Tavad amxelSekrulebis tipisa da masSi mocemulivaldebulebis bunebidan gamomdinare;27 xolokontrzomis dasaSveboba ganisazRvreba Tavadim moqmedebebis moculobiTa da efeqtiT,romlebic kontrzomas ganasaxiereben.28 yove-live amas mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom, Tum-

22 saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiis proeqtis II nawilis III Tavi, konkretulad, 47-e muxli.23 Case concerning Air Services Agreement (US-France), 1977, XVIII Reports of International Arbitral Awards, 417.24 proeqtis 30-e muxli (miRebulia pirveli mosmeniT).25 Crawford, Third Report on State Responsibility, A/CN.4/507/Add.3 (2000), 20, para 325.26 Gabcikovo-Nagimaros, ICJ Reports, 1998, paras 49ff.27 id., para 100.28 id., paras 82-87.

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ca, zogadad kontrzomis saxiT xelSekruleb-is darRveva, maT Soris misi moqmedebis Sew-yveta, gamarTlebulia, es unda xdebodeskontrzomebisaTvis saxelmwifoTa pasuxismge-blobis samarTlis farglebSi wayenebuliSezRudvebis Sesabamisad.

kontrzomebis ganxorcielebisas, bunebrivia,saxelmwifos ekisreba garkveuli SezRudve-bi29 , romlebic dadgenilia im RirebulebaTamixedviT, romelTac saerTaSoriso Tanamego-broba miiCnevs saerTaSoriso marTlwesrigissafuZvlad da am SezRudvebis dacva saxelm-wifos evaleba, Tundac misi subieqturi in-teresebi da uflebebi safrTxis qveS iyos.aseT SezRudvebs Soris unda movixsenioT,pirvel rigSi, humanitaruli xasiaTis valde-bulebebi, radgan isini Cvens mier ganxiluliorive dargisaTvis problematuria. rogorczemoT davimowmeT, kontrzomebi ar unda xe-lyofdnen adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs. veniskonvenciis me-60 muxlis me-5 paragrafic amavemidgomas iziarebs da adasturebs, rom ardaiSveba im xelSekrulebebis Sewyveta, rom-lebic exeba adamianis uflebebs. amave para-grafis Semdgomi debuleba kidev ufro adas-turebs xelSekrulebebis samarTalsa da pa-suxismgeblobis samarTalSi am institutebissaerTo konceptualur baziss: ikrZalebarepresaliebi, romlebmac SeiZleba daazara-los humanitaruli xelSekrulebebiT dacu-li pirebi. amis sailustraciod gamodgebaJenevis 1949 wlis konvenciebis rigi debule-bebisa, romlebic krZalaven represaliebiswesiT konvenciis beneficiarTa uflebebisdarRvevas. venis konvenciis 60(5) muxli kanon-gareSed acxadebs rogorc adamianis ufleba-Ta darRveviT ganxorcielebul kontrzomebs,ise aseTi kontrzomebis amkrZalavi xelSek-rulebis Sewyvetas (darRvevas). Tumca, dar-gis specifikidan gamomdinare, venis konven-

cia aRar iWreba pasuxismgeblobis samarT-lis sferoSi da exeba mxolod xelSekrulebismoqmedebas. xelSekrulebis darRvevis pre-tenziis wayeneba mxolod mis safuZvelzeSeiZleba da ara Tavad ukanono kontrzomissafuZvelze. Jenevis 1949 wlis konvenciebiki qmnian safuZvels, rom pretenzia gacxad-des Tavad ukanono represaliebis gamo.

bunebrivia, adamianis uflebaTa darRvevisakrZalva SezRudvad udgindeba kontrzomeb-sac saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis konte-qstSic. meore mosmeniT miRebuli proeqtis51-e muxli exeba ara marto adamianis ufle-bebs, aramed humanitaruli samarTliT dac-ul uflebebsac, rogorc uSualo SezRud-vas kontrzomebze30 da unda aRiniSnos, romswored msgavsi midgoma gvxvdeba venis kon-venciis me-60(5) muxlSi, romelic xelSek-rulebaTa viwro konteqsts exeba.

kontrzomebis SezRudvebs Soris, romlebicSeiZleba aqtualuri iyos saxelSekrulebosamarTlis sferoSic, unda movixsenioT im-peratiuli normebis amsaxveli valdebulebe-bic. aseTi normebis damrRvevi kontrzomebiakrZalulia CveulebiTi samarTliT, romel-ic komisiis proeqtSia asaxuli. rogorcdavinaxeT, venis 1969 wlis konvencia imper-atiul normebs ixseniebs xelSekrulebis ba-Tilobis konteqstSi (muxli 53) da axaliimperatiuli normis warmoqmnis gamo arsebu-li xelSekrulebis moqmedebis SewyvetasTandakavSirebiT (muxli 64), aseve, gansazRvravsam baTilobisa da Sewyvetis Sedegebs (mux-lebi 44 da 71). imperatiuli normebi, rogorcSezRudva arsebiTi darRvevis safuZvelzexelSekrulebis SewyvetisaTvis, konvenciaSiar figurirebs. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom arse-biTi darRvevis sapasuxod xelSekrulebisdarRvevisas saxelmwifos SeuZlia ignorire-ba gaukeTos xelSekrulebaSi mocemul valde-

29 komisiis proeqtis 50-e muxli gvaZlevs akrZaluli kontrzomebis CamonaTvals:�dazaralebulma saxelmwifom kontrzomebis saxiT ar unda mimarTos:

1. gaero-s wesdebiT akrZalul Zalis gamoyenebas an ZaliT damuqrebas;2. ukidures politikur an ekonomikur iZulebas, romelic mimarTulia saerTaSoriso aramarTlzomieri

aqtis Camdeni saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis an politikuri damoukideblobisaTvis safrTxisSeqmnaze;

3. nebismier qcevas, romelic xelyofs diplomatiur an sakonsulo agentebs, Senobebs, arqivebsa dadokumentebs;

4. nebismier qcevas, romelic aris adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebidan gadaxveva;5. sxva nebismier qcevas saerTaSoriso samarTlis imperatiuli normis darRveviT.�30 Report of the Drafting Committee, A/CN.4/L.600.

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bulebebs, romlebic imperatiul normebs em-yareba? pasuxi am SekiTxvaze, ra Tqma unda,uaryofiTia. imperatiuli normebis mTliano-bis xelyofa dauSvebelia xelSekrulebisdarRvevis sapasuxodac. imperatiuli norme-bi ar iqmneba xelSekrulebiT, xelSekrulebaSeiZleba mxolod warmoadgendes aseTi norme-bis mtkicebulebas an etaps imperatiulixasiaTis normis CamoyalibebaSi, am mima-rTulebiT opinio juris�is gamomuSavebaSi. im-peratiuli normebi aris xelSekrulebis ga-reT, xelSekrulebis zemoT mdgomi katego-ria, garkveulwilad standarti xelSekruleb-is meSveobiT saxelmwifoTa nebis SeTanxmebi-saTvis.31 rac ver Seiqmneba saxelmwifoTa nebiserTjeradi SeTanxmebiT, verc gauqmdeba ase-Ti SeTanxmebis darRvevis Sedegad.

aqedan gamomdinare, imperatiuli normebisamsaxveli xelSekrulebis Sewyveta ar ukar-gavs Zalas masSi asaxul imperatiul normebs,am ukanasknelTa eqstrakontraqtuli bunebisgamo. samarTlis wyaroTa sakiTxidan gamom-dinare, garemoebebis garda, imperatiuli norme-bis buneba ver Tavsdeba im ormxrivobis far-glebSi, rasac xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis in-stituti emyareba.32 rogorc ficmorisi aRni-Snavs, imperatiuli normebis darRveva arisara marto ukanono aqti, aramed malum in se,radganac saTaves udebs absoluturi xasia-Tis mqone valdebulebebis darRvevas da ami-tom kontrzoma misi gamamarTlebeli faq-tori ver iqneba.33

Tu saxelmwifo arsebiT darRvevaze sapasux-od gawyvets imperatiuli normebis amsaxvelxelSekrulebas, igi amiT daiCemebs uflebasdaarRvios pasuxismgeblobis samarTalSi kon-trzomebze dawesebuli sxva SezRudvebi, rasacsaxelmwifoTa pasuxismgeblobis konteqstSidamoukidebeli Sedegebi eqneba. am SedegebsSoris moxseniebul unda iqnas darRvevisSedegad warmoqmnili samarTlebrivi intere-sis sakiTxi. Tu saxelmwifo xelSekrulebisSewyvetis Sedegad arRvevs imperatiul nor-mas, romelic saTaves udebs erga omnes valde-

bulebebs, igi amiT xelyofs ara mxolodromelime konkretuli saxelmwifos intere-sebs, aramed sxva, anu mesame, saxelmwifoTasamarTlebriv interesebsac. es ki xelSek-rulebis Sewyvetis ormxrivobaze damyarebulurTierTobebSi ver moTavsdeba.

saxelSekrulebosamarTlebrivi

SezRudvebi saxelmwifoTa

pasuxismgeblobis

ganxorcielebisaTvis

saxelSekrulebosamarTlebrivi SezRudvebisarsi da daniSnuleba gamomdinareobs saerTa-Soriso xelSekrulebaTa konsensualuri bune-bidan. miuxedavad imisa, rom saerTaSorisopasuxismgeblobis urTierTobebi saerTo saer-TaSoriso samarTliT regulirdeba, xelSek-rulebiT Seqmnili instituciuri meqanizmisfarglebSi saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobisganxorcieleba, rogorc wesi, SesaZlebeliamxolod Sesabamisi xelSekrulebis debule-baTa Sesabamisad da am debulebaTa mier dawese-buli SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

saerTaSoriso marTlwesrigis decentrali-zebuli bunebidan gamomdinare, rogorc wesi,saxelmwifoTa Tanxmobis safuZvels emyarebarogorc zogadad saerTaSoriso valdebule-bebi, ise am valdebulebaTa gansaxorciele-blad Seqmnili organoebis kompetencia. xe-lSekrulebebi, romelTa safuZvelzec Seqm-nilia saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo da kvazisasa-marTlo organoebi (saerTaSoriso sasamarT-lo, saarbitraJo tribunalebi, universalurida regionuli adamianis uflebaTa sasamarT-lo da kvazisasamarTlo organoebi), konsen-sualuri xasiaTis dokumentebia. am gziTSeqmnili saerTaSoriso organoebi SeiZlebaSexebaSi modiodnen saxelmwifoTa pasux-ismgeblobis ama Tu im aspeqtis ganxor-cielebasTan, magram maT amasTan dakavSire-buli sakiTxebis ganxilva Tu gadawyvetamxolod maTi damfuZnebeli xelSekrulebiTdadgenili SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiTSeuZliaT.

31 xelSekrulebis dadebisas, saxelmwifoebma unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom maTi SeTanxmeba unda Seesabamebodesimperatiul normebs da maTTan winaaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSi am SeTanxmebas Zala ar eqneba. Sdr. veniskonvenciis 53-e muxli.32 Egalab, Legality of Non-Forcible Countermeasures in International Law (1988), 98.33 Fitzmaurice, General Principles of International Law Considered from the Standpoint of the Rule of Law, 92 Recueildes Cours (1957-II), 120.

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sagnobrivi SezRudvebis daweseba garkveulSemTxvevebSi xdeba saxelSekrulebo orga-nos damfuZnebeli aqtidan gamomdinare. aseTiSezRudvebi ar SeiZleba ivaraudebodes, Tuisini konkretulad ar gamomdinareobs TavaddamfuZnebeli dokumentidan. ase magaliTad,saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos misi statutis36-e muxlis Sesabamisad, ar aqvs SezRudu-li sagnobrivi kompetencia da SeuZlia ganix-ilos saerTaSoriso samarTlis nebismierisakiTxi, aseve, saerTaSoriso valdebulebisdarRvevisa da zianis anazRaurebis sakiTxisagnobrivi SezRudvis gareSe.

magram es SeuzRudavi kompetencia vrcelde-ba mxolod fakultaturi klauzulis safuZ-velze warmoqmnil iurisdiqciasTan mimarTe-baSi. sasamarTlos statutis 36 (1) muxlissafuZvelze, saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT aRi-aron sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia ormxrivi anmravalmxrivi xelSekrulebis meSveobiT. ase-Ti wesiT aRiarebuli iurisdiqcia, rogorcwesi, saxelmwifoTa pasuxismgeblobis per-speqtivas iTvaliswinebs mxolod am xelSek-rulebaSi dafiqsirebul valdebulebebTanmimarTebaSi da es naTlad dadasturda Bos-nian Genocide-s saqmezec.34

SezRudvebi ratione materiae mocemulia, ma-galiTad, adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSorisoorganoebis damfuZnebel aqtebSi. samoqalaqoda politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paq-ti (1966) da evropis adamianis uflebaTakonvencia (1950) miznad isaxavs universa-luri adamianis uflebebis koleqtiur Ses-ruleba-ganxorcielebas. amasTanave, maT safuZ-velze Seqmnili organoebi uflebamosili arianganixilon mxolod im uflebaTa darRveva,romlebic asaxulia am dokumentebSi. winaaRm-deg SemTxvevaSi es organoebi saCivrebs maTdamfuZnebel dokumentebTan SeuTavsebladacxadeben da uaryofen.35

SezRudvebi ratione personae mocemulia, ma-galiTad, saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos stat-utis im debulebebSi, romlebic exeba iuris-

diqciis cnobis wesebs.36 sasamarTlos Seu-Zlia mxolod iseTi samarTaldarRvevebisaTvispasuxismgeblobis ganxorcieleba, romlisCamden saxelmwifosac winaswar hqonda cno-bili saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos iurisdiq-cia. aRniSnuli wesi exeba ara marto im SemTx-vevebs, roca uSualod uCivian damrRvev sax-elmwifos, romelsac iurisdiqcia cnobiliar aqvs. aRniSnuli wesi moqmedebs agreTve imSemTxvevebSi, roca uCivian saxelmwifos,romelzedac vrceldeba sasamarTlos iuris-diqcia, magram darRvevasTan kavSirSia sxvasaxelmwifo, romelsac sasamarTlos iuris-diqcia ar ucvnia; da Tanac, am sxva saxelm-wifos kavSiri darRvevasTan arsebiTia davisgadasawyvetad. East Timor-is saqmeze37 sasa-marTlom Tavi arakompetenturad, xolo sar-Celi miuReblad cno imis gamo, rom mopasux-is (portugalia) pasuxismgeblobis dadgenaavtomaturad gamoiwvevda indoneziis qcevisaramarTlzomierebis dadgenasac (indoneziassasamarTlos iurisdiqcia cnobili ar hqon-da). miuxedavad East Timor-is saqmeze miRebu-li gadawyvetilebis sisworisa, aRniSnulizogadi principis arsebobas cotani Tu uary-ofen. mTel rig saqmeebze dadasturda amprincipis mniSvneloba, miuxedavad imisa, rommisi gamoyeneba mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevebSixdeba.38

aseTi SezRudvebi arsebobs da moqmedebs, mi-uxedavad imisa, Tu ras exeba ganxilvis pro-cesSi myofi saqme: martiv ormxriv urTier-Tobas Tu saerTaSoriso sajaro wesrigs.saerTaSoriso pasuxismgeblobis samarTali arSeicavs zemoxsenebul SezRudvebs samarTal-darRvevis Sedegebis likvidaciisaTvis. magrampasuxismgebloba xelSekrulebiTi meqanizmisfarglebSi mxolod aseTi SezRudvebis safuZ-velze xorcieldeba: es meqanizmebi Seqmniliakonsensualuri wesiT da maTi kompetenciackonsensualuria.

mocemuli sqemis fonze gamonakliss warmoad-gens gaero-s uSiSroebis sabWo. es organocsaxelSekrulebo safuZvelzea Seqmnili, ma-

34 Bosnian Genocide (Order of 8 April 1993), ICJ Reports, 1993, 19.35 ix., magaliTad, evropis adamianis uflebaTa konvenciis 35-e muxlis me-3 paragrafi.36 saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos statutis 36-e muxli.37 East Timor, ICJ Reports, 1995, 105.38 es principi, romelsac saTave daedo Monetray Gold-is saqmeze, saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom ar gamoiyenaiseT saqmeebze, rogorebicaa: Nicaragua, ICJ Reports, 1984, 431; Land, Island and Maritime Frontier, ICJ Reports,1990, 92; Phosphates in Nauru, ICJ Reports, 1992, 261-262.

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gram, amave xelSekrulebis mixedviT, mismoqmedebas pirovnuli da sagnobrivi SezRudvaar uwesdeba. uSiSroebis sabWos mier pasux-ismgeblobis reJimis Sesrulebas aqvs mxoloderTi (sakmaod farTo) kriteriumi: saerTa-Soriso mSvidobis darRvevis an saerTaSorisomSvidobisaTvis safrTxis arseboba.39 am sub-ieqturad Sefasebadi kriteriumis gamoyenebiTuSiSroebis sabWos kompetencia metad far-Toa. Sesabamisad, uSiSroebis sabWos gaaCniafarTo diskrecia im sakiTxebis gansazRvri-sas, Tu (a) ra samarTaldarRvevisaTvis ga-naxorcielebs saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblo-bas da (b) ra Sedegebs daawesebs pasuxismge-beli saxelmwifosaTvis. am TvalsazrisiT,uSiSroebis sabWo gansxvavdeba saerTaSorisosasamarTlo organoebisagan, romlebic xSir-ad gadametebuli sifrTxiliT axdenen saku-Tari kompetenciis zRvrebis Sefasebas.40

aqedan gamomdinare, uSiSroebis sabWos praq-tika sakmao mravalferovnebiT gamoirCevasaxelmwifoTa pasuxismgeblobis Sedegebisganxorcielebisas. miuxedavad imisa, rom gaero-s wesdeba pirdapir ar gadascems am organosSesabamis uflebamosilebebs, nagulisxmeviuflebamosilebis doqtrinis safuZvelze,41

uSiSroebis sabWos saxelmwifoTa pasuxismge-blobis sferoSi metad aqtiuri moqmedebissaSualeba eZleva.42

daskvnebi

zemoT gakeTebuli analizi gviCvenebs, romxelSekrulebebis samarTalsa da pasuxismge-blobis samarTals sakuTari regulirebissfero da funqciebi gaaCnia. amasTanave, amori dargis urTierTqmedeba emsaxureba saer-TaSoriso marTlwesrigis efeqturobas. amis

gamovlineba ki isaa, rom saxelmwifoTa garkveu-li moqmedebebis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi amor dargSi memkvidreobiTobiT xasiaTdeba daerTmaneTs avsebs. erTi dargis mier gaTval-iswinebuli samarTlebrivi Sedegebi meoredargis efeqturi moqmedebis winapirobaa dapiriqiT. pirvel rigSi, orive dargi, aucile-blobidan gamomdinare, Seesabameba saerTa-Soriso sajaro wesrigis moTxovnebs. meo-rec, orive dargi erTmaneTTan harmoniaSiawesrigebs saerTaSoriso valdebulebebisSeusruleblobis sakiTxsa da am Seusrule-blobis iuridiul Sedegebs. am sferoSicsaerTaSoriso sajaro wesrigis mniSvnelobaTavis gamoxatulebas poulobs.

