-
From Serbia to Serbia
...................................................................................
13
1941. Partition of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941,according
to International law
........................................................................
45
, The Ecumenical Patriarchy, the Serbian Orthodox Church
andChurch Reforms Between the Two World Wars
............................................ 63
- 20. Women and the Family in Serbia in the Second Half of 20th
Century ............ 102
19181941.National Minorities in the Eyes of the Serbian Elite
19181941 .................... 118
O 19431945.Soviet Citizens in the German Occupation Forces in
Serbia and Yugoslavia 19431945
..................................................................................
144
-
19181929.Agriculture in South Serbia Within the Yugoslav
Framework 19181929 ..... 163
(19892000)The Socio-economic Mode of Privatisation in Serbia
(19892000) .............. 181
(19181929)Images and stereotypes on Serbia among Serbs in
Croatia (19181929)
.......................................................................................
225
-, (19181921)France, the Serbs and the Croat Question (19181921)
.............................. 267
1938. Speeches of Milan Stojadinovi During the Parlamentary
Election Campaign in
1938............................................................................
282
19441950.The Communist Strategy Toward the Serbian Intelligentia
19441950 ......... 293
High-Schools in Serbia in the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and
Slovenes
.....................................................................................
313
-
O 19451958.Education System of the Czechs and Slovaks in Serbia
19451958 .............. 327
19191941.On Certain Aspects of Functioning of Serbian Emigrant
Schools in the United States of America 19191941
.................................................. 351
19451956.Emigration from Serbia to Egipt
19451956.................................................. 364
. 19481953. What the Offi cial Yugoslavia Knew About the
Situation of the Serbian National Minority in Hungary and Romania
19481953 .................. 378
-
9
, . , , , , , , - . e , - , , .
a , , , 20062010. , , , - , , , , . : , , , , , , , . 20. ; ; ,
- / ; ; - ; ; - ; ; , - ; ; ; ; 1945. ; ; , ; .
-
10
- , , , . , , - , , , . / , (, , ). , . , , .
- , , .
, - , , , , - .
-
.
13
342.15(497.11)1912/2006 94(497.11)1912/2006
: - 1912. 2006. . : , , , , .
/
, 31. 1910. (13. 1911) , 48.302,6 2. - , , 17 : (2.025,4 2),
(2.457,8 2), (4.341,8 2), (2.295 2), (2.909 2), (2.709,9 2),
(2.899,4 2), (2.557,9 2), (2.419,4 2), (3.551,3 2), (4.156,5 2),
(1.5679,4 2), (1.277,1 2), (3.196,4 2), (2.838,8 2), (3.287,7 2),
(3.797,8 2).1
30. 1913. , , . , , , ,2
1 31. 1910. , , 1911, . 610.
2 , , , ` `, . : ` () . 500 . - , , , VI/1, , 1983, . 254.
-
14
13. 1913. .3 , , (: , , , , , , , -, , , ), 39.309 2 -.4
87.611,6 2.
, - . , - , - . - ( ) 1. 1916. , , , - , -- . .5
- - , , - . , , - , , , , . - : ( ), , , , .6
13 , : , , -, , , , , -, , , , .7
4 , 17901918, 2, , 1989, . 659. 39.000 2, 4.000 2. , 32.000 2. ,
, , VI/1, , 1983, . 196. - , (, , , , , , , , , ) 5.000 2. , , ,
VI/1, , 1983, . 255. - 5.860 2, 40.225 2, 39.309 2 1919. . -
19121937, , 1937, . 3.
5 , , , 1984, . 341.6 , . 342.7 , . 344.
-
.
15
/
-, . , , , , , , . (, ), 25. 1918. , : , , , , , . , , , -. ,
.8
, , , , 24. 1918. , , .9
, , , , , 26. 1918. , : I ; , , .10
, , 11 1.
8 , , , 2001, . 31.
9 , . 31, 32.10 , . 32.11 15. 1920. , -
: , -.
-
16
1918. , , , , , - , .12
87.611,6 2 ( 48.302,6 2, 39.309 2). , . 1919. , 21. 1921. , . :
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , - . -, 191213. .13
27. 1919. : , ; . , : .14 , 95.667 2, 49.950 2, 45.717 2.
, , , , ,15 , , -12 Mirjana Stefanovski, Ideja hrvatskog
drzavnog prava i stvaranje Jugoslavije, Beograd, 1995,
str. 215.13 -
, : 31. 1921. , , 1932, . VIII, , : 1912. 1913. , , , .
14 : , ; , ; , - ; : , , ; : ; , .
15 , 19181988, , , 1988, . 92.
-
.
17
, , (, -) , , . ( ) , 34 , 146 2.136 .
1 19191922.
/
6 5 11 21 15 19 25 17 97 6 3 4 13 14 14 19 7 7 14 75 9 4 10 9 5
7 44 14 17 11 14 19 75
11 21 15 22 7 6 23 105 9 7 9 25 17 16 12 10 55 33 29 26 23 111
11 16 15 22 11 75 9 8 14 37 20 88 20
-
18
10 13 9 52 7 6 8 21 30 22 19 25 24 15 135 13 17 18 31 18 97 6 7
8 10 10 12 53 15 10 35 11 71 5 7 12 15 22 30 15 13 14 108 12 14 34
18
34 30 16 158 16 10 10 15 17 7 75 9 7 5 21 11 12 8 31 16 17 16 49
31 4 26 61 17 13 26 56 9 16 18 7 50 4 7 14 10 13 48 21 34 26 15
96
-
.
19
15 8 19 42 11 16 18 14 12
9 80 16 20 14 17 10 77
: , 1921.1922. , . I, I, , 1921, . 123127.
, - , , - , , , , , - , , - . - - , , , 800.000 , , . 16
, , - , 3. 1921. 26 . , , - , -, - 26. 1922. , , , . 33 , ,
381.202 , .
-, 18 , 54,54% 16 , ,
12/1981, . 36.
-
20
. 309.081 , , 38,63% . O , , 176.817 . , 109.416 , 450.873 , . :
, , , , . .
, , , , . , , - , : , , .
2
; : : , ,
: , , , , , , : , : , , ; : ; : ; : , , , : , , : ; : : : , , ,
: : , , , 1. XII 19181928, II , , 1929, . 617, 618.
-
-
.
21
, , .17 , , ( ) . , - , , - , . .18
-, , /, - , 1929. .19
-, . , , () , .20
, - - - , , , , 3. 1929. . , , , ,21 , , , - .
, - , 17 , . ., . 116.18 , . ., . 44.19 , 19181988, , , 1988, .
130.20 .21 , . ., . 139.
-
22
- , . , , .22
, , , , - , . (, , , , -). - (, , , ), .
3
, , , , , , (.), , , , , (.), , , , , , , ,
, , , (. ), , (.), , , , , (.), , , , , , (.), ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ( ),
, ( ), , , , , , , , , , ,
: , . I/1929, , 1932, . 82.
22 , . 141.
-
.
23
- - , , , . , , , .
:
, , , ? , , .23
- , , . , . , , , , , . 12. 1932. , , .24
- , - . , -, , . , , , , , . , , , , .25
23 , , .III, , 2002, . 192.24 , 19291941, , 1985, . 40, 41.25 ,
. ., . 197.
-
24
- , 26. 1939. , , () - . , , ( ) .26
, , , , , ` `. 1941. . , , . , , , , . 1942. - , 1943. . 20 . ,
, , , , , , 51.100 2, 3.773.000 , . (9.800 2 650.000 ).
26 , 24. 1939. . . , : , , , , , , , . - , , - , , . -- . - , .
., . 205.
-
.
25
, - .27
17. , - . , , : , , , .
-- . - , , , , . - .28
, 1. 1941. , -- , , . - , - . , 29. 1941. .
`` `` . , . , 1941, , , 13 : , , , , , -, , , , , , .29
- , , ,
27 , . 226.28 , , , 1988, . 40.29 - 18341954. , ,
1955, . 54. , .
-
26
, - .30 , -, 1934. , , .31 .32
, - , 26. 1941. , .
, , , , 1943. , . - 1943. : - . , - , - .33
1943. , , - , - . - -, - . ,
30 1923, , . , , , , , 1924. , , . - , 19181988, , , 1988, .
156.
31 , , , 1988, . 24, 25.32 , 19181988, , , 1988, . 219.33 , , ,
1, ,
1977, . 33.
-
.
27
.34
, -, - . , - , , , , , , , , , , .35
-, , . - de facto -.36
- 2. 1944. - . - . , 26. - 1944. , .
- , / 25.713 2 29,35%. , , .
, (), , , . , , . , 1923, , , , , 1924. , . ,
34 .35 , , , 2, ,
1977, . 20.36 , , 2, , 1983, . 129.
