Radmila Zotovic - Romanizacija Stanovnistva Istocnog Dela Rimske Provincije Dalmacije

8/13/2019 Radmila Zotovic - Romanizacija Stanovnistva Istocnog Dela Rimske Provincije Dalmacije

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UDC 94(398):726.825.032.7Origimal Scholarly Work

Radmila ZOTOVIArchaeological Institute, Belgrade

ROMANIZATION OF THE POPULATION OF THE EASTERNPART OF THE ROMAN PROVINCE OF DALMATIA

Abstract : It is considered that the territory of the eastern part of the Romanprovince of Dalmatia was inhabited by the population of the same ethnicand cultural identity. e process of the romanization of population in theeastern part of the Roman province of Dalmatia can be reaserched throughtepigraphic material from gravestone and votive monuments, and morphologi-cal characteristics of gravestones.

e territory of the eastern part of the Roman province of Dalmatiais a region, which on the basis of archaeological investigation up to now, isconsidered to have been inhabited by people of the same ethnic group andcultural identity, during the period of Roman domination. As a territorialentity, it includes the following areas: in the north the area from Bratunac inthe west Drina valley and Rogatica, in the east and further on the west side ofthe Drina, the areas around Srebrenica, Skelani, Viegrad, Gorade and Foca,and on the east side of the Drina the areas around Kosjeri, Uice, Poega,Priboj and Nova Varo, all the way to Prijepolje and Pljevlja on the south1.

e process of Romanization in this region can be followed mainly throughthe epigraphic material from gravestones and votive monuments, as well asthe morphological characteristics of gravestones. e archaeological ndsare of less assistance since they have not been entirely published up to now.

e town centers like municipia and colonies, were formed in certain areasof this territory, for example municipia in the region of todays Skelani, theregions around Uice and Poega (municipium Malvesatium), Prijepolje or

1 eline of the eastern borderof the Roman provinceofDalmatiahas not beenestab-

lished with certainty up to now. Here the line cited by Wilkes, .., 1969, 2728.


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20 Radmila Zotovi

Pljevlja (municipium S.) and the colony in the region of todays Srebrenica(colonia Domavia) and Rogatica (colonia R.) (g. 1)

Nothing is known of the population in the eastern part of the Romanprovince of Dalmatia in the earliest period of Romanization, which wascertainly a military-political period to a large extent. e only informationis provided by the necropolis Komini I, dated to the 1st century AD in theregion of todays Pljevlja, which shows an absence of Roman cultural ele-ments and thus that the indigene inhabitants in this area up to the1st centuryAD had not begun a process of self Romanization and that they retainedtheir own traditional cultural forms and characteristics2. e rst data con-cerning the local inhabitants participation in the Romanization process

2 Cermanovi - Kuzmanovi, . and Srejovi, D., 1966.Cermanovi - Kuzmanovi,A., 1966, 77 ff. Joao, ., 1984, 65, 66 - 67.

Fig. 1 Roman Province of Dalmatia and the territory of the eastern part ofthe province of Dalmatia


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21Romanisation of the Population of the Eastern Part of the Roman Province

3 , ., 1938, 112, g. 16. Imamovi, E., 1977, 370, no. 109.4 CIL III 83085

-, ., 1981, 49.

are found during the rst half and around the middle of the 2nd century inthe region of Skelani and Pljevlja thanks to two epigraphic nds: (P)ublius[Ael(ius) ] pri[nceps civ(itatis) (?)] Dindariorum from Skelani3, andP. Ael(io)P[l]adome[no] Carvanio an...[praef(ecto)] civitatium ...m praef(ecto) [mun..?] Aurelii S[p]lo(nistarum) from Kolovrat by Prijepolje4(g.2). Even though theinscriptions are not chronologically identical, they provide data, that duringHadrians rule, the indigene population of this region was included in theRoman social standard of granting the right of citizenship, and that the tribalaristocracy represented the rstlink in theprocessof social-politicalRomani-zation. It was reected in the awarding, not only the right of citizenship, butalso non-municipal and combined, municipal and non-municipal socialfunctions. Although we know that the old forms of tribal state organization