Cveni analizidan naTlad gamoCnda xelSek-rulebebis samarTlisa da pasuxismgeblobissamarTlis urTierTSemavsebeli da urTierT-mxardamWeri moqmedeba. magram amave analizmadagvanaxa saerTaSoriso pasuxismgeblobis ispraqtikuli SezRudvebi, romlebic saxelSek-rulebo reJimebis bunebidan gamomdinareobs.amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom es SezRud-vebi ar niSnavs imas, rom pasuxismgeblobiTiurTierTobebi maTi materialuri gagebiTizRudeba. es mxolod miuTiTebs, rom sax-elSekrulebo instituciuri reJimis fargleb-Si am pasuxismgeblobiTi urTierTobebis fun-qcionireba mxolod imdenad aris realuri,ramdenadac amas konkretuli saxelSekrule-bo reJimi uSvebs. is sakiTxi, Tu ramdenadSeiZleba moaxdinos gavlena mocemuli sa-marTlebrivi urTierTobis bunebam, - gavlenasaxelSekrulebo organoebis kompetenciismoculobaze da mis ganmartebasa da gamoy-enebaze, aq ar SeiZleba srulfasovnad iqnasganxiluli da mas Semdgomi SesaZleblobebisSesabamisad ganvixilavT.

39 gaero-s wesdebis 33-e, 34-e da 39-e muxlebi.40 magaliTad, evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo, rogorc wesi, Tavs ikavebs saxelmwifoebisaTvisgankargulebebis (consequential orders) micemisagan da sakuTar kompetencias finansuri pasuxismgeblobiTSemofarglavs, romelsac, aseve, mniSvnelovani TviTSezRudvis safuZvelze axorcielebs. ix. Ireland v. UK,Judgment of 18 January 1978, paras 186-187; Selmouni v. France, Judgment of 28 July 1999, paras 120-133. yovelivees xdeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom evropis adamianis uflebaTa konvencia am sasamarTlos gankargulebiTiganaCenis miRebas ar ukrZalavs.41 Certain Expenses of the United Nations, ICJ Reports, 1962, 167-168; Namibia, ICJ Reports, 1971, 51ff.42 am fenomenis konkretuli sferoebisa da precedentebis aRwerisaTvis ix. a. oraxelaSvili, gaero-suSiSroebis sabWos roli fundamenturi saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis ganxorcielebaSi, saqarTvelosaxalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis almanaxi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis seria, #2, gv. 1-16.

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LEX MERCATORIA ÃÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏÊÄÒÞÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËÉ

ÀËÄØÓÀÍÃÒÄ ÉÏÓÄËÉÀÍÉ


ResdReobiT damoukidebeli qarTuli sax elmwifos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa rac SeiZleba didi odenobiTucxouri investiciebis mozidva da msofliosmraval qveyanasTan saerTaSoriso savaWrobrunvis gazrda. bunebrivia, es ukanaskneliSeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod SesabamisisaerTaSoriso xasiaTis xelSekrulebebisdadebis Sedegad. aq ki warmoiSoba garkveu-li problema, romeli kontrahentis qveynissamarTliT unda mowesrigdes samarTalurT-ierToba? bolo xanebamde es sakiTxebi sasa-marTlo qveynis (lex fori) sakolizio norme-biT (sakolizio mibmebiT) wydeboda. amave dros,saerTaSoriso savaWro praqtikaSi didi gavr-celeba pova mxareTa nebis avtonomiis prin-cipma. am ukanasknelis mixedviT, TviT kon-trahentebi irCeven xelSekrulebis momwes-rigebel samarTals. Tumca, aqve warmoiSvebawinaaRmdegoba, TiToeul kontrahents sur-vili aqvs, rom xelSekruleba Tavisive qvey-nis samarTliT mowesrigdes. mxareebi erTma-neTs konkurencias uweven ara marto saqon-lis miwodebasa da momsaxurebis gawevaSi,aramed, aseve, samarTlebrivi sistemis arCevaSi.Tu kontrahentebi TavianTi qveynis samarT-lis arCevaSi ver SeTanxmdebian, maSin maTSeuZliaT neitraluri � mesame qveynis sa-

marTlis arCeva. ismeba kiTxva _ SeuZliaTTu ara mxareebs airCion ara romelime konkre-tuli qveynis samarTali, aramed, vTqvaT, sa-marTlis zogadi principebi? winamdebare sta-tia swored am problemis ganxilvas Seexeba.

XX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan moyolebuli,sxvadasxva qveynis iuridiul literaturaSifarTod gavrcelda Teoria, romlis mixedvi-Tac, msoflioSi warmoiSva samarTlebrivnormaTa axali erToblioba, romelic gamoy-ofilia erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemebi-sagan da gamiznulia saerTaSoriso xelSek-rulebebis mosawesrigeblad. saubaria ,,arana-

cionalur samarTalze,� romelsac samarT-lebriv literaturaSi lex mercatoria-s1

uwodeben.

Lex mercatoria-s moqmedebis sferod iTvlebasaerTaSoriso komerciuli garigebebi, rogor-icaa: nasyidobis, ijaris, nardobis, gadazid-vis, sabanko da sxva saxis xelSekrulebebi.lex mercatoria-s momxreebi misi warmoSobiswyaroebad miiCneven sxvadasxva saerTaSorisokonvenciebs da modelur kanonebs, saerTa-Soriso savaWro Cveulebebs, saerTaSorisoorganizaciebis mier Seqmnil tipur saxelSek-rulebo formebs, transnacionalur kodifika-ciebs (magaliTad, UNIDROIT principebi saer-

1 es laTinuri terminia da igi qarTulad iTargmeneba rogorc ,,savaWro samarTali." Tanamedrove gagebiT,zogierTi avtori mas uwodebs axal transnacionalur savaWro samarTals. jer kidev romis samarTlisaTviscnobili iyo transnacionaluri normebis arseboba, romelic gamoiyeneboda saerTaSoriso savaWrourTierTobebSi. Sua saukuneebSi ki mas ufro didi praqtikuli gamoyeneba hqonda. XX saukuneSi axalilex mercatoria-s ideis erT-erTi yvelaze gamoCenili mxardamWeri frangi iuristi goldmani iyo. ix.Goldmann G. The Applicable Law: General Principles of Law - The Lex Mercatoria // (Chapter 10) ContemporaryProblems in International Arbitration, 1985. p. 113-125.

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TaSoriso komerciuli xelSekrulebebis Sesax-eb,2 evropis saxelSekrulebo samarTlisprincipebi3 da sxva), saerTaSoriso orga-nizaciebis (gansakuTrebiT saerTaSorisosavaWro palatis) sarekomendacio dokument-ebsa da saerTaSoriso arbitraJebis mier miRe-bul gadawyvetilebebs.

zogierTi avtori gamoyofs ramdenime prin-cips, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia lex merca-toria-s koncefciisaTvis. aqedan yvelaze metadaRsaniSnavia Semdegi principebi: 1)xelSek-ruleba unda Sesruldes (pacta sunt servan-da); 2)xelSekruleba keTilsindisierad undaSesruldes; 3)fors-maJoruli garemoebebisdadgoma SeiZleba iyos valdebulebis Seus-ruleblobis safuZveli; 4)eqspropriacias Tanunda axldes saTanado kompensacia.4

Cvens mizans ar warmoadgens lex mercatoria-skoncefciis analizi, magram verc zogierTisakiTxis ganxilvas avcdebiT, vinaidan zemoTaRniSnuli instituti mWidro kavSirSia sax-elSekrulebo sakolizio samarTalTan. ram-denime aTeuli welia, rac midis kamaTi imisSesaxeb, aris Tu ara lex mercatoria samar-

Tali (avtonomiuri samarTlebrivi norme-

bis erToblioba) da Tu es asea, SeiZlebaTu ara aseTi saxis samarTlebriv normaTaerToblioba, romlebic gamomdinareobs gan-sxvavebuli, zogjer arakonkretizebuliwyaroebidan, ganisazRvros rogorc transna-cionaluri samarTali?

lex mercatoria-s mowinaaRmdegeebi nebismierisamarTlebrivi normis Seqmnas (an cnobas)suverenuli qveynis prerogativad miiCneven.kerZod, isini aRniSnaven, rom saerTaSorisosavaWro Cveulebebi SeiZleba miCneul iqnessamarTlis wyarod, Tu igi cnobili iqnebaaseTad erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemis mier.isini uaryofen imas, rom lex mercatoria-s av-tonomiuri samarTlebrivi sistemaa, romel-ic arsebobs damoukideblad, erovnuli dasaerTaSoriso samarTlis gareSe.5

lex mercatoria-s momxreebi aRniSnaven, romtradiciuli Sexedulebebi veRar pasuxobsTanamedrove ekonomikuri urTierTobebis moTx-ovnebs, romlebic sul ufro internaciona-luri xdeba da lex mercatoria-s ganixilavenrogorc transnacionalur _ avtonomiursamarTlebriv normaTa erTobliobad. isinimiiCneven, rom saerTaSoriso biznesi sworedtransnacionalur samarTals eyrdnoba.6

sainteresoa am mxriv Tu ra pozicia ukaviaTsaerTaSoriso konvenciebs da erovnul kanon-mdeblobebs.

1961 wlis ,,saerTaSoriso savaWro arbitra-Jis" Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciis me-7 mux-lis mixedviT: ,,mxareebs SeuZliaT TavianTiSexedulebiT, urTierTSeTanxmebiT daadginonsamarTali, romelic saqmis arsebiTad gadaw-yvetis dros daeqvemdebareba arbitrebis mxri-dan gamoyenebas. Tu mxareTa mier ar arismiTiTebuli samarTali, romelic eqvemdebarebagamoyenebas, maSin sakolizio normebis Sesa-bamisad, arbitrebi gamoiyeneben im kanons,

romelsac mocemul SemTxvevaSi CaTvliansaWirod." rogorc vxedavT, aRniSnuli mux-lis meore winadadebaSi saubaria sityva,,kanonze,� romelSic, cxadia, romelime ar-sebuli qveynis erovnuli kanoni igulisxme-ba. konvenciis teqstSi araferia naTqvami imisSesaxeb, moqmedebs Tu ara es SezRudva mx-areTa nebis avtonomiis principis mimarTac,anu SeuZliaT Tu ara mxareebs airCion lexmercatoria. konvenciis mosamzadebel dokumen-tebSi gamoTqmulia keTilganwyoba ,,aranacio-naluri samarTlis� arCevis mimarT. zogier-Ti avtori7 miiCnevda, rom me-7 muxli pirda-pir miuTiTebda mxareebs transnacionalurisamarTlis arCevaze. aseTi mosazreba efuZne-boda konvenciis frangul teqsts, romlispirvel winadadebaSi gamoiyeneboda terminidroit (samarTali), xolo meore winadadebaSi -termini loi (kanoni, norma). saerTod, mocemu-li cnebis gamijvnas adgili aqvs inglisurda germanulenovan iuridiul dokumentebSic.

2 Ïðèíöèïû ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ êîììåð÷åñêèõ äîãîâîðîâ. Ì., 1996.3 Lando O., Hugh Beal. The Principles of European Contract Law. Part I, (Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1995) p.18.4 Weise P. F. Lex Mercatoria: Materielles Recht vor der internationalen Handelsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit. Frankfurt, Bern, 1990. S.123.5 Dasser F. Internationale Schiedsgerichte und lex mercatoria: Rechtsvergleichender Beitrag zur Diskussion über einnichtstaatliches Handelsrecht. Zürich, 1989. S. 385.6 Lando O. The Lex Mercatoria in International Commercial Arbitration // Intern. and Comp. Law Quart. (1985 Vol. 34), p.752.7 Redfern A., Hunter M. Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration. (L., 1991) p.89.

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inglisurad samarTali aRiniSneba terminiTlaw, xolo germanulSi - Recht; samarTlisnormebi inglisurSi _ rules of law, xolo ger-manulSi - Rechtsvorschriften. pirvels ufroviwro mniSvneloba aqvs da gulisxmobserovnul samarTals, meores ki ufro farTomniSvneloba aqvs im kuTxiT, rom masSi aramxolod erovnuli samarTlis normebi Sei-Zleba igulisxmebodes, aramed aseve samarT-lis zogadi normebi. swored am ukanasknelimosazrebidan gamodis zogierTi iuristi, rocakonvenciis me-7 muxls ganmartavs iseTnair-ad, rom TiTqos dasaSvebi iyos arbitrebismier lex mercatoria-s gamoyeneba xelSekrulebismosawesrigeblad. vfiqrobT, es ase araa, vi-naidan konvenciis germanuli da inglisuriteqstebiT, frangulisagan gansxvavebiT,arafers ambobs ,,samarTlis normebze" da,Sesabamisad, isini aranair sababs ar iZlevagamotanil iqnes zemoaRniSnuli daskvna.

UNCITRAL 1986 wlis modelur kanons ,,saer-TaSoriso komerciuli arbitraJis Sesaxeb,�araerTgvarovani pozicia ukavia lex mercato-ria gamoyenebis mimarT. modeluri kanonis 28.1-e muxli iTvaliswinebs arbitraJis mier davisim samarTlebrivi normebis Sesabamisad gada-wyvetas, romelic mxareebma airCies. amavedros 28.2-e muxli acxadebs, rom mxareTamier raime miTiTebis ararsebobis SemTxveva-Si, arbitraJma, sakolizio normebis Sesabam-isad, unda gamoiyenos is samarTali, romel-sac is saWirod miiCnevs. rogorc vxedavT,erT SemTxvevaSi saubaria mxareTa mier sa-

marTlis normebis arCevaze, meore SemTx-vevaSi ki, rodesac adgili ara aqvs mxareTamier samarTlis arCevas, saubaria arbitraJismier xelSekrulebis momwesrigebeli samar-

Talis dadgenaze. rogorc Cans, mTavari prob-lemaa, Tu rogori ganmarteba miecema si-tyvebs ,,samarTlis normebi." modeluri kano-nis mosamzadebeli dokumentebidan Cans, romsamuSao jgufis umetesobam uaryo warmod-genili winadadeba miecaT mxareTaTvis ufle-ba aerCiaT samarTlis zogadi principebi. iqmiTiTebul iqna, rom zemoaRniSnuli winadadeba,,Zalian Sors midis, raTa sul cota dRevan-deli dRisaTvis igi gaziarebul iqnes mrava-

li qveynis mier." miuxedavad dokumentzemomuSave delegatTa umravlesobis winaaRm-degobisa, modeluri kanonis ganmartebiT bar-aTSi gancxadebul iqna, rom mxareTa uflebaaucilebeli araa SezRudul iqnes mxoloderovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemis arCeviT,aramed igi aseve SesaZloa iTvaliswinebdessaerTaSoriso konvenciis normebis arCevasac,romelic jer ar Sesula ZalaSi.8

haagis 1985 wlis konvenciis me-7 muxlismixedviT, nasyidobis xelSekruleba wesrigdebamxareTa mier arCeuli samarTliT. Svedi del-egatebis Zalisxmeva miecaT mxareTaTvis ufle-ba xelSekrulebis momwesrigeblad lex merca-toria-c aerCiaT _ ar iqna dakmayofilebuli.zogierTma delegatma lex mercatoria-s ,,miki-mausis samarTali" uwoda.9 Tumca, konvenci-is mixedviT, pirdapir akrZaluli ar arislex mercatoria-s gamoyeneba. zogierTi dele-gati me-15 muxls ganmartavs iseTnairad, romigi gamoricxavs lex mercatoria-s arCevas, vi-naidan masSi saubaria romelime qveynis sa-

marTalze, romelic mxareebs ar aurCeviaT.harvardis universitetis profesori fon mee-reni (von Mehren), romelic mocemuli kon-venciis erT-erTi avtoria, winaaRmdegia kon-venciis amdagvari interpretaciisa da aRniS-navs, rom lex mercatoria-s gamoyeneba-argamoy-enebis sakiTxi Riad rCeba. Tu ra poziciasdaikaveben momavalSi konvenciis komentator-ebi, ucnobia, magram arsebobs imis safuZv-liani eWvi, rom sasamarTloebi me-15 muxlsganmartaven iseTnairad, rom konvenciis mixed-viT akrZalulia lex mercatoria-s arCeva.10

romis 1980 wlis konvenciiT aseve araagaTvaliswinebuli lex mercatoria-s gamoyeneba.es dasturdeba konvenciaSi gamoyenebuli Sem-degi frazebiT: ,,dakavSirebuli qveynis sa-marTali" (mux. 2); ,,ucxo samarTali" (mux.3.3); ,,im qveynis samarTali, romelTanac xe-lSekruleba yvelaze mWidrodaa dakavSire-buli" (mux. 4.1); ,,im qveynis samarTali, sa-dac (momxmarebels) aqvs Tavisi Cveulebriviadgilsamyofeli� (mux. 5.2) da sxv. yvelgansaubaria romelime arsebuli qveynis samarTalze.

pirveli konvencia, sadac araorazrovnad gacx-

8 ix. Dasser, dasax. naSr. gv. 294.9 Lando O. The 1985 Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Sales // RabelsZ 51 (1987) p. 67.10 iqve, gv. 67.