-
28
, (19191921). 1928. , , 1937. , 1940. , .37
, , , (-). , , - . , - , - . -, 2. 1944. 14. .38
, , - - 7. 1945. . , 10. 1945. , , : , , , .39
, 7. 1945. , ,40 10.887 2,41 . , , , - , . , , ,
37 , , , 1988, . 28.38 , . 81.39 , . 129.40 , . 13141 19181988 ,
, 1989, . 16.
-
.
29
, , .42
, , - , , - . 43 ( 1941. ). , . 20. 1943. (), , - - , -, 29.
1945. , , . : , , , , , ( ) ( ) .44
, , - , . , 6. 1945, . - 7. 1945. , , 42 -
, 52. , - 10. 1945. . , , , ` `, , , , , 1912. . , . , , . ,
1813. . , , . , , , , , . ` `. .
43 , . 82.44 , , , . 2, -
, 1977, . 77.
-
30
, - .45
30. 31. 1945. , - , -, : . .46
, , -, , , - 7. 1945. . - .
- - , , , 25. 1918. , - , , . , , , , - 21.506 2.47
- - , 1. 1945. , -, - .
1941. -
45 , . ., . 117.46 , . 118.47 19181988 , , 1989, . 16
-
.
31
, , . , , , , - .48
. 1944. , - , , , , , , : - : , , . - - .49
, -, .
-, , .
, , , -. , , , , - 19. 1945. , 1. 1945. : , : (- ); : , , , , ,
,
48 , . ., . 303.49 , . 304.
-
32
... , .50
, -, , , , , -, . , , , , .51
. 1944. , , , . 10. 1945. . , -. , , .52
, , 1913. . , , , , - . , .53
, , .54
50 , . 306.51 , . 307.52 , . ., . 138.53 .54 .
-
.
33
, , , , 34,54% , 88.361 2, 0,85% .55 , /, - , , , , , , . , ` `.
, , , .56
31. 1946, , - . , , - . 17. 1947, - , . - - , , , , 1948.
.57
, 7. 1963. - - . , 9. 1963, , - , - : - , , .58
55 , 55.968 2. 19181988 , , 1989, . 16.
56 , . ., . 337.57 , . 336.58 , . 378.
-
34
VII, (VIIXIX), 26. 1968. , , - , , . , , 29. 1969. , . .
(XXXLII), 30. 1971. -, . , , 21. 1974, : (25. 1974), (27. 1974)
(28. 1974). - - .59 , . , . , , .
- 1989. 1974. , , - , 28. 1990. , , .60
, , , - , 61, , 59 , . 435.60 , , 1990, . 8.61 1992. -
- . , - , . , , , , 2006, . 109, 110.
-
.
35
, , .62
, - , - , 1981. , 1989. 1990, 1998. - - , .63 , -, - 23. 1998. .
11.99 , , .64 24. 1999. -, 78 , , , .65
- (), - , 9. 12.44, 10. 1999. , , 25, , - 12.44 , , , -
...66
- , , 12.44 -, -, ,
62 , 27. 1992. , , 1992, . 4.63 , 19981999, -
18782000, , 2001, . 207.64 , . 211.65 , . 218.66 , . 225.
-
36
14. 2002. , 4. 2003. , , .67
- , - , -, , . - . 25, , , - , , .
, 21. 2006. . 3. ,68 , , , . - -, 5. 2006. .69
, 88 , , . 2006. , : .70
, , - , - , . - , , .71
67 , , 2003, . 9.68 , 4. 2006, . 3.69 .70 . 182 , , 2006.71 , ,
2006.
-
.
37
Summary
From Serbia to Serbia
Key words: Serbia, Kingdom of SHS, Yugoslavia, Republic,
Autonomous Pro-vinces
Unlike most other countries in Europe, Serbia changed several
times and considerably its borders, territory as well as its status
during 20th century. It almost doubled its territory after the
Balkan Wars. From being an independent and internationally
recognized nation, the largest country in the Balkan Peninsula and
a war victor, it willingly switched to being only a province of the
newly founded Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia
after the end of the First World War, losing eventually even that
status, by ceasing to exist as an administrative and geographical
entity. After the end of the Peoples Liberation Struggle and the
Socialist Revolution, it became a unifi ed area again as
Peoples/Socialist Republic of Serbia, a federal unit within the
Yugoslav federation although with drastically changed territory.
Namely, the Republic of Macedonia was carved out of the Southern
Serbia, but the Vojvodina (Syrmium, the Banat and the Batcha) were
added to Serbia. The New Serbia was not only internationally
unrecognized (not being an independent state), but was not even a
completely integrated administrative and territorial area, since
the Republic of Serbia comprised two autonomous provinces the
Autonomous Province of the Vojvodina and the Autonomous
Kosovo-Metohija Region, later called the Autonomous Province of
Kosovo. After the constitutional amendments in the late 1960s, and
particularly after the Constitution of the Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia of 1974, both became de facto
quasi-republics, as constituent members of the Federation.
With the break-up of Yugoslavia, Serbia together with the
Republic of Montenegro, founded a new federal entity in 1992, the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and in 2003 the State Community of
Serbia and Montenegro, only to become an independent state again
after the declaration of Montenegrin independence, in the follow-up
to the referendum in that republic in May 2006. So it took 88 years
to come from Serbia to Serbia.
-
38
-
.
39
-
40
-
.
41
-
42
-
.
43
-
44
-
. 1941. ...
45
341.218.4(497.1)1941 94(497.1)1941
1941.
: , , , . - , , . : , , e, -,
1941. - . 27. : , -, , - .1
1 , , , , 1940. 1941. . Prof. dr Branko Petranovi, mr Nikola
uti, 27. mart 1941, Beograd, 1990, str. 7. : , , . , . . , 25.
1941, , 2007, . 2930.
-
46
.2 - - .3 , , , , .4
, , , . , - . , , . : , , e a - , 27. . , , , - .
, - ,
2 , , . 6. 1941, : ( . .) , , , , . : 27. . (), . , 335, .
24.
3 Zakljuci sa savetovanja vojnog i politikog vrha Rajha u
Berlinu 27. marta 1941, Aprilski rat 1941, Zborni dokumenata,
Beograd, 1987, dok. 125, str. 342344.
4 . , . , . ., . 204205.
-
. 1941. ...
47
- . 1941. .
18. . , . .5 19. , .6
20. , (occupatio bellica) , a .7 , : , , ; ; .8 , , ( ) .9
1907. . 5 Milo M. Radojkovi, Rat i meunarodno pravo, Beograd,
1947, str. 86; Dr Smilja Avramov,
Dr Milenko Krea, Meunarodno javno pravo, Beograd, 1996, str.
565.6 , , ,
19. . S. Avramov, M. Krea, n. d., str. 565.7 .8 .9 ; Gavro .
Perazi, Meunarodno ratno pravo, Beograd, 1986, str. 230235.
-
48
( ) , ( , , ). - .
- , - - . , , . , .10 - . - .11
, , , . , - . - . , , - - . .
, - , , -. 10 .11 .
-
. 1941. ...
49
. - 1940. . 1940. : - . 1940. .12 , , , , .
1939. , - , , , , . - . - , .13 . , , , . , , - . - (Joackim von
Ribbentrop) -- .14 : . ... .15
12 , - (1940), , I, , 1970, . 710.
13 (Deutscher verlag) 3. 1939. -, , Sto dokumenata za
predistoriju rata, .
14 Sto dokumanata za predistoriju rata..., str. 14.15 , .
15.
-
50
, 27. . .16 .17 , , , , . , , .
( ), . , 1941. , -. 25. , , , . . 27. , , . 6. , , .
16 , (Victor von Heeren) 7,30 II - . Bogdan Krizman, Vanjska
politika Jugoslavenske drave 19181941, Zagreb, 1975, str. 129.
17 9,30 - . , . Pismo regenta Ma ar-ske Horti Mikloa od 3.
aprila 1941. predsedniku italijanske vlade Benitu Musoliniju,
Aprilski rat, 2, dok. 145, str. 446. , 27. 13 14,30 . . , , -: 27.
14,30, , 25, . Jacob B. Hoptner, Jugoslavija u krizi 19341941,
Otokar Kerovani, Rijeka, 1972, str. 260.
-
. 1941. ...
51
.18 , , , .19 , , . , 1919. , . , . , , .20 , , .21 .22 18
19411945, 2004,
. 1; B. Krizman, Vanjska politika..., str. 129130.19 : ,
19141945, , 1995, .
2, . 670684.20 : . , . , . ., . 2829.21 -
18. , , , 22. , , , . ivko Avramovski, Britanci raljevini
Jugoslaviji 19391941, knj. 3, dok. 348, str. 68; B. Petranovi, N.
uti, 27. mart 1941..., str. 169171; Duan Luka, Trei Rajh i zemlje
Jugoistone Evrope 19371941, Beograd, 1982, knj. II, str. 477.
22 , , - , (Ulrich von Hassel) . :
22. 3. 1941. . (25. . .) . -, .
25. 3. 1941, , ( ) , , .