collapsed and disappeared with time, we cannot establish how quickly or inwhat way this happened. e inscription cited, from Kolovrat, indicates thatin certain regions, i.e. micro-regions, such processes took place successfully.From the period of Hadrians rule, epigraphic material appears for the rsttime in this territory in somewhat of a larger number, which certainly relatesto the inhabitants of pre-urban and proto-urban centres. Analysis of theonomastic formulae and name content of the epigraphic material indicatesthat one can follow two groups of inhabitants there. e indigene popula-tion makes up one group, which can be followed in the onomastic formulae,mainly two syllable and rarely three or four syllable, with gentilicium Aelius,while a second group consists of immigrants, who were already Romanizedin their native region. is second group of inhabitants wasnoticeable in thePljevlja region, as an immigrant population, most frequently or most prob-ably from Risan and Agruvium,5which according to the nomenclature can

Fig. 2 Inscription from the monument of Pubilus Aelius Firminus


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22 Radmila Zotovi

be characterised as a mixed group of Italic, Greek and Illyrian population.Analysis of the blood relations6shows that immigration of this group wasorganized or carried out within the families, of whom some like the familiesPaconii and Cipii, were blood relatives, while others likeGavieni and Statii,appeared through earlier mixed marital connections between indigene andGreek inhabitants of the coastal region of the province of Dalmatia. In theRogatica area it can be seen that the immigrant population belongs to theClemens family , which is mentioned earlier in Asseria.7 According to thechronological determination of burial, of the rst members of the group of immigrants, around Pljevlja in the second quarter and middle of the 2ndcentury, we can assume that these inhabitants arrived in the eastern part ofthe province of Dalmatia, most probably during the rule of Trajan.

It is interesting to notice that members of this family, likePaconii in thePljevlja area andClemensi in Rogatica, were subject to an intensied proc-ess of Romanization. For this reason we can follow them later on, throughthose who functioned in the nancial-administrative apparatus of the townsgovernment, as decurions and duumvirs, and according to the system ofinheritance the function passed from father to son.8 e same can also beseen among the indigene group of inhabitants, primarily as separating thetribal aristocracy into a new social group of earlier Roman citizens, and laterthrough the next generation into the official apparatus of the city administra-tion. us in the Pljevlja region, from the already mentioned Publius EliusPladomen Carvanius we can trace the social development of their successorsfurther, distinguishable in the familyFirminii, of the new Roman aristocracy,one of whose members actually becamesacerdos provinciae.9 Finds of goldand silver jewelry from the family tomb (typearea maceria cincta) 10 (g. 3)speak of their high material and social status (g. 4). It is certain that thegroup of early Romanized indigene population, i.e. new Roman aristocracyin the Uice-Poega area belonged to the family of P. Aelius Quintilianus,the decurion, whose son likewise became decurion and duumvir in thecity administration.11From all this it can also be concluded, that the second

6 Zotovi, R., 2002, 92 - 96. e same method of analysis of blood re-lationships or marital connections see Paki, A., 2001, 61 - 82.7 Medini, J., 1973-74, 41.8Zotovi, R., 2002, 15-17, list of social hierarchy.9 CIL III 831010 Cermanovi-Kuzmanovi, A., 1990.11

, . nd , ., 1983, 26., ., 1986, 16, no. 5, g. 10.


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quarter of the 2nd century was a period when there was already a weaken-ing of tribal relations. From then on a process of disintegration of clans, infavour of the family and its ever-greater role in social-economic relationscan be observed. Even though, as already mentioned, it is impossible to es-tablish how the mechanism of this process developed, it can be claimed thatit developed slowly and individually. Both of these facts depended on therelationship, which the individuals and the family had with the economicfactor in society, and vice versa. At present it is not possible to establish towhat extent this process was similar or different, in all regions of the easternpart of the province of Dalmatia, because of different degreesofarchaeologicalinvestigation in certain regions. is is also reected in the epigraphic mate-rial, which is most numerous in just these regions, Prijepolje and Pljevlja. Itis probably just for this reason that only here, remains of earlier clan signsinstead of gentile names are found, for exampleCarvanius, Cambria, Came-ria, Arguriana, Agregianus. 12Only for a few examples can it be claimed with

12

-, ., 1968.