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adebul iqna lex mercatoria-s gamoyenebis Sesa-Zlebloba, iyo vaSingtonis konvencia, romelicsaxelmwifosa da kerZo pirebs Soris war-moSobil sainvesticio davebs exeba.11 rogorccnobilia swored am or subieqtebs SorisurTierTobaSi Camoyalibda idea ,,aranacio-naluri� samarTlebrivi normebis erToblio-bis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb (amisaTvis arsebobdasakmao safuZveli, magaliTad, aSS-s da in-glisis navTobkompaniebs, romlebmac miliar-dobiT dolaris investireba moaxdines sparse-Tis yuris qveynebSi, ar surdaT adgilobrivisamarTliT mowesrigebuliyo is xelSekrule-bebi, romlebic maT Sesabamisi qveynis sax-elmwifo saagentoebTan dades. am ukanasknelebski kontrahentis samarTlis arCeva ar surdaT).

konvenciis 42-e muxli acxadebs, rom ,,arbi-traJi wyvets davas im samarTlebrivi norme-bis Sesabamisad, romelTa mimarTac Tanxmobagamoxates mxareebma." amave muxlis meorewinadadeba aseTive SesaZleblobas aniWebs aramxolod mxareebs, aramed TviT arbitrebsac.saubaria SemTxvevaze, Tu mxareebma ar air-Cies samarTali, maSin gamoyenebul unda iqnesgarigebaSi erT-erT kontrahentad monawileqveynis samarTali da ,,saerTaSoriso sa-

marTlis iseTi normebi, romlebic SeiZleba

iyos gamosayenebeli . "

msoflios inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis or-ganizaciis (WIPO) saarbitraJo wesebi, rom-lebic 1994 wels miRebul iqna WIPO-s saar-bitraJo sabWos mier, iTvaliswinebs Semdegs(mux. 59 p. ,,a�): ,,saarbitraJo tribunalmasadavo sakiTxi unda gadawyvitos samarTliT

an samarTlebrivi normebiT, romlebic mx-areebma airCies." rogorc vxedavT, mocemulSemTxvevaSi arbitraJs SeuZlia gamoiyenos lexmercatoria, anu samarTlis zogadi principebi.

romis 1980 wlis konvenciisagan gansxvavebu-li pozicia ukavia mexikos 1994 wlis kon-vencias ,,samarTali, romelic gamoiyenebasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebiTi urTierTo-bebis mimarT." zemoxsenebuli konvenciis me-7muxli, romis konvenciis me-3 muxlis ms-

gavsad, iTvaliswinebs mxareTa mier ,,samarT-lis arCevas." sayovelTaod gavrcelebuliazriT aq igulisxmeba romelime qveynis erovnu-li samarTali. aseve emTxveva erTmaneTs ro-mis konvenciis me-4 da mexikos konvenciis me-9 muxlis pirveli winadadeba, sadac saubar-ia mxareTa mier momwesrigebeli samarTlisararCevis SemTxvevaSi _ ,,yvelaze mWidroddakavSirebuli qveynis samarTlis gamoyeneba-ze." me-9 muxlis meore winadadebiT, sasa-marTlom mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos xelSek-rulebis yvela obieqturi da subieqturielementebi, raTa daadginos, Tu romel qvey-anasTan aris igi yvelaze metad dakavSirebu-li. amis Semdeg ki mexikos konvencia gansx-vavebulad awesrigebs saxelSekrulebo sa-kolizio urTierTobebs. me-9 muxlis mesamewinadadebiT: sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi undamiiRos saerTaSoriso savaWro samarTlis

zogadi (saerTo) principebi, romlebicaRiarebulia saerTaSoriso organizaciebismier. am ukanasknelSi konvenciis komentator-ebi,12 pirvel rigSi gulisxmoben UNIDROIT-is mier SemuSavebul ,,saerTaSoriso savaWroxelSekrulebebis principebs." es ukanaskne-li, rogorc cnobilia, miiCneva lex mercato-ria-s Semadgenel nawilad. garda amisa, kon-venciis me-10 muxlSi damatebiT ganmartebu-lia, rom saerTaSoriso savaWro samarTlisprincipebi iseve, rogorc zogadad aRiarebu-li savaWro Cveulebebi, gamoyenebul undaiqnes TiToeul konkretul saqmeSi ,,sa-marTlianobisa" da kanonierebis moTxovnebisuzrunvelsayofad.

aq TvalSi sacemia mTlianad me-9 muxlSiarsebuli winaaRmdegobebi. erTis mxriv,saubaria arsebuli saxelmwifos samarTlisgamoyenebaze, xolo, meores mxriv, mosa-marTlisagan iTxoven mxedvelobaSi miiRoslex mercatoria. konvenciis aseTi orazrovanipozicia gamowveulia sxvadasxva delegatTaSoris arsebul azrTa sxvadasxvaobiT. aSS-sdelegaciam wamoayena winadadeba imis Sesax-eb, rom, Tu mxareebi xelSekrulebis mosawes-rigebel samarTals ar airCeven, maSin samar-

11 ix. “Convention on the settelment of investment disputes between States and nationals of other States.” http://www. Asser. nl/ica/wash_en.htm. igi 1966 wlis 14 oqtombers Sevida ZalaSi. saqarTvelom mas 1992 wlis7 agvistos moawera xeli, xolo 1992 wlis 6 seqtembers ki igi ZalaSi Sevida.12 Juenger F. The Inter-American Convention on the Law Applicable to International Contracts: Some Highlights andComparisons // Am. Jo.of Comp. Law (1994 Vol. 42), p. 381.

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TalurTierToba unda mowesrigebuliyo saer-TaSoriso savaWro Cveulebebis Tanaxmad,romlebic miRebuli iqneboda saerTaSorisoorganizaciebis mier. cxadia, aseTi revolu-ciuri winadadebis miRebas sxva qveynis del-egatebi ar daTanxmdnen da, sabolood, miRe-bul iqna kompromisuli varianti.13 ismebakiTxva, mocemuli konvenciidan gamomdinare,rogor unda imoqmedos sasamarTlom konkre-tul SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mxareebs ar au-rCeviaT samarTali? vfiqrobT, man Cveulebrivunda gamoiyenos tradiciuli meTodi, daadg-inos xelSekrulebasTan yvelaze mWidroddakavSirebuli qveynis samarTali da, amavedros, erovnuli samarTlis xarvezebi Seav-sos UNIDROIT-is principebiT. saerTaSorisoarbitraJebs ki SeuZliaT, piriqiT, upirate-soba mianiWon UNIDROIT-s principebs da am uka-naskneliT, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, moawes-rigon xelSekruleba, damxmare saxiT ki, xarveze-bis Sesavsebad, gamoiyenon erovnuli samarTali.

saerTod, gakvirvebas iwvevs erTi momenti -konvencia ase Tu ise iTvaliswinebs lex mer-catoria gamoyenebas, magram mxolod im SemTx-vevaSi, roca mxareebs samarTali ar aurCevi-aT. cxadia, elementaruli logikidan gamom-dinare, piriqiT unda yofiliyo, winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi gamodis, rom mxareebs, rogorisurvilic ar unda hqondeT, ar SeuZliaTairCion lex mercatoria, xolo, Tu isini amsakiTxze saerTod duman, sasamarTlos Seu-Zlia gamoiyenos samarTlis zogadi princi-pebi. aseTi gaugebroba SeiZleba avxsnaT mx-olod erTi mizeziT, problemebis gadasawyvetadkompromisi yovelTvis saukeTeso gza rodia.

ar SeiZleba ar vaRiaroT, rom romis 1980wlis konvenciisagan gansxvavebiT, mexikos 1994wlis konvenciam ufro metad gaiTvaliswinamsoflioSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi da mx-ari dauWira lex mercatoria-s gamoyenebis Sesa-Zleblobas. am ukanasknelis aucileblobaumetes wilad UNIDROIT-is zemoaRniSnuliprincipebis miRebiTac iqna ganpirobebuli,romlebic xSirad ukeT pasuxobs saerTaSorisosavaWro garigebebis interesebs, vidre rome-lime qveynis erovnuli samarTali.

saxelmwifoTa erovnuli sakolizio samarT-lis kanonmdeblobaTa umravlesoba saerTodar ganixilavs lex mercatoria-s gamoyenebisSesaZleblobas. amave dros, unda aRiniSnos,rom zogierTi qveynis saarbitraJo kanonmde-bloba uSvebs lex mercatoria-s gamoyenebis Sesa-Zleblobas.

am mxriv mowinave qveynad iTvleba safrange-Ti, saidanac, rogorc cnobilia, momdinare-obda axali lex mercatoria-s mxardaWeris ideebi.safrangeTis iuridiul literaturaSi gaba-tonebulma Sexedulebam 1981 wels asaxvapova samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis im naw-ilSi, romelic saerTaSoriso komerciularbitraJs exeba. kerZod, safrangeTis samo-qalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 1496-e muxliiTvaliswinebs Semdegs: ,,arbitri wyvets sadaosakiTxs mxareTa mier arCeuli samarTlebrivi

normebis Sesabamisad, xolo aseTi arCevanisararsebobis SemTxvevaSi _ im samarTlebrivi

normebiT, romelsac igi mocemul saqmeSiSesaferisad miiCnevs."

safrangeTisagan gansxvavebiT, arcTu erTg-varovani mdgomareobaa SveicariaSi. SveicariissaerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis kanonis fran-gulenovan teqstSi (mux. 187.1) saubaria re-gles de droit-is (samarTlebrivi normebis) Sesax-eb, gabatonebuli Teoriis mixedviT, masSilex mercatoria moiazreba. kanonis germanul daitaliur teqstebSi, piriqiT, saubaria sa-marTalze _ Recht da diritto. zemoaRniSnulterminebs Soris gansxvaveba aixsneba imiT,rom iuridiul doqtrinaSi gansaxilveliproblemis mimarT erTgvarovani pozicia Camoy-alibebuli ar aris. unda aRiniSnos, romSveicariis frangulenovan nawilSi lex mer-catoria-s momxre ufro metia, vidre qveynisdanarCen kantonebSi.

germaniaSic, Sveicariis msgavsad, araerTg-varovani damokidebulebaa lex mercatoria-s mi-marT. bevri germaneli iuristi winaaRmdegiaganixilos lex mercatoria transerovnul samarT-lad. mas moixsenieben rogorc ,,sociologiurfenomens,"14 ,,samarTlebriv utopias,"15 sxva-dasxva samarTlebrivi sistemidan ,,amogle-jil normaTa konglomerants,� ,,momavlis

13 vfiqrob, is winadadeba, rac aSS-s delegaciam wamoayena, sulac ar warmoadgenda TviT aSS-s iuridiulisazogadoebis azrs.14 Kegel G. Internationales Privatrecht. (Auflage 6. München, 1987) S. 68.15 Steindorff Ernst. Autonomy of Contracting Parties in Interstate Commerce – An Economic Evaluation, in: UNIDROIT(ed.), New Directions in International Trade Law, 2 Vols., New York 1977, pp. 87, 100.

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samarTlebriv ocnebas.�16 amitom, bevri av-tori miiCnevs, rom is saerTaSoriso arbi-trebi, romlebic tradiciul sakolizio sa-marTlis normebs iyeneben - sworad iqcevian.17

miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, germaniaSi,rogorc Cans, gaimarjva im azrma, rom saer-TaSoriso arbitraJs SeuZlia gamoiyenos lexmercatoria, Tu amis Sesaxeb arsebobs mxareTaSeTanxmeba (rogorc vnaxeT, franguli samar-Tali ufro Sors midis da uSvebs lex merca-toria-s gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas im SemTx-vevaSic, roca mxareebs igi ar aurCeviaT).germaniis axali saarbitraJo kanonis (igi meaTewignadaa Sesuli samoqalaqo saproceso sa-marTlis kodeqsSi da ZalaSi Sevida 1998wels) 1051.3-e muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuliaSemdegi: arbitraJs SeuZlia gamoitanos gada-wyvetileba ara mxolod samarTalze, aramedaseve ,,samarTlianobaze" (aequo et bono) dayrd-nobiT an ,,megobruli SuamavlobiT" (ing.amiable compositeur; rus . äðóæåñêèéïîñðåäíèê), Tu mxareebi pirdapir gamoxata-ven TavianT nebas amis Sesaxeb. 1051.4-e mux-lSi ki saubaria imis Sesaxeb, rom saarbi-traJo tribunalis yoveli gadawyvetilebagamotanili unda iyos xelSekrulebis pirobe-bis Sesabamisad da mxedvelobaSi unda iyosmiRebuli Sesabamisi savaWro Cveulebebi.

rogorc vxedavT, kanonSi saerTod araa nax-senebi lex mercatoria, aramed saubaria ,,sa-marTlianobis" principze, romelic arc sa-marTlebriv normas da arc samarTals arwarmoadgens. vfiqrobT, marTlebi arian isavtorebi, romlebsac miaCniaT, rom Tu arbi-traJs SeuZlia gamoitanos Tavisi gadaw-yvetileba ,,samarTlianobis" principidan ga-momdinare, miT ufro, mas SeuZlia gamoitanosTavisi gadawyvetileba lex mercatoria-ze dayrd-nobiT, romelic ase Tu ise raRac samarT-lebriv bazas mainc warmoadgens.

miuxedavad germanul iuridiul literaturaSiarsebuli diametrulad gansxvavebuli pozici-isa, mravali avtoris pozicia emTxveva imsakiTxSi, rom germaniis sasamarTlo, rogorc

wesi, cnobs da aRasrulebs saarbitraJo gada-wyvetilebas, romelic lex mercatoria-s emyareba,Tu igi dafuZnebuli iyo mxareTa nebis av-tonomiis principze.18

did britaneTSi lex mercatoria-s mimarT damok-idebuleba bolomde garkveuli ar aris. stat-uturi normebi dums amis Sesaxeb, xoloprecedentul samarTals mxolod ramdenimeSemTxvevaSi hqonda Tavis gamovlenis Sesa-Zlebloba, Tumca arsebuli saqmeebis ganx-ilva gviCvenebs, rom, Tu mxareebma lex merca-toria airCies, maSin savaraudod mas cnobsinglisis sasamarTlo da arbitraJi.

miuxedavad mxareTa nebis avtonomiis mimarTinglisis samarTlis dadebiTi damokidebuleb-isa, romelic ucxo samarTlis arCevaSi vlin-deba, Tavdapirvelad sasamarTloebi winaaRm-degi iyvnen lex mercatoria-s cnobisa. mxedvelo-baSi gvaqvs mosamarTle diplokis gancxade-ba, romelic man 1983 wels lordTa palatisgadawyvetilebaSi gamoxata: ,,xelSekrulebaar SeiZleba arsebobdes samarTlebriv vak-uumSi, igi mxolod faratina qaRaldia,romelic yovelgvar iuridiul Zalas mokle-bulia, Tu ar eyrdnoba romelime samarT-lebriv sistemas, romelic gansazRvravs mx-areTa valdebulebebs da awesebs savaldebu-lo normebs, romlebic unda iqnes gamoyeneb-uli sasamarTlos mier."19 zemoxsenebuligancxadeba ganmartebul unda iqnes ise, romdasaSvebia mxolod romelime qveynis erovnu-li samarTlebrivi sistemis arCeva. aq auci-leblad unda aRiniSnos, rom saubaria sasa-marTlo da ara saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebaze.

ingliselma avtorebma, mogvianebiT, ufromoqnili pozicia daikaves. garkveulwilad esganpirobebuli iyo 1979 wlis saaarbitraJokanonis miRebiT. igi uflebas aZlevda arbi-trebs emoqmedaT rogorc ,,megobrul Suamav-lebs" (amiable compositeur), rac niSnavda, rommxareebs SeeZloT e.w. ,,gamoricxvis" SeT-anxmebiT gamoeyvanaT arbitraJebi sasamarT-loTa kontrolidan _ samarTlis sworadSefardebis sakiTxSi. kanonSi Camoyalibebu-

16 Ferid Murad. Internationales Privatrecht. Auf., 3. Frankfurt a. M. 1986 S. 6-24.17 Hilmar Raeschke-kessler. Should an Arbitrator in an International Arbitration Procedure Apply the UNIDROITPrinciples? // The UNIDROIT Principles for International Contracts: A New Lex Mercatoria? 1995, p.130.18 Berger. K.P. The Creeping Codification of the Lex Mercatoria. (Hague, 1999 ) p. 70.19 Amin Rasheed Insurance Co. v Yuval Insurance Co., Ltd (lordTa palata, 3 W.L.R. 1983 C. 241, 249).

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li aseTi pozicia win gadadgmuli nabijiiyo lex mercatoria-s cnobis mimarTulebiT. 1978wels saapelacio sasamarTlom scno saarbi-traJo daTqma, romelic iTvaliswinebda ar-bitrisagan ,,xelSekrulebis ganmartebas sa-marTlianobis principidan gamomdinare da aramkacrad _ samarTlebrivad."20 ramdenime aTeuliwlis win sasamarTlom ar cno aseTi saxissaarbitraJo daTqma im mosazrebidan gamom-dinare, rom ,,saerTod, arbitrebma unda gam-oiyenon fiqsirebuli da aRiarebuli samarT-lebrivi sistema."21

inglisurma da frangulma mxareebma dadesSeTanxmeba imis Sesaxeb, rom maTi xelSek-ruleba unda mowesrigebuliyo inglisisa dasafrangeTis saxelSekrulebo samarTlis saer-To (zogadi) princi pebis mixedviT, xolodavis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi, saqme undaganexila briuselis arbitraJs. mas Semdeg,rac saqme marTlac ganixila am ukanasknelma,erT-erTma mxarem mimarTa inglisis sasamarT-los, sadac ganacxada Semdegi: belgiis arbi-traJma ganixila dava arabelgiel pirebsSoris da aqedan gamomdinare, mas (belgiisarbitraJs) mocemuli saqmis mimarT belgiissasamarTlos kontrolis aranairi ,,SiSi� arhqonda. amitom, mosarCelis azriT, mxareebidarCnen sasamarTlo dacvis gareSe da, aqedangamomdinare, man moiTxova inglisis sasamarT-losgan gadamwyveti zomebis miReba. amasTandakavSirebiT, lordma musTilma (Mustill) ga-nacxada: mxareebma airCies ,,daudgeneli sa-marTali," romeliTac unda mowesrigebuliyomaTi ufleba-movaleobebi, garda amisa, sada-vo sakiTxis ganxilvis adgilis lokaliza-cia moaxdines TavianTi qveynebis gareT. yove-live es, neitraluri (aranacionaluri) sa-marTlis arCeva da saarbitraJo daTqma ,,Sesa-Zloa swori gadawyvetileba iyo, rac gamom-dinareobda frangul-inglisuri erToblivisawarmos winaSe mdgari amocanebis ukeT gada-wyvetis mcdelobaSi (saubaria lamanSis sru-tis qveS gvirabis gayvanaze, romelic orqveyanas sarkinigzo gziT daakavSirebda). mi-uxedavad amisa, rogoric ar unda iyos mx-

areTa arCevani _ swori Tu mcdari, maT Ta-vianTi neba gamoxates.�22

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebidan iseTi daskv-na unda gamovitanoT, rom igi ar ereva imsaqmeebSi, sadac adgili aqvs mxareTa nebisgamovlenas, Tundac igi mdgomareobdes kon-trahentTa mier lex mercatoria-s anu ,,xe-lovnurad Sekowiwebuli samarTlis" arCevaSi.

inglisis axalma, 1996 wlis saarbitraJokanonma aRiara lex mercatoria-s gamoyenebisSesaZlebloba (mux. 46.1 p. ,,b�), Tu amisSesaxeb mxareebi gamoxataven TavianT nebas,an Tu TviT saarbitraJo tribunali CaTvlissaWirod mis gamoyenebas.

saerTaSoriso komerciuli arbitraJebis praq-tika gviCvenebs, rom mxareebi samarTalurT-ierTobis mosawesrigeblad arc ise xSiradirCeven lex mercatoria-s. erT-erTi evropeliavtori 1991 wels aRniSnavda, rom man mx-olod ormocdaaTamde saarbitraJo gadaw-yvetileba moiZia, sadac sadavo sakiTxi "arana-cionaluri" samarTliT iqna gadawyvetili damaTgan ori-mesamedi Seexeboda iseT xelSek-rulebebs, sadac sul mcire erT-erT mxaressaxelmwifo warmoadgenda.23

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, faqtia, rom dRes-dReobiT mxareebi saerTaSoriso xelSekrule-bebis mosawesrigeblad sul ufro xSiradirCeven lex mercatoria-s. Tu 1979 wels saer-TaSoriso arbitraJis praqtikaSi (saubariagamoqveynebul gadawyvetilebebze) mxolod erTsaqmeSi iyo gamoyenebuli lex mercatoria, dResmdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad Seicvala da massaerTaSoriso davebis gadasawyvetad gacilebiTufro xSirad mimarTaven. saerTaSoriso ko-merciuli arbitraJebi ki (erovnuli sasa-marTloebisagan gansxvavebiT), rogorc wesi,yovelTvis cnoben mxareTa aseT arCevans. albaT,am mizeziT iyo gamowveuli is, rom UN-IDROIT-is egidiT 1994 wels SemuSavebuli,,saerTaSoriso komerciuli xelSekrulebeb-is principebis� avtorebma mouwodes komer-santebs (biznesmenebs) _ Tu maT surviliaqvT zemoaRniSnuli principebis meSveobiT

20 Eagle Star Insurance Co. v. Yuval Insurance Co. Ltd., 1978, 1 Lloyd's Rep. C. 357 (C.A.).21 Orion Compania Espanola de Seguros v Belfort Maastschappij voor Algemene Verzekringeen (samefo skamisganyofileba, 1962, 2. Lloyd's Rep. C. 257, 264).22 Channel Tunnel Group Ltd v Balfour Beatty Constructions Ltd, 1993, AC 334 at 368.23 F. Dasser, Lex Mercatoria: Werkzeug der Praxis oder Spielzeug der Lehre?, in Schweizerische Zeitung für internationalesund europäisches Recht, 1991, S. 299.