. 27. 3. 1941, ,
, . : , . .. , . Ulrich von Hassel, O drugoj Njemakoj (Vom
anderen Deutschland), Svjedoanstva o Dru-gom svjetskom ratu...,
str. 7374. : D. Luka, n. d., str. 476478.
-
52
- - .23 .24 . -.25 , , , - 25. . 26 - , . , 27. , : , .27
- . .
, , . 28 , -
23 Zakljuci sa savetovanja u Berlinu 27. marta..., Aprilski rat
1941..., dok. 125, str. 342343. 24 27. , -
, : -. , , . a . Zakljuci sa savetovanja u Berlinu 27. marta,
Aprilski rat 1941..., dok. 125, str. 343.
. -: - . , - . J. Hoptner, Jugoslavija u krizi..., str. 284.
25 Ninrberka presuda, Arhiv za pravne i drutvene nauke, Beograd,
1948, str. 77.26 7. 1941:
( . .) . Svjedoanstva o Drugom svjet-skom ratu...
27 Aprilski rat 1941..., dok. 125, str. 343.28 17.
-
. 1941. ...
53
.29 , . 1. - , , .30 T 3. .31 .32
, , - .33 1939. -, . . . 4. .34 , - , . - o . , .
29 11. 12. . , . - , , . . , 335, . 102.
30 Pismo Regenta Maarske Horti Mikloa od 3. aprila predsedniku
italijanske vlade Benitu Mu-soliniju, Aprilski rat 2, dok. 145,
str. 446447.
31 , , . .
32 Telegram nemakog poslanika iz Budimpete od 4. aprila 1941.
Ministarstvu spoljnih poslova Nemakog Rajha, Aprilski rat 2, dok.
146, str. 448449.
33 , -, 1941. , , , 1973, . 557559.
34 Fikreta Jeli-Buti, Ustae i NDH, Zagreb, 1978, str. 6465.
-
54
.35
, - . 2122. 1941. .36 , .37 , 17. , (Runderlass des Auswrtigen
Amts) .38 - , . , , . , , . .39 , .
- .40 19. 1941. .41 , , , .
35 F. ulinovi, Okupatorska podjela..., str. 50//51.36
18. . , , 21. 22. , . : , - , , 2002, . 126128.
37 F.ulinovi, Okupatorska podjela..., str. 73.38
(Werner von Schmieden) . .39 , . 74.40 , -
, , , , . , 335, , . 24.41 19411945, ,
2004, . 3233.
-
. 1941. ...
55
1941. . (Ga-fencu Grigore).42 - 5. 1941. , : , , , . , . , , , ,
, , . 21. 8. 1939. ( . . .) .43
. , , , -, , , - . , . , , .44 , , - .45
- () 42 .
. 22. 1941. - . -, , 1943. (Preliminares. De la guerre lEst...)
: Svjedoanstva o Drugom svjetskom ratu...
43 B. Krizman, Svjedoanstva..., str. 32. 44 , . 33; Branko
Petranovi, Sava Dautovi, Jugoslovenska revolucija i SSSR 1941
1945, Beograd, 1988, str. 3637.45 G. Gafencu, n. d., str.
34.
-
56
, .46 , , , , . . : . , . , . , . : Quod licet Iovi, non licet
bovi! ( ).47
, - , , - . 9. ( . .) . , . , .48
, - - , - , - .49 -, - , .50 , ,
46 , . 33.47 .48 , . 35.49 Ljubo Boban, Kontroverze iz povjesti
Jugoslavije, knj. 2, Zagreb, 1989, str. 287.50 , 11. 1929.
( ), . Petar S. Leposavi, Papstvo, IGAM, Beogad, 2005, str.
343.
-
. 1941. ...
57
, .51 . , - .52
, , . , .53
, . - , , , -.54 , , , - . , , - - , 13. 1941. , .55
, , , 18. , . - , ,
51 19411945, . 86; Ljubo Boban, Kontroverze..., str. 286290.
52 Bogdan Krizman, Jugoslovenske vlade u izbjeglitvu 19411943,
Zagreb, 1981, str. 185186.53 ; : Dr Milan Bulaji, Misija Vatikana u
Nezavisnoj Dravi Hrvatskoj, Beo-
grad, 1992, knj. 1, str. 498507.54 , 27.
1941, . : . - ( ) . Zakljuci sa savetovanja u Berlinu 27. marta
1941, Aprilski rat..., dok. 125, str. 342344.
55 Ferdo ulinovi, Okupatorska podjela...
-
58
.56 - .
, - 15. 1941. .57 .
- , 10. 1943. , .58
, , , .59 . -, , , , . , .
- : , 1. 31. 1941. , 1. 1941. 1944. .
56 1941. - , . Meudravni ugovor, Zagreb, 1941. F. ulinovi,
Okupatorska podjela..., str. 239245.
57 , 335, . . , . 28, . , .
, -
1. , 27. 1940.
, . 2. , . 4 ,
, , .
58 , 335, . . , . 28.59 , , 1941.
. , , .
-
. 1941. ...
59
1941. . , , , - -, , , . , , . , , , , . , , .60
, 1. 1941. , 1907. . , , - . , 1907, , , .61 (Stab des
Militrbefehlshabers Serbiens) .62 . .63 .
60 : Jovan Marjanovi, Ekonomska politika nemakih nacistikih
okupatora u Jugoslaviji 19411945, Jugoslovenski istorijski asopis,
br. 4, Beograd, 1963; . , ..., . 213216, 343348; : Problem radne
snage u industriji i rudarstvu Srbije u Drugom svetskom ratu,
Tokovi istorije, 34, 1997, str. 89110.
61 S. Avramov, M. Krea, Meunarodno javno pravo..., str.
565566.62 M. Radojkovi, Rat i meunarodno pravo..., str. 90.63 , ,
-
, , 30. 1941.
-
60
. , .64
. -. -. , , - .
Summary
Partition of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941,according to
International law
Key words: April War, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, partition of
Serbia, ocupation, International law
Main problem of research is effort of Germany to break Kingdom
of Yugoslavia and to present splitting of its territory like a
legitimate act in accordance to rules of international law.
Intensive diplomatic activity made by Nazis after the military
overthrow in Belgrade, March 27th 1941. Point has been made on
failure of German diplomacy in their efforts to acquire Vlatko
Maek, leader of the strongest political party in Croatia, to make
the secession of Banovina Hrvatska, which would give Axis reason
for aggression. Characteristic examples of political opportunism,
in which base was politic of non-confronting to Germany, are shown
by USSR and Vatican, that didnt even react about splitting of
Yugoslavia, although they had diplomatic relationship with her, on
embassy level. Negation of Yugoslavian state existence in period
after April 18th 1941, although the internal act have been accepted
only by the Axis and their satellites, the Nazis were trying to
make legally stronger, by giving state attributes to Independent
state of Croatia (NDH), and by involvement of this state among
Axis. Condition of occupied Serbia is shown only in fi rst faze of
occupation, in time of commissary rule by Milan Aimovi, when
occupation goverment, in basics, respected main rules of occupation
doctrine, accepted in international law.
64 , 335, . . , . 66.
-
. , ...
63
271.2-9(560) 271.2192
271.222(497.11)192
,
: , . 1923, . 20- , - . : /, , ,
IV . , .1 , , . VIII .
1 Territorial Jurisdiction According to Orthodox Canon Law. The
Phenomenon of Ethnophyle-tism in Recent Years A paper read at the
International Congress of Canon Law, Budapest, 27 September 2001.
http://www.ec-patr.org/docdisplay.php?lang=en&id=287&tla=en
-
64
(), , . ( ) - II -, , .2 . . , , . - , . , , . XVIII . , ( )
.
XVI . XIX . , , -, , , . . , , - , . , , , , . - - . , .3
2 , , , . 4, 1934, . 236.3
. , . - , , , . , . : , , . , - , , - -. , , , 2003, . 114.
-
. , ...
65
1912. , 70 . 191213. . 191418. . (18641936). (1919) (1920), , ,
, , . , .4 (16. 1920. 6. 1923) .5 - . , . , - , 1920, , . . 1922. ,
, - . 1923. , .6 , , . , . , , , - . XX - , 1918. 1941. ( V
19131918; IV 19211923; VII 19231924; VI 19241925; III 19251929; II
19291935; 19361946).
4 , . ., . 147.5 A. E. Montgomery, The Making of the Treaty of
Sevres of 10 August 1920, The Historical
Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Dec., 1972), str. 775787; Peter Kincaid
Jensen, The Greco-Turkish War, 19201922, International Journal of
Middle East Studies, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Nov., 1979), str. 553565.
6 Stevan K. Pavlowitch, A History of the Balkans, 18041945,
Longman, 1999, str. 237241; Marija Todorova, Imaginarni Balkan,
Beograd, 1999, str. 300301.
