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PROSES DEKOMPOSISI BAHAN ORGANIK:BAKTERI AEROB HETEROTROPIK
Bahan organik - anorganik Bahan organik adalah bahan yang berasal dari
makhluk hidup Contoh : humus Material anorganik adalah mineral, material non
organik yang tidak disintesis secara biologis oleh makhluk hidup.
Contoh : kalium, natrium
Decomposition
Decomposition = Breakdown of organic matter
important for recycling of C and energy, as well as all nutrient elements (N, P, K, etc.).
Many organisms are very beneficial in ecosystems as decomposers.
Types of Decomposition
Abiotic processes - fire, etc.
OM + O2 CO2, etc. Biotic processes:
Aerobic respiration
OM + O2 CO2, etc. Anaerobic respiration
OM CH4, etc. Organisms most directly responsible for
decomposition are bacteria and fungi.
OrganismeHeterotroph: (chemoorganotrophic) require
preformed organic nutrients to serve as sources of energy and carbon1. Fungi2. Protozoa3. Most Bacteria
Autotroph: (lithotrophic) obtain their energy from sunlight or by the oxidation of inorganic compounds and their carbon by the assimilation of CO2
OrganismePhotoautotroph: energy derived from sunlight
1. Algae (blue-green, cyanobacteria)2. Higher Plants3. Some Bacteria
Chemoautotroph: energy for growth obtained by the oxidation of inorganic materials. 1. Few Bacterial species (agronomic importance)a. nitrobacter, nitrosomonas and thiobacillus
METABOLISME HETEROTROF
Jamur dan bakteri tertentu mendapatkan energi dari oksidasi senyawa
organik. Senyawa organik mengandung karbon dan
nitrogen yang digunakan secara aerob atau anaerob untuk menghasilkan tenaga pereduksi seperti nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tereduksi (NADH + H+), dan energi (ATP)
GROUP CLASS CARBON SOURCES ENERGY SOURCES BACTERIA
1 CHEMOAUTOTROPHS INORGANIC INORGANIC NITRIFYING BACTERIA
2 CHEMOHETEROTROPHS ORGANIC ORGANIC BACILLUS SP.
3 PHOTOAUTOTROPHS INORGANIC LIGHT CYANO BACTERIA
4 PHOTOHETEROTROPHS ORGANIC LIGHT PURPLE NON-SULFURBACTERIA
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA ON CARBON AND ENERGY SOURCES
Decomposition RatesDecomposition rates vary depending on:
Climate and temperature organisms present Aeration Composition of the material (C:N ratio) Etc.– season
C:N Ratios of Selected Materials
Organic matter decompositionCarbon and Nitrogen Cycling
During each cycle of degradation about 2/3 of the organic carbon is used for energy and released as carbon dioxide (CO2)
Bacteria, FungiSoil organic matterBacteria, FungiSoil organic matter Nematodes, protists, humusNematodes, protists, humus
CO2CO2
CO2CO2
Plant litterPlant litter
During each cycle of degradation about 1/3 of the organic carbon is used to build microbial cells or becomes part of the soil organic matter
Organic matter decomposition
Carbon and Nitrogen Ratios
Organic matter decomposition
Carbon and Nitrogen Ratios
2/3 of carbon released as CO2
Average C/N ratio of bacteria and
fungi is 8:1
Litter C/N ratio around
90:1
CO2
C/N ratio 30:1
Immobilization
Soil N
Microbial C/N ratio is maintained at 8:1 by taking up N from soil
Importance of C:N ratio With residues of high C:N, there is
much competition for the limited N available.
If C:N ratio is high: only some organisms can decompose
(some types of bacteria and fungi, protozoan symbionts of termites).
they use up N quickly, so N becomes tied up and unavailable (immobilized).
Organic matter decomposition
Carbon and Nitrogen Ratios
Organic matter decomposition
Carbon and Nitrogen Ratios
Average C/N ratio of bacteria and
fungi is 8:1
Litter C/N ratio around
9:1
Litter C/N ratio around
9:1
CO2
C/N ratio 3:1
2/3 of carbon released as CO2
MineralizationSoil N
Microbial C/N ratio is maintained at 8:1 by releasing N to the soil
Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan 2006
Sumber: DKP (2008)
Sumber: BPS (2009)
POLUSI PADA TAMBAK
Sumber: Avnimelech dan Ritvo (2003)
ECOSYSTEM OF MICROORGANISM IN SHRIMP POND
CO2