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moawesrigon xelSekruleba, maSin amis TaobazemaT pirdapir unda gamoxaton TavianTi nebada gauTvaliswinebeli problemebis Tavidanacilebis mizniT, xelSekrulebaSi damatebiTmoaxdinon saarbitraJo daTqma.24

zemoaRniSnulis dasadastureblad ganvixiloTerTi cnobili saarbitraJo saqme:25 mxareebiSeTanxmdnen xelSekrulebis mimarT gamoiy-enon iranisa da sxva ramdenime qveynis (sadaczogierTi kontrahentis kompania iyo regis-trirebuli) ,,samarTlis saerTo principebi,xolo aseTis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, issamarTlebrivi principebi, romlebic zogadadaRiarebulia civilizebuli qveynebis mier."26

arbitraJma mTlianad gaiziara mxareTa arCe-vani. saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebaSi naTqvamia:,,mxareebs undodaT TavianTi xelSekrulebadaeqvemdebarebinaT im samarTlis principebisadmi,romlebic sayovelTaod aRiarebulia civili-zebuli erebis mier" da Sesabamisad igi undaiqnas gamoyenebuli da ara iranis samarTali.27

saerTaSoriso savaWro palatasTan arsebul-ma saarbitraJo sasamarTlom (The Court ofArbitration of the International Chamber of Com-merce) 90-ian wlebSi, ramdenime saqmeSi gam-oiyena UNIDROIT principebi (e.i. lex mercato-ria), miuxedavad imisa, rom mxareebs amis SesaxebTavianTi neba ar gamouxatavT. TvalsaCinoeb-isaTvis moviyvanT erT magaliTs: italiurkompaniasa da axlo aRmosavleTis erT-erTiqveynis saxelmwifo saagentos mier dadebuliqna xelSekruleba. samarTalurTierTobismosawesrigeblad mxareebs ar aurCeviaT sa-marTali. mas Semdeg, rac saerTaSoriso ar-bitraJSi daiwyo davis ganxilva, orive mx-are TavianTi erovnuli samarTlis gamoyenebasiTxovda. saarbitraJo sasamarTlom daxmare-bisTvis ar mimarTa sakolizio normebs, raTamaTi meSveobiT daedgina im qveynis samarTa-li, romliTac xelSekruleba unda mowes-rigebuliyo. amis magivrad man ganacxada, rommisi gadawyvetileba dafuZnebuli iqneba: ,,xe-lSekrulebis pirobebze, romlebic Sevsebu-li iqneba saerTaSoriso savaWro garigebebismimarT gamosayenebeli samarTlis zogadi

(saerTo) principebiT, romlebic gansxeule-bulia lex mercatoria-Si." arbitraJma sadavosakiTxis gadasawyvetad, gamoiyena UNIDROITprincipebis konkretuli normebi, rogorc lexmercatoria-sagan momdinare wyaroebi.28

rogorc Cans, arbitraJebis mier lex mercato-ria-s cnoba umetes wilad gamowveulia imiT,rom dRevandel msoflioSi sul ufro daufro Zlierdeba arbitraJebis "delokalizaci-is" procesi, anu isini ufro da ufro scilde-bian erovnul sawyisebs da aRar eyrdnobianim qveynis sakolizio samarTlis normebs, sadacsaarbitraJo ganxilva tardeba.

CvenTvis, cxadia, yvelaze metad saintere-soa, Tu rogori pozicia ukaviaT mocemulsakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos sasamarT-loebsa da arbitraJebs da ras iTvaliswinebsmoqmedi kanonmdebloba.

jerjerobiT aranairi damokidebuleba CvenssasamarTloebsa da arbitraJebs lex mercato-ria-s mimarT ar gamouxatavT. amis SesaZle-bloba maT jer arc hqoniaT, magram darwmu-nebuli varT uaxloes xanSi Cveni sasamarT-loebi dadgebian faqtis winaSe - cnon Tu araucxo sasamarTlos, an arbitraJis gadawyvetile-ba, romelic lex mercartoria-s safuZvelze iyogamotanili. vfiqrobT, mas Semdeg, rac CvenTansrulad amoqmeddeba kerZo arbitraJi, miswinaSec mwvaved dadgeba sakiTxi, Tu rogorunda mowesrigdes is samarTalurTierToba,romelSic ucxo elementi monawileobs.

rogorc mowinave qveynebis kanonmdeblobismimoxilvam gviCvena, lex mercatoria-s mimarTgansakuTrebiT keTilganwyoba SeiniSneba imsakanonmdeblo aqtebSi romlebic arbitraJe-bis saqmianobas awesrigebs. saqarTvelos 1997wlis 17 aprilis kanoni ,,kerZo arbitraJebisSesaxeb" mraval nakls Seicavs da, rogorcucxoeli eqspertebi aRiareben, ar akmayofilebsTanamedrove moTxovnebs. aq yuradRebas mxolodgansaxilvel sakiTxs davuTmobT. mocemul kan-onSi araferia naTqvami, Tu rogor unda ganix-ilos arbitraJma saerTaSoriso saxelSekrule-bo urTierTobidan warmoSobili dava. man,

24 Bonell M. J. An International Restatement of Contract Law. The UNIDROIT Principles of International CommercialContracts. (Irvigton-on-Hundson, New York, 1997) p.192.25 Sapphire International Petroleum, Ltd. v. National Iranian Oil Company, Intern. and Comp. Law Quart., 1964, Vol. 13. P. 1011.26 Redfern A., Hunter M., Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration (L., 1991) p.113.27 Ibid. Intern. and Comp. Law Quart., 1964, Vol. 13, p. 1015.28 ICC Case No. 8261 of 1996.

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erovnuli sasamarTloebis msgavsad, mxolodtradiciuli sakolizio samarTlis normebiTunda ixelmZRvanelos, Tu mas, saqmis garemoe-bebidan gamomdinare, SeuZlia aseve sadavo sa-kiTxi lex mercatoria-s meSveobiT moawesrigos?

saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTliskanonic ar iTvaliswinebs lex mercatoria-s gamoy-enebas. 35-e da 36-e muxlebSi saubaria mx-olod romelime qveynis samarTlebrivi siste-mis gamoyenebaze: ,,xelSekruleba . . . wes-rigdeba mxareebis mier arCeuli qveynis sa-

marTliT� (mux. 35. naw. 1.); ,,arCeuli qvey-

nis samarTali mxareTa SeTanxmebiT SeiZle-ba Seicvalos sxva qveynis samarTliT� (mux.35. naw. 2.); ,,samarTlis arCeva CaiTvlebabaTilad, Tu igi ugulebelyofs xelSekrule-basTan yvelaze mWidrod dakavSirebuli qvey-

nis samarTlis imperatiul normebs� (mux.35. naw. 3.); ,,Tu mxareebs ar aurCeviaT rome-lime qveynis samarTali, xelSekruleba daeqvem-debareba masTan yvelaze mWidrod dakavSirebu-li qveynis samarTals ...� (mux. 36. naw. 1.)

amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTve-los 1997 wlis 26 ivnisiss samoqalaqo kod-eqsma gaiTvaliswina mowinave evropuli qvey-nebis gamocdileba. iq, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,saubaria Cveulebebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblo-baze (saerTaSoriso savaWro Cveulebebi ganix-ileba rogorc lex mercatoria-s Semadgenelinawili), kerZod, kodeqsis me-2.4 muxli iTval-iswinebs Semdegs: ,,Cveulebani gamoiyenebamxolod maSin, Tu isini ar ewinaaRmdegebasamarTlisa da zneobis sayovelTaod aRiare-bul normebs an sajaro wesrigs.� 878-e mux-lSi ki pirdapir saubaria (Tuki sxva ramezemxareebi ar SeTanxmebulan) lex mercatoria-ze,anu ,,aranacionaluri samarTlis� gamoyeneba-ze: ,,Tu sxva ram ar aris SeTanxmebuli,mxareTa uflebebi da movaleobebi ganisazRvre-ba saerTaSoriso mimoqcevaSi dokumenturi

akreditivis an dokumenturi inkasos

damkvidrebuli Cveulebebis mixedviT."

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos samo-qalaqo kodeqsi Seesabameba mowinave evropu-li qveynebis kanonmdeblobis standartebs.mocemuli sityvebis dasturad damatebiTSeiZleba moviyvanoT holandiis axali samo-qalaqo kodeqsis me-3.12 muxlSi Camoyali-bebuli norma, sadac vkiTxulobT: ,,say-ovelTaod aRiarebuli samarTlis principeb-is" meSveobiT ganisazRvreba iseTi cnebebi,

rogorebicaa: ,,gonivruloba," ,,samarTliano-ba," ,,keTili zne," ,,keTilsindisiereba."

Cven viziarebT im avtorTa pozicias, rom-lebic lex mercatoria-s ar miiCneven avtonomi-ur samarTlebriv sistemad, Tu igi, aseTad,TviT erovnuli kanonmdeblobis mier an saer-TaSoriso samarTliT ar iqneba cnobili. amavedros isic unda aRiniSnos, rom sul ufrometi qveynis Tanamedrove kanonmdebloba aRi-arebs misi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas, es exebaara marto Cvens mier ganxilul msofliosmowinave qveynebis saarbitraJo kanonmdeblo-bas, aramed, aseve, sxva saxis samarTlebrivdokumentebsac (vgulisxmobT holandiis dasaqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsebs). aRsani-Snavia aseve saerTaSoriso konvenciebi, rom-lebic bolo dros sul ufro metad aRi-areben ,,aranacionaluri samarTlis� gamoy-enebis SesaZleblobas. mxedvelobidan arc isunda gamogvrCes, rom dRevandel msoflioSisaerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo davaTa um-ravlesobas wyveten ara erovnuli sasamarT-loebi, aramed saerTaSoriso arbitraJebi,romlebic araTu cnoben mxareTa mier ar-Ceul lex mercatoria-s, aramed zogierT SemTx-vevaSi, TavianTi iniciativiTac iyeneben mas.

lex mercatoria-sTan dakavSirebiT ar SeiZlebaar dagvebados erTi kiTxva: _ gana nebisavtonomiis principi, Tavidan, Tundac am sauku-nis dasawyisSi, warmoadgenda sayovelTaodaRiarebul instituts? mas Semdeg, rac igicno msoflios umetesma qveyanam da aRiare-bul iqna saerTaSoriso konvenciebiT, ukveaRaravin aprotestebs im mosazrebas, rom igimsoflios samarTlebrivi sistemebisaTvissaerTo princips warmoadgens. vfiqrobT, lexmercatoria-s momavalSi didi perspeqtiva aqvs.samarTlis ganviTarebis amJamindeli mdgomare-oba ki saSualebas gvaZlevs mocemul sakiTx-Tan dakavSirebiT gamovitanoT Semdegi daskvna:

lex mercatoria ar aris zeerovnuli samarTali.igi, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba ganxiluliqnes rogorc samarTlebriv normaTa er-Toblioba, romelsac aranairi primatierovnul samarTalTan mimarTebaSi ara aqvs;lex mercatoria SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnesmxolod maSin, rodesac mxareebma amis SesaxebaSkarad gamoxates TavianTi neba, an am sak-iTxis gadawyvetis uflebamosileba gadascessaerTaSoriso arbitraJs.

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ovel movlenas aqvs Tavisi istoria, maT Soris saerTaSoriso samarTalsac. igiaris kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoriis naw-ili. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT saerTaSorisosamarTlis arsi, unda vicodeT Tu ram gam-oiwvia misi warmoSoba.

dResdReobiT mecnierebaSi bolomde araa Camoy-alibebuli sakiTxi, Tu rodis warmoiSva saer-TaSoriso samarTali. Tumca arsebobs samiZiriTadi varianti:

1. saerTaSoriso samarTali warmoiSva jerkidev tomebs Soris urTierTobebSi;

2. saerTaSoriso samarTali warmoiSva sax-elmwifos warmoSobasTan erTad, sadactomobrivma urTierTobebma samarTlebrivixasiaTi SeiZina;

3. saerTaSoriso samarTali warmoiSva Suasaukuneebis bolos, roca evropaSi suver-enul saxelmwifoTa sistema Camoyalibda.

Tumca erTi naTelia, rom saerTaSoriso sa-marTlis warmoSobisas saxelmwifoebi acno-bierebdnen, rom unda damorCilebodnen misnormebs _ sakuTari erovnuli interesebissakeTildReod. es mowmobs saerTaSorisourTierTobebis ganviTarebis maRal dones.

saerTaSoriso samarTlis istoriis mixedviT,misi maregulirebeli meqanizmi praqtikaSiamoqmedebas iwyebs Sua saukuneebis miwuruls.qvemoT, am periodis garda, SevexebiT saerTa-Soriso samarTlis warmoSobamde arsebulurTierTobebs, raTa mkiTxvels zogadi war-modgena Seeqmnas saerTaSoriso samarTlisformirebis winapirobebis Sesaxeb.

1. antikuri xana

saerTaSoriso samarTali am periodSi atarebdaseriul xasiaTs, ese igi, erebs Soris urT-ierTobebi da maTi maregulirebeli normebiviTardeboda dedamiwis im nawilebSi, sadacCaisaxa civilizaciis pirveli kerebi. pirvelrigSi, es aris tigrosi da evfrati, nilosi,CineTisa da indoeTis raionebi, egeosi daxmelTaSua zRva.

am dros saerTaSoriso normebi atarebdnenreligiur da CveulebiT xasiaTs. es normebiexeboda omis kanonebsa da Cveulebebs, xe-lSekrulebaTa dadebis, moqmedebis, Sewyve-tis wesebs, elCebis gacvlas, ucxoelTa sa-marTlebriv reJims, saerTaSoriso kavSirebisSeqmnas da a.S.

antikuri periodis dokumentebi mowmoben sax-elmwifoTaSoris urTierTobaTa zneobrivganusazRvrelobas. Zvelindur manus kanoneb-Si weria _ mezobeli Seni mteria. arxaSas-traSi (kautilia _ Cv.w.aR-mde IV-III ss)samSvidobo dokumentebis Sesaxeb aRniSnulia,rom isini unda daidos Tanaswor an Zliermefeebs Soris, xolo sust mefes Tavs undadaesxa. elCebis miznebia: misiis Sesruleba,xelSekrulebis mxardaWera, intriga, mego-brebis SeZena, saidumlo masalebis gamoyenebada a.S.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis subieqtebi iyvnenmefeebi da ara saxelmwifoebi. TandaTan vr-celdeba xelSekrulebis dadebis praqtikac,magaliTad Cv.w.aR-mde 1296 wels haTusilIII-esa da ramzes II-s Soris daido tel-amaranis xelSekruleba, romelic iTvaliswineb-

Ú

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da Tanadgomas ara marto sagareo omSi, aramedmonaTa amboxebis CaxSobaSi, aseve, politikurdevnilTa gadacemas. xelSekruleba gamyare-buli iyo RvTiuri ficiT. erTmaneTs gadasc-es vercxlis teqstebi.

egviptisa da indoeTis kanonebi krZalavdnenurTierTobebs ucxoelebTan. igive xdebodaCineTSic.

omi saberZneTSi iyo yoveldRiuri movlena.gabatonebuli iyo azri, rom berZnebi arianrCeuli eri, xolo sxva erebi _ barbarosebi.demosTene amtkicebda, rom barbarosebi bunebiTmonebad iyvnen gaCenili. aqedan warmoiSvatermini _ qsenofobia. aseTi politika afer-xebda savaWro urTierTobebs. ucxoelebsmxolod vaWrobis ufleba hqondaT. saberZ-neTSi Seiqmna proqsenebis instituti, rom-lis movaleoba iyo ucxoelTa interesebisdacva. proqsenebi flobdnen farTo ufle-bebs, kerZod, maT icavda imuniteti - omisdros garantirebuli iyo maTi usafrTxoebada qonebis dacva. berZnuli polisebi erTma-neTs elCebsac ugzavnidnen. termini _ dip-lomati, swored berZnebisgan modis (oradgakecil rwmunebis dafas di ploma erqva).berZnebi qmnidnen simaxiebs, samxedro kavSirebs,romlebic samediatoro sasamarTlos rolsacasrulebdnen da masSi Semaval saxelmwifoTasadavo sakiTxebsac ganixilavdnen. isini xSir-ad damoukideblad debdnen saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebebs. ase Seiqmna, magaliTad, beoti-is kavSiri.

ramdenad gasakviric unda iyos, romSi arcerT didebul iurists azrad ar mosvliasxva saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebi saerTa-Soriso normebis meSveobiT moewesrigebina.Tanasworoba SeuTavsebeli iyo romis imperi-is politikasTan. Zvel romSi omis warmoebasamarTliani saqmianoba iyo, radgan imperi-isTvis sasikeTo Sedegi mohqonda da e.i. Rm-erTebis survilic es iyo (aq aisaxa normebisreligiuri xasiaTi).

2. Sua saukuneebi (VI-XVI ss)

V saukuneSi Seiqmna wminda romis imperia damimdinareobda ganuwyveteli omebi mezobelitomebis dasapyrobad. am periodis samarTaliemyareboda devizs - Zlieri yovelTvis mar-Talia, ramac asaxva hpova "uflis sasamarT-

loSi", sadac kamaTi wydeboda SerkinebiT damarTali iyo is, vinc gaimarjvebda. 1618-1648wlebis omma (e.w. ocdaaTwliani omi) kaTo-likeebsa da protestantebs Soris daangriamTeli evropa. am dros iuristebi omis sa-marTals amuSavebdnen.