-
66
. 1922. - ;7 , .8 , 1937. - . - .9
XIX XX , - . - . - . , . - - . - III (18791884; 19011912).10
1920.11 , -a.12
7 oko Slijepevi, Istorija Srpske pravoslavne crkve, IIII,
Beograd, 1990, str. II/560.8 1923.
. , , , , , . The Treaties of Peace 19191923, Vol. II, Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, New York, 1924. 1926. . ,
18961970, , 1998.
9 1922. . , , , . - . 1938. . Radmila Radi, Srpska pravoslavna
crkva i pravoslavlje u ehoslovakoj, Tokovi istorije, br. 12/1997,
str. 93120.
10 Bishop Photius of Triaditsa, The 70th Anniversary of the
Pan-Orthodox Congress. A Major Step on the Path Towards Apostasy,
Orthodox Life, No. 12, 1994.
11 Dagmar Heller, The Date of Easter: A Church-Dividing Issue?,
The Ecumenical Review, Vol. 48, July, 1996; Ernest Benz, Duh i ivot
Istone crkve, Sarajevo, str. 175.
12 , , 69-10-23 69-156-240-241.
-
. , ...
67
, . 1900. 1914. , (Eisenachu) 1900. 1910. 1914. , , - . IV
(19211923) - -.13 , . . , .14
- , . 1919. , - , , , - , , .15 10 Bishop Photius of Triaditsa,
The 70th Anniversary of the Pan-Orthodox Congress. A Major
Step on the Path Towards Apostasy, Orthodox Life, No. 12,
1994.11 Dagmar Heller, The Date of Easter: A Church-Dividing
Issue?, The Ecumenical Review, Vol.
48, July, 1996; Ernest Benz, Duh i ivot Istone crkve, Sarajevo,
str. 175.12 , , 69-10-23
69-156-240-241.13 . 21. 9. 1871. .
1892. . (Chrysostomos Papadopoulos), 1908. 1912, . 1918. . 1921.
. . () . Fr. Andrew Phillips, The Orthodox Calendar and the Future
of Old Calendarism,
http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/ea_calendar.aspx.
14 Protopresbyter Alexander Lebedeff, The Traditional Calendar
of the Orthodox Church, Ob-servations About its Meaning, Orthodox
Tradition, Vol. XIV, br. 23, str. 8185,
http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/ea_calendar.aspx; Professor
Constantine Cavarnos, Blessed Elder Philotheos Zervakos, Modern
Orthodox Saints, Vol. XI, Belmont, MA: Institute for Byzantine and
Modern Greek Studies, 1993; Orthodox Tradition, Vol. XIV, No. 1,
str. 6769.
15 , , , . 78 910, 1919; - , , . 13, 20. 4. 1928.
-
68
, , , .16
16. 3. 1919. , .17 - 1919, , , - , , , , , , .18 20- .19 - 1922,
, - ,20 III ( , , , , , , , , -, - , , , ). 21
, -, , , -, .
6 , , , 1931, . 401408.17 , , . 7, 30. 5. 1919, . 96101; .
8,
14. 6. 1919, . 108115; . 910, 25. 6. 1919, . 138145; . 1112, 10.
7. 1919, . 163169; . 1314, 25. 7. 1919, . 199200.
18 , , - , 17. 8. 1919.
19 , , , 30. 1. 1922, . 5.
20 - 1922. , , , . , 20. 11. 1922, . 30.
21 , , . 1, 2. 3. 1923; -, , . 6, 20. 4. 1923.
-
. , ...
69
. , . 365 6 11 14 , 365 , 5 , 48 46 . 128 , .22 . 325. , . ()
21. .23 21. , . , . , , .
XVI . , , 4 7 .24 , 10 . , , ( ) 400. ,
22 Jakov Stipii, Pomone povijesne znanosti u teoriji i praksi,
Zagreb, 1972, . 177.23 () .
, , . . , . , . - ; ; , , . , , , , 1996, . 23, . 103111. . , ,
1966, . 75.
24 III . XIII 1582. Inter Gravissimas. Boris S. Verkhovsky,
Amended Julian Worldwide Calen-dar, Annals of European Academy of
Sciences, 2003, str. 334338;
www.cs.njit.edu/verkhov/AmendedJulianCalendar; , , 1966, . 75.
-
70
. - 13 2100. 14 .25 21. , , , . - . , . . 20. .26 . , .
, , , - , ., 1925. . ( , , , , , , ) , , , 1923, ( ).27 , , .
25.
25 Dagmar Heller, The Date of Easter: A Church-Dividing Issue?,
The Ecumenical Review, Vol. 48, July, 1996.
26 , , 1899. - 14 23. , . 366 128 . , . . , , , , 1923;
Protopresbyter Alexander Lebedeff, The Traditional Calendar of the
Orthodox Church, Observations About its Meaning, Orthodox
Tradition, Volume XIV, br. 23, str. 8185,
http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/ea_calendar.aspx
27 . 1962. . - 1976. . 1997. .
-
. , ...
71
7. . . . , , .
10. 1. 1919. 16. 1. 1919. ( ) 28. 1. ( ) . - . , . . -- 12. 2.
1923. - - -. - .28 . . III 1902. 6. 6. 1903.29
, , . 1900/01.30
28 , , 63-14; , 69-156-241.29 , , . 78 910, 1919.30 , ,
, , 1901; , , , 1909; , , -, 1900; . , La Serbie et la fi n dune
Contestation pascale de trois sicles, Paris, 1901.
-
72
( ) , 21. . . 13 , 9 0 4, 40 2000. .31
- 16. 2. 1923. 17. - - - .32 .33 . -, . 872, : , , . , , , -, .
31 1593.
, , . , , , . 5, 18. 1919; , , , . 8, 8. 6. 1919; . 9, 15. 6.
1919; . 10, 22. 6. 1919; , , , . 7, 16. 2. 1920; . 8, 23. 2. 1920;
. 20, 28. 6. 1920; . 22, 12. 7. 1920; . 27, 16. 8. 1920; . 32, 20.
9. 1920; . 37, 25. 10. 1920; . 40, 15. 11. 1920; . 42, 29. 11.
1920; . 43, 6. 12. 1920; . 45, 25. 12. 1920; . 3, 17. 1. 1921; . 6,
7. 2. 1921.
32 , , 69-156-241; . - , . 13 . - , . 6, 1923, . 310.
33 Time, 12. 1923; Andrew Bond, The Calendar Question, The
Orthodox Word, Sep.Oct., 1982, Vol. 32, No. 5, str. 4548
http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/ea_calendar.aspx.
-
. , ...
73
, - . , , , , , . . . .34
- 1. 1923. - , . - - .35 , 8/21. , - - ().
, - , . 18. 1923. IV - .36 - , .37 , - .34 , , . 1, 2. 3. 1923;
,
, 1923, , , . 8384; , , . 4, 1. 4. 1923; , , . , , , 1923, II, .
140.
35 , , 69-156-241.36 , 411-21-42-45.37 , , 1923, . 141.
-
74
, , 1923. - - . - . .38 ( 1924. ),39 , -, 1900. .40
, , - - , , - - . .41
30. 2. .42 , . - .43 . , . . ,
38 , , , , , 1997, . 554567.
39 , . 2, 15. (28) 1925.40 .
. , , , , 1923.
41 , , . 6, 20. 4. 1923.42 - 26. 4. 1923.
, - . 17/30. 4. 1923. . , , 69-156-241.
43 , , , , . 554567.
-
. , ...
75
-. , - - . 4. .44
( ) 10. 8. 1923. .45 , -,46 , , . . . , . , .47
. : -, . - : IV , - . , . ( 19251929). - , , . . , . (), , 10. .
. , (), . , -
44 - 6 1923. . , - , 63-14; 15. 5. 1923. - . , , 69-152; , , ,
2002.
45 , , 10. 1923, . 11; Bishop Photius of Triaditsa, The 70th
Anniversary of the Pan-Orthodox Congress. A Major Step on the Path
Towards Apostasy, Orthodox Life, No. 12, 1994.
46 , , 1923, , . 1333; , , 63-14.
47 , , . 13, 1. 1923.
-
76
. IV . 23. 6. 1923. , , .48
10. , , - . 11, 18, 21. 25. .49 11. , - , . . . - . : . ; ; ; .
. ; ; , ; . . , , . .50 - . , .51
15. , . , , , . . . - 21. 5. 1923. , 48 , . 9, 1923, , .
435/436.49 , , . 11, 10. 1923.50 , , . 14, 10. 1923;
, , 1923, , . 1333.51 , , 63-14.
-
. , ...
77
13 . , . , , , .52 , . , , - . : 13 , , , . - 2800. 13 9 2 6. .
23. , 30. :
, , , , , , :
1. 13 , - I - . : 1. 1923. , 13. 1923. .
2. 14. 1923. , .
3. , . 29. . 53
52 , , 63-14.53 , -
, , 1923; , , , , 2005, . 101106; , , , 15. 1. 2006.