Fig. 3 Kolovrat, tomb of the family Firminii


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certainty that they are patronymics derived from surnames likeGavienii,and the previously mentionedFirminii. Among a large number of examples,it is very difficult to perceive the difference between the clan designations orfamily surnames as a patronymic inheritance (e.g.Stataria, Nantius andothers). is refers mainly to the three syllable and four syllable onomasticformulae of mixed nomenclature both Latin and non-Latin. Such onomasticformulae can be accepted as reliable indicators of a deterioration of clan socialrelations and strengthening of the family, in which the father becomes evermore important. is process is least noticeable in the northern regions of the eastern part of the province of Dalmatia, where the lack of family namesis interpreted as the greater inuence of Pannonia, where they were in factunknown.13

From the middle of the 2nd century and particularly in the late part ofthat century and onward, epigraphic material appears more frequently. is,together with the fact already mentioned, that it was only in the early 2ndcentury that epigraphic material appeared in somewhat greater number, inthe eastern part of the province of Dalmatia, is analogous with other parts ofthe Empire, otherwise a generally established fact which refers to the entireRoman Empire.14 esameis true ofthe fact thatthe earliestepigraphicmate-rial refers to the local aristocracy or city elite, while from the late 2nd centuryand onward a larger number, not only of officials of city administration butalso of common people appears.15

us in the eastern part of the province of Dalmatia, in the late 2ndcentury, a greater number of Romanized indigene inhabitants is noticed ingeneral, through two syllable and three syllable onomastic formulae withgentilicium Aurelius.16 e chronological determination of the appearanceof onomastic formulae of this type is not completely clear, but it certainlyappears in somewhat greater number from the period of Marcus Aureliusand in signicantly greater number a er the year 212. It is possible that ina great many examples of two syllable onomastic formulae, where as well asgentilicium Aurelius there is a name from the non-Latin repertoire, the year

212, can be taken asterminus post quem for their appearance. is referspar-ticularly to the characteristics, which are very prominent in the eastern partof the province of Dalmatia, i.e. the traditional conservatism of the indigene

13 Alfldy, G., 1965, 67.14 Bartel, B., 1980, 18.15 Bartel, B., 1980, 18.16 For this and all other examples of epigraphic material see Zotovi,

R., 2002, 92 - 96.


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Fig. 4 Finds from the tomb of Firminii family: a, b, c - silver; d - gold.

ad

b c

population. is, together with the degree of Romanization of individualswhich it conditions, the retention of certain old social features of the clansystem and the appearance of new ones within the family, whose membersdid not belong to the higher classes of the social hierarchy, can be observedon the basis of type, that is the nomenclature of the onomastic formulae.

us we can follow, as the simplest form in the development of onomasticformulae, the growth of single syllable formulae of the type Maximus for


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masculine gender i.e.Panto for feminine, into two syllable formulae, morerarely type Aelius, and more frequently Aurelius Maximus, i.e. Aelia (Aurelia)Panto, and their expansion to three syllable formulae for masculine gendertypeTitus, less frequently Aelius, and more frequently Aurelius Maximus. Itis important to emphasize that such schematised development of onomasticformulae of this type does not agree with logical chronological order but isconditioned by social and even psychological factors in the case of individualsor the group according to social events. e appearance of a greater numberof lines of personal names from the non-Latin name repertoire in femaleonomastic formulae corresponds to the generally known facts that women

Fig. 5Grave monument

of decurion P. AeliusQuintilianus


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joined the process of Romanization more slowly and with more difficulty and much longer and more rmly retained the traditional cultural distinc-tions. Apart from that, Garaanin17 had already noticed that a large numberof female names in the epigraphic material as well as retaining their clancharacteristics in the forms of feminine gender, suggests pronounced andlong term presence of matriarchy among the indigene population, duringthe period of Roman rule in the Prijepolje and Pljevlja regions. In additionto that, it is certain that in a small number of examples, like Aplis Pantonis,18the remains of a matriarchy are found, as in the examplesFusca Ana (or Anae?), Heronia Vera, Actia Balbiae and others from the region of Sandak, Rudoand Srebrenica.19 e men were less faithful to tradition, and accommodatedmore quickly to the process of Romanization, so there are fewer personal