VII saukuneSi warmoiSva arabuli saxalifo,romelic aqtiurad Caeba sagareo urTierTo-bebSi. muslimuri samarTali, romelic yuransemyareboda, gansazRvravda mis sagareo poli-tikas (hazavaTi, miuridizmi). yvela aramahma-diani iTvleboda ucxoelad (gavixsenoT habibibn maslamas dacvis sigeli). yurani krZala-vda sityvaze gadasvlas nebismier pirTan ansaxelmwifosTan urTierTobaSi, ramac xeliSeuwyo vaWrobis ganviTarebas.

evropaSi ucxoelTa mdgomareoba sagrZnobladgamosworda. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobda ram-denime uaryofiTi Cveuleba. kerZod, ucxoe-lis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi misi sakuTrebagadadioda feodalis xelSi. gemis daRupvisSemTxvevaSi ki moqmedebda sanapiro samarTali_ qoneba imisi iyo, vis napirzec gairiyeboda.

garkveuli saxis Taviseburebebi axasiaTebdasaxelSekrulebo samarTals. xelSekrulebe-bis savaldebulo Zala kvlav ficiT ganmt-kicdeboda. magaliTad, 1648 wlis miunster-is sazavo xelSekruleba gamyarebuli iyoficiT. Sua saukuneebSi gamoiyeneboda xelSek-rulebaTa garantis instituti mesame sax-elmwifoTa mxridan. xSirad saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebaTa garanti papi iyo, kerZod,1494 wels igi espaneTsa da portugaliasSoris dadebuli xelSekrulebis garanti iyo.

Sua saukuneebSi gamoikveTa samediatoro sasa-marTlosa da arbitraJis roli saerTaSorisodavaTa mowesrigebis sferoSi. ase magaliTad,1317 wels safrangeTis mefesa da flamandiishercogs Soris davaSi mosamarTles papi io-ane XXII warmoadgenda. damkvidrda arbitra-Jis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebebis dadebis praq-tikac. am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia xelSekrulebaarbitraJis Sesaxeb, romelic daido volde-mar danielsa da manhus Sveds Soris. xe-lSekrulebam gansazRvra, rom TiToeulmamxarem arbitrebad unda daasaxelos 24 episko-posi da 12 raindi. genuasa da venecias SorisSeTanxmebiT 1235 wels daarsda mudmivmoqme-di arbitraJi.

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3. klasikuri saerTaSoriso

samarTali

klasikuri samarTlis pirveli etapi(XVI_XVIII ss)

Sua saukuneebis dasasrulidan daiwyo saer-TaSoriso samarTlis materialuri dasulieri wanamZRvrebis Camoyalibeba. evropa-Si warmoiSva msxvili erovnuli saxelmwi-foebi centralizebuli xelisuflebiT,romelTac SeswevdaT regionSi wesrigis dam-yarebis unari. axal pirobebSi primitiulifeodaluri samarTali aRar gamodgeboda. mismagivrad gamoiyeneboda romis samarTali ar-sebul pirobebTan adaptaciiT. igi aRiqmebo-da rogorc "dawerili goni" _ samarTali,romelic damaxasiaTebelia nebismieri civi-lizebuli saxelmwifosaTvis. Sidasaxelmwi-foebrivi marTlwesrigis ganmtkicebam didigavlena moaxdina saerTaSoriso samarTlisideis Camoyalibebaze.

damoukidebel erovnul saxelmwifoTa war-moqmnam gamoiwvia is, rom evropaSi TavisiZalauflebis damyarebisaTvis mebrZoli papida wminda romis imperiis imperatori gaerTi-andnen, raTa SeenarCunebinaT ZalauflebaTavisive qveyanaSi. ocdaaTwliani omi 1648wels vestfalis zaviT dasrulda. saxelmwi-foebma, saerTo ZalisxmeviT SeimuSaves saza-vo xelSekruleba, romelmac gansazRvra evro-paSi axali saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTasistema. pirvelad iqna Camoyalibebuli sax-elmwifoTa cnobis deklaraciuli Teoria;Svecia da niderlandebi damoukidebel qvey-nebad aRiares. xelSekrulebaSi aRiarebuliqna yvela evropuli saxelmwifos Tanasworo-ba, religiisa da saxelmwifo wyobilebismiuxedavad. faqtiurad, bolo moeRo wmindaromis imperias, romelic win eRobeboda axa-li erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebas.

im pirobebSi, rodesac arc kaTolikur ekle-siasa da aRarc imperias SeeZloT ekarnaxaTsaxelmwifoTa urTierTobebis maregulirebe-li normebi, gaCnda problema _ rogor mow-esrigdeboda urTierTobebi axal suverenulTanaswor qveynebs Soris. swored am pirobeb-Si warmoiSva idea Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sa-marTlis regulirebis meTodi gamoyenebuliyosaerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. aqac moqmedeb-da romis samarTali. saxelmwifoTaSorisi

urTierTobebi regulirdeboda kerZo pirTaurTierTobebis analogiurad. saerTaSorisos-amarTlebrivi urTierTobebis subieqtad gamo-dioda monarqi. saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivikoncefciebi didi xnis manZilze inarCunebdacivilistur xasiaTs. romis samarTals safuZ-vlad edo kerZo pirTa Tanasworoba, xolosaerTaSoriso samarTals _ saxelmwifoTaTanasworoba.

saerTaSoriso samarTlis idea gamoCeniliiuristebis naSromebSi Camoyalibda XVI_XVIIsaukuneebSi. maT Soris yvelaze ufro Tval-saCinoa holandieli iuristi, RvTismetyvelida diplomati, hugo grociusi (1583_1654ww.). Tavis naSromSi "omisa da mSvidobissamarTalze" (De Jure belli et pacis-1625 w.)man pirvelad detalurad daasabuTa, romarsebobs "samarTali, romelic gansazRvravsxalxebsa da mTavrobebs Soris urTierTo-bebs". saxelmwifoTa praqtikidan gamomdinare,man ver daamtkica aseTi samarTlis arsebobada amitomac mis wyaroebs eZebda bunebaSi,RmerTSi, moralSi.

aRorZinebis epoqis frangi moazrovne, Sarllui de sekonda monteskie, Tavis naSromSi -"kanonTa goni", saerTaSoriso samarTalsafuZnebs Semdeg principebze: mSvidobis drossxvadasxva erebma rac SeiZleba meti sikeTeunda moutanon erTmaneTs; omis dros ki _rac SeiZleba naklebi boroteba. monteskieTavdacvis uflebazec msjelobs. misi azriT,saxelmwifoebs, adamianTa msgavsad, Tavdasxmi-sas saTanado reagirebis ufleba aqvs. miuxe-davad amisa, monteskie ar gamoricxavsgarkveul SemTxvevaSi sxva saxelmwifozeTavdasxmis SesaZleblobas. igi acxadebs, rom"sazogadoebebs Soris bunebrivi Tavdacvisufleba zogjer Tavdasxmis aucileblobasiwvevs, Tuki romelime xalxi xedavs, rommSvidobis gagrZeleba sxva xalxs iseT mdgo-mareobaSi moaqcevs, rom mis ganadgurebasgamoiwvevs da rom am SemTxvevaSi Tavdasxmaganadgurebis Tavidan acilebis erTaderTisaSualebaa. zemoT moyvanilma mizezebma ga-napiroba saerTaSoriso samarTlis doqtri-naSi bunebiTi samarTlis mimarTulebebisdominireba XVII_XVIII saukuneebSi.

ganxilul periodSi iuristebi ver xedavd-nen aSkara gansxvavebas erovnul da saerTa-

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Soriso samarTals Soris _ verc moqmedebissferos mixedviT da verc normatiuli masa-lis mixedviT. mxolod Semdgom periodSidaiwyes imis mtkiceba, rom bunebiTi samar-Talic ki ar SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes suver-enuli saxelmwifoebis mimarT, maTi bunebisgauTvaliswineblad.

iuristebis naSromebma didi roli iTamaSessaerTaSoriso samarTalSegnebis CamoyalibebaSi.rac Seexeba im periodis saxelmwifoTa praq-tikas, aq sul sxva situacia sufevda. XIXsaukunis dasawyisSi emanuel kanti werda,rom h. grociusma, s. pufendorfma, e. devatelma da sxvebma Seqmnes "filosofiurida diplomatiuri kodeqsi", romelsac "araaqvs da arc SeiZleba hqondes mciredi iu-ridiuli Zalac ki". praqtika ki didi xnisganmavlobaSi ver egueboda saerTaSorisosamarTlis ideas. Tumca, iuridiuli argu-mentacia gamoiyeneboda diplomatiaSi. am mxriv,aRsaniSnavia petre I-is vice-kancleris p.Safirovis wigni. igi exeba SveciasTan brZo-lis "kanonieri mizezebis" dasabuTebas, sa-dac aSkara miTiTebebia bunebiT samarTalze.TviTon petre I Tvlida, rom xelSekrulebe-bi sruldeba micemuli sityvis Rirsebis ZaliT,e.i. moralis ZaliT.

aristokratiuli moralis normebi isev rCe-boda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ZiriTadmaregulirebel Zalad da ganixilebodarogorc suverenebis pirovnebaTSorisi kav-Sirebi. am periodis politikuri moralisxasiaTi aRwerili aqvs italiel politikurmoRvawesa da istorikoss nikolo makiavelis(1469-1527 ww.) Tavis naSromSi _ "mTavari"(1513 w). makiavelis azriT, uzenaesi katego-riaa "saxelmwifo interesi", romlisgulisTvisac dasaSvebia nebismieri saSualebisgamoyeneba. did politikas qmnidnen sworedis mTavrebi, romlebic nakleb yuradRebasaqcevdnen dapirebebs da SeeZloT motyueba,isini sjabnidnen e.w. "patiosan" mTavrebs.diplomatia ganixileboda rogorc sicruisada veragobis xelovneba. "iRwvian ra mTeliTavisi ZalebiT ganaxorcielon piradi egois-turi miznebi, xelmwifeni ar cnobdnen ucx-oel xalxTa da xelmwifeTa aranair ufle-

bebs da ar ganarCevdnen dasaxuli miznebisganxorcielebis saSualebebs. makiavelizmi iyosagareo politikis lozungi da saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebaTa valdebulebebis gansazRvrismasStabi".1

miuxedavad amisa, saerTaSoriso urTierTo-bebis ganviTareba Tavisas moiTxovda. war-moiSva axali da axali Cveulebebi, romelT-agan umravlesobas savaldebulo xasiaTi hqon-da. kerZod, damkvidrda diplomatTa samarT-lebrivi statusi; vaWrobis moTxovnilebaTagavleniT Camoyalibda konsulebis institu-ti; aqedan gamomdinare, gaumjobesda ucx-oelTa mdgomareobac; sazRvao vaWrobis gan-viTarebam gamoiwvia Ria zRvis princi pisSemoReba.2

rac Seexeba samxedro Cveulebebs, isini ufrosastiki gaxda. daqiravebuli armiis rCenaxdeboda aRviraxsnili Zarcvis saSualebiT.dasaxlebuli punqtebi ganixileboda rogorcnadavli da eqvemdebareboda Zarcva-glejas.samxedro tyveebi ki damnaSaveebad iTvlebod-nen. sakuTari jaris daWril meomrebsac dax-marebis gareSe tovebdnen brZolis velze.

klasikuri samarTlis me-2 etapi(1789-1919 ww.)

miCneulia, rom XIX saukunem kacobriobascivilizacia da kultura misca. am kultur-isa da civilizaciis Semadgeneli elementiiyo saerTaSoriso samarTalic. SedarebiTprogresuli ideebi saerTaSoriso samarTlisirgvliv cnobilia rogorc 1789 wlis didisafrangeTis revoluciis ideebi. safrangeTissagareo politikis safuZvlebad gamocxadda"sayovelTao mSvidoba da samarTlianobisprincipi", dapyrobis mizniT nebismier omzeuaris Tqma.

revoluciam monarqis suvereniteti erisuzenaesi xelisuflebiT Secvala, rasac didimniSvneloba hqonda saxelmwifo saerTaSori-sosamarTlebrivi subieqtunarianobis cnebisdamkvidrebisaTvis. Tu xalxi teritoriispatronia, maSin monarqi ar SeiZleba mas ga-nagebdes. praqtikaSi damkvidrda plebiscitisinstituti. 1791 wels safrangeTze avinion-

1 f. martensi, "civilizebuli xalxebis Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali", 1898 w.2 hugo grociusi, "Mare liberum", 1609 w.

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isa da savois mierTeba moxda xmis micemis(plebiscitis) saSualebiT.

1793 wlis safrangeTis konstitucia TavS-esafris uflebas aniWebs ucxoelebs, rom-lebic samSobloSi TavisuflebisaTvis gaweuliRvawlisaTvis idevnebian. aRniSnul debule-bebs saerTo demokratiuli xasiaTi hqondada Sesabamisad aisaxa mTel rig saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebebSi. swored aqedan iRebs saT-aves politikur devnilTa gadaucemlobisvaldebuleba. mosaxleobam miiRo moqalaqeo-ba, riTac TiToeul individs konstituciiTaRiarebuli uflebebi mieniWa. amasTan dakav-SirebiT, im teritoriis mosaxleobam, romelicerTi saxelmwifodan meores gadaecemoda,miiRo moqalaqeobis arCevis ufleba _ opta-cia. abat greguaris cnobil deklaraciaSi,romelic konventis davalebiT momzadda 1793wels, aRiarebulia saxelmwifoTa Tanasworo-bis principi, masSi arsebuli wyobilebisa dapolitikuri cnobierebis miuxedavad. aRiare-bulia principi "pacta sunt servanda" (xelSek-ruleba unda Sesruldes). amasTanave, konven-tSi ganacxades, rom tiranTa xelSekrulebeb-ma ar unda SezRudon saxalxo suvereniteti.

moxda omis samarTlis axali safuZvlebisformulireba, romelTa mixedviT, dasaSvebadgamocxadda mxolod TavdacviTi omi. mteriSeiZleba iyos mxolod saxelmwifo da araxalxi. aqedan gamomdinareobs tyveebisadmihumanuri mopyroba, kerZo sakuTrebis xel-Seuxebloba, mSvidobiani mosaxleobis ufle-baTa dacva da a.S.

sakonstitucio samarTalSi gaCnda mosazrebebi,rom saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi iuridi-uli Zalis mqone aqtebia. 1795 wlis sa-frangeTis konstitucia Seicavda formulas:"xelSekrulebebi Sedian ZalaSi". xolo 1791wlis konstitucia, aRiarebda ra ucxoelda frang moqalaqeTa iuridiul Tanasworobas,akeTebda daTqmas, rom ucxo saxelmwifoebT-an SeTanxmebebiT SeiZleba dawesdes gamonak-lisebi am wesidan. agreTve, aRsaniSnavia, romaSS-s 1787 wlis konstituciam aSkarad aRi-ara saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa iuridi-uli Zala Sida kanonmdeblobis mimarT daisini federalur kanonebs gauTanabra.

saerTaSoriso samarTlis progresi aSkaradSeimCneva, magram mas rTuli gzis gavla uxdeba.

napoleonma jariskacis CeqmiT gadaTela rev-oluciis keTilSobiluri princi pebi. miswinaaRmdeg mebrZoli saxelmwifoebi aRiarebd-nen samarTlianobis, Caurevlobisa da TviT-gamorkvevis principebsac ki. Tumca, vater-loos Semdeg es principebi TviTonve uaryves.1815 wels ruseTma, avstriam da prusiam xelimoaweres wminda kavSiris aqts, romelsacsxva saxelmwifoebic SeuerTdnen. maT aRi-ares legitimizmis principi, romlis mixed-viTac, mxolod kanonier dinastias SeeZlodaekavebina samefo taxti. amiT maT Tavsufleba misces Careuliyvnen suverenul sax-elmwifoTa saSinao saqmeebSi; Seiqmna saerTa-Soriso Jandarmebis kavSiri.

Tumca unda aRiniSnos iseTi dokumentebispozitiuri xasiaTi, romlebic Seexeboda saer-TaSoriso mdinareebze savaWro naosnobas,SavkanianebiT vaWrobis akrZalvas, diploma-tiuri warmomadgenlobebis rangebs (am sak-iTxs Seexo venis 1815 wlis konferencia).

politikur sferoSi saerTaSorisosamarT-lebrivi regulireba fiqciad rCeboda. xe-lSekrulebaTa moqmedebis meqanizmi am darg-Si iyo ukiduresad politizirebuli. saer-TaSoriso samarTalSi ar arsebobda saerToprincipebi da miznebi, rac aucilebelia norme-bis erT sistemaSi gaerTianebisaTvis. samar-Tali iyo farTod dispoziciuri, rac sax-elmwifoebs saSualebas aZlevda SeTanxmebeb-is meSveobiT gadaexviaT zogadi normebidan.gabatonebuli iyo "xelSekrulebaTa Tavisu-flebis" principi _ nebismieri Sinaarsis xe-lSekruleba iyo kanonieri.

XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi daiwyo msjelo-ba saerTaSoriso transportisa da kavSireb-is samarTlebrivi regulirebis Sesaxeb. 1856wlis parizis deklaraciam gansazRvra omisdros savaWro naosnobis reJimi. CamoyalibdaTavisufali savaWro naosnobis reJimi saer-TaSoriso mdinareebze: raini, elba, dunai _evropaSi; misisipi da wm. lavrenti _ amerikaSi;kongo da nigeri _ afrikaSi.

1874 wels xeli moewera msoflio safostokavSiris damfuZnebel aqts, romelmac daadginamonawile saxelmwifoTa teritoriaze wer-ilebisa da gzavnilebis Tavisufali tranzi-ti. 1875 wels miRebul iqna konvenciasatelegrafo kavSiris Sesaxeb. 1890 wels

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daido mravalmxrivi sarkinigzo konvencia.

XIX saukunis miwuruls dasrulda msof-lios danawileba kolonialur saxelmwifo-Ta Soris. koloniebis garda (romlebic uSu-alod metropoliis Cinovnikebis mier imarTe-bodnen), arsebobdnen agreTve naxevradkolo-niebi da damokidebuli saxelmwifoebi, rom-lebsac kabaluri xelSekrulebebi hqondaTTavs moxveuli. zogierTi formalurad damok-idebuli qveyana, magaliTad, CineTi, dayofiliiyo gavlenis sferoebad. kolonialuri damok-idebulebis oficialurad gasaformebladgamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso sa-marTlebrivi aqti.

mTlianobaSi ki, koloniebi da damokidebuliqveynebi metropoliebis garigebis obieqtadiqca. XX saukunis dasawyisSi britaneliiuristi h. jenkinsi werda: "sayovelTaodcnobilia, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlisnormebi gamoiyeneba mxolod qristianuliqveynebis mimarT evropasa da amerikaSi". xoloTu romelime maTgani "saerTod gamosayenebe-lia araqristianuli saxelmwifoebis mimarT,maSin isini gamoiyeneba mniSvnelovani modi-fikaciiT".3 ase rom, SeiZleba davaskvnaT -saerTaSoriso samarTali planetis mosaxle-obis umravlesobisaTvis ucnobi ram iyo.