-
78
( - ), . - . - - , . -, . , , , , , - 50 . .54
. - 1. , , . .55 8. 6. 1923. , , , , ( 1. 8. 1923, . 16). - , -,
, , .56
, , - IV
54 . , , - , . , , . , - . , , , 15. 1. 2006.
55 , , . - 3. 6. 1923. , 411-21-42-4; , - , , 1923; , , .
123124.
56 , , 1923, , . 1333; , , . 18, 10. 1923; , , , , . 554567; , ,
. 112, 119121.
-
. , ...
79
100 , . .57 , , 1923. , , .
- . , 23. , . - . 1600. 1925. . ; , , . - . .58
1923. .59
- , , -. , - 60 20. .61 . -
57 , , , XLVII, - , . II, , 1923.
58 , . 6, 1923, . 313; Andrew Bond, The Calendar Question, The
Orthodox Word, Sep.Oct., 1982, Vol. 32, No. 5, . 4548;
http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/ea_calendar.aspx; , , 1923, ,
. 1333; , , . 15, 20. 1923.
59 , II, . 11, 1923, , . 532.60 , , , 1926, . 891893.61 Bishop
Photius of Triaditsa, The Road to Apostasy: Signifi cant Essays on
Ecumenism (Etna),
CA: Center for Traditional Orhodox Studies, 1995 ( ).
http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/ea_calendar.aspx
-
80
, - , , . , , 21. , - . - . , . , - , 20. .62 , , 19. 20. , . ,
. . . , . . , , . , , . - , , , . , .63
1925. .64 -a 1977. : 62 Fr. Andrew Phillips, The Orthodox
Calendar and the Future of Old Calendarism, http://www.
orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/ea_calendar.aspx63 . . , ,
, . 78, 1923, . 355364.64 , ,
, . 2, 1925, . 8283.
-
. , ...
81
. , - , 1923. . 1925. .; , , . , , : , , . 1930. . , - .65
- .66 ( - ), , - (. ).67 1923. .68 . .69
. . .70 . .71 ,
65 , , , . 1, 1994, . 3748.
66 ?, , a 1923, . 9.67 , . 8, 1925; , . 1011,
1929, . 28; , 1930, . 1718.68 , . 9, 1923.69 , , a 1923.70 , .
12, 20. 6. 1923.71 , ,
, 1923, . 90-95.
-
82
1923. , . - .72
8. 8. 1923. , , -.73 27. 8. 1923. . - , , . . , , , . - - 1925.
1600. . , . , , - .74
, - 30. 8. 1923. - . , . .
72 , . 22, 20. 9. 1923; , , . 24, 15. 10. 1923.
73 , , 395-8-365.74
- . , - , 69-152.
-
. , ...
83
1922. 1921. ( - , , .). - 1923. - .
- 5/18. 9. 1923. .75 , (18 : 3) , -. -, , . , - .76 : , , : . .
, : !...77 : , . , . . , !...78
. . , . . : : , .79
75 , , 63-14. . , , http://www.arheologija.narod.ru
76 , , . 10, 1923. II, . 475; , II, . 11, 1923, . 529; . . , , .
25, 30. 10. 1923.
77 , 1923, . 89.78 , , , . 19, 20. 1924. 79 , 1923, . 77; , .
5572, 28. 10. 1923.
-
84
31. 1. 1924. (, , , , , , .) .80 24. 2. 1924. , , , , - , . 29.
1. 1924. 10. 23. . 14. 27. . . 25. 2. 1924. . ( ) . - .81
( ) , -. - .82 1924. , - .83 . , -
80 , , 63-14.81 , ,
, , , . , . 2, 1924, III, . 93 . 6, 1924, . 284.
82 2 15. 1923. . , . 10, 1923, . 486; , 1923.
83 5. 1924. - 10. 10. 23. . . , , 15. (28) 3. 1924, . 6, . 92; ,
411-21-42-45.
-
. , ...
85
.84 . - . . - . - . . .85
, - 9. 1924. - . , - - . - . - , - . , , - -. , . - 8/21. 1924.
. -. . 86
. , , . . , , , - .
84 1925. . . The Appearance of the Sign of the Cross Near
Athens, Orthodox Life, Vol. 22, No. 2 (MarchApril, 1972), . 1820; ,
1927, . . , , 1927.
85 , 1927.86 , , 63-14; , 411-
21-42-45.
-
86
- .87 : , . , - . - . - . , . : , . ....88 - .89
1924. - - .90 - 1924. , , , . , , , , .91 27. 11. 1924. - - .
19. 20. 1924. - - .
1924. , , , . , .
87 , , , . 4 78, 1924. III, . 157164 289296; , , , 25. 1924. .
11.
88 , , . 9, 1924, . 404.89 , , . 6, 15. (28) 3. 1924, . 92.90 ,
. 11, 1924.91 , , . 11, 1924, . 501.
-
. , ...
87
, . . . .92 , .93 , , .94 . , , . , , .95 .96
. - .97 13 . : .98 , .99 (), , ,
92 . , , , . 23, 1/14. 12. 1924. . 355357.93 , 1927, . 699701.94
, . 38, 6. 11. 1927.95 , . 31, 18. 9. 1927.96 , . 27, 11. 11. 1928;
(), ,
, , ; , , , . 4, 1931, . 288291 [ (), - , , , 1931, ()].
97 . , , , 1932, . 1141.98 , , . 22, 19. 6. 1927.99 , , , . 24,
3. 7. 1927, . 25, 10. 7. 1927, .
27, 24. 7. 1927.
-
88
.100
185 - (. ) 1926. - . 1923. 1925. 25. 9. 1926. - . -, , .101 30.
1. 1929.102
- , , , , - -, - .103 - 1926. .104
17. 2. 1927. : , , (1. . 1, 7), . , . , , , ,
100 , , , 1929, . 1, . 4763; , , , . 14, 15. (28) 1925.
101 , , 1931, . 12381248.
102 , , 63-14.103 , , 63-14; , 69-156-241.104 , , 69-46-75.
-
. , ...
89
. . , - , 1923. . , . , - , , , . . , , , , - . , 1924. , - -. .
. . 19 . , .105 , .106 , 1932. - . .107 .108
105 , , VI, . 89, 1927, . 247255. 2. 1924. . , ,
411-21-42-45.
106 , , . 12, 1927, . 63.107 , 1932, .108 Professor Constantine
Cavarnos, Blessed Elder Gabriel, Modern Orthodox Saints,
Belmont,
MA: Institute for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 1999;
Hosios Gregorios, Vol. V, No. 26 (MayJune), 1968, str. 10161022;
Orthodox Tradition, Vol. XVII, No. 23 (2000), str. 1215.
-
90
, . - , , . - 1924,109 60- . , . , 20- - 1924. . . .110
- . 1929. . , , , . - 1928. . - , , . . , . , , - . , . - .
.111
109 , 1929, . 1, . 79.110 , , 63-14.111 .
-
. , ...
91
1930. , 12. 8. 1930. - . , - , .112
1930. VIII -, -, .113 1931. - - .114 , , , . , , . 1931, , IV ,
, -. -, , . - , , , , . . , .115 1931. .
112 .113 , , 63-15.114 , , 1931,
. 12381248.115 , , 63-15.
-
92
1923. , , .116 , , , . , . , . - , . IV, , . - 40.000 .117 , , .
.118
. . . . , , - , .119 .120
116 24. 1923. . , , 411-21-42-45.
117 , , , 69-10-23.
118 , , 69-10-23. 2. 1923. 29. 10. . - .
http://www.ataturk.com/content/view/33/70/
119 , , . 20. 9. / 3. 10. 1923. , 411-21-42-45; , . 10, 1923, .
482.
120 , , 69-10.
-
. , ...
93
- , . . ( ), . 1935. , .121
1923. - VII (192324), .122 . - , . , .123 4. 1924. - , , .124 ,
, VII . 2.000 , () .125
121 . Professor Constantine Cavarnos, Blessed Elder Philotheos
Zervakos, Modern Orthodox Saints, Vol. XI, Belmont, MA: Institute
for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 1993; Orthodox Tradition,
Vol. XIV, No. 1, str. 6769; The Ecumenical Patriarch Meletius
Metaxakis (18711935): a) the Masons, b) the Innovators, c) the
Ecumenists, OEM, 1990, IXII, Chaps. 1821, str. 149.
122 , , . - 8/25. 11. 1923. 1/14. 12. 1923. , 411-21-42-45; , .
2, 1924, III, . 92; . , . !, , , , . 1, 1924, , . 13.
123 , . 5, 1924, . 238.124 , , 395-10-306 395-11-307.
- , 1924. 1935. , , , , , , .
http://www.ataturk.com/content/view/33/70/
125 , , - 7. 15. 1924. , 395-11-308-310.
-
94
. , 1923. . , 1923. , .126
1924. , .127 VII .128 (- ), - , , . , je - . , .129 , .