names of masculine gender in the non-Latin repertoire when compared withfeminine. However, considered as a whole, Latin names are more noticeablethan non-Latin among the single syllable formulae. It can be assumed thata certain number of names are the Latin translations of local ones with thesame meaning. is is most frequent with thenames Maximus and Maxima, whileFirmus and Valens are fewer in number. Likewise the translation oflocal names to Latin is noticeable and corresponds to the ordinal numberof children born in the family (Quintus, Quintina), or the appearance ofcorrupted forms of Latin names (Secunda - Sicundo, Mustela - Musta). echronological range of appearance of such onomastic formulae is very wideand conditioned to a large extent by the individuals social factor. is ismost noticeable in single syllable formulae as an expression of the slave classgroup which appears in these regions from the 2nd century (Daziero vilicus- Karan)20to the 4th century (Vurus vilicus - Kolovrat).21 e developmentfrom single syllable formulae to two syllable with the addition of gentiliciumas a mark of citizenship, together with its relatively long use, up to the 3rdand 4th centuries, indicate a slower social development of individuals undernew conditions of social and cultural changes.

In examples of inheriting function in the family circle, or receiving a

new and higher one, we nd proofof further weakening of theclan traditionamong that section of the population which in its time belonged to the upperaristocratic class of the indigene clan community. In the late 2nd and dur-

17 , ., 1967, 227-228.18 Mirkovi, M., 1975, 98, no. 3.19 , ., 1940, no. 261.Pa, K., 1907, 447, no. 24. ael, A. et J., 1978, no.261.20 , ., 1986, 14, no. 4, g. 9.21 ael, A. et J., 1986, no. 1690.


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ing the 3rd century a social hierarchy formed mainly by granting functionsto inhabitants, who received citizenship thanks to census, or a er 212 ADthe edictConstitutio Antoniana. is corresponds to the facts which referalso to other regions i.e. the provinces of the Roman Empire, especially asthe reasons and necessity for this edict lay just in the nancial weakening of the one time city elite and property strengthening of the population withoutthe right to Roman citizenship.22Evidence of this, in the eastern part of theRoman province of Dalmatia, is found in Aurelius Valerius-a, arcarius sciDalmatiae, 23 an official of lower rank in the scal department. e name of his wife Andetia, is indigene in origin and cited without gentilicium whichonce again proves that the domestic population and particularly women,retained the old traditional traits. Outstanding proof of this is found also

on a gravestone from Kolovrat by Prijepolje (g. 6).24

On this gravestone ofstele type, dated to the end of the 2nd and beginning of the 3rd century, threegenerations of women are mentioned with names in single syllable formulaefrom Latin and non-Latin repertoires of names. Possibly none of them hadyet received the right of citizenship, but they had begun their own processof Romanisation by accepting the Roman form of gravestone, which on onehand was made possible by their nancial situation, and on the other it wasconditioned by psychological factors i.e. desire to enter the higher layers ofsociety. Only the costumes (scarves with loose ends) on the relief represen-tation of the bust on this gravestone suggest the traditional conservatism ofthe local population, while all the rest belongs to the already formed Romansepulchral art.

e 3rd century, in the eastern part of the province of Dalmatia, canbe distinguished as a period of sudden growth in the economic power ofindividuals and their affirmation in positions among the social hierarchy.Division into classes and change in Roman civil society takes place in thisregion according to the general model and no longer specically accordingto region. is can be seen particularly in the Domavia area, where suddenurban and economic development to meet the requirements of ore deposit

exploitation is noticed. us a largenumber ofprocuratorsappear, in this areain the 3rd century, whose onomastic nomenclature do not make it possible todifferentiate between Romanized indigene inhabitants and other immigrantindividuals.25 e remaining data from the epigraphic nds provides an op-

22 Starac, A., 2000, 113.23 , ., 1909, no. 122.24 Mirkovi, M., 1975, 99, no. 6. , ., 1995, 104, no. 18.25Zotovi, R., 2002, 15 - 16, no. 20 - 25.


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portunity to observe their great nancial power. eyhadbeenthenanciersof the renovation and construction of public buildings, and even the patrons

of the province. Disintegration of the Roman civilian society into classes wasfelt in the eastern part of the province of Dalmatia through the Roman orderof knights. is also can be noticed particularly in the region of Domavia,and then Prijepolje, where it is seen that military service or census, likewisecontributed to this former class of aristocrats being reduced to just above therank of common citizens.26

However, on the other hand, the 2nd century was a period in whichone could follow the survival of traditional conservative domestic inhabitants.