XIX saukunis miwuruls evropaSi ukve den-Tis suni igrZnoboda. 1899 wels ruseTisiniciativiT moiwvies haagis I msoflio kon-ferencia. ruseTma wamoayena winadadeba, romdaefiqsirebinaT da gaeyinaT SeiaraRebulZalTa da saomari biujetis cifrobrivimaCveneblebi. am ideas mxari arc erTma qvey-anam ar dauWira. amis magivrad ganxorciel-da omi kanonebisa da Cveulebebis kodifika-cia. aRniSnul dargSi ufro didi kodifika-cia moxda 1907 wlis haagis II msofliokonferenciaze, sadac miRebul iqna konvenciadavis mSvidobianad gadawyvetis Sesaxeb dadaarsda samediatoro sasamarTlos mudmivipalata. aRniSnulma organom, naklebi efeq-turobis miuxedavad, mainc didi roli iTa-maSa daZabuli situaciebis ganmuxtvaSi.

amgvarad, ganxilul periodSi saerTaSorisosamarTali mniSvnelovan Sansebs aZlevda sax-elmwifoebs gamoeyenebinaT TavianTi Zala; omi

miCneuli iyo politikis kanonier saSuale-bad. garkveulwilad, es iyo omis samarTali_ Jus ad belum. samarTali asaxavda im droisrealobas, magram ewinaaRmdegeboda TviT sa-marTlis ideas. amas uyuradRebod ar tovebdnenim periodis moazrovneni. i. fixte werda: "ararsebobs saerTaSoriso samarTali, romelicamarTlebs oms. samarTali, es mSvidobaa. . .Znelad Tu ipovi iseT uazrobas, rogoricaa,cneba _ omis samarTali".4

4. klasikuridan Tanamedrove

saerTaSoriso samarTalze

gadasvla

XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis kacobriobampraqtikulad yvela sferoSi ganviTarebismaRal safexurs miaRwia, politikis garda.sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis internacionaliza-cia moiTxovda politikis internacionaliza-cias da iseTi sistemis Seqmnas, sadac saer-TaSoriso urTierTobebi ufro efeqturi iqne-boda. politika da samarTali amisTvis jermzad ar iyo. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia Imsoflio omi, romelmac 10 mln. adamianissicocxle Seiwira, 2-jer meti, vidre gasulsaukuneSi. yovelive aman Sesabamisi reaqciagamoiwvia. saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba moiTx-ovda seriozul cvlilebebs saerTaSorisocxovrebaSi. 1919 wels I msoflio omSi gam-arjvebulma saxelmwifoebma Seqmnes erTa liga_ xeli moaweres mis statuts. Camoyalibdapirveli sayovelTao politikuri organiza-cia, romelic miznad isaxavda mSvidobisa dasaerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis uzrunvelyofas.

statuti yuradRebas uTmobda saerTaSorisosamarTals da miznad isaxavda "organizebulxalxTa Soris urTierTobebSi daemyarebinasamarTlianobisa da xelSekrulebidan gamom-dinare valdebulebebis keTilsindisieri Ses-rulebis principi". aRniSnuli debulebidanCans, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis moqmede-bis sfero jer kidev Semoifargleba "organi-zebuli xalxebiT", koloniebi maTi Semadgen-lobidan gamoricxulia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom aq laparakia mxolod sax-elSekrulebo valdebulebaTa Sesrulebaze.CveulebiTi normebi moklebuli iyo arsebiT

3 Jenkins H., British Rule and Jurisdiction Beyond the Seas, 1902, p. 163.4 i. g. fixte, traqtatebi mudmivi mSvidobis Sesaxeb.

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politikur Zalas, radganac ar aregulireb-da Zalis gamoyenebis sakiTxebs. yuradRebasimsaxurebs statutis formula, romlis mixed-viTac, saerTaSoriso samarTlis debulebebimiCneulia "mTavrobis qcevis namdvil wesad".es ki kidev erTxel amtkicebs, rom saerTa-Soriso samarTlis qmediToba mTeli wina pe-riodis manZilze Zalian mcire iyo.

saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi regulirebismeqanizmis ganviTarebaze mowmobs statutisdebulebebi, romlebmac saxelmwifoTa daveb-is mogvareba samediatoro da sasamarTloganxilvas daumorCila. statutis Tanaxmad,1922 wels Seiqmna saerTaSoriso marTlmsa-julebis mudmivi palata _ pirveli permanen-tuli saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo.

erTa ligis umTavresi nakli iyo is, rommiuxedavad msoflio omisa, misi mZime Sede-gebisa, man kanongareSed ar gamoacxada Za-lis gamoyeneba. statutma, faqtiurad, daa-kanona kolonializmi. pacifistebis mier amdokumentis kritikam Sedegad gamoiRo is,rom 1924 wels erTa ligam miiRo oqmi dav-ebis mSvidobiani mogvarebis Sesaxeb, romel-Sic agresiuli omi saerTaSoriso danaSaul-ad gamocxadda da romelic agresiis gan-martebas Seicavda. pozitiurobis miuxeda-vad, oqmi ZalaSi ar Sevida.

msoflio omis dros gansakuTrebiT dazaraldaruseTi. qveyanaSi momxdarma revoluciam daamxoZveli wyoba. axali mTavroba mSvidobis lo-zungiT movida xelisuflebaSi da 1917 welsmiiRo dekreti mSvidobis Sesaxeb. dekretmadanaSaulad gamoacxada aneqsiis yovelg-vari gamovlineba. gauqmda xelSekrulebe-bi, romlebic arRvevdnen sxva saxelmwi-foTa uflebebs. moxda TurqeTisa da ira-nis gavlenis sferoebad dayofis SesaxebxelSekrulebis anulireba. sanacvlod,aRmosavleTis qveynebTan daido axali SeT-anxmebebi _ maTTvis pirveli Tanasworu-flebiani dokumentebi.

msoflio mowyobis sakuTari xedva gamox-ates sxva saxelmwifoebmac. aRsaniSnavia aSS-s prezidentis, vudro vilsonis e.w. "14 pun-qti". igi exeboda Semdeg sakiTxebs: 1. saer-TaSoriso vaWrobis Tavisufleba; 2. Seiar-aRebis Semcireba; 3. koloniebi da evropisteritoriuli problemebi. gansakuTrebiT

aRsaniSnavia punqti saxelmwifoTa damoukide-blobis garantad dadgomis mizniT erebiskavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb. aSS-s senatma armoiwona "14 punqti" misi idealisturi princ-i pebis gamo (aqedan momdinareobs cnobili"vilsonis idealizmi").

igive suliskveTebiT moqmedebdnen I msoflioomis dros evropis gamarjvebuli saxelmwi-foebi. 1919 wels, parizis samSvidobo kon-ferenciaze daido versalis samSvidobo xe-lSekruleba germaniasa da mis mokavSireebT-an. TandaTanobiT SeizRudeba omis warmoebissaSualebebis arCevis Tavisufleba. umniSvnelo-vanesi movlena iyo erTa ligis mier mowveu-li konferencia, romelmac 1925 wels miiRooqmi omis dros mxuTavi gazebisa da baqte-riologiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebis akrZa-lvis Sesaxeb.

saerTaSoriso samarTlis istoriaSi umniS-vnelovanesi nabiji iyo 1928 wlisbrian_kelogis parizis paqti omis, rogorcerovnuli politikis saSualebis, akrZalvisSesaxeb. aRniSnuli dokumentis Tanaxmad, omidaiSveboda mxolod rogorc saerTaSorisopolitikis warmoebis iaraRi, e.i. saxelmwi-foTa saerTo interesebisaTvis, xolo yvelauTanxmoeba eqvemdebareboda mSvidobiani gze-biT mogvarebas.

1932 wlis Jenevis konferenciaze ganixile-boda ganiaraRebis sakiTxi. konferenciam gviCve-na, rom saxelmwifoebis didi nawili mzadar iyo ganiaraRebisaTvis. ssrk-s delegaciamwarmoadgina agresiis ganmartebis proeqti.konferenciaze misi acilebis Semdeg ssrk-m1933 wels agresiis ganmartebis Sesaxeb kon-vencia dado aT mezobel saxelmwifosTan.1946 wlis niurbergis procesze es konven-cia gamoiyeneboda rogorc sayovelTaod miRe-buli definicia.

mimdinare wlebSi msoflio axali omiskenmieqaneboda. 1931 wlidan moyolebuli, iaponiam,italiam da germaniam ara erTi agresiuliTavdasxma ganaxorciela. 1939 wels polo-neTze TavdasxmiT germaniam wamoiwyo II msof-lio omi. sruli kraxi ganicada aqamde arse-bulma saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivma sistemam.iaponia, italia da germania gamovida erTaligidan da uari ganacxada versalis xe-lSekrulebaze.

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omis pasuxismgebloba, garkveulwilad, didbritaneTs, safrangeTsa da aSS-s ekisreba.isini ar eridebodnen saerTaSoriso samarT-lis darRvevas. 1938 wlis miunhenis SeT-anxmebiT germaniam, britaneTma da safrangeT-ma gadawyvites Cexoslovakiis bedi, misi monaw-ileobisa da nebis gareSe. garkveuli pasux-ismgebloba gadmodis ssrk-zec. fineTze Tav-dasxmis Semdeg igi garicxes erTa ligidan,ramac xeli Seuwyo faSistur germaniasTanmis daaxloebas.

erTa ligam Seqmna saerTaSoriso samarTlisprogresuli kodifikaciis eqspertTa komite-ti, romelmac 1930 wels haagis konferen-ciaze sruli kraxi ganicada. amerikeli profe-soris, b. ferencis, TqmiT: "Zlier saxelmwi-foebs namdvilad ar surdaT SeeboWaT saku-Tari xelebi".

II msoflio omis dros aSkarad gamoikveTadidi qveynebis daintereseba axali mSvidobi-ani msoflio wesrigis SeqmnaSi. 1943 wlismoskovis konferenciaze (inglisi_aSS_ssrk)miaRwies SeTanxmebas saerTaSoriso orga-nizaciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romelic suverenu-li Tanasworobis princips daeyrdnoboda;miiRes agreTve deklaracia, romliTac gan-isazRvra hitlerelTa pasuxismgebloba maTmier Cadenili araadamianuri danaSaulebi-saTvis.

1945 wels gaimarTa ialtis konferencia samisaxelmwifos meTaurobiT, romelmac gadaw-yvita omis Semdgomi periodis mowesrigebisuamravi sakiTxi (germaniis okupacia da kon-troli; reparaciebi; poloneTisa da iugo-slaviis sakiTxi). xSirad, evropis omisSemdgom mowyobas "ialturs" uwodeben. gada-wyda uSiSroebis sabWoSi xmis micemis wese-bis sakiTxi; daido xelSekruleba SoreuliaRmosavleTis Sesaxeb, kerZod, ssrk-s daeva-la iaponiis ganadgurebaSi monawileobis miRe-ba, xolo mokavSireebma, Tavis mxriv, cnesmisi uflebebi samxreT saxalinsa da kuriliiskunZulebze.

1945 wlis 26 ivniss gaerTianebuli erebiskonferenciaze xeli moewera gaeros wesde-bas, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara Tanamed-rove saerTaSoriso samarTals. wesdeba ZalaSi

Sevida imave wlis 24 oqtombers (es dReiTvleba gaeros dRed).

amave welis gaimarTa potsdamis konferencia,romelmac gansazRvra germaniaSi sakontro-lo periodis principebi (demokratizacia,denacifikacia, demilitarizacia, dekartel-izacia). sazavo xelSekrulebebis proeqteb-is mosamzadeblad Camoyalibda sagareo saqmeTaministrTa sabWo. aRniSnuli proeqtebi ganix-iles parizis sazavo konferenciaze 1946 wels.sabWos mier xelSekrulebebis momzadeba das-rulda imave wels da xeli moewera 1947wels. es xelSekrulebebi arsebiTad gansx-vavdebodnen versalis xelSekrulebebisagan,isini omis Sedegebs ara mxolod aregulirebd-nen, aramed damarcxebul saxelmwifoebs uqm-nidnen yvela pirobas normaluri ganviTareb-isaTvis.

didi mniSvneloba hqonda 1945 wlis saerTa-Soriso samxedro tribunalis wesdebis miRe-bas, mTavari germaneli samxedro damnaSavee-bis gasasamarTleblad (niurbergis); xoloSemdgom tokios samxedro tribunalis wes-debas, iaponel damnaSaveTa sasamarTlo wes-iT dasasjelad. aRniSnulma wesdebam gan-sazRvra danaSaulTa sami saxe, romelic iwvevssaxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirTa individualurpasuxismgeblobas: mSvidobis winaaRmdeg Cad-enili danaSaulebi; samxedro danaSaulebi daadamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli dana-Saulebi. 1946 wels gaeros generalurmaasambleam daamtkica da sayovelTao aRiarebamisca gaerosa da tribunalebis wesdebebSiasaxul saerTaSoriso principebs.

5. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso

samarTali

Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTals safuZ-veli Caeyara gaeros wesdebaSi, romelmac mTelimsoflios aRiareba hpova. nigerieli profe-sori t. elaiasi wers, rom Tanamedrove saer-TaSoriso samarTali "saTaves iRebs II msof-lio omis damTavrebidan, upirveles yovlisaki, - gaeros warmoSobidan".5 igives aRniS-naven amerikeli profesori j. kunci da in-doeTis umaRlesi mosamarTle r. pataki. gaeroswesdeba TavisTavad ar warmoSobila. igi eyrd-

5 Transnational Law in a Changing Society, 1972, p. 34.

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noba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis regu-lirebis ganvlil gamocdilebas, acxadebenisini.

gaeros wesdebaSi Cadebulia zogadsakacobriointeresebi da imedebi imisa, rom saxelmwi-foebi saerTo ZalisxmeviT uzrunvelyofenmSvidobas. saukuneebi dasWirda am ideisfuZemdebelTa ocnebebis cxovrebaSi ganxor-cielebas. f. de vitoria 1532 wels werda,rom xalxTa samarTlis normebi (Jus Gen-tium) unda gamomdinareobdes "mTeli msof-lios didi nawilis Tanxmobidan da, uwinaresyovlisa, gamiznuli unda iyos saerTo keTil-dReobisaTvis".

wesdebam saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dominire-buli Zalis primatis principi Secvala sa-marTlis primatis principiT. man akrZalakoloniuri Cagvris legalizacia, rac damax-asiaTebeli iyo klasikuri saerTaSoriso sa-marTlisaTvis.

wesdeba yuradRebas uTmobs adamianis ufle-bebs. moxda maTi ara marto aRiareba, aramedrealizacia im mxriv, rom man xeli Seuwyoerovnuli samarTlis demokratizaciasa damis Sesabamisobas saerTaSoriso samarTal-Tan. wesdebis mixedviT, gaeros mizania "ga-naxorcielos saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobaekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli dahumanitaruli xasiaTis saerTaSoriso prob-lemebis mosagvareblad da adamianis uflebe-bisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis pativisce-mis waxalisebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis, ra-sis, sqesis, enisa da religiis ganurCevlad".6

wesdebam gansazRvra saerTo miznebi da princ-ipebi, romelTac gaaCnia umaRlesi iuridiu-li Zala. amas iTvaliswinebs wesdebis 103-emuxli romlis Tanaxmadac, im SemTxvevaSi,roca organizaciis wevrebis valdebulebebiwinaaRmdegobaSi aRmoCndebian sxva romelimesaerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT nakisr valdebule-bebTan, upiratesi Zala aqvs aRniSnuli wes-debiT gaTvaliswinebul valdebulebebs. princ-ipebis gansakuTrebul Zalas exeba wesdebisme-2 muxli: organizacia uzrunvelyofs, romsaxelmwifoebi, romlebic ar arian organizaci-is wevrebi, moqmedebdnen am principebis Sesa-bamisad, vinaidan es SesaZloa aucilebeli

gaxdes saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da uSiS-roebis dasamyareblad.

Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTalSi war-moiSva imperatiuli normebis instituti. esaris normebi, romlebic iqmneba saerTaSorisosazogadoebis mier mTlianobaSi da am norme-bis gadaxveva saxelmwifoebs ar SeuZliaTurTierTSeTanxmebiTac ki (Jus Cogens normebi).

Tumca, saxelmwifoebma Zveli, tradiciulipozicia airCies. 1947 wels generaluri asam-bleis meore sesiaze aSS-s warmomadgenelmagaeroSi ganacxada: "Cven ar gadavixrebiTTeiranis, potsdamisa da ialtis sistemebi-saken, romelic, ra Tqma unda, iyo gamowveu-li samxedro aucileblobiT".7 Sedegad, msof-lio CaTreul iqna civ omSi, romelmac kaco-briobas auracxeli ubedureba daatexa Tavs.

saukunis meoTxedi dasWirdaT saxelmwifoe-bs, raTa gaeros principebi xelaxla eRiare-binaT. es ganxorcielda 1970 wels gener-aluri asambleis XXV saiubileo sesiaze,sadac miRebul iqna deklaracia saerTaSorisosamarTlis principebis Sesaxeb. 1975 welsevropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobisTaTbiris daskvniT aqtSi aqamde arsebul SvidZiriTad princips daemata sami principi: ad-amianis uflebebi; teritoriuli mTlianobada sazRvrebis urRvevoba.

1970 wels daido xelSekruleba birTvulian sxva saxis masobrivi ganadgurebis iar-aRis, zRvis an okeanis fskersa da wiaRSimoTavsebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. 1972 wels xelimoewera konvencias baqteriologiuri (bi-ologiuri) da toqsikuri iaraRis SemuSave-bis, damzadebisa da dagrovebis akrZalvis,agreTve, maTi ganadgurebis Sesaxeb.

rac ar unda gasakviri iyos, civma ommac kiver SeZlo saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganvi-Tarebis dabrkoleba. yuradReba eqceoda saer-TaSoriso usafrTxoebas. 1959 wlis xelSek-rulebam antarqtikis Sesaxeb gansazRvra amkontinentis samarTlebrivi reJimis safuZv-lebi, maT Soris, misi demilitarizacia daneitralizacia (I da IV muxlebi). 1963 wlis5 agvistos moskovis xelSekruleba krZala-vs birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebas sam sfero-Si (kosmosSi, atmosferosa da okeaneSi). 1968

6 gaeros wesdeba, muxli 1.3.7 the New-York Times, 1947, 0ct. 28.