VI (19241925), . , , . , .130 .131 , , - . VI 22. 1925. , 31.
-
126 , , . 6, 1924, . 286; , , 2. 1924. , 395-11-314-315.
127 , , 24. 1924. , 395-11-311-313.
128 . 1. 8. 1924. , , , . , , , 395-11-319-322.
129 , . 9, 1924, . 411.130 , ,
, . 2, 15. (28) 1925, . 23.131 , . 6, , 15. (28) 1925.
-
. , ...
95
.132 . 13. III (19251929).133 (23. 7) , , , .134
1926. 104 (40 , 49 , , , , , ), ( , 40 ). , , . , . , , - 18 20.
, , - . 200.000 .135 1930. - , - ( ). - , . , , . - 30- , - .136 ,
.137
132 , , 69-11-26-34.133 , , 411-21-42-45.134 , ,
395-11-316-318.135 , , , . 4, 1934, . 236.136 , , 372-12 (
12. 1. 1935).137 , . 3, 1931, . 229.
-
96
138
1923. 1925. 1600 . , , . , - , .
- 1924. 1925. .139 , , . 1924. . - , 4. 1924, .140 . . - .
.141
1925. .142 - - 1924. ,
138 - . , . : . . , , , XII, 1, , 1937, . 3339.
139 , . 1, 1924.140 , , 411-21-42-45.141 . , ,
, , 1924, , . 523529.142 , 10. 9. 1924, . 22.
-
. , ...
97
( ) .143 - , , . , . .144 - 27. 2. 1922. , .145 - , 12. 8. 1923.
-, . , , .146 , , . .147 1926. , , .148
, , .149 , - - , -.150 -143 . , , 10. 11. 1924, . 28; , .
11,
1924.144 , 1896
1970, . 86.145 , , 411-21-42-45.146 , , 69-9-24.147 , ,
395-26-245.148 , . 24, 27. 6. 1926.149 , , . 11, 1924.150 . , , , .
15, 1/14. 8. 1924, . 232234.
-
98
.151 - - - ( , ).152
- 1924. . ( ) , . , -, , . - - . 1925. . - , -, . , .153
- , - 1924. : , , , - . , , , ... , . - , , .154
151 ., . !, , , , . 1, 1924, . 68.
152 . , , , . 9, 1924, . 137139.
153 , 1924, , . 607613.154 , , . 30, 1. 12. 1924.
-
. , ...
99
10. 12. 1925. 20. 12. 1925. . , . .155
- 16/29. 3. 1926. , , - - . ( : , - , , -, , : , , , ). -, .156
, , - 1926. , . .157
, - 1926. . . : , ; , ; .
155 , . 34, 1927, . 125126.156 , , 69-156-241.157 , , ,
395-15-322.
-
100
-. (, , , , .), . .158
1926. - . , , 1929. .159 8. 25. 1930. , - , , , . . , . .160 , ,
, , , , . .161
-. , - ( ). - -. , , .162
1930. - .163 158 (), . ,
, . 34, 1927, . 108114.159 , , 411-21-42-45.160 , . 3 . 4, 1929,
. 308309; , . 3, 1930, . 233.161 , 1930, . 6, . 214215.162 ,
1931.
. . , , 74-76-719; , . 4, 1931, . 306, 308; , 1932, . 60.
163 , , . 3, 1930, . 238.
-
. , ...
101
, . . : , , , , .164 1940. . - 1930. : , .165
Summary
The Ecumenical Patriarchy, the Serbian Orthodox Church andChurch
Reforms Between the Two World Wars
Key words: Kingdom of SHS/Yugoslavia, Serbian Orthodox Church,
Ecu menical Patriarchy, church reforms
The demands for reforms in many matters occurred in the Orthodox
Churches after the First World War. One of the most important of
them was the matter of the calendar. Representatives of the
Ecumenical Patriarchy were leading proponents of the reformist
tendencies within Orthodoxy. This was a direct consequence of the
political changes in Turkey in 1920s. They convened an all-Orthodox
congress in Constantinople in 1923, which was attended also by the
representatives of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Neither all
Orthodox Churches nor the majority of their representatives were
represented at the congress, so its legitimacy soon became
disputed. The decisions which were reached were not put to practice
by most Orthodox Churches, and even where they were, it was not
done in the same way, which led to serious splits within the
Orthodox world. Although it had its representatives at the
congress, the Serbian Orthodox Church did not apply its decisions
(the calendar, the second marriage of priests etc.). Diverging
opinions about the congresss decisions caused serious polemics
among theologians and priests in the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats
and Slovenes. Attempts at solving the questions which divided the
orthodox world at the ecumenical congress yielded no results until
the Second World War, and they remained open even later.
164 , , , XII, 1, , 1937, . 3339.
165 , , 411-8-324.
-
102
316.811/.815(497.11)195/... 305-055.2:314.5(497.11)195/...
20.
-
: 20. , -, . : , , , , ,
- , ( 80 -). , . . 1931. , (67,8%) 5 .1 , . - . , - , .2 -1 2 ,
33,8 ,
2 5 34 . , 28 - . . , , , 1958, . 353.
2 23 , - , .
-
. - 20.
103
, - . - , , . , -.3 , , 50%, .4
, - . .
- .5 . , 19. . , .6 , .7 , , , , , , .
3 . -, 19491953, . 1116.4 , 1938,
47%. , , 16 17. 1943. . -, . ., . 15.
5 , . . , -, A , , 2002, . 38.
6 1939. - . , , . . . , , , , 1939, . 679.
7 , , , , . . , , : - - , , 2001, . 173.
-
104
- , - . , , . - . , . - . - , , , . , , .8
O - . , - , . . - , . - - . . , . , .9 . , 1945. 1981. , 75,3
28,9 .10 , 72,3 , 1948, 17,3 1991. .11 1.154.558 1948. 5.321.364
1991. . 16,7 1948. 51,2 1991.12 , , 54%.
8 : . , - , , . , . , Clio, 2006, . 125.
9 . -, . ., . 54.10 . , , , 1987, . 110. 11 2000, . 61.12 , .
60.
-
. - 20.
105
, , ; -; - .13 .
, - , , , , . .14
, - , - a a , e e .
, - , . , , - , - . . .
, - , , - .15
- , , 1946. , . , .16 .
13 . , . ., . 111.14 ,
, , , , , , . . , . ., . 315323.
15 K. K, . ., . 447.16 , , 1946.
-
106
. ,17 , ., , , .18
, - . - , , . 1955. -.19
, , . , , , . , .
.
. - , - , . -, . - , , , , .
, - . 17 : . , . -,
(18441946), - 19. 20. , . 1125.
18 6. 1941. - , 1844. , . 12.
19 - , . . - . . , - . , . 1921.
-
. - 20.
107
, . , . . 15 . , 15 .20
1
1948. 66,4 % 62 %1953. 67,1 % 62,7 %1961. 70,7 % 67,4 %
. 66,5% .21 . , .22
, , - . . . - (24%), (22,1%), (18,9%) (9,8%). - (25,9%),
(23,8%), (20,3%)
20 , 298, . 91.21 15 , 66,5% . . ,
. , . , . -, , -, , 2001, . 20.
22 -. - 13 , . - , 39 , , 27 . , , , 5. 2002.
-
108
(17,9%). , (35,2%), (12,4%), (12%), (11,9%) (8%).23
4,4 1948. , 3,6 1991. . 3,4 ( 4,5 1948), 2,9, ( 3,6) 6,8 (
6,4).24 .
, . - (57,3% 1991). .25 , . , , . , , .26
. 1,14.27
- , . .28 . 1.000 1992. , 0,1, 1997. 1,8. 1952. 16,7
23 , 19861996, , , 1998, . 35.
24 1997, , -, , 1999, . 27; The World`s Women 2000, . 50.
25 . , . , . 34. 26 . , , 2006,
, www.awin.org.yu/srp/text/elbtext14.htm. - : , , , , . . ,
.
27 . , . , . , . -, . ., . 20.28 1950. 1.000 29,5, 1997.
12,3. 1997, . 58.
-
. - 20.
109
. 1989. .29 , . 1. , 1997. 0,73, 0,76.30
2 1.000
1950. 16,11960. 11,31970. 8,21980. 8,41990. 5,31997. 1,6
. , .31
. , , . , - . .32
, , . - 1948. 29,05 ( 28,13, 29,92), 1997. 36,57 ( 35,58,
37,54).33 , , 60
29 1997, . 58 59.30 , . 78.31 . , . ., . 329330.32 . , , , 2001,
. 166.33 1997, . 31.
-
110
19 .34 16 60 .35 , . - ,36 - , . .
20. : , - , , -, , , , , , , , , .37
. , . 57,06 68,48 , 58,77 74,27.38 , 15 . , . 69,87 1986/1987.
67,80 1996/1997. . , , .39
34 , . 50. 1948. 21,98, 1997. 65,75.