CO2
CO2,SO42-,NO3
MICROORGANISM NH3H2S
O2
O2
PHYTOPLANKTON(PHOTOSYNTHESIS)
MICROORGANISMSHRIMP
ORGANIC WASTE BENTHOS
BENEFICICEL MICROORGANISM ACTIVITIES IN SHRIMP POND
Tekstur (pipet) Estrak 1:5 Terhadap contoh kering 105° C
Pasir (%)
Debu (%)
Liat
(%)
pHDHL
(dS/m)
Salinitas
(mg/l)
Bahan Organik Olsen P2O5
(ppm)
Asam
humat
(%)
Asam
fulvat
(%)
KTK (cmol(+)/kg)
H2
OKCl
Walkey & Black C
(%)
Kjeldahl N (%)
C/N
0 2674 7,7
7,5 5,40 2840 1,69 0,14 12 48 0,02
0,21
29,66
0 3169 7,8
7,6 5,84 3070 1,59 0,15 11 40 0,06
0,16
25,57
KARAKTERISASI SEDIMEN TAMBAK
SEQUENCE OF MICROBIALLY MEDIATED REACTION IN SEDIMENT, INCLUDING STOICHIOMETRIC
DECOMPOSITION EQUATION (MARTENS 1978)
(CH2O)106(NH4)16H3PO4 + 106O2
106CO2 + 16NH3 + H3PO4 + 106H2O
NH4+ +1.5O2 ==> NO2
- + H2O + 2H+
NO2- + 0.5O2 ==> NO3
-
CH4 + 2O2 ==> 2H2O + CO2 AEROBIC RESPIRATION
(CH2O)106(NH3)16H3PO4 + 84.8NO3-
106 CO2 + 42.4N2 + 16NH3 + H3PO4 +148.4H2O5NH4
+ + 3NO3- ==> 4N2 + 9H2O + 2H+
NITRATE REDUCTION
(CH2O)106(NH3)16H3PO4 + 53SO42-
106 CO2 + 53S2- + 16NH3 + H3PO4 +106H2O
CH4 + SO42- ==> HCO3
- + HS- + H2O
2CH3CHOHCOOH + SO42- ==> 2CH3COOH + 2HCO3
- + H2S
SULFATE REDUCTION
CH3COOH ==> CH4 + CO2
CO2 + 4H2 ==> CH4 + 2H2O METHANE PRODUCTION
WATER
SEDIMENTS
AEROBICZONE
NITRATEREDUCTION
ZONE
SULFATEREDUCTION
ZONE
CARBONATEREDUCTION
ZONE
HOW TO STABLE WATER QUALITY IN SHRIM P POND
NITRATE-NITROGEN GAS CARBONDIOXIDE
DECOMPOSE BACTERIA
SHRIMP FEED
WASTE
PLANKTON
DEATH
ORGANIC SEDIMENT
DISSOLVED ORGANIC
NITROGEN CYCLE
WASTE FORM SHRIMP
NO2-
NH4+
UNEATEN FEED
NH3
ORGANIC CARBON
N2
NO2-
NO3-
DEATH ALGAECHEMOHETEROTROPHSBACILLUS SP.PSEUDOMONAS SP.
NITRIFICATION(CHEMOAUTOTROPHS)NITROSOMONAS
NITROBACTER
DENITRIFICATIONNITROGEN FIXATION
HOW CAN BACTERIA BENEFIT TO FOOD CHAIN? COMPOSTING IS A PROCESS OF MICROBIAL D
EGRADATION THAT IS OF IMPORTANCE IN THE RECYCLING OF ORGANIC MATTER
Organic Matter New Organism
Compost / HumusOxygen
Energy / HeatCO2 Water
Water Microbs
FECAL MATERIALSLUDGEWASTE ORGANIC
MATTERMICRO-ORGANISM
CILIATEPROTOZOA
ROTIFERCOPEPOD
FRIENDLYBACTERIA
OXYGEN + MOISTURE
AUTOTROPHIC AQUACULTURE POND
HETEROTROPHIC AQUACULTURE POND
BENEFITS OF BOTH CONDITION
BEGINNING (AUTOTROPHIC CONDITION) UTILIZE OF NUTURAL FOOD IN POND BY SHRI
MP OXYGEN WAS PRODUCED BY PHOTOSYNTHESIS
TOWARDS THE END OF THE CYCLE (HETEROTROPHIC CONDITION) N-ASSIMILATION BY MICROBIAL POPULATION FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION BY BACTERIAL FLOC MORE STABLE ECOSYSTEM
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
ALGAE-DOMINATED
HIGH PHYTOPLANKTON GREEN WATER
LOW TBC N-UPTAKE VIA PHOT
OSYNTHESIS PRODUCE O2
USE CO2
INCREASE pH
BACTERIAL-DOMINATED
HIGH TBC AND FLOC LOW “GREEN WATER” MO
RE BROWNISH COLOR N-ASSIMILATION AND N
ITRIFICATION USE O2
PRODUCE CO2
REDUCE pH
POND AND WATER MANAGEMENT
SHRIMPFEED
ALGAE/PLANKTON
ORGANIC MATTER/WASTE
VACCINE
PROBIOTICSUPPLEMENTARY FEED
SEDIMENT/SLUDGEDECOMPOSING BACTERIA(FRIENDLY BACTERIA)
DECOMPOSING BACTERIA(FRIENDLY BACTERIA)
CO2
O2
REMOVE SLUDGEDRAIN-OUT
DRIAN-OUT
CHEMICAL/SEDIMENTATION
PHYSICALMETHOD
FILTERTANK
SCREENINGFILTER
OUTHER
MOLLUSCS
FISH
OTHERBIOLOGICALMETHOD
PRACTICE
INCREASE POND WATER VOLUMN (WATER DEPTH, SHOULD NOT LESS THAN 1 m.) REDUCE TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION DILUTE TOXIC (IF BE PRODUCED IN POND) REDUCE LIGHT PENETRATION INCREASE BUFFER CAPACITY
PREVENT PLANKTON DIE OFF/OVER BLOOMING
PRACTICE
MAINTAIN ECOLOGICAL BALANCE FRIENDLY BACTERIA AND NUTRIENTS ADDITION REGULARLY MONITOR pH (and DO)
INCREASE RESERVOIR CAPACITY AERATION LOW SALINITY CULTURE PROPER STOCKING DENSITY
POND BOTTOM IMPROVEMENT
Conventional Remove Sludge Change Surface Layer Of Soil Over Layer The Bottom With New Soil Alternative Treatments Combination Of Above Methods
WHAT DO YOU GET? LESS ORGANIC LEFT-OVER AT BOTTOM GOOD WATER COLOUR STABILITY GOOD NATURAL (SUPPLEMENT)FOOD FOR
POST LARVA GOOD GROWTH & FCR LESS BACTERIAL DISEASE INCIDENCE SUSTAINABLE CULTURE FARMER HAPPY