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wels miRebul iqna xelSekruleba birTvuliiaraRis gauvrceleblobis Sesaxeb. saerTa-Soriso samarTlis ganviTareba sagrZnobi iyosxva sferoebSic. uzomod win wavida misikodifikaciis saqme. gaeros saerTaSorisosamarTlis komisiam moamzada sazRvao samarT-lis, diplomatiuri da sakonsulo samarT-lis, saxelSekrulebo samarTlisa da sxvaTakodifikaciis proeqtebi.

kodifikaciis saqmes axorcielebdnen sxvasaerTaSoriso organizaciebic. wiTeli jvrismonawileobiT xorcieldeboda humanitarulisamarTlis kodifikacia (1949 wlis 12 agvis-tos saerTaSoriso konvenciebi da 1977 wlisori damatebiTi oqmi). 1961 wlis konvencia-Si di plomatiuri urTierTobebis Sesaxebdafiqsirebulia ara marto imunitetebi daprivilegiebi, aramed diplomatiuri warmo-madgenlobebis mizani � "saxelmwifoebs Sorismegobruli urTierTobebis ganviTarebis" xe-lSewyoba.

uaRresad didi mniSvneloba hqonda 1969 wlisvenis konvencias saerTaSoriso xelSekrule-bebis Sesaxeb, romelmac saerTaSoriso sa-marTlis moqmedebis meqanizmebis iuridiulisafuZveli gansazRvra. moxda im normebiskodifikacia, romlebmac gansazRvres saerTa-Soriso samarTlis subieqtTa wre, normaT-Semoqmedebis procesi, normebis moqmedebadrosa da sivrceSi, maTi baTiloba da mo-

qmedebis Sewyveta. amasTanave, pirvelad dafiq-sirda imperatiuli normebis arseboba (kon-venciis 58-e muxli).

mravalwliani muSaobis Sedegad (1976-1982ww.), gaeros konferenciam sazRvao samar-TalSi miiRo universaluri konvencia, rom-lis normebi garkveul wilad SeesabamebodaTanamedrove moTxovnebs. masSi dafiqsirebu-lia Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTli-saTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi cnebebi, rogore-bicaa � "kacobrioba", "kacobriobis saerTomemkvidreoba", "mTeli kacobriobis sasikeTod"da a.S.

amave dros, ganisazRvra samarTalmemkvidre-obis sakiTxi saxelmwifoTa Seqmnis, gaqro-bisa da teritoriis gadacemis Semdeg. venisdiplomatiurma konferenciam 1978 wels mi-iRo konvencia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebe-bis mimarT saxelmwifoTa uflebamonacvleo-bis Sesaxeb, agreTve, 1983 wlis venis konven-cia saxelmwifo sakuTrebis, arqivebisa davalebis mimarT saxelmwifoTa uflebamonacv-leobis Sesaxeb.

dasasruls, unda aRvniSnoT, rom saerTa-Soriso samarTalma masobrivi mxardaWeramoipova. Tanamedrove politika upiratesadsaerTaSoriso samarTals eyrdnoba. XX sauku-nis II naxevridan misi iuridiuli Zala ufromavaldebulebeli gaxda, vidre es gasulisaukuneebis manZilze iyo.


1. Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå Ïðàâî â äîêóìåíòàõ, ÌÎÑÊÂÀ, ÈÍÔÐÀ-Ì, 1997.

2. È. È. Ëóêàøóê, Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå Ïðàâî (îáøàÿ ÷àñòü), Èçä-ÁÅÊ, ÌÎÑÊÂÀ, 1996.

3. Êîëîñîâ, Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå Ïðàâî, ÌÎÑÊÂÀ, ÍÎÐÌÀ, ÈÍÔÐÀ-Ì, 1999.

4. S. l. monteskie, kanonTa goni, Tbilisi, 1994.

5. n. makiaveli, mTavari.

6. l. aleqsiZe, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali.

7. hans_peter gaseri, saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis Sesavali.

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Sesavali: ÊÒÎ? ÊÎÃÎ?

saerTaSoriso organizaciebsa da saerTaSorisoarasamTavrobo organizaciebs SeuZliaT xeliSeuwyon �xangrZlivmoqmedi gamosavalis� mis-aRwevad aucilebeli pirobebis Seqmnas kavka-siaSi. Tumca, faqtiurad, am gamosavlebismiRweva damokidebulia TviTon xalxze. adg-ilobrivi arasamTavroboebi, ramdenadac isi-ni namdvilad warmomadgenlobiTi xasiaTis daefeqturi arian, iTvlebian erT-erT saSu-alebad stabilurobisa da demokratiis miR-wevisa da adamianis moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebissaqmeSi. magram maTi amoqmedebisTvis, upirve-les yovlisa, saWiroa maTTvis mxardaWera.aseT mxardaWeraSi, Cveulebriv, gulisxmoben�resursebiT uzrunvelyofas� an �gamocdileb-is gaziarebas�. qvemoT me moviyvan imis argu-mentebs, rom realuri mxardaWera, rac saer-TaSoriso sazogadoebriobam SeiZleba adgi-lobriv arasamTavroboebs aRmouCinos, aris�Zalauflebis gadacema�. es prezentacia ex-eba swored imas, Tu rogor SeiZleba iqnasmiRweuli aRniSnuli Zalauflebis gadacema.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis pro-cesSi Cven xSirad viyenebT iseT sityvebs,rogoricaa �Zalauflebis miniWeba�, magram,Cveulebriv, vgulisxmobT adamianisTvis sak-uTar cxovrebaze meti individualuri kon-trolis miniWebas. sxva SemTxvevaSi, rode-sac vsaubrobT �samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze�,sityva �Zalaufleba� ikargeba iseve, rogorcsityvebi �uflebamosileba� da/an �politika�xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi warmoadgen-da tabus humanitaruli daxmarebis sferoSi.

me vityodi, rom realurad efeqturi samo-qalaqo sazogadoeba warmoudgenelia Zalau-flebis cnebis gareSe. am TvalsazrisiT, Za-lauflebas ganvixilav misi klasikuri gage-biT: Zalaufleba aris sxvaTa qmedebebis ze-gavlenis an kontrolis SesaZlebloba, Tun-dac maTi survilis sawinaaRmdegod. Zalau-flebis obieqtoba ar niSnavs arCevanis ga-keTebis SesaZleblobas, anu Tu maikl kor-leones (naTlimamas) davesesxebiT, �es arisSemoTavazeba, romelzec uars ver ityvi�.Zalauflebis, rogorc sityvis, gageba dagamoyeneba SeiZleba gamoixatos organizacia-Ta kidev erTi eqspertis � vladimer iliasZe ulianovis, sityvebiT: Zalaufleba aris�vin vis�, e.i. �vis SeuZlia ra uqnas vis�.

gardamaval da post-konfliqtur sazogadoe-bebSi arasamTavroboebis problema aris is,rom maT ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi Zalauflebada ara is, rom isini Zalian cota an Zaliansusti arian. sinamdvileSi arasamTavroboebisproblema, maT Soris kavkasiaSi arsebuliarasamTavroboebisac, aris is, rom maT pa-tivs ar scemen. pativiscema ki, rogorc donkorleone ityoda, Zalauflebis maCvenebelia.rogor unda moxerxdes, rom adgilobrivarasamTavroboebs pativs scemdnen? vfiqrob,swored es aris problema.

Zalauflebis, pativiscemisa da

unarianobis uzrunvelyofa

Tu Cven vsaubrobT adgilobrivi arasamTavro-boebis mxardaWeraze, maSin es mxardaWera

ÓÀÌÏØÀËÀØÏ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÉÓ ÌáÀÒÃÀàÄÒÀÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ ÀÒÀÓÀÌÈÀÅÒÏÁÏÏÒÂÀÍÉÆÀÝÉÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÞËÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÂÆÉÈ

ÓÔÉÅ ÓÄÌ×ÓÏÍÉ×ÉËÏÓÏ×ÉÉÓ ÃÏØÔÏÒÉ, ËÖÍÃÉÓ (ÛÅÄÃÄÈÉ) ÖÍÉÅÄÒÓÉÔÄÔÉ

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unda gamoixatos imis uzrunvelyofaSi, rommaT pativs scemdnen. es niSnavs, rom adgilo-briv arasamTavroboebs pativi unda scen Ta-vianTive miznobrivma jgufebma: Tu vexmare-biT ltolvilebs an invalid bavSvebs andausaxlkaro ojaxebs an eTnikur umciresobebs,maSin arasamTavrobo organizaciam Sesabamisijgufis pativiscema unda moipovos TavisisaqmianobiT. magram garda amisa, adgilobriv-ma arasamTavroboebma unda moipovon sazoga-doebrivi cxovrebis sxva monawileTa pativis-cemac: maT sWirdebaT pativiscema mTavrobis-gan, raTa maTTan erTad SemuSavdes proeqte-bi; maT sWirdebaT pativiscema farTo sazoga-doebisgan, raTa sazogadoebam ar ifiqros,rom adgilobrivi arasamTavroboebi ubralodoportunistebi arian; maT sWirdebaT pativis-cema proeqtis konsultantebisagan, raTaSecdomebis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi moxdes maTigamosworeba; aseve, maT sWirdebaT pativisce-ma donorebisgan, rom miiRon fuladi dax-mareba meti proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad.pativiscemis, anu reputaciis mopoveba xdebakonkretuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis meS-veobiT. saqmianobis ganxorcieleba niSnavsgarkveuli riskis sakuTar Tavze aRebas. proeq-tis Sedgenisas Cven xSirad vsaubrobT risk-ze, magram Semdeg es utyv sakiTxad rCeba.erTaderTi sirTule saerTaSoriso sazoga-doebriobasa da adgilobriv arasamTavroboebsSoris aris Cveni uari adgilobrivi arasamTav-roboebis mier riskis aRebaze, maT marcxze.swored marcxis gamosworeba, saqmis cudadwasvlis dros alternatiuli gamosavlis povnaqmnis ndobasa da pativiscemas.

Tu gavaerTianebT im mosazrebas, rom pativis-cema moipoveba praqtikis Sedegad da rompraqtika efuZneba riskis aRebasa da marcx-ebs, maSin SesaZlebeli gaxdeba CavwvdeT ufropraqtikul gagebas iseTi Tavsatexi sityveb-isa, rogoricaa, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba datermini - �unarianobis gamomuSaveba�. prin-cipSi, Cven yvelas gvinda unarianobis gamo-muSaveba. amis Tqma yvelas SeuZlia, magramunari gamomuSavebulad iTvleba ara maSin,rodesac kargad Sedgenil SefasebiT mox-senebas vxedavT, aramed rodesac gvesmis, romxalxi mTavrobaSi, sazogadoebaSi, miznobrivjgufebsa da oponentTa wreebSic ki gamox-ataven pativiscemas mocemuli arasamTavrobo

organizaciis mimarT. pativiscema Zalauflebis,zneobrivi avtoritetis niSania. pativiscemaniSania imisa, rom gaqvs danapirebis Sesrulebisunari. rodesac vsaubrobT unarianobis gamo-muSavebaze an institucionalur Camoyali-bebaze, sinamdvileSi vexebiT process, romel-sac, zogadad, SeiZleba vuwodoT �pativis-cemis gamomuSaveba�.

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da

�samoqalaqo sazogadoeba�

aseTi pativiscemis gamomuSavebisTvis saWiroagvqondes naTeli warmodgena fundamentalurigansxvavebebis Sesaxeb. pirveli aris gansx-vaveba samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, rogorcsazogadoebriv saqmianobasa da samoqalaqosazogadoebas, rogorc proeqts Soris. TudroebiT daviviwyebT filosofiur safuZv-lebs, is, rac, faqtiurad, gamomdinareobssamoqalaqo sazogadoebisagan, aris xalxismier �gamosavalis povnis� SesaZlebloba. amgagebiT kavkasiaSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSiarsebobda samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, radganxalxi mobilizdeboda xangrZlivi gamosava-lis povnisaTvis. maTi mobilizacia xdebodanaTesaur jgufebSi, klanebSi, soflebSi,eTnikur jgufebsa da megobrebis, kolegebisada mokavSireebis qselebSi. isini mobilizde-bodnen TavianT saxlebSi kerZod da quCebsada sazogadoebebSi sajarod. SeiZleba Cvensmowonebas ar imsaxurebdes, ra mizniTac isi-ni mobilizdebodnen (daqiravebulebis monaw-ileoba saomar moqmedebebSi, banditizmi, Savibiznesi), magram veravin uaryofs, rom kavka-siaSi xalxs hqonda organizebis unari gamo-savalis sapovnelad da garkveuli finansurida socialuri usafrTxoebisa da sxva moTx-ovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad.

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, rogorc xalxissakuTari sazogadoebrivi iniciativis sinoni-mi, sruliad gansxvavdeba �samoqalaqo sa-zogadoebis�, rogorc proeqtisagan. �samo-qalaqo sazogadoeba� (raRac proeqtSi) arisgrantis saxeoba, romliTac xdeba fulis,eqspertebis, codnisa da simboloebis gada-cema erTi jgufis � donorebis, mier meorejgufis - mimRebebisaTvis. �samoqalaqo sa-zogadoeba�, rogorc proeqti, gulisxmobssamoqalaqo sazogadoebis programebs. aseTi

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programebi damokidebulia donorTa Zalau-flebaze. imis Tqma, rom donorebs aqvT Za-laufleba, ar niSnavs, rom isini borotisuliskveTebisa arian. Zalaufleba SeiZlebagamoyenebul iqnes keTili saqmeebis sakeTe-blad da es icis yvelam, visac ki odesmeSexeba hqonia am sferosTan. donorTa Zalau-fleba gulisxmobs gadawyvetilebis miRebisuflebamosilebas imis Taobaze, Tu romeliamniSvnelovani problemebi da rogor undamoxdes maTi gadaWra. es aris gadawyvetileb-is miRebis uflebamosileba iseTi resursebisSesaxeb, rogorebicaa: fuli, adamianebi, or-ganizacia, codna, dro (donorebi yovelTvisdakavebulebi arian, magram es swored is pirebiarian, romelTac CvenTvis aqvT dro). erTimxriv, donorebi xSirad ayeneben bundovanmoTxovnebs an zedmetad bevrs iTxoven adgi-lobrivi arasamTavroboebisgan. meore mxrivki, adgilobrivi arasamTavroboebi deben ise-Ti saqmeebis ganxorcielebis pirobas, romelT-ac isini ver Seswvdebian normalur pirobeb-Si, xolo kavkasiaSi samuSao pirobebi nor-malurisgan Zalian Sorsaa. kavkasiaSi kargiarasamTavrobo organizaciis maxasiaTebeliniSani unda iyos mxolod mcireodenis da-pirebis SesaZlebloba da imis survili, romisaubros Tavisi warumateblobebis Sesaxeb,xolo SemdgomSi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogormoxda am warumateblobebis Semdeg axaligamosavlis povna.

mravali Cvengani muSaobs samoqalaqo sazoga-doebis meore, � � kategoriaSi da Cven undavicodeT, rom yovelTvis ar aris SesaZlebe-li �samoqalaqo sazogadoebis� proeqtisgardaqmna samoqalaqo sazogadoebad, rogorcaseTad. es imis gamo, rom Cven aseve undagvesmodes araformaluri an araorganizebu-li sazogadoebis arsebobac, romelic, sxvamraval sazogadoebaTa msgavsad, ufromZlavria; aq vgulisxmob qselebs, jgufebsada Tundac klanebs. am araformalur jgufebsar SeuZliaT grantebis miReba da SeiZlebamaT ar hqondeT proeqtis ganxorcielebisgamocdileba, Tumca, isini inarCuneben Za-lauflebasa da pativiscemas. es ar exebamxolod kavkasias, msgavsi situacia evropa-Sicaa gavrcelebuli. samwuxarod, realobaisaa, rom �samoqalaqo sazogadoebis� mrava-li programa mTavrdeba arasamTavrobo orga-

nizaciebis SeqmniT, xandaxan klonirebiTacki, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Seqmnis gareSe.Cven vamTavrebT imiT, rom vamzadebT xalxs,romlebic arian �profesionalebi�, magram ara�aqtivistebi�. marTebuli ar iqneboda, romes mTeli pasuxismgebloba donorebs gadava-kisroT. donorebi muSaoben adgilobriv xalx-Tan, romelTac aqvT TavianTi gatacebebi daaseve interesebi, maT Soris karieris gakeTe-basTan dakavSirebuli interesebi. rogorcyvelam viciT, karieris gakeTeba gulisxmobsgarkveuli riskis aRebas, magram aseve gulisx-mobs iseTi riskis Tavidan acilebas, romelTacSeiZleba ziani miayenon karieras. saboloojamSi, Sedegi aris is, rom Cven gvaqvs Zlierisamoqalaqo sazogadoebis programebi (proeqte-bi, konferenciebi, Sexvedrebi, Tanamdebobebi,moxsenebebi da a.S.), magram ara samoqalaqosazogadoeba (xalxi, romelTac SeuZliaTgamosavalis povna, arasamTavroboebi, romelT-ac moipoves pativiscema).