35 . , , , 9. , 2002.36
. - 540.000 150.000 . - 15 , . . . , , , 5. 2003.
37 . , , , 2001, . 71.38 1997, . 30. 195254. 199092.39 .
1986/87. 1996/97.
.
-
. - 20.
111
- , , , . 1950. 26,7 . , 1997. , 30,18 . 1950. 23,76 . , (1997)
26,41 . 30,64 , 31,15. 26,73 , 27,44. , .
3
1950. 23,76 23,56 21,42 25,361960. 24,04 23,84 25,17 22,301970.
23,75 23,56 24,82 22,781980. 24,81 24,79 25,44 24,251990. 25,27
25,61 26,04 23,571997. 26,41 26,73 27,44 24,69
. 1997, 27,7 . 24,3.40 , , , e .
40 1997, . 134.
-
112
4
1956. 22 21,9 22,4 21,11960. 22,2 22,1 22,7 21,81970. 21,6 21,4
21,8 22,41980, 22,95 22,70 22,85 23,791990. 23,61 23,69 23,57
23,421997. 24,32 24,38 24,26 24,26
, .41
5
1952. 1953. 1954. 1955. 1956. 1957. 1958. 1959. 1960. 1961 18 27
30 29 32 33 31 30 33 29
. 1987. 1,2, 0,7.42 , . , . . . . , ,43 . , 1962. ,
41 , 19621966, . 5, .
42 1997, . 58; . , . , . , . --, . ., . 20.
-
. - 20.
113
11% , .44
- , , . , .
. (1952), 33,69 , 1997. 39,42. 30,54 1952, 35,87 1997. .45
. .
- . , , , , - , . , , . - . .
, . . -. , . , .46
43 . , . ., . 526. , , .
44 , 196266, . 5, , 1962.45 1997, . 141.46 , ..., . 5, ,
1966.
-
114
. , . . , , , , .47
- , . , , , .48 - .
. . , , . , , . . . .49 , .
- . - , , , . , , . - , .50 47 : ,
, 19. 20. , 2, . 183200.
48 . , , 19. 20. , 2. 600 .
49 . 50 .
-
. - 20.
115
, . 2.200 , , , 65 , 47 . , .51
, . , , , , . , , , . - - , . .
, , . -, . . , , . . . . , , , , .51 ,
, , . . , , , 2002.
-
116
, , - , , , - .52 - , , . , .
- . , . , . , .53
a , , , , , - , , , - .
52 . , , . 384, 385.53 . , . ., . 448.
-
. - 20.
117
Summary
Women and the Family in Serbia in the Second Half of 20th
Century
Key words: Serbia, woman, family, marriage, gender equality,
urbanisation
Modernization measures of the socialist state and the changes
occurring within the family after the Second World War infl uenced
the situation of women and were refl ected in their lives. The
situation of women was strongly infl uenced by full legal equality
between men and women, extended education and increased economic
independence based on the fact that the proportion of employed
women was much larger than previously. The process of family
nuclearization, liberalization of divorce and the possibility of
birth control were also important determinants of the status of
women in socialism. All this did not suffi ce to completely
overcome traditional ways of thinking about female being and social
function, to overcome the traditional values and change the deep
ingrained roles of man and woman within the family. Women still did
most of the housework, and they took unto themselves care of
children, even when they were employed. Despite all the changes
which took place during the after-war years, the perceptible
differences that marked the ways of living of men and women in town
and in the country in the inter-war period were not disposed of.
The system of norms and behaviour typical for patriarchal ideology
was more important and exercised greater infl uence in the country
than in towns and cities. Many signs point to the fact that the
modernization process of rural families and changes within them are
neither clear-cut nor that they completely overcame the patriarchal
system. Together with pronounced differences in the status and way
of life of women in urban and rural areas, in various types of
families, with the echo of emancipation on the one hand, and the
strong infl uence of tradition on the other, as well as with all
the changes which came about during the socialist modernization,
female inferiority remained a constant, particularly within the
framework of traditional family roles.
-
118
323.15:316.647.8(497.1)1918/1941(093.2)
323.15:930(497.1)1918/1941(093.2)
19181941.
: , , - . - . . : /, ,
(-) , , . , - . ,1 . , , - - . , .2 -
1 Olivera Milosavljevi, U tradiciji nacionalizma, ili stereotipi
srpskih intelektualaca XX veka o nama i drugima, Beograd, 2002,
str. 2224.
2 Iz ovog rada e biti izostavljeni udbenici istorije koji su i
te kako vani za kreiranje istorijske slike o drugima. Njihovo
prikazivanje ovde spomenutih narodnosti je s jedne strane bilo vrlo
turo, a s druge je odraavalo stavove veine autora koje smo obradili
u ovom lanku. (Up. Zoran Janjetovi, National Minorities and
Non-Slav Neighbours in Serbian Textbooks, Inter-nationale
Schulbuchforschung, XXIII, 2, 2001, str. 201213).
-
. 19181941.
119
, , .
, - .3 , . , .
XIX .4 . .5
- , (, , ), . -- - , , , -, , , , , .6
- . , . ( ) .7
, ,
3 Milosavljevi, n. d.; Predrag J. Markovi, Ethnic Stereotypes:
Ubiquitous, Local or Migrating Phenomena? The Serbian-Albanian
Case, Bonn, s. a.; Marco Dogo, Kosovo. Albanesi e serbi: le radici
del confl itto, Lungro di Cosenza, 1992.
4 Markovi, n. d., str. 47.5 Isto, str. 48.6 Markovi, n. d., str.
5051; Milosavljevi, n. d., str. 222223; Dogo, n. d., str. 22, 2628.
Slinu
tezu je pod pseudonimom zastupao i slovenaki propagandista u
srpskoj slubi Niko upani (Up. K. Gersin, Altserbien und die
albanseische Frage, Wien, Leipzig, 1912, str. 26, 29, 40)
7 Milosavljevi, n. d., str. 218, 225228; Dogo, n. d., str. 5153.
Istu tezu je zastupao i upani koga Olivera Milosavljevi ne citira.
(Up. Gersin, n. d., str. 3741, 4446.).
-
120
, .8 , . XVII XIX XX .9
, . ,10 - , XVIII , . - - , , , , , .11 , 1912, , .12 13 .14
, - , . - XVIII .15 - XIX (, , , ) , , .
8 U njih je iz politikih razloga, pre svega zbog elje za
izlaskom Srbije na more, ukljuivana i severna Albanija. U prilog
opravdanosti srpskih zahteva u toj oblasti navoeni su toponimi,
navodno poreklo stanovnitva i jo postojee srpske enklave.
9 Dogo, n. d., str. 2527. Ovakvu osnovnu sliku je prihvatio i
Dimitrije Tucovi, ali za razliku od drugih srpskiha autora u
potiskivanju Srba nije video nita tragino ni neuobiajeno. On je
albansku ekspanziju i srpsko uzmicanje objanjavao begovskim
sistemom (Dimitrije Tucovi, Srbija i Albanija. Jedan prilog kritici
zavojevake politike srpske buroazije, Sabrana dela, 8, Beograd,
1980, str. 2224). Pljaku albanskih gortaka je pravdao skuenim
teritorijalnim i ekonomskim uslovima u kojima su iveli (Isto, str.
30).
10 Milosavljevi, n. d., str. 284.11 Isto, str. 285287.12
Milosavljevi, n. d., str. 287; Tucovi, n. d., str. 22.13 Dotation
Carnegie pour la paix internationale. Enquete dans les Balkans.
Rapport present aux
directeurs par les membres de la Commission, Paris, 1914, str.
129, 131.14 Up. Milosavljevi, n. d., str. 2226.15 Antal Hegedi,
Josif II o svom putovanju u Banat 1768, Istraivanja, 11, 1986, str.
214, 221;
Felix Milleker, Geschichte der Banater Militrgrenze 17641873,
Panevo, 1925, str. 47.
-
. 19181941.
121
.16 - , . , - , , . - , .
, XIX - . -. XVIII , - .17 XIX . - 1864,18 , . - - .19 , , .20 -
() XX ,21 .22
16 Milosavljevi, n. d., str. 295296. Zanimljivo je da su maarski
autori tog doba Srbe videli kao lenje, temperamentne u ljubavi i
mrnji, sklone piu i psovanju, prljave, sujeverne i rastrone.Od
dobrih osobina pripisivali su im velikodunost, pobonost, privrenost
porodici i gostolju-bivost. (Up. Mariann Nagy, Nineteenth Century
Hungarian Authors on Hungarys Ethnic Mi-norities, u: Lszl Kontler
(ed.), Pride and Prejudice. National Sterotypes in 19th and 20th
Century Europe East to West, Budapest, 1995, str. 4244)
17 Keith Hitchins, The Rumanian National Movement in
Transylvania 17801849, Cambridge, Mass. 1969, str. IX.