26

Zotovi, R., 2002, 16, no. 43 - 47.

Fig. 6Gravestone

from Kolovratby Prijepolje


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is is reected in the retention of traditional elements of female nationalcostume, and possibly even certain characteristics of the matriarchy also. isincludes the above mentioned manner of wearing the scarf with loose ends,which are met on the relief representations of female busts on gravestones inthe areas Pljevlja, Prijepolje, Foa, and further to the north, Nova Varo (g.7). is style of wearing the female scarf, which is in fact characteristic alsofor the interior of the province of Dalmatia, in the surrounding of todaysGlamo and Konjic, is not found on the gravestones of the northern part

Fig. 7 Grave-

stone fromKolovrat byPrijepolje


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of the eastern province of Dalmatiae. In the north of the eastern part of theprovince of Dalmatia, in the Uice - Poega area, the presence of a square typegravestone was conrmed atonetime inSeaReka,where thepresentation of jewelry indicates the retention of traditional conservatism in female costume(g.8).27 is gravestone which dated to the late3rd century, shows throughabracelet with crossed ends and a female diadem in the shape of a band, a longtradition of use even from the La Tne period. e grave from the vicinity of Rogatica,28dated to the 4th century shows, thanks to a bracelet of spirally

twisted bronze wire, bronze bracelets fastened with ornamented sh bone,as well as pearls of enamel in different colours and geometric decoration,that the prehistoric tradition in jewellery production, in this region, lasteda long time. Males as in all else, so in this case, displayed less conservatismthan women. Relief presentations on gravestones indicate that they weremainly presented in tunics with short or long sleeves, with a cloak over them,

27 , ., 1995, 126 - 127, no. 137.

28 Fiala, F., 1897.

Fig. 8 Gravestone from Sea Reka, frontal side


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which was fastened with a bula on the right shoulder. Only the representa-tion of one tunic with long sleeves gives an indication of the tunics origin.It is a completely singular example on a relief representation of servants, onthe above mentioned gravestone square from Sea Reka, on which it can beseen that they were clothed in some sort of dress to the knees made of furor rough woven material of wool (g. 9).

If however we return once again to the epigraphic material, the ques-tion arises what can be said, on the basis of the epigraphic material andrelief presentations of costumes, concerning the ethnic composition of thepopulation? In the epigraphic material, apart from the already mentionedpopulation of Greek and Italic origin, names are mentioned from the rep-ertoire which Katii29marked as a group identical with those of the centralDalmatian region. Here are names: Aplini, Andetia, Bazo, Besus, Carvus,Calvus, Dasius, Dussona, Germano, Lautus, Lavius, Panto, Vendo, Pinentia,

29

Katii, R., 1962.

Fig. 9 Gravestone from Sea Reka, right side


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Fig. 10 e spreading of identical names of central region of province of Dal-matia in the eastern part of province


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34 Radmila Zotovi

Plator, Plares, Stataria, Statius, Scavenianus, Tata, Turo, Turus, Testo, Tritano... ese names appear most frequently in theregions of Pljevlja and Prijepolje,

but are less noticeable in the other regions of the eastern part of the provinceof Dalmatia (g. 10). is fact together with the statement that pieces of female costume from the regions Prijepolje and Pljevlja in particular, and toa lesser extent also other parts if the eastern province of Dalmatia, similaror identical costumes from the interior of the central Dalmatian belt, do notprovide an answer to the question, whether these were immigrants, fromthe period of Roman rule, or ethnic relatives, or just an identical populationalready settled in this region in the pre-Roman period?