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi

axla ganvixiloT Cems mier zemoT aRniSnulimeore gansxvaveba: samoqalaqo sazogadoebaar aris arasamTavrobo organizaciis iden-turi cneba; arasamTavrobo organizacia arisubralod erT-erTi forma socialuri jgufisa,forma, romliTac iqmneba iuridiuli orga-nizacia problemis gadasaWrelad da romel-ic saxsrebs iRebs donorebisgan. araformalurjgufebs, socialur klasebsa da eTnikurjgufebs ar SeuZliaT fuladi saxsrebis miRe-ba, vinaidan maT araformaluri statusi aqvT.faqtiurad, donorebi fuls aZleven ara so-cialur klass an eTnikur jgufs, anu arafor-malur jgufs, aramed �iuridiul pirs�; isi-ni fuls aZleven, magaliTad, ara sofels,aramed �soflis xelisuflebas�.

mxolod is faqti, rom arasamTavrobo orga-nizacia aris iuridiuli piri, ar niSnavs,rom mas sinamdvileSi sxva miznebi aqvs, zer-eled muSaobs an araefeqturia. arsebobsarasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebic mar-Tla asaxaven samoqalaqo sazogadoebas imgagebiT, rom es aris adamianTa jgufebi,romlebic nebayoflobiT erTiandebian prob-lemebis gadasaWrelad. Tumca rogorc dani-

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aSi, sadac me vcxovrob, aseve kavkasiaSi,arsebobs arasamTavroboebs Soris bi-urokratiuli organizaciuli struqtureb-is asaxvis tendencia. Tavdapirveli qaosisada ltolvilisagan SeiZleba CamoyalibdesarasamTavrobo organizacia, romelic gaxde-ba �profesionali�. profesionalizacia Sei-Zleba aseve gulisxmobdes, rom SeiZleba isinigaxdnen civebi an biurokratiuli. profe-sionalma arasamTavroboebma Tavisi person-aliT SeiZleba eWvi gamoiwvion moxaliseeb-Si, vinaidan maT urCevniaT yavdeT mudmiviTanamSromlebi da xelfasiani gamgeobis wevre-bic ki. es niSnavs, rom isini ufro emsgavse-bian fonds da araferi saqme ar aqvT mTel imdemokratiul �qaosTan�, rasac adgili aqvswevr organizaciebSi. es niSnavs, rom isinidros xarjaven ufro organizaciul sakiTx-ebze fiqrSi, nacvlad miznobrivi jgufisTvisdaxmarebisa gawevisa. es niSnavs imas, romwevrebTan an aqtivistebTan saubris nacvlad,esaubrebi presis warmomadgenels da imismagivrad, rom miaRwio wevrebis mier fuladidaxmarebis gawevasa da drois gamoyofas,midixar lanCze sagareo saqmeTa ministrTanerTad da inaxuleb donoris warmomadgenels.

arasamTavroboebi da

�arasamTavroboebic�

aq Sevexebi Cems mier aRniSnul mesame gansx-vavebas. vfiqrob, kavkasiis pirobebSi arsebi-Tad mniSvnelovania davinaxoT gansxvavebasaerTaSoriso da adgilobriv arasamTavroboorganizaciebs Soris. diax, orive kategoriaTavisTavs arasamTavrobo organizaciasuwodebs. diax, orive xSirad iyenebs igiveterminologias, rac dakavSirebulia iseTsakiTxebTan, rogorebicaa: samoqalaqo sazoga-doeba, institucionaluri Camoyalibeba, ufle-bamosilebiT aRWurva, partnioroba, proeq-tis ganxorcieleba, grantiT gaTvaliswineb-uli Tanxis gaxarjva, personali, materi-alur-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa, gamWvirval-oba da unarianobis gamomuSaveba. miuxedavadamisa, me vityodi, rom maT Soris aris arse-biTi gansxvaveba. saerTaSoriso arasamTavro-boebi ZiriTadad donori organizaciebia: isi-ni iTxoven an iReben fulad saxsrebs; isinimarTaven programebs, xarjaven TavianTeqspertebs, drosa da energias. iseve, rogorc

yvelgan, sabolood isini aucileblad midian(avadcnobili �wasvlis strategia�). donoriarasamTavroboebi, TavianTi xasiaTidan gamom-dinare, ar erwymian im sazogadoebas, romel-Sic muSaoben. maT SeiZleba hqondeT kargimiznebi, SeiZleba moipovon codna da daam-yaron axlo piradi urTierTobebi, magram isinimainc arian da iqnebian droebiTi stumrebi.

adgilobrivi arasamTavroboebi, amis sapir-ispirod, ZiriTadad, mimRebi organizaciebia;isini iReben fuls, hyavT dabalxarisxianipersonali, romlebic saWiroeben adekvaturcodnasa da gamocdilebas. miuxedavad bevrisaubrebisa �partniorobis� Sesaxeb � da essityva yvelaze xSirad ixmareba ganviTareba-ze laparakisas � arsebobs araswori war-modgena im TvalsazrisiT, rom gigantur hu-manitarul organizaciebs milionobiT dola-riani biujetiTa da asobiT adamianebis per-sonaliT, rogorebicaa: magaliTad, World Vi-sion an Save the Children, moixsenieben imavesaxelwodebiT, rogorc aqtivistTa adgilo-briv jgufebs, romlebic muSaoben patara,gayinul ofisSi an oTaxSi saSinel pirobeb-Si da guli aqvT gawyalebuli adgilobriviTavzexelaRebuli subieqtebisgan, cxovrobenaTasobiT kilometriT daSorebuli organiza-ciebisgan gamoyofili samTviani grantebiT.magram swored es gansxvavebuli cxovrebaaqcevs adgilobriv arasamTavroboebs adgi-lobrivebad. adgilobrivoba maT uqmnis sx-vanair pirobebs, met risks, warumateblobismaRal xarisxsa da nakleb �Sedegianobas�.adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo organizacia,romelic SefasebiT moxsenebaSi aCvenebs ise-Tive maRal Sedegebs, rogorsac saerTaSorisoarasamTavrobo organizaciebi, Cemi azriT, aRararian adgilobrivebi, da isini xdebian droe-biTi stumrebi, isini �wydebian� sazogadoebas.

amgvari �mowyvetis� Tavidan acileba undaiyos nebismieri donoris programis erT-erTiZiriTadi amocana �adgilobrivi arasamTavro-boebis seqtoris gaZlierebis� mizniT. realuriproblema mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu rogor undaiqnes gare Zala gamoyenebuli imisaTvis, romadgilobrivi problemis gadawyveta ufrogaadgilobrivdes.

adgilobriv da saerTaSoriso organizaciebsSoris am gansxvavebis warmoCenis mizaniadavinaxoT, rom arseboben, ase vTqvaT,

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arasamTavroboebi da �arasamTavroboebic�.gansxvaveba ki mdgomareobs maT Zalaufle-basa da uTanasworobaSi. erT-erTi mniSvnelo-vani wignis saTauri, romelic mieZRvna anTrop-ologias, aris �saCuqari� wignisa, romelicdaiwera 1905 frangi sociologis � marselmosis, mier. am wignSi naTqvamia, rom saCu-qris micema damokidebulia Zalauflebaze daswored mCuqebels aqvs Zalaufleba, vinaidanmisi urTierToba mimRebTan uTanasworoa.

donorebi da maTi arasamTavrobo organiza-ciebi ZiriTadad mCuqeblebi arian. amitom,rodesac Cven vsaubrobT �partniorobaze�arasamTavroboebis Sexvedraze, ar unda dagvavi-wydes Zalauflebis sakiTxic. magaliTad, bevrsvaswavliT finansuri saxsrebis moZiebis Sesax-eb , magram vamzadebT ki adgilobrivarasamTavroboebs donorTan xelSekrulebisdadebaze molaparakebisaTvis? gana Cven vas-wavliT maT, rogor unda Tqvan �ara� grantze?

ratom ikaveben Tavs Zalauflebaze laparak-isagan? SeiZleba imitom, rom saerTaSorisoarasamTavroboebi da, vfiqrob, gansakuTrebiTskandinaviuri arasamTavroboebi, dapirispire-buli arian Zalauflebis sakiTxSi. maTi azriT,Zalaufleba SeiZleba borotad iqnes gamoy-enebuli da Tu Cven amaze ar vilaparakebT,SeiZleba es problema Tavad moixsnas dRiswesrigidan. Zalauflebaze skandinaviuriSexeduleba aris is, rom sxvaoba Zalaufle-bebs Soris unda Semcirdes; es aris demokra-tiuli socialuri azrovnebisa da saxelmwi-foTa keTildReobis sabaziso Sexeduleba;Zalauflebrivi uTanasworobebi ar undaiwvevdes �tkivils�.

Tumca post-konfliqturi ganviTarebis, samo-qalaqo sazogadoebis daxmarebisa da Zalau-flebiT aRWurvis mxriv, realuri Zalauflebamdgomareobs codnaSi, - imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogormuSaoben sistemebi, ra aris ZiriTadi prior-itetebi, sad aris fuli? codna SeiZlebaiqnes gadacemuli, manipulirebuli an faru-lad Senaxuli. skandinaviuri arasamTavro-boebi Zalian iSviaTad ganixilaven Zalau-flebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs sajarod.rodesac viwyebT samoqalaqo sazogadoebisganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT ambiciur pro-gramebs, sajarod vsaubrobT xolme mxolod�partniorobaze� da �dialogze�, xolo Za-

lauflebis Sesaxeb saubars, kerZod, - Tuvin ra unda icodes, vtovebT Sida Sexve-drebze ganxilvisTvis, rogoricaa, magali-Tad, �donorTan sakoordinacio xasiaTis Sex-vedra�. donoris mowodeba - �modi davkvali-andeT� - sxva araferia, Tu ara codnis gamoy-enebasa da marTvaze saubari.

daskvna: partniorobidan

xelSekrulebisken

Tu Cven survili gvaqvs partnioroba gadava-qcioT raime ufro realisturad, rac war-moadgens iseTi Zalauflebis cnebas, rode-sac arasamTavroboebs pativs scemen, saWiroagarkveuli RonisZiebebis gatareba. pirvelrigSi, dgas strategiis sakiTxi; ara imdenadstrategia, rogorc aseTi, aramed visi

strategia. umjobesi iqneboda vTqvaT, rom�arasamTavrobo organizaciebis seqtorma� undaSeimuSaos aseTi strategia. Tumca dasavleTSiar arsebobs �arasamTavrobo organizaciebisseqtori�, rogorc aseTi. es abstraqtulicnebaa, romelic ufro mosaxerxebelia mec-nieruli msjelobisas an konferenciebis Catare-bisTvis, magram �arasamTavroboebis seqtori�,rogorc aseTi, arasodes atarebs Sexvedrebsan moqmedebs rogorc koleqtiuri jgufi daarc saerTo cnobiereba aqvs. ubralod, isiniZalian bevri arian da Zalian gansxvavebuli.�normalur� qveynebSi aris aseve daZabulikonkurencia arasamTavroboebs Soris; maTisimravlis erT-erTi mizezi swored maTi da-pirispirebaa, ris Sedegadac, magaliTad, rome-lime asociaciis wevrebi calke gadian Tavi-anTi jgufis Sesaqmnelad. aqedan gamomdinare,�arasamTavroboebis seqtori� rom arsebob-des, romelic, vTqvaT, gaakeTebda erToblivdeklaracias, rom �samoqalaqo sazogadoebagmobs ...� da a.S., maSin gvecodineboda, romisini ukve �mowydnen� im socialur inicia-tivebs, romlebic unda warmoedginaT. isiniiqnebodnen ubralod dainteresebuli orga-nizaciebi, politikuri partiebi da a.S.

amdenad, sakiTxavi aris is, Tu vin unda Se-imuSaos es strategia? dRemde strategiisCamoyalibebis meqanizmi donorTa xelSi iyo.maT aqvT fuli, codna, xelmisawvdomoba, icianena, aqvT gamocdileba. amitomac Cven gvaqvsmravalgvari donorTa forumebi da donorTa

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Sexvedrebi, romelTa meSveobiTac xdebastrategiis Camoyalibeba. ra Tqma unda, araferiar iwvevs iseT depresiasa da xasiaTis waxdenas,rogorc aseT Sexvedrebze wasvla da rome-liRac qveyanaSi romeliRac problemis mog-varebaze msjeloba, sadac marto ucxoelebia(ukacravad, maT �ucxoelebs� aRar eZaxian,aramed �meJdunarodnikebs�). rodesac ucxo-elebi magidis irgvliv sxedan da gegmaven,rogor daexmaron adgilobriv mosaxleobas,es ufro efeqturi xdeba; an, vTqvaT, sxedanda saubroben TavianT problemebze: rogoraiyvanon jipebi aRricxvaze, rogor gadaixa-don sabaJo mosakreblebi, personalis xel-fasebi an �usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi�.

aseTi Sexvedrebi sainteresoa, ramdenadac iqbevrs laparakoben partniorobaze da nakle-bad Zalauflebaze. adgilobrivi arasamTavro-boebis Zalauflebis, e.i. pativiscemis, niSaniiqneba is, rodesac donorebi CaTvlian, rommaT ubralod unda moiwvion adgilobriviarasamTavroboebi donorTa Sexvedraze; anrodesac adgilobriv arasamTavroboebs aqvTSexvedra, romelzec donorebi ar arian mi-wveuli; an rodesac donorebi gaigeben adgi-lobrivi arasamTavroboebis Sexvedris Sesax-eb, romelzedac isini ar iyvnen miwveuli anromlis Sesaxebac maT araferi icodnen(�TamaSs gareT darCnen�). maSin da mxolodmaSin Cven gvecodineba, rom adgilobrivarasamTavroboebs aqvT Zalaufleba.

strategiis SemuSavebis Semdeg dgeba sakiTxiimis Sesaxeb, Tu visi unarianoba unda iqnasgamomuSavebuli. dRemde adgilobrivebis un-arianobis gamomuSavebas donorebi xelmZRv-anelobdnen. unarianobis qveS igulisxmebakonkretuli Tviseba, romelic SeiZleba ga-dacemuli an gamomuSavebuli iyos sxvadasx-va programis meSveobiT. donorebi qveyanaSiar Cadian codnis misaRebad, TavianTi unari-anobis gamomuSavebisaTvis. unarianobis gamo-muSaveba aris is, rac mimarTulia adamianTaerTi jgufis mier meore jgufisadmi. vladimerilias Ze rom cocxali iyos, is aucilebladmiiRebda monawileobas unarianobis gamomuSave-

bis treneris saxiT. adgilobrivi arasamTavro-boebis gaZlierebis TvalsazrisiT, is auci-leblad dasvamda fundamentalur SekiTxvas- �vin vis�? vin uwyobs xels visi unariano-bis gamomuSavebas?

adgilobrivi organizaciebis gaZlierebisaTvisaucilebelia gvesmodes, rom gaZliereba mo-dis Signidan gareT da ara garedan. arsebiTimniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom adgilobriviarasamTavroboebi acnobierebdnen, rom donor-Tan partnioroba aseve gulisxmobs molapar-akebis warmoebas uflebaTa da movaleobaTaSesaxeb. uflebaTa da movaleobaTa Sesaxebmolaparkeba mniSvnelovania xelSekrulebaTadadebisaTvis; xelSekruleba gulisxmobs mo-laparakebas da kontrahentis Zalauflebi-sadmi pativiscemas. es aseve gulisxmobs da-pirispirebas, grantze SesaZlo uaris TqmisTvalsazrisiT.

Tu Cven Zlieri adgilobrivi arasamTavro-boebis Seqmna gvinda, mTavari amocana undaiyo imis uzrunvelyofa, rom es arasamTavro-boebi marTlac asaxavdnen samoqalaqo ini-ciativas, rom maT hqondeT riskis Tavis TavzeaRebisa da marcxis atanis unari, rom maTesmodeT ZalauflebasTan dakavSirebuli sak-iTxebi, rom maT SeeZloT �mowyvetis�maCveneblebis amocnoba, rom maT esmodeTdonorTa gegmebis arsi da donorTa tendenciisfsiqologiac ki da rom maT esmodeT, rommZlavri adgilobriv arasamTavrobo organiza-ciaTa seqtori, saboloo jamSi, niSnavs aramarto �partniorobas�, aramed organizacie-bs Soris konkurenciasac. arasamTavroboebsZalian uyvarT imis Tqma, rom isini arian�arapolitikuri� organizacia. es, Cveulebriv,niSnavs �arapartiulobas�. magram, princip-Si, Tu Cven politika gvesmis, rogorc brZo-la resursebisa da �pativiscemis� mopovebi-sTvis, maSin saukeTeso gza Zlieri arasamTav-roboebis seqtoris Camoyalibebisa aris maTigapolitikureba. Tu donorebs SeuZliaTitvirTon es riski, maSin Cven SegveZlebavTqvaT, rom viyoCaReT adgilobrivi samoqalaqosazogadoebis gaZlierebis saqmeSi.

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ÓÀÉÀ GYL A

ßÉÂÍÄÁÉ ÃÀ ÁÒÏÛÖÒÄÁÉ:

1. ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÉÓ ÃÀÝÅÉÓ ÄÅÒÏÐÖËÉ ÌÄØÀÍÉÆÌÄÁÉ;2. ÓÀÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËßÀÒÌÏÄÁÉÓ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÀ ÃÀ ÐÒÀØÔÉÊÀ (I);3. ÍÏÒÌÀÔÉÖËÉ ÀØÔÄÁÉÓ ÊÒÄÁÖËÉ ÀÃÂÉËÏÁÒÉÅÉ ÈÅÉÈÌÌÀÒÈÅÄËÏÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ

ÌÌÀÒÈÅÄËÏÁÉÓ ÏÒÂÀÍÏÄÁÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ;4. ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÀÈÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÁÉËÉ;5. ÂÀÄÒÈÉÀÍÄÁÖËÉ ÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÀÈÀ ÃÏÊÖÌÄÍÔÄÁÉ;6. ÌÀÒÈËÌÓÀãÖËÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÍáÏÒÝÉÄËÄÁÀ ÃÀ ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÉ ÀÙÌÏÓÀÅËÄÈ ÄÅÒÏÐÉÓ

ØÅÄÚÍÄÁÛÉ;7. ÐÒÀØÔÉÊÖËÉ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËÉ (ÈÀÌÀÒ ØÀËÃÀÍÉ);8. ÁÀÅÛÅÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÉ;9. ØÀËÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÉ;10. ÓÀÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏ ÊÒÄÁÖËÉ ËÔÏËÅÉËÈÀÈÅÉÓ;11. ÓÀÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏ ÊÒÄÁÖËÉ ÓÀÌáÒÄÈ ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÃÀÍ ÃÄÐÏÒÔÉÒÄÁÖËÉ ÌÄÓáÄÁÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ;12. ÓÀáÄËÌÞÙÅÀÍÄËÏ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÄÁÉ ÉÞÖËÄÁÉÈ ÂÀÃÀÀÃÂÉËÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ;13. ÓÀÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËßÀÒÌÏÄÁÉÓ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÀ ÃÀ ÐÒÀØÔÉÊÀ (II);14. ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÊÏÍÓÔÉÔÖÝÉÖÒÉ ÓÀÌÀÒÈÀËÉ (ÆÀÆÀ ÒÖáÀÞÄ);15. ÐÀÓÖáÉÓÌÂÄÁËÏÁÀ ÓÀÌÄßÀÒÌÄÏ ÃÀ ÓáÅÀ ÄÊÏÍÏÌÉÊÖÒÉ ÃÀÍÀÛÀÖËÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ ÓÉÓáËÉÓ

ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓ ÊÏÃÄØÓÉÓ ÌÉáÄÃÅÉÈ (ÍÉÍÏ ÂÅÄÍÄÔÀÞÄ, ÂÏÜÀ ÌÀÌÖËÀÛÅÉËÉ);16. ×ÄÃÄÒÀËÉÆÌÉ ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÍÏÒÌÀÔÉÖËÉ ÐÒÉÍÝÉÐÉ ÃÀ ÐÏËÉÔÉÊÖÒÉ ßÄÓÒÉÂÉ

(ÂÉÀ áÖÁÖÀ);17. ÍÏÒÌÀÔÉÖËÉ ÀØÔÄÁÉÓ ÊÒÄÁÖËÉ ÌÉßÉÓ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÃÄÁËÏÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÐÒÉÅÀÔÉÆÀÝÉÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ;18. ÌÀÒÈËÌÓÀãÖËÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÍáÏÒÝÉÄËÄÁÀ ÃÀ ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉÓ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÉ ÀÙÌÏÓÀÅËÄÈ ÄÅÒÏÐÉÓ

ØÅÄÚÍÄÁÛÉ;19. ÓÀÂÀÃÀÓÀáÀÃÏ ÓÀÌÀÒÈËÉÓ ÓÀ×ÖÞÅËÄÁÉ (Æ. ÒÏÂÀÅÀ);20. ÓÀÀÅÔÏÒÏ ÃÀ ÌÏÌÉãÍÀÅÄ Ö×ËÄÁÄÁÉÓ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÒÄÂÖËÉÒÄÁÀ ÃÀ ÌÀÒÈÅÀ

(ÍÉÍÏ ÊÖÍÝÄÅÀ-ÂÀÁÀÛÅÉËÉ).

Documents

ÓÀ˜Ò¨ÀÛˇÒÉÓˇ ÓÀÌÀÒ¨À¸É (III)...blad. es terminebi da saSualebebi ZiriTadad danergili iyo kerZo sawarmoebisa da nacio-naluri savaWro asociaciebis mier, romlebic,