18 I. D. Suciu, Gr. Popiti, Relations serbo-roumaines dans
lempire autrichien entre 1780 et 1850, Revue roumaine dhistoire,
IX, 2, 1970; Nikola Gavrilovi, Jurisdikcija Karlovake mitropolije
nad pravoslavnim Rumunima u Banatu, Kriani i Erdelju, Srbi i
Rumuni. Srpsko-rumunske veze kroz vekove, Beograd, Novi Sad, 1998;
Keith Hitchins, Orthodoxy and Natio-nality. Andreiu Saguna and the
Romanians of Transylvania 18461873, Harvard, 1977; Isti, Andreiu
aguna and the Restoration of the Rumanian Orthodox Metropolis in
Transylvania 18461868, Balkan Studies, VI, 1, 1965, str. 1618.
19 Svetislav Bradvarevi, Nae hijerarhijsko-deobne parnice sa
Rumunima u vrakoj i te mi-varskoj eparhiji, Novi Sad, 1913.
20 Isto, str. 7, 20.21 Tih[omir] R. orevi, Kroz nae Rumune.
Putopisne beleke, Beograd, 1906, str. 65.22 Isto, 66.
-
122
, .23
, , , . , , , .24 , . , .
, . : , , , , .25 , , , - .26
. - , , 1918. -.27 - , - . , . .
23 Srbi su pak prema Rumunima navodno oseali samo izvesno
nipodatavanje koje su izraavali alama i vicevima (Isto, str.
67).
24 Radoslav Markovi, Srpska pravoslavna parohija u Iniji krajem
1900, (reprint izdanje), Inija, 1997, str. 34, 47, 64; Isti, O
raskou (modi) i ostalim tetnim obiajima i navikama naim, Za-greb,
1912, str. 67.
25 Milan B. Koljanin, Jevreji i antisemitizam u Kraljevini
Jugoslaviji (19181941), (doktorska teza u rukopisu), Beograd, 2006,
str. 101; eni Lebl, Do Konanog reenja. Jevreji u Beo-gradu
15211942, Beograd, 2001, str. 117, 127, 152.
26 Lebl, n. d., str. 153; Koljanin, n. d., str. 114115, 131.
Kratak pregled evropskog antisemitizma videti u: Dord L. Mos,
Istorija rasizma u Evropi, Beograd, 2005.
27 Andrej Mitrovi, Jugoslavija na konferenciji mira 19191920,
Beograd, 1968, str. 96.
-
. 19181941.
123
. , ,28 .29 : ,30 .31 , ( ) , .32 , , .33 .
() , .34
28 Arhiv Jugoslavije (dalje: AJ), Fond 398, f. 1; Politisches
Archiv des Auswrtigen Amtes (dalje: PAAA) Abt. IIb,
Nationalittenfrage, Fremdvlker in Jugoslawien, Politik 6,
Jugoslawien Bd. 4; Association yougoslave pour la Socit des
Nations, La Serbie de Sud depuis 1918, Belgrade, 1926, str. 1;
Association yougoslave pour la Socit des Nations, Bulgares et
Yougoslaves. LangueReligionTraditionsAspect politiqueEtat
actuelConclusion, Belgrade, 1928, str. 9; Leopold Lenard, Narodne
manjine u SHS, Jubilarni zbornik ivota i rada SHS 19181928,
Beograd, 1928, str. 733; Isti, Slovenske narodne manjine u
Jugoslaviji, Narodna odbrana, 52, 29. XII 1929, str. 857; ivko
Avramovski, Britanci o Kraljevini Jugoslaviji. Godinji izvetaji
britanskog poslanstva u Beogradu 19211938, I (19211931), Zagreb,
Beograd, [1986], str. 161, 147; Ewald Ammende (Hrsg.), Die
Nationalitten in den Staaten Europas. Sammlung von Lageberichte,
Wien, Leipzig, 1931, str. 373.
29 PAAA, Abt. IIb, Nationalittenfrage, Fremdvlker in
Jugoslawien, Politik 6, Jugoslawien Bd. 430 Up. G. Bajdaroff, La
question macdonienne dans le pass et le prsent, Sofi a, 1926, str.
43;
George P. Genoff, The Minority Question and Revision of
Treaties, Bulgaria and the Balkan Problem, Sofi a, 1934, str.
25.
31 Uprkos slubenom jugoslovenskom negiranju, dobar deo svetske
javnosti je usvojio bugarsko stanovite to je imalo korena u
predratnim shvatanjima i propagandi. (Up. P. de Azkarate, League of
Nations and National Minorities. An Experiment, Washington, 1945,
str. 49)
32 , , IV. (19121941), , 2000, str. 175185.
33 Zoran Janjetovi, Deca careva, pastorad kraljeva. Nacionalne
manjine u Jugoslaviji 19181941, Beograd, 2005, str. 18.
34 Mi i Rumuni, Narodna odbrana, 27, od 5. jula 1936. U jednom
dopisu Ministarstva unutranjih poslova Ministarstvu prosvete od 30.
avgusta 1932. anonimni autor se ali da je od 21 optine boljevakog
sreza 12 rumunsko i da se Srbi asimiluju u Vlahe (Vlahinja udata u
srpsku kuu povlai celu kuu), (AJ, 66 (pov.), 71/185). Slino je 1.
septembra 1925. tvrdio predsednik Komisije za razgranienje pukovnik
Nekovi koji je za rumunizaciju Srba najvie optuivao rumunske
svetenike (AJ, 66 (pov.), 71/185). Neuspelu asimilaciju u
Homoljskim planinama konstatuje 24. maja 1938. i Sreten Jani u
jednom poduem referatu o Rumunima u Banatu i severoistonoj Srbiji
(AJ, 38, 109/247).
-
124
.35 ,36 , , XIX . (), ( , ) , .37 , XIV , XIX . .38
, ( ) . .39 . . , () .40 , , , , , , , , , , .41 , , , .42
35 Jovan Cviji, Jovan Radoni, Stanoje Stanojevi, Ilarion
Zeremski, La question du Banat, de la Batchka et de la Baranya. Le
Banat, Paris, 1919, str. 11.
36 Tihomir orevi, The Truth Concerning the Rumanes in Serbia,
Paris, 1919, str, 31.37 Isto, str. 24. Naravno da nije u tom
propagandnom spisu ni pretpostavio da su slava i predanja
o srpskim junacima mogli biti preuzeti u Srbiji, kao ni to da
srpska prezimena svakako potiu od meanja sa Srbima. to se navodnog
davnog srpskog porekla nekih porodica tie, moda se radilo o
svojevrsnom umiljavanju vlastima.
38 Andrej Mitrovi, Razgranienje Jugoslavije sa Maarskom i
Rumunijom 19191920. Prilog prouavanju jugoslovenske politike na
konferenciji mira u Parizu, Novi Sad, 1975, str. 99.
39 Dragia Lapevi, Cincarstvo u Srbiji u Beogradu i srbijanskim
gradovima, Beograd, s. a. Lapevi je osporavao Cincarima duhovne
sposobnosti da postanu voe Srba (n. d., str. I) za ta ih je sa
hrvatskih pozicija optuivao crnogorski otpadnik Sava Markovi
tedimlija. (Up. S. M. tedimlija, Cincari, Kulturnopolitika
razmatranja, I, Zagreb, 1939, str. 57)
40 Duan J. Popovi, O Cincarima, Prilozi pitanju postanka naeg
graanskog drutva, Beograd, 1937.
41 Popovi, n. d., str. 3143.42 Popovi, n. d., str. 166, 168,
175, 179.
-
. 19181941.
125
.43 , . ( -, , , ) -, , .44
, , , ,45 . , .46 . , , , .47
, - 5. 1919. , de jure .48 . . : , , . , , , , ( ) -.49
43 Balkansko poluostrvo i junoslovenske zemlje, Beograd, 1967,
str. 118, 453. 44 Radivoj Simonovi, Etnografski pregled Vojvodine,
Novi Sad, [1924], str. 12. Simonovi je,
meutim, prevideo da se moderna srpska kultura i istorja ne bi
mogle ni zamisliti bez velikana cincarskog porekla. (Up. Pribislav
Marinkovi, Velikani. Znamenite linosti cicnarskog porekla u
istoriji Srba, Beograd, 2005; Zoran Janjetovi, Uloga Cincara u
stvaranju srpske elite i mo-dernizaciji srpskog drutva, u:
Hans-Georg Fleck, Igor Graovac (ur.), Dijalog povijesniara
istoriara, 6, Zagreb 2002)
45 AJ, F. 398, f. 1.46 Isto.47 Aleksa Jovanovi (ur.), Spomenica
dvadesetpetogodinjice osloboenja June Srbije 1912
1937, Skoplje, 1937, str. 398, 406.48 Zoran Janjetovi, Pitanje
zatite nacionalnih manjina u Kraljevini SHS na konferenciji mira
u
Parizu 19191920, Istorija XX veka, 2, 2000. 49 Cv