Altogether the following can be said of Romanization of the inhabit-ants of the eastern part of the Roman province of Dalmatia. Traces of the

beginnings of Romanization of the population in this region are found fromthe middle and in the second half of the 2nd century in the areas Skelaniand Prijepolje, where one can follow Romanization of the clan aristocracyand their inclusion in the social functions of Roman standards. Already inTrajans time in the region of Prijepolje and Pljevlja a group of immigrantinhabitants is noticed, of mixed Italic, Greek and indigene inhabitants fromcoastal areas of the province Dalmatia which were already Romanized intheir own native regions. is group of inhabitants becomes the bearersof an intensied process of social-political Romanization, together withmembers of families of Romanised indigene aristocracy. Epigraphic materialfrom the 2nd century refers mainly to the urban elite, with a small numberwho belonged to the middle social groups i.e. classes, while the epigraphicmaterial from the end of the 2nd century and from the 3rd century refers tothe late Romanized domestic population of lower and middle-social groups.Onomastic formulae indicate, according to their developmental phases, thatthe mechanism of Romanization of the individuals can not be observed in alogical chronological sequence, but is dependant rather, on economic factorsof the individual or social group and vice versa, as well as on psychologicalfactors in some people with their own understanding of the process of

Romanization. In all this the domestic population shows, particularly throughfemale costume and jewelry as well as the remains of social traits of the clanmatriarchy, that the remains of traditional conservative indigene populationwere retained chronologically for a very long time, up until the period of thelate 3rd century.


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LITERATURE

Alfldy G.1965Bevlkerung und Geselscha der Rmischen provinz Dalmatien,Budapest.

. - .1983 Municipium Malvesatium , 12, .

Bartel B.

1980Colonialism and cultural responses: problem related to Roman pro-vincial analises, World Archaeology 12/I, London. .

1968 , XVIII,.1981 , XXXI, .

Cermanovi-Kuzmanovi A.

1966Rezultati arheolokih istraivanja sa podruja municipijuma S, kod pljevalja, selo Komini, Materijali IV, Herceg Novi,1990 Grobnica jedne ugledne porodice u Kolovratu kod Prijepolja,Arheoloki vestnik 41, Ljubljana.

Cermanovi-Kuzmanovi A. and Srejovi D.1966Rezultati novih arheolokih istraivanja u jugoistonom delu rimske provincije Dalmacije, Materijali IV, Herceg Novi.

Fiala F.1897Rmische Brandgrber bei Rogatica, Wissenscha lichen Mitteilungen

aus Bosnia und Herzegowina V, Wien. .

1967 I , .Imamovi E.

1977 Antiki kultni i votivni spomenici na podruju BiH , Sarajevo. .

1984 , .


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36 Radmila Zotovi

Katii R.Die Illirischen Personennamen in ihrem sdstlichen Verbreitungsgebiet ,iva antika XII/1; Das mitteldalmatische Namengebiet, iva antika XII/2,Skopje.

Medini J.1973/74Ordines decurionum Liburniae , Radovi 5, Zadar.

Mirkovi M1975Iz istorije Polimlja u rimsko doba, Godinjak centra za balkanolokaispitivanja 14, Sarajevo.

Pa K.1907 Arheoloko-epigrafska istraivawa povjesti rimske provincije Dal-macije, Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu XIX, Sarajevo.

.1986 , .

.1938 ; , LXXXVIII, .1940 , , XCIII, .

Starac A.2000Rimsko vladanje u Histriji i Liburniji II Liburnija , Monograje ikatalozi 10/II - Arheoloki muzej Istre, Pula.

ael1978Inscriptiones Latinae quae in Jugoslavia inter anno MCMLX et MC- MLXX repertae et editae sunt , Situla 19, Ljubljana.1986Inscriptiones Latinae quae in Jugoslavia inter anno MCMII et MCMXLrepertae et editae sunt , Situla 25, Ljubljana.

.1909 , XLVII,.

.1995 , .

Zotovi R.2002Population and Economy in the Eastern Part of the Roman Provinceof Dalmatia , Oxford.


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- - . , , , - , , . -

II , . , , , . - , -, . , - , .

. , - , , - , , , . , , -, , . , Paconii Cipii, -, , Gavienii Statii, . Clemens, Asseri-. , II , . . , Carvanius, Cambria, Cameria, Arguriana, Agregianus.


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38 Radmila Zotovi

, , . : Aplini, Andetia, Bazo, Besus, Carvus, Calvus, Dasius, Dussona, Germano, Lautus, Lavius,Panto, Vendo, Pinentia, Plator, Plares, Stataria, Statius, Scavenianus, Tata, Turo,Turus, Testo, Tritano... , .

-. , , . , , III IV . , . ( ) , . , - , , - ?

Documents

Radmila Zotovic - Romanizacija Stanovnistva Istocnog Dela Rimske Provincije Dalmacije